Biographies & Memoirs

Notes

ABBREVIATIONS AND SHORT TITLES EMPLOYED IN NOTES

AL

Abraham Lincoln

ALPLC

Available at Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress, Manuscript Division (Washington, D.C.: American Memory Project, 2000), http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/ alhome.html, accessed 2002.

ALPLM

Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, Springfield, Illinois

ALQ

Abraham Lincoln Quarterly

Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln

Jean H. Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1987).

Bates, Diary

The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866, ed. Howard K. Beale (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1933).

Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln

Albert J. Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln 1809–1858, 2 vols. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1928).

Browning, Diary

The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, Vol. 20, ed. Theodore C. Pease and James G. Randall (Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library, 1925).

Chase, Diaries

Inside Lincoln s Cabinet: The Civil War Diaries of Salmon P. Chase, ed. David Donald (New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1954).

CW

The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 9 vols., ed. Roy P. Basler (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1953–55) and Supplement, 1832–1865, 2 vols. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1974).

Day by Day

Early Schenk Miers, ed. Lincoln Day by Day, 3 vols. (Washington, D.C: Lincoln Sesquicentennial Commission, 1960).

Donald, Lincoln

David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995).

Fehrenbacher, Recollected Words

Don E. Fehrenbacher and Virginia Fehrenbacher, eds., Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996).

Frederick Douglass

John W. Blasingame et al., eds., The Frederick Douglass Papers, 5 vols. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1979–1992).

Hay, Inside

Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay, ed. Michael Burlingame and John R. Turner Ettlinger (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997).

HEH

Huntington Library, San Marino, California

HI

Douglas L. Wilson and Rodney O. Davis, eds., Herndon’s Informants: Letters, Interviews, and Statements about Abraham Lincoln (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998).

HL

William H. Herndon and Jesse W. Weik, Herndon’s Lincoln, ed. Douglas L. Wilson and Rodney O. Davis (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006).

JISHS

Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society

Johannsen, Douglas

Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973).

LEGAL

Daniel W. Stowell, ed., The Papers of Abraham Lincoln: Legal Documents and Cases, 4 vols. (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008).

McClellan, Civil War Papers

Stephen W. Sears, ed. The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1989).

MTL

Justin G. Turner and Linda Levitt Turner, eds., Mary Todd Lincoln: Her Life and Letters (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972).

Nicolay and Hay

Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln, 10 vols., ed. John G. Nicolay and John Hay (New York: Francis D. Tandy Company, 1905).

OR

Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 128 vols. (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880–1901).

PUSG

John Y Simon et al., eds., Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, 28 vols. (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1967–).

Strong, Diary

The Diary of George Templeton Strong, vol. 2, 1850–59, and vol. 3, 1860–65, ed. Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1952).

Taft, Diary

Washington During the Civil War: The Diary of Horatio Nelson Taft, vol. 1, 1861–1865 (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division).

Welles, Diary

Diary of Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy Under Lincoln and Johnson, 3 vols., ed. Howard K. Beale and Alan W. Brownsword (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1960).

The original spelling and punctuation are used in quotations without adding the intrustive “[sic]. ”

CHAPTER 1. A. Lincoln and the Promise of America

“so awful ugly” Walt Whitman to Nathaniel Bloom and John F. S. Gray, March 19–20, 1863, in Walt Whitman: The Correspondence, vol. 1, 1842–1867, ed. Edwin Haviland Miller (New York: New York University Press, 1961), 81.

“The first task” G. Vann Woodward, “The Great Prop,” Time LXIII, no. 13 (March 29, 1954), 52.

“He was the most… shut-mouthed man” Brief Analysis of Lincoln’s Character: A Letter to J. E. Remsburg from W. H. Herndon, September 10, 1887, (Springfield: H. E. Barker, 1917), 3.

Lincoln’s “diary” consists of hundreds Roy P. Basier and the editors of The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1953—55) called “fragments.” These fragments in The Collected Works, arranged chronologically, are thus kept separate from one another.

“The dogmas of the quiet past” AL, “Annual Message to Congress,” December 1, 1862, CW, 5:537.

CHAPTER 2. Undistinguished Families: 1809-16

“A. now thinks” AL, “Autobiography,” CW, 4:62.

referring to himself as “A” Ibid., 61 62.

Lincoln’s spare account John Locke Scripps, Life of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basier and Lloyd A. Dunlop (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1961).

“to induce [Lincoln]“John L. Scripps to WHHJune 24, 1865, HI, 57-58.

“It is a great piece of folly” Scripps, Life of Abraham Lincoln, 13.

portrait of himself See Daniel Walker Howe, Making the American Self: Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), 108-14.

“My parents were both born” AL to Jesse W. Fell, “Enclosing Autobiography,” December 20, 1859, CW, 3:511.

“the Great Migration” For a description of the migration to New England, see Virginia D. Anderson, New England’s Generation: The Great Migration and the Formation of Society and Culture in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 22.

these emigrants had given up hope David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989) discusses the religious, social, and regional origins of the migration from England to New England, 13—36.

Like many of his fellow immigrants For the story of Samuel Lincoln, see Ida M. Tarbell, In the Footsteps of the Lincolns (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1924), 1—16, and William E. Barton, The Lineage of Lincoln (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1929), 20-40.

Samuel Lincoln landed in Salem See Tarbell, In the Footsteps of the Lincolns, 2.

church membership provided Barton, The Lineage of Lincoln, 35—36.

next generations of American Lincolns Kenneth J. Winkle places the story of young Abraham Lincoln in the context of his larger family; see The Young Eagle: The Rise of Abraham Lincoln (Dallas: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2001), 1—9.

new immigrants were Quaker farmers Tarbell, In the Footsteps of the Lincolns, 45—48. Abraham Lincoln believed his ancestors at one time were Quakers, a fact difficult to prove or disprove since Quaker meetings did not keep lists of members for their first two hundred years in the United States. See David S. Keiser, “Quaker Ancestors for Lincoln,” Lincoln Herald 63 (Fall 1961), 134—37.

the grandfather of Abraham Lincoln For the story of Abraham Lincoln, grandfather of Abraham Lincoln, see Larbell, In the Footsteps of the Lincolns, 53—63, and Barton, The Lineage of Lincoln, 51—62.

“Eden of the West” Steven A. Channing, Kentucky: A Bicentennial History (New York: Norton, 1977), 4.

Lincoln built his family Barton, The Lineage of Lincoln, 58—59.

the future president’s grandfather Louis A. Warren, Lincoln’s Parentage and Childhood: A History of the Kentucky Lincolns Supported by Documentary Evidence (New York: The Century Company, 1926), 4—5; Larbell, In the Footsteps of the Lincolns, 62—65.

“legend more strongly” AL to Jesse Lincoln, April 1, 1854, CW, 2:217.

the future president’s father For the story of the young Lhomas Lincoln, see Larbell, In the Footsteps of the Lincolns, 53—63, and Barton, The Lineage of Lincoln, 51—62.

“Even in childhood” AL, “Autobiography,” CW, 4:61.

“grew up literally” Ibid.

“He was a man who took” Dennis F. Hanks (Erastus Wright interview), June 8, 1865, Hi, 27.

“plain unpretending plodding man” Samuel Haycraft to WHH, [June 1865], HI, 67.

“good quiet citizen” John Hanks (John Miles interview), May 25, 1865, HI, 5.

“accumulated considerable property” A. H. Chapman (written statement), [September8, 1865], Hi, 97.

Nancy Hanks‘s ancestry On Nancy Hanks see Larbell, In the Footsteps of the Lincolns, 78—89; and Paul H. Verduin, “New Evidence Suggests Lincoln’s Mother Born in Richmond County, Virginia, Giving Credibility to Planter-Grandfather Legend,” Northern Neck of Virginia Historical Magazine 38 (December 1988), 4354-389.

Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks probably met William E. Barton, The Women Lincoln Loved (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1927), 73—77.

Thomas and Nancy Lincoln moved again E. R. Burba to WHH, May 25,

1866, HI, 257.

“Slavery Inconsistent with Justice” John B. Boles, Religion in Antebellum Kentucky (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1976), 101—3.

experienced slavery everywhere they lived Louis A. Warren, The Slavery Atmosphere of Lincoln’s Youth (Fort Wayne, Ind.: Lincolniana Publishers, 1933), 4-5.

Baptists in Kentucky were divided John B. Boles, The Great Revival, 1787—1805: The Origins of the Southern Evangelical Mind (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1972), 3-4.

“amansapator” Warren, The Slavery Atmosphere of Lincoln s Youth, 8.

“My earliest recollection” Warren, Lincoln’s Parentage and Childhood, 143.

“He married Nancy Hanks” A. H. Chapman (written statement), [September 8, 1865], Hi, 97.

“quiet and amiable” John Hanks (John Miles interview), May 25, 1865, HI, 5.

“a Kind disposition” Dennis F. Hanks (Erastus Wright interview), June 8, 1865, Hi, 27.

his “angel mother” Joshua F. Speed, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln and Notes of a Visit to California: Two Lectures (Louisville, Ky.: John P. Morton and Company, 1884), 19.

No Man may put off Thomas A. Dilworth, A New Guide to the English Tongue (London: W. Osborne and T. Griffin, 1786), 5, 7.

“could perhaps teach spelling” Samuel Haycraft to WHH, [June 1865], HI, 67.

instructions for teachers Gerald R. McMurtry, A Series of Monographs Concerning the Lincolns and Hardin County, Kentucky (Elizabethtown, Ky.: Enterprise Press, 1938), 25.

“partly on account of slavery” AL, “Autobiography,” CW, 4:61—62.

“There shall be neither slavery” Robert M. Taylor, Jr., ed., The Northwest Ordinance 1787: A Bicentennial Handbook (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1987), 72.

the American Lincolns migrated Winkle, Young Eagle, 2—8, tells the story of the Lincoln family migration with maps and graphs.

CHAPTER 3. Persistent in Learning: 1816-30

In the fall of 1816 Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln 1:37. Beveridge is the most reliable guide to Lincoln’s early years.

Coming ashore in Indiana Ibid., 41—42.

“avastforest” Elias Pym Fordham, Personal Narrative of Travels in Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and of a Residence in the Illinois Territory, 1817—1818, ed. Frederic Austin Ogg (Cleveland, Ohio: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1906), 96.

Stepping onto Indiana soil Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 1:38—42.

“Although very young” AL, “Autobiography,” CW, 4:62. Lincoln’s Indiana years are not easy to track, because much of our information comes from persons remembering back thirty-five to fifty years to the young Abraham.

An ax in Lincoln’s day For a discussion of the ax in pioneer America, see R. Carlyle Buley, The Old Northwest: Pioneer Period 1815—1840 (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1950), 159—62.

When first my father AL, “The Bear Hunt” [September 6, 1846?], CW, 1:386.

“a few days before” AL, “Autobiography,” CW, 4:62.

“[I have] never” Ibid.

She died seven days later Dennis F. Hanks to WHH (interview), June 13, 1865, Hi, 40.

“Her good humored laugh” Nathaniel Grigsby (WHH interview), September 12, 1865, Hi, 113.

Each had lost a spouse Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 57—58.

“She Soaped—rubbed” Dennis F. Hanks to WHH (interview), June 13, 1865, HI, 41.

“She proved a good and kind mother” AL, “Autobiography,” CW, 4:62.

“In [my] tenth year” Ibid.

“the OldMan Loved” Dennis F. Hanks to WHH, January 26, 1866, HI, 176.

“Thos. Lincoln never showed” A. H. Chapman to WHH, September 28, 1865, HI, 134.

“Owing to my father” AL to Solomon Lincoln, March 6, 1848, CW, 1:455-56.

Abraham showed little empathy See the perceptive book by John Y. Simon, House Divided: Lincoln and His Father (Fort Wayne, Ind.: Lincoln Library and Museum, 1987).

“I can say what scarcely” Sarah Bush Johnson, interview by WHH, September 8, 1865, Hi, 107.

“God bless my mother” HL, 3—4. Lhere is some dispute about the year Lincoln made this statement. Simon, House Divided, 23—24 n. 5.

“didn’t like physical labor” Sarah Bush Lincoln (WHH interview), Septembers, 1865, Hi, 107.

“Abe was not Energetic” Matilda Johnston Moore (WHH interview), September 8, 1865, Hi, 109.

Abraham’s first teacher Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 1:55—56.

“There were some schools” AL to Jesse W. Fell, “Enclosing Autobiography,” December 19, 1859, CW, 3:511.

“Whilst other boys were idling” Nathaniel Grigsby (WHH interview), September 12, 1865, HI, 113.

“What Lincoln read” David Lurnham (HH interview), September 15, 1865, HI, 121.

“What he has in the way” AL, “Autobiography,” CW4:62.

“Abe was getting hungry” Dennis F. Hanks to WHH (interview), June 13, 1865, Hi, 41.

Lincoln read the King James Version Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 10—12.

“a difficulty” Aesop’s Fables: With Upwards of One Hundred and Fifty Fmblemati-cal Devices (Philadelphia: John Locken, 1821?), 5—6.

According to Grigsby and Turnham Nathaniel Grigsby (WHH interview), September 12, 1865, HI, 112; David Lurnham (WHH interview), September 15, 1865, HI, 121; and David Lurnham to WHH, December 30, 1865, HI, 148.

young Abraham did not have a voice HL, 49.

John Bunyan’s Pilgrims Progress Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 70, 72; and Warren, Lincoln’s Youth, 49.

Lincoln read William Grimshaw’s Matilda Johnston Moore (WHH interview), September 8, 1865, HI, 109.

“What a climax of human cupidity” William Grimshaw, History of the United States (Philadelphia: Grigg and Elliott, 1820), cited in Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 73—74.

“he would write it down” Sara Bush Lincoln (WHH interview), September 8, 1865, HI, 107.

Abraham Lincoln is my nam AL, “Copy-Book Verses,” [1824—26], CW, 1:1.

Abraham realized that he was different Douglas L. Wilson, “Young Man Lincoin,” in The Lincoln Enigma: The Changing Focus of an American Icon, ed. Gabor Boritt (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 35.

“His mind soared” Nathaniel Grigsby (WHH interview), September 12, 1865, Hi, 114.

“We saw something laying” David Turnham (WHH interview), September 15, 1865, Hi, 122.

“A devout Christian” Nathaniel Grigsby to WHH, September 4, 1865, HI, 94.

asked Thomas Lincoln to oversee Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 71.

“by Experience” Minute Book, Little Pigeon Baptist Church, June 7, 1823, and April 8, 1826, ALPLM.

“He sometimes attended Church” Sara Bush Lincoln (WHH interview), September 8, 1865, Hi, 108.

“call the children” Matilda Johnston Moore (WHH interview), September 8, 1865, Hi, 110.

the need for fences grew Warren, Lincoln’s Youth, 142—44.

“Gentleman, you may think” Francis Bicknell Carpenter, The Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln: Six Months at the White House (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1866), 97-98.

he had not violated any law Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 85.

“One night they were attacked” AL, “Autobiography,” CW, 4:62.

Men, women, and children Years later, John Hanks reported that Lincoln, deeply troubled by what he saw at the slave auction, exclaimed, “If I ever get a chance to hit that thing, I’ll hit it hard.” Hanks’s recollections, however, were often not reliable.

he decided to help his father move David Lurnham (WHH interview), September 15, 1865, HI, 121.

Lincoln family camped in the village square John Hanks (WHH interview) [1865-66], HI, 456.

Lincoln made his first political speech Jane Martin Johns, Personal Recollections of Early Decatur, Abraham Lincoln, Richard J. Oglesby and the Civil War, ed. Howard C. Schaub (Decatur, 111.: Decatur Chapter Daughters of the American Revolution, 1912), 60-61.

CHAPTER 4. Rendering Myself Worthy of Their Esteem: 1831-34

alongflatboat John Hanks reported that the flatboat was eighty feet long and eighteen feet wide. John Hanks to WHH (interview), June 13, 1865, HI, 44.

community of NewSalem first met Lhis story was remembered by many of the residents of New Salem. William G. Greene to WHH (interview), May 30, 1865, HI, 17.

“A stopped indefinitely” AL, “Autobiography,” CW, 4:64.

first farmers called The story of the early settlers on the prairies is told by John Mack Faragher, Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986), 62—63.

“Camp meetings are all the rage” Charles James Fox Clarke to Mary Clarke, August 22, 1836, ALPLM.

“slept on the same cott” William G. Greene to WHH (interview), May 30, 1865, HI, 17-18.

into a contest he didn’t choose Douglas L. Wilson lias researched the conflicting tales of the wrestling match in his chapter, “Wrestling with the Evidence,” in Honor’s Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999), 19-51.

“Frequently when Mr. L” James Short to WHH, July 7, 1865, HI, 73-74.

“I foxed his pants” Hannah Armstrong (WHH interview), [1866], HI, 525-526.

“blue round about coat” Robert Rutledge to WHH, November 1, 1865; HI, 382.

“I am well aware” Sangamo Journal, January 26, 1832.

“Springfield can no longer” Ibid.

FELLOW-CITIZENS Sangamo Journal, March 15, 1832.

Indians had left their settlements See prologue, The Black Hawk War, 1831—1832, ed. Ellen M. Whitney (Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library, 1970), 1:1-51.

Black Hawk See Roger L. Nichols, Black Hawk and the Warrior’s Path (Arlington Heights, 111.: Harlan Davidson, 1992).

Lincoln promptly volunteered Harry E. Pratt, “Lincoln in the Black Hawk War, “ Bulletin of the Abraham Lincoln Association 54 (December 1938): 4.

put forward Lincoln’s name William G. Greene to WHH (interview), May 30, 1865, HI, 18; William G. Green (WHH interview), October 9, 1865, HI, 368.

“to his own surprise” AL, Autobiography, CW, 4:64.

“a good and true man” William G. Greene to WHH (interview), HI, 18—19.

“This is cowardly” Royal Clary (WHH interview), [October 1866?], HI, 372.

“He says he has not” AL, “Autobiography,” CW, 4:64.

Fellow Citizens, I presume HL, 75.

“As he rose to speak” Robert B. Rutledge to WHH, [ca. November 1, 1866], HI, 384.

“After he was twenty-three “AL, “Autobiography,” CW, 4:62.

Kirkham’s Grammar Samuel Kirkham, English Grammar in Familiar Lectures (Rochester, N.Y.: Marshall and Dan, 1829), 8. A Kirkham grammar, one Lincoln owned and gave to Ann Rutledge, is now in the Library of Congress. Lhis copy was handed down through the family of Ann Rutledge, a young woman Lincoln courted in New Salem. Lhere is no evidence that this was the grammar Lincoln acquired from the farmer Vance.

“read by fire light” J. Rowan Herndon to WHH, July 3, 1865, HI, 69.

“His mind was full” Isaac Cogdal (WHH Interview), [1865-66], HI, 441.

“read some” Abner Y. Ellis (statement for WHH), January 23, 1866, HI, Mill.

while in prison Eric Foner, Tom Vaine ana Revolutionary America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 211.

“Burns helped Lincoln” James H. Matheny (WHH Interview), March 2, 1870, HI, 577.

paper read one evening John Hill to WHH, June 27, 1865, Hi, 61.

“He studied” AL, “Autobiography,” CW, 4:65.

“Of course they did nothing” Ibid.

“The store winked out” Ibid.

“too insignificant” Ibid.

the mail came Benjamin P. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln: A Biography (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952), 38.

As postmaster See Benjamin Thomas, “Lincoln the Postmaster,” Bulletin of the Abraham Lincoln Association 31 (June 1933): 3—9.

“generally Read forthe By Standers” J. Rowan Herndon to WHH, August 16, 1865, Hi, 92.

Lincoln began reading See Thomas, “Lincoln the Postmaster,” 7.

“His textbook” Mentor Graham to WHH (interview), May 29, 1865, HI, 10.

“[I] accepted” AL, “Autobiography,” CW, 4:65.

as his deputy Wilson, Honor’s Voice, 148.

he would not compromise John Moore Fisk (WHH interview), February 18, 1887, HI, 715.

knew nothing about surveying Adin Baber, A. Lincoln with Compass and Chain (Kansas, 111.: Privately printed, 1968), 11.

Godbey employed Lincoln “Certificate of Survey for Russell Godbey,” January 14, 1834, CW, 1:20-21.

“staid with me all night” Russell Godbey (WHH interview), [1865-66], HI, 449.

“This procured bread” AL, “Autobiography,” CW, 4:65.

“Everyone knew him” Robert L. Wilson to WHH, February 10, 1866, HI, 201.

build national party machinery Michael Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 35.

“theycould notvote”J. Rowan Herndon to WHH, May 28, 1865, HI, 8.

“I voted for Lincoln” Russell Godbey (WHH Interview), [1865-66], HI, 449.

CHAPTER 5. The Whole People of’sangamon: 1834-37

“Did you vote for me?” Coleman Smoot to WHH, May 7, 1866, HI, ISA.

a capital invented by politicians See William E. Baringer, Lincoln’s Vandalia: A Pioneer Portrait (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1949), 12—14.

Farmers constituted the largest group Ibid., 40.

writing for them Baringer, Ibid., 62—63.

a brief letter SangamoJournal, December 13, 1834; January 31, 1835; and February 7, 1835.

“There was no danger” AL, “Speech in Illinois Legislature Concerning the Surveyor of Schuyler County,” January 6, 1835, CW, 1:31.

“I always thought” Abner Y Ellis to WHH, December 6, 1866, HI, 500.

creditors pressed various judgments A fresh reading calls into question the traditional assumption that Lincoln spent his entire time boarding with families. When the village of New Salem was reconstructed in the 1930s, the planners used a plat from 1829 that did not show the additional homes and businesses built in the 1830s. Furthermore, the execution of judgment in March 1835 of Lincoln’s personal property lias always been read that Lincoln owned two horses, but new digital technology has shown the document actually reads a “horse” and a “house.” Recent historical and archaeological investigation suggests Lincoln was the owner of “the undivided half of lots 16 & 17 north of Main Street New Salem.” Lhese findings show that Lincoln, by 1835, was already a responsible property owner. See Lhomas Schwartz, “Finding the Missing Link: A Promissory Note and the Lost Lown of Pappsville,” Historical Bulletin Number 51 (Lhe Lincoln Fellowship of Wisconsin, 1996), pp. 10-11, and Robert Mazrim, “Magnificent Storehouse and Forgotten Lot Lines: New Light on Lincoln and Store keeping in New Salem.” Archival Studies Bulletin 4 (Sangamo Archaeological Center, 2005), pp. 11-12.

common for debtors Winkle, Young Eagle, 99.

Lincoln’s first employer J. Rowan Herndon, October 26, 1866, HI, 378.

earned a nickname On Lincoln’s nickname “Honest Abe,” see Donald, Lincoln, 149, 244.

tract of land “Document Drawn for James Eastep,” November 12, 1831, CW, 1:3-4.

“right and title” “Bill of Sale Drawn for John Ferguson,” January 25, 1832, CW, 1:4.

“as there [were] no Attorneys” Jason Duncan to WHH [late 1866—early 1867], HI, 540.

“he thought of trying” CW, 4:65.

Stuart was from Kentucky Paul M. Angle, One Hundred Years of Law: An Account of the Law Office Which John T. Stuart Founded in Springfield, Illinois, a Century Ago (Springfield, 111.: Brown, Hay and Stephens, 1928).

“Regular instruction” Josiah Quincy, “An Address Delivered at the Dedication of the Dane Law College in Harvard University, October 23, 1832,” in The Legal Mind in America: From Independence to the Civil War, ed. Perry Miller (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1962), 210-11.

“uncouth looking man” H. E. Dummer (WHH interview), [1865—66], HI, 442.

“seemed to have but little to say” Paul M. Angle, “Lhe Record of a Friendship—A Series of Letters from Lincoln to Henry E. Dummer,” JISHS 31 (June 1938): 125-27.

“went at it” AL, “Autobiography,” CW, 4:65.

“on a goods box” Henry McHenry to WHH (interview), May 29, 1865, HI, 14.

His favorite place of study William Dean Howe 11s, Lives and Speeches of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin (Columbus, Ohio: Follett, Foster and Company, 1860), 31.

“While acting as their representative” Sangamo Journal, June 13, 1836

Andrew Jackson … declined See Richard P. McCormick, “Was Lhere a ‘Whig Strategy’ in 1836?” Journal of Early Republic 4 (Spring 1984): 47—70; Glyndon G. Van Deusen, “Lhe Whig Party,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of U.S. Political Parties (New York: Chelsea House, 1973), 333-493.

“Ifalive” SangamoJournal, June 13, 1836.

nothing about presidential politics Winkle, Young Eagle, 118.

“Mr. Lincoln took” Robert L. Wilson to WHH, February 10, 1866, HI, 202-3.

“The present legislature” Sangamo Journal, January 6, 1837.

three future governors Paul Simon, Lincoln’s Preparation for Greatness: The Illinois Legislative Years (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971), 49—50.

a twenty-three-year-old attorney See Johannsen, Douglas, 24—25.

Politics became his passion Ibid., 24—25.

“It is now time” Sangamo Journal, November 19, 1836.

Lincoln was adamant Simon, Lincoln’s Preparation for Greatness, 52.

“never for one moment” Robert L. Wilson to WHH, February 10, 1866, HI, 204.

“the unfortunate condition” House Journal, Tenth General Assembly, First Session, 243-44.

“They believe that” “Protest in Illinois Legislature on Slavery,” CW, 1:74—75.

called “cautious” Donald, Lincoln, 63.

paused to recall his protest AL, “Autobiography,” CW, 4:65.

CHAPTER 6. Without Contemplating Consequences: 1837-42

walked about the store with Lincoln Joshua F. Speed (statement for WHH), [by 1882], Hi, 590.

“J.T Stuart and A. Lincoln” Sangamo Journal, April 15, 1837.

“It is probably cheap” Speed, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, 21—22.

“I never saw so gloomy” Joshua Speed (statement for WHH), [by 1882] HI, 590.

an unprepossessing town Paul Angle, “Here I Have Lived”: A History of Lincoln’s Springfield, 1821—1865 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1935), 45-46.

“The owner of real estate” Sangamo Journal, February 20, 1837.

his first criminal case Harry E. Pratt, “Abraham Lincoln’s First Murder Trial,” JISHS 37 (September 1944): 242-49; and John J. Duff, A. Lincoln: Prairie Lawyer (New York: Rinehart, 1960), 53—61.

entrusted with the closing argument Pratt, “Abraham Lincoln’s First Murder Trial,” 247. Criminal cases would represent only 5.6 percent of the cases in Lincoln’s law practice; of these, murder represented only 9 percent, LEGAL, 2:338-39.

“I have received five dollars” Fee Book of Stuart and Lincoln, ALPLM.

contest between Stuart and Douglas Johannsen, Douglas, 63—68.

“Commencement of Lincoln’s administration” Fee Book of Stuart and Lincoln, ALPLM.

“The rooms were generally crowded” James C. Conkling, “Recollections of the Bench and Bar of Central Illinois,” Fergus Historical Series 22 (Chicago: Fergus Printing Company, 1882), 51—53.

Speed was born Speed, Reminiscences, 3—4.

“almost without friends” Ibid., 23.

“I’ve never been” AL to Mary S. Owens, May 7, 1837, CW, 1:78.

“choice spirits,” Speed, Reminiscences, 4.

“We find ourselves” AL, “Address Before the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois,” January 27, 1838, CW, 1:108. This speech has captivated historians in search of the ideas of the young Lincoln. See Thomas F. Schwartz, “The Springfield Lyceums and Lincoln’s 1838 Speech,” Illinois Historical Journal 83 (1990): 41—49; and Mark E. Neeley, Jr., “Lincoln’s Lyceum Speech and the Origins of a Modern Myth,” Lincoln Lore (1987), 1776 (February 1987), 1-3, 1777 (March 1987), 1.

“mobocratic spirit” AL, “Address Before the Young Men’s Lyceum,” 109, 111.

immediate occasion of the address See Paul Simon, Freedom’s Champion: Elijah Lovejoj (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1994).

“some transatlantic military giant” AL, “Address Before the Young Men’s Lyceum,” 109.

“his own course” “Remarks in Illinois Legislature Concerning Resolutions Asking Information on Railroad and Fund Commissioners,” December 8, 1838, CW, 1:122-23.

“We are now so far advanced” “Report and Resolutions Introduced in Illinois Legislature in Relation to Purchase of Public Lands,” January 17, 1839, CW, 1:135.

accused Lincoln Illinois State Register, November 23, 1839.

“He was conscious” Joseph Gillespie to WHH, January 31, 1866, HI, 181.

“peculiarly embarrassing” AL, “Speech on the Sub-Treasury,” December [26], 1839, CW, 1:159.

“Manyfree countries” Ibid., 178.

“fearlessly and eloquently exposing” Peoria Register, February 15, 1840.

“appoint one person” “Lincoln’s Plan of Campaign in 1840,” [ca. January 1840], CW, 1:180-81.

“Our intention is” “Campaign Circular from Whig Committee,” January [31?], 1840, CW, 1:201-3.

whirlwind speaking campaign Simon, Lincoln’s Preparation for Greatness, 216—17.

extolled the Second Bank Alton Telegraph, April 11, 1840.

“have not been able” Quincy Whig, May 25, 1840.

“listened to” Illinois State Register, October 16, 1840.

“reviewed the political course” Sangamo Journal, May 15, 1840.

became antagonistic Wilson, Honor’s Voice, 206—9.

“He imitated Thomas” HL, 130.

“the skinning of Thomas” Ibid., 130.

the 1840 presidential election Richard P. McCormick, “New Perspectives on Jacksonian Politics,” American Historical Review 65 (1960), 288—301.

the most esteemed jurist Duff, A. Lincoln, 79.

95 had gone head-to-head Albert A. Woldman, Lawyer Lincoln (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1936), 39.

95 “justnow” AL, “Temperance Address,” February 22, 1842, CW, 1:271—72.

“But,” say some, Ibid., 275, 278.

CHAPTER 7. A Matter of Profound Wonder: 1831-42

“He was not very fond” Sarah Bush Lincoln (WHH interview), September 8, 1865, Hi, 108.

“did not go much” Anna Caroline Gentry (WHH interview), September 17, HI, 131.

“Lincoln loved my Mother” Elizabeth Herndon Bell (WHH interview), [March 1887?], Hi, 606.

“Abe’s son” Hannah Armstrong (WHH interview), [1865-66], HI, 527.

court the young Ann Rutledge In the first half of the twentieth century, several leading Lincoln scholars attacked the legitimacy of the Ann Rutledge story. For recent evaluations, see John Evangelist Walsh, The Shadows Rise: Abraham Lincoln and the Ann Rutledge Legend (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993); and Douglas L. Wilson, Lincoln Before Washington: New Perspectives on the Illinois Years (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 74—98.

“a young lady” William G. Greene to WHH (interview), May 30, 1865, HI, 21.

“My sister was” Robert B. Rutledge to WHH, [ca. November 1, 1866], HI, 383.

“became deeply in love” James McGrady Rutledge (WHH interview), [March 1887], Hi, 607-8.

“Had she lived” Fern Nance Pond, ed., “Lhe Memoirs of James McGrady Rutledge 1814-1899,” JISHS 29 (April 1936): 80-88.

“It was a great shock” Elizabeth Abell to WHH, February 15, 1867, HI, 556-57.

“The effect upon” Robert B. Rutledge to WHH, [ca. November 1, 1866], HI, 382.

“The other gentlemen” Mary Owens Vineyard to WHH, July 22, 1866, HI, 262.

“With otherthings” AL to Mary S. Owens, December 13, 1836, CW, 1:54.

“This thing of living” AL to Mary S. Owens, May 7, 1837, CW, 1:78.

“I want in all cases” AL to Mary S. Owens, August 16, 1837, CW, 1:94-95.

“for her skin” AL to Mrs. Orville H. Browning, April 1, 1838, CW, 1:117-19.

“deficient in those little links” Mary Owens Vineyard to WHH, May 23,

1866, Hi, 256.

had helped settle Stephen Berry, House of Abraham: Lincoln and the Todds, a Family Divided by War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007), 6—8.

Mary, their fourth child Catherine Clinton, Mrs. Lincoln: A Life, forthcoming.

her father married Ibid.

“Mary was far in advance” Katherine Helm, The True Story of Mary, Wife of Lincoln (New York: Harper, 1928), 21.

she spoke up Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, 60.

observed slave auctions Ibid., 68.

“her temper and tongue” Clinton, Mrs. Lincoln: A Life, forthcoming.

“the very creature” James C. Conkling to Mercy Ann Levering, September 21, 1840, ALPLM.

“Mary could make” Helm, True Story of Mary, Wife of Lincoln, 81.

Mary’s clearest friend Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, 80—82.

“a widower” Mary Todd to Mercy Ann Levering, December [15?], 1840, and June 1841, MTL, 20,26.

“And he certainly did” Helm, True Story of Mary, Wife of Lincoln, 74.

“Maryled” Elizabeth Todd Edwards (WHH interview), [1865-66], Hi, 443.

“This fall I became” Mary Todd to Mercy Ann Levering, December [15?], 1840, MTL, 13,21.

many young men of his time Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, puts Lincoln’s questions and doubts in the context of his time.

“I warned Mary” Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, 89.

sexually segregated Victorian society Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 157, 179.

“a great sharpener” Junior Theocritus (pseudonym), Didionary of Love (New York: Dick and Fitzgerald, 1858), cited in Lystra, Searching the Heart, 179.

relationship advanced Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, 85.

their relationship suddenly fell apart For an analysis of the multiple strands of the breaking of the engagement, see “Abraham Lincoln and ‘That Fatal First of January,’ “ in Wilson, Lincoln Before Washington, 99—132.

“a most interesting” Mary Todd to Mercy Ann Levering, December [15] 1840, MTL, 20.

“went to see ‘Mary’ “ Joshua F. Speed (WHH interview), [1865-66], HI, 475.

January 2,1841 Day by Day, 1:151.

“emaciated in appearance” James C. Conkling to Mercy Ann Levering, January 24, 1841, ALPLM.

“I am now” AL to John T. Stuart, January 23, 1841, CW, 1:229.

“[Lincoln] deems me” MTL, 159.

an odd allusion Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, 91.

“Shields is a fool” “The ‘Rebecca’ Letter,” Sangamo Journal, September 2, 1842, CW, 1:295.

the dueling ground For a vivid account of the duel, see James E. Myers, The Astonishing Saber Duel of Abraham Lincoln (Springfield, 111.: Lincoln-Herndon Building Publishers, 1968).

“Are you now” AL to Joshua Speed, October 5, 1842, CW, 1:302-3.

“One thing is plainly discernable” Joshua F. Speed to WHH, November 30, 1866, Hi, 431.

they intended to marry Clinton, Mrs. Lincoln, 68—70.

“With this ring” William Jayne to WHH, August 17, 1887, HI, 624. Reports of the wedding, most given many years after, vary about what took place on that day and evening.

“Nothing new here” AL to Samuel D. Marshall, November 11, 1842, CW, 1:305.

CHAPTER 8. The Truth Is, I Would Like to Go Very Much: 1843-46

Baker, two years younger Harry C. Blair and Rebecca Tarshis, The Life of Colonel Edward D. Baker, Lincoln’s Constant Ally, Together with Four of His Great Orations (Portland: Oregon Historical Society, 1960); and Winfred Ernest Garrison, Religion Follows the Frontier: A History of the Disciples of Christ (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1931).

“Now if you should hear” AL to Richard S. Thomas, February 14, 1843, CW, 1:307.

“that great fabulist” Campaign Circular from Whig Committee, March 4, 1843, CW, 1:309-18.

“It would astonish” AL to Martin S. Morris, March 26, 1843, CW, 1:320.

“There was the strangest” Ibid.

“I only mean” Ibid.

“In getting Baker” AL to Joshua Speed, March 24, 1843, CW, 1:270.

“a suitable person” “Resolution Adopted at Whig Convention at Pekin, Illinois,” May 1, 1843, CW, 1:322.

“whether the Whigs” AL to John J. Hardin, May 11, 1843, CW, 1:322-23.

Lincoln voted Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, 104.

started their married life Clinton, Mrs. Lincoln, 70—73; and Daniel Mark Epstein, The Lincolns: Portrait of a Marriage (New York: Ballantine Books, 2008), 54-55.

Abraham and Mary purchased “Sale Contract by Charles Dresser and Abraham Lincoln,” January 16, 1844, CW, 1:331.

“turn a Chair down” Harriet A. Chapman to WHH, December 10, 1866, HI, 512.

“ ‘This rock “ Helm, The True Story of Mary, Wife of Lincoln, 108.

Afresh opportunity John A. Lupton, “A. Lincoln, Esquire: The Evolution of a Lawyer,” in Allen D. Spiegel, A. Lincoln, Esquire: A Shrewd, Sophisticated Lawyer in His Time (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2002), 26.

“I have seen him” Lincoln Centennial Association Bulletin, September 1928, 5.

Lincoln selected an unlikely David H. Donald, in Lincoln’s Herndon: A Biography (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948), 19—21, discusses the various reasons proposed as to why Lincoln chose Herndon.

he sent Billy Ibid., 8—14. For a discussion of Herndon’s year at Illinois College, see 8—14.

“There is Nat” Nathaniel Grigsby (WHH interview), September 16, 1865, HI, 127-28.

“walked over” (Rockport) Indiana Herald, November 1, 1844, CW, 1:341-42.

“I went into the neighborhood” AL to Andrew Johnston, April 18, 1846, CW, 1:378.

My childhoods home AL to Andrew Johnston, April 18, 1846, CW, 1:377-79.

publish these words Quincy Whig, May 5, 1847.

“If the whig abolitionists” AL to Williamson Durley, October 3, 1845, CW, 1:347.

“We are not to do evil” Ibid.

“I strongly suspect” AL to Henry E. Dummer, November 18, 1845, CW, 1:350.

“I know of no argument” Ibid.; CW, 1:350.

“That Hardin is” AL to Robert Boal, January 7, 1846, CW, 1:352.

“I do not well see” Robert Boal to John J. Hardin, January 10, 1846, Hardin MSS, Chicago History Museum.

“He never overlooked” HL, 304.

“In doingthis” AL to Benjamin F. James, December 6, 1845, CW, 1:351.

“It is my intention” AL to Benjamin F. James, January 14, 1846, CW, 1:354.

“spins a good yarn” John Morrison to John J. Hardin, February 3, 1846, Hardin MSS, Chicago History Museum.

“I am entirely satisfied” AL to John J. Hardin, January 19, 1846, CW, 1:356-

57.

“I believe you” AL to John J. Hardin, February 7, 1846, CW, 1:360-65.

he sent Sangamo Journal, February 26, 1846.

Committee on Nominations Donald W. Riddle, Lincoln Runs for Congress (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1948), 156—59.

“prompt and united action” Sangamo Journal, June 4, 1846.

Cartwright was born For the story of Cartwright, see Robert Bray, Peter Cartwright: Legendary Frontier Preacher (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2005).

“I would get” Peter Cartwright, Autobiography of Peter Cartwright: The Backwoods Preacher, ed. W. P. Strickland (New York: Carlton and Porter, 1856), 165.

“Mr. Cartwright was whispering” CW, 1:384 n. 3; Bray, Peter Cartwright, 210.

“Cartwright, never heard” AL to Allen N. Ford, August 11, 1846, CW, 1:383-84.

“an open scoffer” AL, “Handbill Replying to Charges of Infidelity,” July 31, 1846, CW, 1:382.

“Being elected” AL to Joshua F. Speed, October 22, 1846, CW, 1:391.

“at the terminus” Chicago Journal, November 16, 1846; and July 5—6, 1847.

July 6 Robert Fergus et al., Chicago River-And-Harbor Convention: An Account of Its Origin and Proceedings (Chicago: Fergus Printing Company, 1882), 80—81; Mentor L. Williams, “Lhe Chicago River and Harbor Convention, 1847,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 35, no. 4 (March 1949), 607-26.

“how many States” J. James Shaw, “A Neglected Episode in the Life of Abraham Lincoln,” Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society 29 (1922), 56.

“Hon. Abraham Lincoln” New York Tribune, July 14, 1847.

He first advertised Sangamo Journal, October 30, 1845.

CHAPTER 9. My Best Impression of the Truth: 1847-49

“Success to our talented member” Illinois State Journal, October 28, 1847.

leased their family home Lease Contract Between Abraham Lincoln and Cornelius Ludlum, October 23, 1847, CW, 1:406.

four Lincolns continued Ruth Painter Randall, Mary Lincoln: Biography of a Marnée (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953), 104-5.

Negroes for sale Lexington Observer and Reporter, November 20, 1847.

“who is slow” Ibid., November 3, 1847.

“dark and gloomy” Henry Clay, “Speech at Lexington, KY, November 13, 1847,” The Papers of Henry Clay, ed. Melba Porter Hay (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1991), 10:361-64.

Clay laid the blame Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1991), 692-93.

“to disavow” Henry Clay, “Speech at Lexington, KY,” 372.

“noted for his hostility” James Freeman Clarke, Anti-slavery Days: A Sketch of the Struggle Which Ended in the Abolition of Slavery in the United States (New York: R. Worthington, 1884), 27.

“A. Lincoln & Lady” Ibid., 8.

which had a population Wilhelmus Bogart Bryan, A History of the National Capital, vol. 2, 1815-1878 (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1916), 420.

“the City of Magnificent Intentions” Charles Dickens, American Notes (London: Chapman and Hall, 1842), 281.

“Washington maybe called” Ibid., 272.

Lincoln drew seat 191 Donald W. Riddle, Congressman Abraham Lincoln (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1957), 12—13.

“mileage-elongators” Glyndon G. Van Deusen, Horace Greeley: Nineteenth-Century Crusader (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1953), 127.

“a wanton outrage” Congressional Globe, 30th Cong., 1st sess., 61, appendix, 159-63.

“wonderful earnestness” Charles Lanman, Haphazard Personalities Chiefly of Noted Americans (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1886), 342.

“Mr. Stephens of Georgia” AL to William H. Herndon, February 2, 1848, CW, 2:448.

splendid oratory See Thomas E. Schott, Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988).

“As soon as the Congressional” AL to William H. Herndon, December 12, 1847, CW, 1:419.

sent out 7,080 copies Riddle, Congressman Abraham Lincoln, 74.

“When about to tell” Samuel C. Busey, Personal Reminiscences and Recollections (Washington, D.C. [Philadelphia: Dornan, printer], 1895), 25.

“They would have been laughed” Nathan Sargent, Public Men and Events (Philadelphia:}. B. Lippincott and Co., 1875).

“The confusion and noise” Private letters quoted by Paul Findley, A Lincoln: The Crucible of Congress (New York: Crown Publishers, 1979), 97.

“the aggrieved nation” “Message of the President of the United States” [James K. Polk], Congressional Globe, 30th Cong., 1st sess. appendix (December 7, 1847), http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwcg.html, “Presidential Messages” (accessed 8/7/08).

“of a portion” Ibid.

“As you are all so anxious” AL to William H. Herndon, December 13, 1847, CW, 1:420.

“This House desires” AL, “Spot Resolutions in the U.S. House of Representatives,” December 22, 1847, CW, 1:420-21.

“unnecessarily and unconstitutionally begun” Congressional Globe, 30th Cong., lstsess., 1848,9.

“as citizens and patriots” AL, “Speech in United States House of Representatives: The War with Mexico, “January 12, 1848, CW, 1:432.

“Now I propose” Ibid., 439.

“I more than suspect” Ibid., 439, 441-42.

“Thank heaven” Springfield Register, January 16, 1848.

“If you misunderstand” AL to William H. Herndon, February 1, 1848, CW, 1:446-47.

“I have always intended” Ibid., 447.

“provision of the Constitution” AL to William H. Herndon, February 15, 1848, CW, 1:451. The two Herndon letters to Lincoln do not exist today.

“We have a vague” AL to Solomon Lincoln, March 6 and 24, 1848, CW, 1:455-56,459-60.

“There is no longer” AL to David Lincoln, April 2, 1848, CW, 1:461-62.

“In this troublesome” AL to Mary Todd Lincoln, April 16, 1848, CW, 1:465-66.

“Will you be a goodgirl” AL to Mary Todd Lincoln, June 12, 1848, CW, 1:477-78.

Library began For the story of the Library of Congress, see James Conway, America’s Library. The Story of the Library of Congress 1800—2000 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000); and William Dawson Johnston, History of the Library of Congress, vol. 1, 1800—1864 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904).

“a puzzle” This account is from Hubert M. Skinner, The Lincoln—Douglas Debate (Lincoln-Jefferson University, 1909), 7, but the trustworthiness of his account is not supported by footnotes; Findley, A. Lincoln: The Crucible of Congress, 100.

served in the military See “The Soldier Becomes a Politician,” in K. Jack Bauer, Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985), 215—38.

“I am in favor” AL to Thomas S. Flournoy, February 17, 1848, CW, 1:452. Flournoy was a Whig member of Congress from Virginia.

“Our only chance” AL to Jesse Lynch, April 10, 1848, CW, 1:463.

“Like a horde of hungry ticks” AL, “Speech in the U.S. House of Representatives on the Presidential Question,” July 27, 1848, CW, 1:508.

“By the way” Ibid., 509-10.

“was so good natured” Baltimore American, July 29, 1848.

campaign tour in Massachusetts William F. Hanna, Abraham Among the Yankees: Abraham Lincoln’s 1848 Visit to Massachusetts (Taunton, Mass.: The Old Colony Historical Society, 1983), 30—34; and Sheldon H. Harris, “Abraham Lincoln Stumps a Yankee Audience,” New England Quarterly 38 0une 1865), 227—33.

“frequently interrupted” Springfield (Massachusetts) Republican, September 14, 1848.

“Mr. Lincoln has” Boston Daily Advertiser, September 13, 1848.

“It was an altogether new show” Old Colony Republican (Taunton, Massachusetts), September 23, 1848.

“in a most forcible” Boston Courier, September 23, 1848.

“We spent the greater part” Frederick Seward, Seward at Washington as Senator and Secretary of State (New York: Derby and Miller, 1861), 79-80.

“overwhelmed in the contemplation” AL, Fragment: Niagara Falls [ca. September 25-30, 1848], CW, 2:10.

traveled on the steamer HL, 188.

“Lincoln has made nothing” Springfield Register, n.d., ca. 1848 (as quoted in Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, 125).

Lincoln showed it to Findley, A. Lincoln: The Crucible of Congress, 138

“No person within the District” AL, Remarks and Resolution Introduced in United States House of Representatives Concerning Abolition in the District of Columbia, January 10, 1862, CW, 2:20-22.

“I believed it as good” Findley, A. Lincoln: The Crucible of Congress, 139.

first and only case See “Attorney’s Notes,” March 1849, LEGAL, 1:415-28, 430-31.

“the threatened revolution” HL, 188.

“Not one man” AL to George W. Rives, May 7, 1849, CW, 2:46.

“I must not only” AL to William B. Warren and others, April 7, 1849, CW, 2:41.

return was not greeted Willard L. King, Lincoln’s Manager, David Davis (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960), 62.

“He is my personal” Riddle, Congressman Abraham Lincoln, 122.

“I opposed” Donald, Lincoln, 140.

“determined to eschew” HL, 193.

CHAPTER 10. Asa Veacemaher the Lawyer Has a Superior Opportunity: 1849 S2

“If [I] went” David Davis (WHH interview), September 20, 1866, HI, 349.

“From 1849 to 1854” AL to Jesse W. Fell, “Enclosing Autobiography,” December 20, 1859, CW, 3:512.

“These cases attended” Lincoln Fee Book, ALPLM.

“How hard” WHH to WHL, March 6, 1870, The Papers of Ward Hill Lamon, HEH.

“It went below” HL, 193.

discarded fruit seeds Ibid., 198.

“innocent of water” Woldman, Lawyer Lincoln, 83.

“When I read aloud” HL, 207.

“Let us have both sides” Woldman, Lawyer Lincoln, 55.

The best lawyers Robert A. Ferguson, Law and Letters in American Culture (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984), 87.

“Lincoln’s knowledge” Quoted in Mark E. Steiner, An Honest Calling: The Law Practice of Abraham Lincoln (Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 40—42.

“Sometimes Lincoln studied” David Davis (WHH interview), [1866], HI, 529.

Lincoln approached the practice of law Emanuel Hertz, ed., The Hidden Lincoln: From the Papers of William H. Herndon (New York: H. Liveright, 1931), 176.

relied on published digests Steiner, Honest Calling, 49.

legislature had elected Davis For the biography of David Davis, see King, Lincoln’s Manager.

“Lincoln is the best” David Davis to William P. Walker, May 4, 1844, Davis Papers, ALPML.

“an amicable arrangement” Remini, Henry Clay, 732.

“How can the Union be preserved?” Irving Bartlett, Calhoun: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1993), 371-72.

“I wish to speak” Merrill D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 462—63.

“I am not an accomplished lawyer” AL, “Fragment: Notes for a Law Lecture,” [July 1, 1850?], CW, 2:81.

“the leading rule” Ibid.

“I sincerely hope” AL to Abram Bale, February 22, 1850, LEGAL, 1:4-5.

In his examination (Danville) Illinois Citizen, May 29, 1850.

Mary bore these absences Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, 125—28.

“Eat, Mary” Ibid., 126.

“We miss him” AL to John D. Johnston, February 23, 1850, CW, 2:76-77.

Mary joined First Presbyterian Wayne C. Lemple, Abraham Lincoln: From Skeptic to Prophet (Mahomet, 111.: Mayhaven Publishing, 1995), 47-48.

“the exercises” James Smith, The Christian’s Defence, Containing a Fair Statement, and Impartial Examination of the Leading Objections Urged by Infidels Against the Antiquity, Genuineness, Credibility, and Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures (Cincinnati, Ohio: J. A. James, 1843), 1:4.

“the mind must” Robert L. Lincoln to Isaac Markens, November 4, 1917, Robert Lodd Lincoln MSS, Chicago History Museum; Lemple, Abraham Lincoln, 72.

“everything must be given up” Smith, Christian’s Defence, 1:4.

Lincoln accepted an invitation “On motion, Abraham Lincoln, Henry Van Huff and Lhomas Lewis were appointed a committee to aid the Rev. James Smith in a suit pending in Presbytery against this church.” Minutes of the Board of Trustees, First Presbyterian Church, 1829—1866, April 26, 1853, ALPLM.

Lincoln began to attend John L. Stuart toj. A. Reed, December 17, 1872, in Scribner’s Monthly 6 (July 1873): 336.

“could thunder out” Elizabeth Lodd Grimsley, “Six Months in the White House,” JISHS 19, nos. 3-4 (October 1926-January 1927): 64.

Lincolns were becoming fond Lemple, Abraham Lincoln, 60.

continued to lobby AL to the Editors of the Illinois Journal, June 5, 1850, CW, 2:79.

“Thewantoftime”AL to Lewis C. Kercheval and Others, July 24, 1850, CW, 2:82-83.

“I fear” AL, “Eulogy on Zachary Laylor,” July 25, 1850, CW, 2:89-90.

“itisno[tbecause]” AL to John D. Johnston, January 12, 1851, CW, 2:96-97.

“Say to him” Ibid., 97; and Donald, Lincoln, 153.

“I have been thinking” AL to John D. Johnston, November 4, 1851, CW, 2:111.

“The infant nation” “Eulogy on Henry Clay,”July 6, 1852, CW, 2:121—32.

CHAPTER 11. Let No One Be Deceived: 1852-56

“We were thunderstruck” AL, “Speech at Peoria, Illinois,” October 16, 1854, CW, 2:282.

“all questions” Johannsen, Douglas, 408.

“out Southernized the South” John Niven, Salmon P. Chase: A Biography (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 237-38.

“destroyall sectional parties” Johannsen, Douglas, 409, 431, 439—445.

“We arraign this bill” “An Appeal of Independent Democrats,” Congressional Globe, 33 Cong., 1st sess., 280—82.

popularly known as Know-Nothings See Douglas M. Strong, Perfectionist Politics: Abolitionism and the Religious Tensions in American Democracy (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1999); David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis: 1848—1861, ed. Don E. Fehrenbacher (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 250-53.

“I do not perceive” AL to Owen Lovejoy, August 11, 1855, CW, 2:316.

“I am not a Know-Nothing” AL to Joshua Speed, August 24, 1855, CW, 2:323.

“Although volume upon volume” AL, “Fragment on Slavery,” [July 1, 1854?], CW, 2:222.

“but a grown up” See Harvey Wish, George Fitzhugh: Propagandist of the Old South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1943), especially 82—93.

“If A. can prove” AL, “Fragment on Slavery,” [July 1, 1854?], CW, 2:222.

ideas in these notes “Fragment: Notes for Law Lecture,” [July 1, 1850], CW, 2:81-82; “Fragment on Government,” [July 1, 1854], CW, 2:221; “Fragment on Slavery,” [July 1, 1854?], CW, 2:222; “Fragment on Slavery,” [July 1, 1854], CW, 2:222-23; “Fragment on Sectionalism,” [July 23, 1856], CW, 2:349—53; “Fragment on Stephen A. Douglas,” [December 1856?], CW, 2:382-83; “Fragment on the Dred Scott Case,” [January 1857], CW, 2:387-88; “Fragment on the Formation of the Republican Party,” [February 28, 1857], CW, 2:391.

“whittling sticks” Donald, Lincoln, 170.

“The Declaration of Independence” Illinois Journal, July 11, 1854.

“the great wrong” AL, “Speech at Winchester, Illinois,” August 26, 1854, CW, 2:226.

“If we were situated” AL, “Speech at Bloomington, Illinois,” September 12, 1854, CW, 2:230-32.

Douglas prepared to speak Johannsen, Douglas, 453—54; James W. Sheahan, The Life of Stephen A. Douglas (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1860), 271—73.

“had been nosing” Illinois State Register, September 27, 1854.

“pander to prejudice” AL, “Speech at Bloomington, Illinois,” September 26, 1854, CW, 2:234,236,240.

“a thin, high-pitched falsetto” Horace White, “Abraham Lincoln in 1854,” Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society, 1908 13 (1909): 32.

“I do not propose” Lincoln made much the same speech at Springfield on October 4, 1854, and again on October 16. The Springfield speech exists only in brief summary, thus the text employed here is of the later Peoria speech. AL, “Speech at Peoria, Illinois,” October 16, 1854, CW, 2:248-49, 255, 265—66, 275—76. For an excellent examination of Lincoln’s Peoria speech in its historical context, see Lewis E. Lehrman, Lincoln at Peoria: The Turning Point (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2008).

It reentered the national dialogue Philip F. Detweiler, “The Changing Reputation of the Declaration of Independence: The First Fifty Years,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series 19, no. 4 (October 1962): 557—74.

“The Declaration of Independence” Jean V. Matthews, Rufus Choate: The Law and Civic Virtue (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980), 99.

a historical signpost Pauline Maier, American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), 160-208.

“false and dangerous assumption” John C. Calhoun, “Speech on the Oregon Bill,” June 27, 1848, The Papers of John C. Calhoun, ed. Clyde N. Wilson and Shirley Bright Cook (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1999), 534-35.

“The anti-Nebraska speech” Illinois Journal, October 5, 1854.

“under the pretense” Donald, Lincoln’s Herndon, 77—78.

“I have been perplexed” AL to Ichabod Codding, November 27, 1854, CW, 2:288.

“he took the stump” AL, “Autobiography,” CW, 4:67.

“No—I can’t” William Jayne (WHH interview), August 15, 1866, HI, 266.

“What would have happened” AL, “Speech at Chicago, Illinois,” October 27, 1854, CW, 2:283-84.

wrote to ask AL to Charles Hoyt, November 10, 1854, CW, 2:286.

“I do not ask” AL to Joseph Gillespie, December 1, 1854, CW, 2:290.

“the names” AL to Hugh Lemaster, November 29, 1854, CW, 2:289.

“It will give me pleasure” Charles Hoyt to AL, November 20, 1854, ALPLC.

“We want some one” Hugh Lemaster to AL, December 11, 1854, ALPLC.

“a total stranger” AL to Elihu Washburne, December 11, 14, 1854, CW, 2:292,293.

wrote the names “List of Members of the Illinois Legislature in 1855, “ [January 1, 1855?], CW, 2:296-98.

“I cannot doubt” AL to Elihu B. Washburne, January 6, 1855, CW, 2:303-4.

“You ought to drop” Joseph Gillespie to WHH, January 31, 1866, Hi, 183.

BALLOTS FOR UNITED STATES SENATE Fehrenbacher, Prelude, 175.

“I regret my defeat” AL to Elihu B. Washburne, February 9, 1854, CW, 2:306.

brokeoff her long friendship Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, 150.

“he would never strive” Joseph Gillespie, memorandum, April 22, 1880, Gillespie MSS, Chicago Historical Society.

“his defeat now gives me” AL to Elihu B. Washburne, February 9, 1854, CW, 2:1855,307.

“Not too disappointed” Horace White, The Life of Lyman Trumbull (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1913), 45.

“I was dabbling” AL to James Sandford, Mortimer Porter, and Ambrose K. Striker, March 10, 1855, CW, 2:308.

“No other improvement” AL, “Communication to the People of Sangamo County,” March 9, 1832, CW, 1:5.

problems and roadblocks George Rogers Taylor, The Transportation Revolution, 1815-1860 (New York: Rinehart, 1951), 79.

represent the railroads Steiner, Honest Calling, 138; in Lincoln’s debates with Stephen A. Douglas in 1858, the senator from Illinois tried to make an issue of Lincoln’s associations with the railroads. On October 22, 1858, Lincoln gave a speech clarifying his relationship with the Illinois Central Railroad. Chicago Press and Tribune, October 27, 1858, in LEGAL, 2:412—14.

“A stitch in time” AL to Milton Brayman, March 31, 1854, LPAL, 1:8.

The railroad protested For Illinois Central Railroad v. the County of McLean, see “Illinois Central Railroad v. McClean County, Illinois, and Parke” in LEGAL, 2:373—415; Steiner, Honest Calling, 150—54; and Duff, A. Lincoln, 312-17.

“is the largest law” AL to Thompson R. Webber, September 12, 1853, LEGAL, 2:376-77.

Lincoln argued Steiner, Honest Calling, 153—54.

Lincoln brought suit “Illinois Central Railroad v. the County of McClean,” in LEGAL, 2:404-12.

a rising Illinois lawyer Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962), 63-64.

“During August” AL to Peter H. Watson, July 23, 1855, CW, 2:314-15.

Lincoln finally wrote AL to John H. Manny and Company, September 1, 1855, CW, 2:325.

“a tall rawly boned” Robert Henry Parkinson, “The Patent Case That Lifted Lincoln into a Presidential Candidate,” ALQ 4, no. 3 (September 1946): 114-15.

“roughlyhandled” HL, 220.

“Since then we have had thirty six” AL to George Robertson, August 15, 1855, CW, 2:318.

“You say that sooner” AL to Joshua F. Speed, August 24, 1855, CW, 2:320-23.

“Revolutionize through the ballot box” Herndon and Weik, Abraham Lincoln, 2:49.

“as the warm and consistent” Mark A. Plummer, Lincoln’s Rail-Splitter: Governor Richard J. Oglesby (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), 18—19.

“The latter part” Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 2:359.

“buckle on his armor” AL, “Speech at Decatur, Illinois,” February 22, 1856, CW, 2:333.

“Did Lincoln authorize you” Herndon and Weik, Abraham Lincoln, 2:51—52.

“he had got to be” Henry C. Whitney, Life on the Circuit with Lincoln (Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1892), 75.

“A man couldn’t think” AL, “Speech at Bloomington, Illinois,” May 28, 1856, CW, 2:340-41.

“proscribe no one” William E. Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852-1856 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 294-95.

“The Union must be preserved” AL, “Speech at Bloomington,” May 31, 1856, CW, 2:341.

“I have heard or read” HL, 236.

CHAPTER 12. A House Divided: 1856-58

“secreted” Henry C. Whitney (JWW interview), [1887-89], Hi, 733-34.

“as pure a patriot” Jesse W. Weik, “Lincoln’s Vote for Vice-President in the

“Philadelphia Convention of 1856,” Century Magazine 76 (June 1908): 186-89.

received votes from eleven states Proceedings of the First Three Republican National Conventions of1856, 1860, and 1864 (Minneapolis, Minn.: Charles W. Johnson, 1893), 61-62.

“When you meet Judge Dayton” AL to John Van Dyke, June 27, 1856, CW, 2:346.

“the gallant Fremont” Urbana Union, June 26, Day by Day, 2:172.

“It is constantly objected” AL, “Fragment on Sectionalism,” [ca. July 23, 1856], CW, 2:349-53.

“showed how the South” AL, “Speech at Princeton,” July 4, 1856, CW, 2:346-47.

“demonstrated in the strongest manner” AL, “Speech at Chicago, Illinois,” July 19, 1856, CW, 2:348-49.

“All this talk about the dissolution” AL, “Speech at Galena, Illinois,” July 23, 1856, CW, 2:353-55.

“to learn what people differ” AL, “Speech at Kalamazoo, Michigan,” August 27, 1856, CW, 2:361-66.

“His language is pure” Amboy (Illinois) Times, July 24, 1856.

“Altho’mr L is” Mary Lincoln to Emilie Lodd Helm, November 23, 1856, MTL, 46.

“The storm of abolition” George Licknor Curtis, Life of James Buchanan: Fifteenth President of the United States (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1883), 2:176.

“assailed as the enemies” AL, “Speech at a Republican Banquet, Chicago, Illinois,” December 10, 1856, CW, 2:383-85.

“Twenty-two years ago” AL, “Fragment on Stephen A. Douglas,” [December 1856], CW, 2:382-83.

“Do you know where Lincoln lives?” Wayne C. Lemple, By Square and Compasses: The Building of Lincoln’s Home and Its Saga (Bloomington, 111.: Ashlar Press, 1984), 41.

a sharp comment Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, 116.

“commenced raising” Mrs. John Lodd Stuart to Betty Stuart, April 3, 1856, John L. Stuart-Milton Hay Collection, ALPLM.

The final cost Richard S. Hagen, “What a Pleasant Home Abe Lincoln Has,” JISHS 48, no. 1 (Spring 1955): 5-27.

“A more immense judicial power” Alexis de Locqueville, Democracy in America, ed. Harvey C. Mansfield and Debra Winthrop (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 141.

he petitioned the Missouri Circuit Court See Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 285-334.

“The decision will be” Richard Malcolm Johnston and William Hand Browne, Life of Alexander H. Stephens (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Company, 1884), 318, 141; and New York Courier, December 18, 1856.

“What would be the effect” AL, “Fragment on the Dred Scott Case,” [January 1857?], CW, 2:387-88.

“blacks are not citizens” James F. Simon, Lincoln and Chief Justice Tanej: Slavery, Secession, and the President’s War Powers (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), 115-16.

“it is understood” James Buchanan, “Inaugural Address, March 4, 1857,” Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1961), 112.

“been regarded as beings” Simon, Lincoln and Chief Justice Tanej, 122.

“main proposition” Johannsen, Douglas, 569—71.

“The curtain of 1860” New York Herald, June 23, 24, 1857.

“But we think the Dred Scott” Fehrenbacher, Dred Scott Case, 351.

“I think the authors” AL, “Speech at Springfield, Illinois,” June 26, 1857, CW, 2:398-410.

“too much on the old” Johannsen, Douglas, 573.

“an intolerable nuisance” St. Louis Republican, August 24, 1856.

“do not warrant” Chicago Tribune, September 26, 1856.

wanted the best lawyer For an excellent discussion of the case, see “Hurd Et Al. V. Rock Island Bridge Company,” in LEGAL, 3:308-83.

preparation for the trial Ibid., 326—27.

resumed his closing argument See the long excerpt of a newspaper report of Lincoln’s closing argument, ibid., 359—65.

a case growing out For a full description of the Duff Armstrong case, see “People V. Armstrong,” in LEGAL, 4:1-45.

Lincoln’s cross-examination Hannah Armstrong (WHH interview), [1866], HI, 526.

“The almanac floored” Duff, A. Lincoln, 350—55.

“of his kind feelings” William Walker to WHH, June 3, 1865, Hi, 22; “People V. Armstrong,” 23—26.

“It was generally admitted” J. Henry Shaw to WHH, August 22, 1866, HI, 316; andj. Henry Shaw to WHH, September 5, 1866, HI, 332-34.

“WhyHannah, I shant” Hannah Armstrong (WHH interview), 1866, HI, 526.

“altogether the most exquisite” AL, Speech at Springfield, June 26, 1857, CW, 2:400.

The meeting at Lecompton For a discussion of the controversial Lecompton Convention, see Johannsen, Douglas, 576—84.

“I have spent too much” Ibid., 590.

“bring more weight” Potter, Impending Crisis, 320—21.

“your general view” AL to Lyman Trumbull, November 30, December 18, 28, 1857, CW, 2:427,428,430.

“the unexpected course” Lyman Trumbull to AL, January 3, 1858, Lyman Trumbull Papers, Library of Congress.

“of that Friend” Ibid.

“There seems to be” Chicago Press & Tribune, April 21, 1858.

“Let us have a state convention” AL to Ozias M. Hatch, March 24, 1858, CW, First Supplement, 29—30.

“is the only one who improves” The Collected Works prints two separate lectures, but they may well have been two parts of a single lecture. AL, “First Lecture on Discoveries and Inventions,” [April 6, 1858], 2:437; “Second Lecture on Discoveries and Inventions,” [February 11, 1859], 3:356—62.

“too far in advance” John Armstrong (WHH interview), [February 1870], HI, 574-75; HL, 2:68-69.

“Cook County Is for” Donald, Lincoln, 205.

If we could first know AL, “A House Divided: Speech at Springfield, Illinois,” June 16, 1858, CW, 2:461.

use of a biblical metaphor The metaphor “A house divided against itself” appears in Matthew 12:25, Mark 3:25, and Luke 11:17.

Whatever its past use Campaign Circular from Whig Committee, March 4, 1843, CW, 1:315; AL to George Robertson, August 15, 1855, CW, 2:318; T. Lyle Dickey to WHH, December 8, 1866, HI, 504.

“angry agitation” AL, “Fragment of a Speech” [ca. May 18, 1858], CW, 2:452—53. The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, edited in the 1950s, dated this “Fragment of a Speech” to May 1858, but a close examination reveals that Lincoln wrote it seven months earlier, in December 1857.

“working points of that machinery” AL, “A House Divided,” 462—67.

“softly, that Douglas is” Ibid., 467.

CHAPTER 13. The Eternal Struggle Between These Two Principles: 1858

Lincoln had defeated himself Leonard Swett to WHH, January 17, 1866, HI, 163.

“some of my Kentucky friends” John L. Scripps to AL, June 22, 1858, ALPLC.

“and yet I am mortified” AL to John L. Scripps, June 23, 1858, CW, 2:471.

“I shall have my hands full” John W. Forney, Anecdotes of Public Men (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1881), 2:179.

“that great principle” Johannsen, Douglas, 641—42.

“provided I can find it” AL, “Speech at Chicago, Illinois,” July 10, 1858, CW, 2:485.

“I did not say” Ibid., 491, 501.

“a kind-hearted, amiable” Johannsen, Douglas, 657.

“having been a party” AL, “Speech at Springfield, Illinois,” July 17, 1858, CW, 2:519-20.

“I should be at your town” AL to Joseph T. Eccles, August 2, 1858, CW, 2:533.

“Will it be agreeable” AL to Stephen A. Douglas, July 24, 1858, CW, 2:522.

“I accede” AL to Stephen A. Douglas, July 31, 1858, CW, 2:531. For the story of the debates, see Allen G. Guelzo’s new book, Lincoln and Douglas: The Debates That Defined America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008).

“It is astonishing” New York Post, September 24, 1858.

“Ottawa was deluged in dust” New York Evening Post, August 27, 1858.

“to connect the members” The new authoritative version of the debates, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, ed. Rodney O. Davis and Douglas L. Wilson (Urbana: The University of Illinois, 2008). “First Debate at Ottawa, Illinois,” August 21, 1858, 8-9.

“I mean nothing personally Ibid., 6, 9.

“Are you in favor of” Ibid., 14.

“He had a lean” Henry Villard, Memoirs of Henry Villard: Journalist and Financier, 1835-1900 (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1904), 1:93.

“I must confess” New York Evening Post, quoted in King, Lincoln’s Manager, 122.

“When a man hears” “First Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Ottawa, Illinois,” August 21, 1858, CW, 3:13.

reported two different debates Harold Hölzer tells the story of these two texts in The Lincoln-Douglas Debates: The First Complete, Unexpurgated Text (New York: Harper Collins, 1993).

“Everybody here” David Davis to AL, August 25, 1858, ALPLC.

“We were well satisfied” Richard Yates to AL, August 26, 1858, ALPLC.

“Douglas and I” AL to Joseph O. Cunningham, August 22, 1858, CW, 3:37.

advisers were not so pleased Holzer, Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 89; David Zarefsky, Lincoln, Douglas and Slavery: In the Crucible of Public Debate (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 56.

“Don’t act” Norman B. Judd (WHH interview), October 2, 1890, HI, 723.

attire of the debaters The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858, ed. Edwin E. Sparks (Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library, 1908), 207.

“I shall be exceedingly glad” “Second Debate at Freeport, Illinois,” August 27, 1858, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 48.

“Q.2. Can the people” Ibid., 50.

“It is most extraordinary” Ibid., 51.

“It matters not” Ibid., 58.

“thinkthat Fred. Douglass” Ibid., 62.

“the popular sympathy” Joseph Medill to John A. Gurley, August 28, 1858, cited in Zarefsky, Lincoln, Douglas and Slavery, 58.

“the contest going on” Frederick Douglass, “Freedom in the West Indies: Address Delivered in Poughkeepsie, NY,” August 2, 1858, Frederick Douglass, 3:233,236-37.

The debates were only A strength of Allen Guelzo’s book, Lincoln and Douglas: The Debates That Defined America, is his attention to the many facets of the Lincoln-Douglas campaign beyond the debates.

“Little Egypt” For a description of the context of the debate in “Egypt,” see John Y Simon, “Union County in 1858 and the Lincoln-Douglas Debate,” JISHS 62 (Autumn 1969): 267-92.

“If the slaveholding” AL, “Third Debate at Jonesboro, Illinois,” September 15, 1858, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 115.

old-line Whig district Charles H. Coleman, Abraham Lincoln and Coles County, Illinois (New Brunswick, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1955), 173—75.

“I was really in favor” AL, “Fourth Debate at Charleston, Illinois,” September 18, 1858, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 131.

“Race prejudice” Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 329.

“great apprehension” AL, “Fourth Debate,” September 18, 1858, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 132.

“Allow me to suggest” Norman B. Judd to AL, September? 1858, ALPLC.

“I am amazed” The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 145.

the nineteen days A. H. Chapman to WHH, October 18, 1865, HI, 139.

“Suppose it is true” AL, “Fragment on Pro-slavery Lheology,” [October 1, 1858], CW, 3:204-5.

“But there is a larger issue” AL, “Fragment: Notes for Speeches,” [October 1, 1858], CW, 3:205.

“Well, at last” Holzer, Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 234—35.

“In the extreme northern” “Fifth Debate at Galesburg, Illinois,” October 7, 1858, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 181.

“I believe that the entire” Ibid., 220 25.

“When Douglas concluded” Quincy Whig, October 9, 1858.

“blowing out the moral lights” The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 201.

labeled “Constitution” Allen Guelzo, Lincoln and Douglas: The Debates That Defined America, 241.

charm did not Carl Schurz, Abraham Lincoln: A Biographical Essay (Boston: Houghton Mifflin and Company, 1907), 68-69.

“When Judge Douglas says” “Sixth Debate at Quincy, Illinois,” October 13, 1858, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 224—25.

“I tell you why” Ibid., 233.

“We are getting” Ibid., 242.

“of carrying the State” Gustave Koerner, Memoirs of Gustave Koerner, 1809—1896: Life-Sketches Written at the Suggestion of His Children, ed. Lhomas J. McCormack (Cedar Rapids, Iowa: The Lorch Press, 1909), 2:66—67.

“I hold that the signers” “Seventh Debate at Alton, Illinois,” October 15, 1858, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 266.

“strongsympathies” Ibid., 269.

“fundamentalprinciple” Ibid., 273.

“That is the issue” Ibid., 284-85.

“I now have a high degree” AL to Norman Judd, October 20, 1858, CW, 3:329-30.

“Outside Republicans” King, Lincoln’s Manager, 125.

“thatyou are anxious” AL to John J. Crittenden, July 7, 1858, CW, 3:483-84.

“Ambition has been” AL, “Fragment, Last Speech of the Campaign at Springfield, Illinois,” October 30, 1858, CW, 3:334.

“Streetlights” Illinois State Journal, November 3, 1858.

“but I recovered” Nicolay and Hay, 9:377.

“the causes of our defeat” Joseph Fort Newton, Lincoln and Herndon (Cedar Rapids, Iowa: The Lorch Press, 1910), 234-35.

“unauthorized” John L. Crittenden to AL, October 27, 1858, ALPLC.

“was handed me” AL to John J. Crittenden, November 4, 1858, CW, 3:335-36.

“Mr. Lincoln is beaten” Chicago Press & Tribune, November 10, 1858.

“I am glad” AL to Anson G. Henry, November 19, 1858, CW, 3:339.

CHAPTER 14. The Taste Is in My Mouth, a Little: 1858-60

“What man now fills” Je riah Bonham, Fifiy Years’ Recolledions: With Observations and Refledions on Historical Events, Giving Sketches on Eminent CitizensTheir Lives and Public Services (Peoria, 111.: J. W. Franks and Sons, 1883), 528—30.

“An enthusiastic meeting” Allen T. Rice, ed., Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time (New York: North American Publishing Company, 1886), 441-42.

“present his [Lincoln’s] name” William Baringer, Lincoln’s Rise to Power (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1937), 51—58.

“Who is this man?” Statement of Jesse Fell, “Story of the Lincoln Biography,” Bloomington, Illinois, March 1872, in the Oldroyd Lincoln Memorial Collection.

in a two-hundred-page scrapbook AL to Charles H. Ray, November 20, 1858, CW, 3:341.

“There is some probability” AL to Henry C. Whitney, December 15, 1858, CW, 3:347.

“I have been on expenses” AL to Norman B. Judd, November 16, 1858, CW, 3:337.

“personally engaged” AL to Samuel C. Davis and Company, November 17, 1858, CW, 3:338.

“we have performed no service” AL to Joel A. Matteson, November 25, 1858.

“I wish you would return” AL to William M. Fishback, December 19, 1858, CW, 3:346.

“It annoys me” AL to Maria Bullock, January 3, 1859, CW, 3:348.

“In that day” AL to Norman B. Judd, November 15, 1858, CW, 3:36-337.

“I look upon” Wentworth is quoted in a letter from David Davis to AL, January 1, 1859 (misdated 1858), ALPLC.

“the Republican editors” Lhomas J. Pickett to AL, April 13, 1858, ALPLC.

“I must in candor” AL to Lhomas J. Pickett, April 16, 1858, CW, 3:377.

“All honor to Jefferson” AL to Henry L. Pierce and Others, April 6, 1859, CW, 3:374-76.

“The only danger” AL to Mark W. Delahay, May 14, 1859, CW, 3:378-79.

met in a convention Salmon P. Chase to AL, April 14, 1858, ALPLC.

“one of the veryfew” AL to Salmon P. Chase, April 30, 1859, CW, 3:378.

“I hope you can” AL to Salmon P. Chase, June 9, 1859, CW, 3:384.

“avowal of our great principles” Salmon P. Chase to AL, June 13, 1859, ALPLC.

“to enact a Fugitive Slave” AL to Salmon P. Chase, June 20, 1859, CW, 3:386.

“As I understand” AL to Lheodore Canisius, May 17, 1859, CW, 3:380.

“hedge against divisions” AL to Schuyler Colfax, July 6, 1859, CW, 3:390.

“We desire to head off” William L. Bascom to AL, September 1, 1859, ALPLC.

“Douglasism” Chicago Press & Tribune, November 9, 1858; and Johannsen, Douglas, 682-86.

“there can be no peace” See Stephen A. Douglas, “The Dividing Line Between Federal and Local Authority: Popular Sovereignty in the Territories,” Harper’s Magazine 14 (September 1859): 519—37.

“Now, what is Judge Douglas’“ AL, “Speech at Columbus, Ohio,” September 16, 1859, CW, 3:405.

“I am what they call” AL, “Speech at Cincinnati, Ohio,” September 17, 1859, CW, 3:440-41.

“Our fathers” AL, “Speech at Indianapolis, Indiana,” September 19, 1859, CW, 3:465-66.

requested the assistance “ALto George M. Parsons and Others,” December 19, 1859, CW, 3:510.

“will make the contest in 1860” Thomas Corwin to AL, September 25, 1859, ALPLC.

“What brought these Democrats with us!” In 2004, a member of the Corwin family of Ohio brought the supposedly lost letter to Daniel Weinberg, proprietor of the Abraham Lincoln Book Shop in Chicago. I am grateful to Harold Hölzer, who writes about the import of the letter in the Preface to the paperback edition of Lincoln at Cooper Union(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006) xviii—xix

“Six months hence” Thomas Corwin to AL, October 17, 1859, ALPLC.

“Mr. Lincoln, the ‘giant’ ” Illinois State Journal, October 17, 1859.

Hon A. Lincoln James A. Briggs to AL, October 12, 1859, ALPLC.

eager to accept See Harold Hölzer, Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004) for the address and its impact; Angle, “Here I Have Lived,” 231.

“painstaking and thorough” HL, 273--/’4.

“violation of law” AL, “Speech at Ellwood, Kansas,” December 1 [November 30?], 1859, CW, 3:496.

“the slavery question” Ibid., CW, 3:499, 502.

“Old John Brown,” AL, “Speech at Leavenworth, Kansas,” December 3,

1859, CW, 3:502.

Judd was secretly Norman B. Judd to AL, December 1, 1859, ALPLC.

“I would rather have” AL to Norman B. Judd, December 9, 1859, CW, 3:505.

“I find some of our friends” AL to Norman B. Judd, December 14, 1859, CW, 3:509.

Judd understood the importance Reinhard H. Lu thin, The First Lincoln Campaign (Gloucester, Mass.: P. Smith, 1944), 20-21.

“Herewith is a little” AL to Jesse W. Fell, “Enclosing Autobiography,” Dec. 20, 1859, CW, 3:511-12.

I was born Feb. 12,1809 Ibid.

wrote his own biography William E. Barton, President Lincoln (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1933), 63-64.

“if his name” Jackson Grimshaw to WHH, April 28, 1866, HI, 247; and Lamon, Life, 424 (Lamon is incorrect about the year of the meeting).

“It is not improbable” Browning, Diary, February 8, 1860, 395.

“the nomination of Lincoln” Chicago Press & Tribune, February 16, 1860.

endorsement of Lincoln Philip Kinsley, The Chicago Tribune: Its First Hundred Years, vol. I, 1847-1865 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1943), 105-7.

“No former effort” HL, 2:165.

SIGNIFICANT.—The Hon. Illinois State Register, February 23, 1860.

at the Cooper Union For the complete story of the Cooper Union Address, see Hölzer, Lincoln at Cooper Union.

“I am on my way” Francis Fisher Browne, The Every-Day Life of Abraham Lincoln: A Narrative and Descriptive Biography (Chicago: Browne and Howell Company, 1913), 1:217.

“I see you want” Roy Meredith, Mr. Lincoln’s Camera Man, Mathew B. Brady (New York: Dover Publications, 1946), 59.

“a gallant soldier” Hölzer, Lincoln at Cooper Union, 107.

The first impression Rufus Rockwell Wilson, ed., Intimate Memories of Lincoln (Elmira, N.Y.: Primavera Press, 1945), 258.

“Mr. Cheerman” Hölzer, Lincoln at Cooper Union, 114.

“Mr. Lincoln is one of Nature’s” New York Tribune, February 28, 1860.

“somewhat funny, to see” Mayson Brayman to William H. Bailhache, February 28, 1860, ALPLM, quoted in Hölzer, Lincoln at Cooper Union, 145.

“according to Bob’s orders” AL to Mary Lincoln, March 4, 1860, CW, 3:555.

“Enclosed please find” James A. Briggs to AL, February 29, 1860, ALPLC.

“I have been unable” AL to Mary Lincoln, March 4, 1860, CW, 3:555.

Welles, an ex-Democrat John Niven, Gideon Welles: Lincoln’s Secretary of the Navy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 283, 288-89.

“I am glad to know” AL, “Speech at Hartford, Connecticut, March 5, 1860,” CJ^4:7.

“recent success had stimulated” HL, 2:275.

“there will be but little” Samuel Galloway to AL, March 15, 1860, ALPLC.

“My name is new” AL to Samuel Galloway, March 24, 1860, CW, 4:33-34.

“I have heard your name” James F. Babcock to AL, April 9, 1860, ALPLC.

“As to the Presidential” AL to James F. Babcock, April 14, 1860, CW, 4:43.

“tobe putfully” AL to Lyman Lrumbull, April 29, 1860, CW, 4:45.

“I keep no secrets” Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982), 299.

“I am informed” Johnson to WHH, [1865-1866], HI, 463.

old John Hanks Ibid.

“prominent candidates” Harper’s Weekly, May 12, 1860.

receiving reports King, Lincoln’s Manager, 135—36.

“He was almost too much” Wilson, Intimate Memories of Lincoln, 294.

“We are here” Jesse K. Dubois to AL, May 13, 1860, ALPLC.

“Things are working” Nathan M. Knapp to AL, May 14, 1860.

“We are laboring” Nathan M. Knapp to Ozias M. Hatch, May 12, 1860, in “Praise for the ‘Most Available Candidate,’ “ JISHS 71, no. 1 (February 1978): 72.

“Dont come” Jesse K. Dubois and David Davis to AL, May 14, 1860, ALPLC.

“Don’tbe too sanguine” Charles H. Ray to AL, May 14, 1860, ALPLC.

“Make no contracts” “Endorsement on the Margin of the Missouri Democrat, “ [May 17, 1860], CW, 4:50.

“he hardly thought this” Clinton L. Conkling, “How Mr. Lincoln Received the News of His First Nomination,” Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society (1909):64-65.

Judd stood second Proceedings of the First Three Republican National Conventions, 151-54.

“I-I a-a-rise” Charles H. Workman, “Tablet to Abraham Lincoln at Mansfield,” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications 34 (1925) 519—20.

“Well gentlemen there is” Charles S. Zane (statement for WHH), [1865—66], HI, 491.

CHAPTER 15. Justice and Fairness to All: May i860—November i860

“did not suppose” AL, “Response to a Serenade,” May 18, 1860, CW, 4:50.

“Write no letters” David Davis to AL, May 18, 1860, ALPLC.

“his modest frame house” Carl Schurz, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz (New York: The McClure Company, 1908), 2:188.

“Justice and fairness” AL, CW, 4:94.

“such intuitive knowledge” Life of Thurlow Weed: Including His Autobiography and a Memoir, vol. 1: Weed (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1883), 602.

met with Edward Bates Browning, Diary, May 24, 1860, 410—11.

“Holding my self” AL to Salmon P. Chase, May 26, 1860, CW, 4:53.

“You distinguish between yourself” AL to Schuyler Colfax, May 26, 1860, CW, 4:54.

“We know not” AL to Anson G. Henry, July 4, 1860, CW, 4:82.

“I missed the greatest chance” William Dean Howe 11s, Life of Abraham Lincoln (Springfield, 111.: The Abraham Lincoln Association, 1938), vii.

“I believe the biography” John L. Scripps to ALJuly 17, 1860, ALPLC.

“made frequent humorous” John L. Scripps to WHH, June 24, 1865, HI, 57.

became his one-man Helen Nicolay, Lincoln’s Secretary: A Biography of John G. Nicolay (New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1949), 6—7, 84.

“Lincoln bears his honors” Browning, Diary, June 12, 1860, 415.

“That looks better” Lloyd Ostendorf, Lincoln’s Photographs: A Complete Album (Dayton, Ohio: Rockywood Press, 1998), 46-48.

“I think there” AL to Thurlow Weed, August 17, 1860, CW, 4:98.

“I am slow” AL to John M. Pomeroy, August 31, 1860, CW, 4:103.

“amiable and accomplished” New York Tribune, May 25, 1860.

“a sparkling talker” Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, 160.

“Mr. Lincoln has never been” Mary Lincoln to Dyer Burgess, October 29, 1860, MTL, 67.

“You are an ambitious” “William M. Dickson to AL, with Note from Annie M. Dickson to Mary Todd Lincoln,” May 21, 1860, ALPLC.

“You used to be worried” Mary Lincoln to Hannah Shearer, October 20, 1860, MTL, 63-64.

“warmly welcomed” Frank Fuller, A Day with the Lincoln Family (New York: n.d.).

“a man of unblemished” Douglass’ Monthly, June 1860.

“On Monday night” Illinois State Journal, August 8, 1860.

Westward the star Stephen B. Oates, With Malice Toward None: A Life of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Harper and Row, 1977), 185.

“The Prairies on Fire” Illinois State Journal, August 9, 1860.

“It has been my purpose” AL, “Remarks at a Springfield Rally, Springfield, Illinois,” August 8, 1860, CW, 4:91.

“slipped him over” George Brinkerhoff (WHH interview), [1865—1866], HI, 437.

“The reward that fidelity” Edward D. Baker to AL, August 1, 1860, ALPLOC.

“such a result” AL to Hannibal Hamlin, September 4, 1860, CW, 4:110.

“The people of the South” AL to John B. Fry, August 15, 1860, CW, 4:95.

a sense of relief WHL to AL, October 10, 1860, ALPLC.

“It now looks” AL to William H. Seward, October 12, 1860, CW, 4:126.

“a very happy man” Henry C. Bowen, “Recollections of Abraham Lincoln,” Independent, April 4, 1895, 4.

CHAPTER 16. An Humble Instrument in the Hands of the Almighty. November 1860-February 1861

“Well, boys” Oates, With Malice Toward None, 195.

“I then felt” Lincoln spoke about this evening in 1862 with Gideon Welles; Welles, Diary, August 15, 1862, 1:82.

Public exigencies may Lruman Smith to AL, November 7, 1860, ALPLC.

“It is with the most profound” AL to Lruman Smith, November 10, 1860, CW, 4:138.

“You would look” AL to Grace Bedell, October 19, 1860, CW, 4:129-30 n. 1.

“He sits or stands” New York Herald, November 11, 14, 20, 1860.

“He is precisely the same man” Lincoln on the Eve of’61: A Journalist’s Story by Henry Villard (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1941), 20.

“each and all of the States” “Passage Written for Lyman Lrumbull’s Speech at Springfield, Illinois,” November 20, 1860, CW, 4:141-42.

“all knowledge of the Southern” New York Herald, November 22, 1860.

“would lean heavily” Mark M. Krug, Lyman Trumbull: Conservative Radical (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1965), 165.

“The long continued” James Buchanan, “Fourth Annual Message,” Decembers, 1860, The Works of James Buchanan: Comprising His Speeches, State Papers, and Private Correspondence, ed., John Bassett Moore (Philadelphia: J. B. Lip-pincott Company, 1910), 11:7-9.

written to urge Lincoln Henry J. Raymond to AL, November 14, 1860, ALPLC.

“a demonstration in favor” AL to Henry J. Raymond, November 28, 1860, CW, 4:145-46.

reaching for a way Francis Brown, Raymond of the Times (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1951), 197.

“Theyseeka sign” Matt. 12:39, 16:4.

“delayed so long” AL to William H. Seward, December 8, 1860, CW, 4:148.

“free in his communications” Bates, Diary, December 16, 1860, 164.

at least one Southerner David M. Potter, Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1942), 151.

Lincoln sent Speed Joshua F. Speed (WHH interview), [1865—66], 475.

“Don’t give up the ship” Schott, Alexander Stephens of Georgia, 306.

“The country is certainly Alexander H. Stephens to AL, December 14, 1860, ALPLC.

“Do the people of the South” AL to Alexander H. Stephens, December 22, 1860, CW, 4:160.

“In addressing you thus” Alexander H. Stephens to AL, December 30, 1860, CW, 4:160-61 n.l.

“frequent allusion” “Editorial in the Illinois State Journal, “ December 12, 1860, CW, 4:150.

“While Mr. Lincoln” Weed, Autobiography, 606—11.

“For one politically” John A. Gilmer to AL, December 10, 1860, ALPLC.

“May I be pardoned” AL to John A. Gilmer, December 15, CW, 4:151-53.

“consent to take” AL to William H. Seward, January 12, 1861, CW, A-.Y13.

“But why do you assume” Weed, Autobiography, 610.

offered compromise legislation Albert Dennis Kirwan, John J. Crittenden: The Struggle for the Union (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1962), 373ff.

“The secession feeling” Elihu Washburne to AL, December 9, 1860, ALPLC.

“Let there be no compromise” AL to Lyman Trumbull, December 10, 1860, CW, 4:149-50.

“Prevent, as far as possible” AL to Elihu B. Washburne, December 13, 1860, CW, 4:151.

“The election of Lincoln” Robert S. Harper, Lincoln and the Press (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1951), 67-70.

“If she violates” Illinois State Journal, December 20, 1860.

begun his research Amy Louise Sutton, “Lincoln and Son Borrow Books,” Illinois Libraries, June 1966, 443—44.

accepted an invitation Harry E. Pratt, Lincoln’s Springfield (Springfield: Illinois State Historical Society, 1955), 12; Harry B. Rankin, Intimate Character Sketches of Abraham Lincoln (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Company, 1924), 146-47.

copies of two speeches HL, 287.

Clay’s memorable speech AL, “Eulogy on Henry Clay,” July 6, 1852, CW, 2:126; Remini, Henry Clay, 733—38.

she feared Sarah Bush Lincoln elaborated on these sentiments in her interview with William Herndon on September 8, 1865. “I did not want Abe to run for Presdt—did not want him Elected—was afraid Somehow or other—felt it in my heart that Something would happen to him and when he came down to see me after he was Elected Presdt I still felt that Something told me that Something would befall Abe and that I should see him no more.” HI, 108.

“Let it hang there” HL, 290.

“The Presidentelect” New York Tribune, February 11, 1861.

“face was pale” Villard, Memoirs, 1:149.

“My friendsNo one” AL, “Farewell Address at Springfield, Illinois,” February 11, 1861, CW, 4:190.

“silent artillery of time” AL, “Address Before the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois,” January 27, 1836, CW, I, 115.

capacity to connect New York Tribune, February 12, 1861.

“We will do it” Harper’s Weekly, February 23, 1861, 119.

“Many eyes” James C. Conkling to Clinton Conkling, February 12, 1861, in Pratt, Lincoln’s Springfield, 50.

“We have known Mr. Lincoln” Illinois State Journal, February 12, 1861.

The twelve-day trip Much of the detail of the journey to Washington is taken from local newspapers. The standard account of the train trip to Washington is Victor Searcher, Lincoln s Journey to Greatness: A Factual Account of the Twelve-Day Inaugural Trip (Philadelphia: John C. Winston Company, 1960), but it contains no footnotes. Harold Holzer’s new book, Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008) challenges the traditional story of a weak and vacillating Lincoln in the four months between his election and inauguration and instead shows his political dexterity in facing the emerging crisis.

“I therefore renew” William H. Seward to AL, December 29, 1860, quoted in CW, 4:170 n. 1. The letter, highly secret, was unsigned; Nicolay and Hay, 3:289.

carried by boat The description of Jefferson Davis’s train trip can be found in William Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), 328—29; and William C. Davis, Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour (New York: Harper Collins, 1991), 304—6; New York Times, February 11, 1861.

“I do not expect” AL, “Reply to Oliver P. Morton at Indianapolis, Indiana,” February 11, 1861, CW, 4:193.

“temporary” and “for a limited” Ibid.

left the oilcloth bag Searcher, Lincoln’s Journey, 29—31.

“All the power” This copy, with Browning’s comment, is in the Huntington Library, San Marino, California.

“occupied every available” New Orleans Daily Delta, February 14, 17, 1861.

“with stern serenity” Papers of Jefferson Davis, ed. Lynda Lasswell Crist and Mary Seaton Dix (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992), 7:38,41.

“go forward” Davis, Jefferson Davis, 304—5.

“I have not maintained” AL, “Address to the Ohio legislature, Columbus, Ohio,” February 13, 1861, CW, 4:204.

“England will recognize” Memphis Daily Appeal, February 19, 1861, quoted in Papers of Jefferson Davis, 7:42—43.

“The tariff is” AL, “Speech at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,” February 15, 1861, CW, 4:211-12.

“the least creditable” Villard, Memoirs, 1:152.

“Frequent allusion” AL, “Speech at Cleveland, Ohio,” February 15, 1861, CW, 4:215.

“These speeches thus far” Paul Revere Frothingham, Edward Everett: Orator and Statesman (Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1925), 415.

“let his whiskers” AL, “Remarks at Westfield, New York,” February 16, CW, 4:219.

“We Will Pray” Searcher, Lincoln’s Journey, 129.

“its systematic aggression” Atlanta Intelligencer, February 18, 1861; Papers of Jefferson Davis, 7:44—45.

of the same speech New York Tribune, March 5, 1861.

Looking forward to Jefferson Davis, “Inaugural Address,” February 18, 1861, Papers of Jefferson Davis, 7:45—50.

had, I say Walt Whitman, Prose Works 1892, ed. Floyd Stovall (New York: New York University Press, 1963-64), 2:499-501.

“Many an assassin’s” The Complete Writings of Walt Whitman, ed. Richard Maurice Bucke, Thomas B. Harned, and Horace L. Träubel (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1902), 15:243-44.

“Lincoln is making” Strong, Diary, February 18, 1861, 3:100.

“the great rail-splitter’s face” Ibid., 101.

“He approaches the capital” “Lincoln and His Wayside Speeches,” Baltimore Sun, reprinted in the Crisis (Columbus, Ohio), February 21, 1861.

“The wiseacres” Chicago Tribune, February 21, 1861.

some pro-Lincoln editors Stephen G. Weisner, Embattled Editor: The Life of Samuel Bowles (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1986), 27.

“Lincoln is a ‘simple Susan’ “ George Merriam, The Life and Times of Samuel Bowles (New York: The Century Company, 1885), 1:318.

“[Lincoln’s speeches]” Charles Francis Adams Diary, February 20, 1861, cited in Martin B. Duberman, Charles Francis Adams, 1807—1886 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1961), 253-54.

“struggles for” AL, “Address to the New Jersey Senate at Trenton, New Jersey,” February 21, 1861, CW, 4:235.

“I shall be most happy” Ibid., 236.

“All my political” AL, “Reply to Mayor Alexander Henry at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,” February 21, 1861, CW, 4:238-39; Psalms 137:5-6.

“I have never had” AL, “Speech in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,” February 22, 1861, CW, 4:240.

“I would rather be assassinated” Ibid.

“could not lay straight” Norma B. Cuthbert, ed., Lincoln and the Baltimore Plot, 1861 (San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library, 1949), xx, 80-81.

CHAPTER 17. We Must Not Be Enemies: February 1861-April 1861

the plot to smuggle the president Cuthbert, Lincoln and the Baltimore Plot, utilizes the Pinkerton documents, including his record book, at the Huntington Library, 15-16, 82.

Seward informed Lincoln Charles Francis Adams, 1835—1915: An Autobiography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1916), 64.

“This surreptitious nocturnal” Strong, Diary, February 23, 1861, 3:102.

“He reached the Capital” Douglass’ Monthly, April 1861, in The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, vol. 3, The Civil War, 1861—1865, ed. Philip S. Foner (New York: International Publishers, 1952), 71.

speak with Senator Stephen Douglas Johannsen, Douglas, 840—41.

“He is very cordial” William H. Seward to Frances Seward, February 23, 1861, Seward, Seward at Washington, 511.

“Your case is quite like” William H. Seward to AL, February 24, 1861, in Nicolay and Hay, 3:312-20.

“You are about to assume” Francis P. Blair to AL, January 14, 1861, ALPLC.

“A host of ravenous partisans” Muriel Burnitt, ed., “Two Manuscripts of Gideon Welles,” The New England Quarterly 11, no. 3 (September 1938): 594.

“It was bad enough” Villard, Memoirs, 1:156.

“When you were brought forward” AL to Schuyler Colfax, March 8, 1861, ALPLC.

“Circumstances which have occurred” William H. Seward to AL, March 2, ALPLC.

“I can’t afford” John G. Nicolay, An Oral History of Abraham Lincoln: John G. Nicolay’s Interviews and Essays, ed. Michael Burlingame (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996), 154.

“I feel constrained” AL to William Seward, March 4, 1861, CW, 4:273.

“had a long and confidential” William H. Seward to AL, March 5, 1861, ALPLC.

“more intent on the distribution” Charles Francis Adams, Autobiography, 126.

“was accused of wasting” Burnitt, “Two Manuscripts of Gideon Welles,” 594.

“appeared pale” Philip Shriver Klein, President James Buchanan: A Biography (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962), 402.

“If you are as happy” Jean H. Baker, James Buchanan (New York: Times Books, 2004), 140.

“Fellow citizens of the United States,” AL, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861, CW, 4:262-268.

“Apprehension seems to exist,” Ibid., 262.

he almost expected to hear Horace Greeley, Recolledions of a Busy Life (New York: J. B. Ford and Company, 1868), 404.

“I hold, that in contemplation” AL, First Inaugural Address, 264.

“Good,”“That’s so” Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas, 844.

“I am loathe to close” All of William H. Seward’s suggestions are included in the footnotes to the text in CW, 4:249-71, and in Nicolay and Hay, 3:27-44.

“The avowal” New York Tribune, March 6, 1861.

“conservative people” New York Times, March 5, 1861.

“No document” Chicago Tribune, March 5, 1861.

“The Inaugural Address” Illinois State Journal, March 6, 1861.

“aloose, disjointed” Chicago Times, March 6, 1861.

“neither candid nor statesmanlike” New York Herald, March 6, 1861.

“the cool, unimpassioned” Richmond Enquirer, March 5, 1861.

“lamentable display” Charleston Mercury, March 5, 1861.

“Before the Inaugural” New York Times, March 6, 1861.

“news from Washington” Strong, Diary, March 4, 1861, 3:105-6.

“result in Civil War” Frothingham, Edward Everett, 414—15.

“tension and frustration” Douglass’ Monthly, April 1861; and The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, 3:72–/’4.

“Some thought we had” David Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith with Jubilee (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 78—79.

supplies to last Browning, Diary, July 3, 1861, 476.

Absent from the floor Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 237—38.

“I accept the post” Salmon P. Chase to AL, March 6, 1861, ALPLC.

Bates confided Bates, Diary, March 6, 1861, 177.

large walnut table William O. Stoddard, Inside the White House in War Times: Memoirs and Reports of Lincoln’s Secretary, ed. Michael Burlingame (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 11.

“he had no administrative” David Davis (WHH Interview), September 20, 1866, Hi, 351.

“When [I] first commenced” Robert L. Wilson to WHH, February 10, 1866, HI, 207.

“There was little order” John Hay, Addresses of John Hay (New York: The Century Company, 1906), 323-24.

“He was disinclined” Welles, Diary, March 30, 1861, 1:4, 6. Welles, although referring to events by date, often entered his comments days or weeks after events and conversations.

wrote out three questions AL to Winfield Scott, March 9, 1861, CW, 4:279.

“To raise, organize” Winfield Scott to AL, March 11, 1861, ALPLC.

“I may have said” Francis P. Blair, Sr., to Montgomery Blair, March 12, 1861, ALPLC.

“Assuming it to be possible” AL to William H. Seward, March 15, 1861, CW, 4:284.

“the Sentiment of National Patriotism” Stephen A. Hurlbut, March 27, 1861, ALPLC.

There entered William Howard Russell, My Diary North and South, ed. Eugene H. Berwanger (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988), 44-45.

“Resolved, the opinion” Krug, Lyman Trumbull, 183.

“ambitious, but indecisive” Ibid., 171, 183.

“but he took care” Richard N. Current, Lincoln and the First Shot (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1963), 188.

“If to be the head of Hell” Nicolay, Lincoln’s Secretary, 101.

Abe’ is getting heartily sick” Sam Ward to Samuel L. M. Barlow, March 31, 1861, in Samuel L. M. Barlow Papers, Huntington Library.

“Wanted—A Policy” New York Times, April 3, 1861.

“We are atthe end” William H. Seward to AL, April 1, 1861, ALPLC.

“It must be somebody’s business” John M. Laylor, William Henry Seward: Lincoln’s Right Hand (New York: Harper Collins, 1991), 150-54.

“This had your distinct” AL to William H. Seward, CW, 4:316. The exchange between Seward and Lincoln did not become known for thirty years after Lincoln’s death. The fact that Lincoln’s letter is not to be found in Seward’s papers is a strong indication it was never sent.

“Would it impose” AL to Winfield Scott, April 1, 1861, CW, 4:316.

“Noreport” “Memorandum,” April 19, 1861, CW, 4:338.

“An attempt will be made” War Department to Robert S. Chew, April 6, 1861, CW, 4:323.

Beauregard ordered a Confederate battery For a description of the attack on Fort Sumter, see James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 264-74.

“Everybody much excited” Taft, Diary, April 13, 1861.

“God, in his merciful” David Rankin Barbee, “President Lincoln and Doctor Gurley,” ALQ 5, no. 1 (March 1948): 5.

“I would make it 200,000” Stephen A. Douglas, Letters, ed. Robert W. Johannsen (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1961), 509—10.

“spoke of the present” Johannsen, Douglas, 859—60.

“I’ve known Mr. Lincoln” Forney, Anecdotes of Public Men, 1:224—25.

critics have scrutinized Richard N. Current offers an admirable summary of the historiographical debate about Lincoln’s actions in the crisis of Fort Sumter, as well as its larger implications for the movement for secession, in the “Afterthoughts” of Lincoln and the First Shot, 182—208.

“You and I both anticipated” AL to Gustavus V. Fox, May 1, 1861, CW, 4:350; for an excellent account, see Ari Hoogenboom, “Gustavus Fox and the Relief of Fort Sumter,” Civil War History 9 (December 1963): 383-98.

“The plan succeeded” Browning, Diary, July 3, 1861, 476.

CHAPTER 18. A People’s Contest: April 1861-July 1861

“nervous tension” Nicolay and Hay, 3:151.

“We are in a beleaguered City” Taft, Diary, April 13, 1861.

Lee, the son of Mary M. Thomas, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1995), 147-49.

“by combinations too powerful” “Proclamation Calling Militia and Convening Congress,” April 15, 1861, CW, 4:331-32.

“The people of Maine” Reinhard H. Luthin, The Real Abraham Lincoln (Engle-wood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1960), 279-80.

“Kentucky will furnish” William Best Hesseltine, Lincoln and the War Governors (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948), 147-48.

“Dispatch received” Ibid., 146-48.

“Send no more troops” George W. Brown and Thomas H. Hicks to AL, April 20, 1861, ALPLC.

“Now, and ever,” AL to Thomas H. Hicks, April 20, 1861, CW, 4:340.

“The streets were full” John Hay, Lincoln and the Civil War in the Diaries and Letters of John Hay, ed. Tyler Dennett (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1939), 4-5.

“Your citizens attack” AL, Reply to Baltimore Committee, April 22, 1861, CW, 4:341-42.

“I began to believe” Nicolay and Hay, 4:153.

“created much enthusiasm” Taft, Diary, April 25, 1861.

“In every great crisis” New York Times, April 25, 1861.

“suspend the writ” AL to Winfield Scott, April 25, 27, 1861, CW, 4:344, 347.

suspension of habeas corpus Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), xiv—xvii; Daniel Färber, Lincoln’s Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 157-58.

reorganized the Sixtieth Regiment Ruth Painter Randall, Colonel Elmer Ellsworth: A Biography of Lincoln’s Friend and First Hero of the Civil War (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1960), 3—6. In the early summer of 1860, Ellsworth published a Manual of Arms for the U. S. Zouave Cadets.

“Excuse me” Randall, Colonel Elmer Ellsworth, 262.

“In the untimely loss” AL to Ephraim D. and Phoebe Ellsworth, May 25, 1861, CW, 4:385-86.

Mary decided to restore Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, 184—85.

“For all the detestable places” Strong, Diary, July 15, 1861, 3:164.

“the Washington National Monument Cattle Yard” Mark E. Ruane, “Smithsonian Dig Unearths Quirky Traces of History,” Washington Post, August 30,

2007.

“softening the expression” Douglas L. Wilson, Lincoln’s Sword: The Presidency and the Power oj’Words (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), 94-95.

“all peaceful measures” AL, “Message to Congress in Special Session,” July 4, 1861, CW, 4:425-26.

“the attention of the country” Ibid., 429—31. Mark E. Neely, Jr., asserts that Lincoln’s discussion of habeas corpus revealed “the work of a fledgling president, uncertain of his legal ground and his audience.” See Neely, Fate of Liberty, 11—13.

“they commenced by an insidious debauching” Paul M. Angle, “Lincoln’s Power with Words,” Abraham Lincoln Association Papers (Springfield, 111.: The Abraham Lincoln Association, 1935), 80.

“lacked the dignity” Roy Basier, “Lincoln’s Development as a Writer,” A Touchstone for Greatness: Essays, Addresses, and Occasional Pieces About Abraham Lincoln (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1973), 90.

“message was the most truly” Edward Cary, George William Curtis (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1894), 147.

“In the late Message” Douglass’ Monthly, August 1861, 497.

“When would the army” Van Deusen, Horace Greeley, 276—78.

Forward to Richmond! Henry Luther Stoddard, Horace Greeley: Printer, Editor, Crusader (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1946), 213-14.

the army was unprepared for war McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 313.

“You are green” William C. Davis, Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1977), 77.

“Look, men, there is Jackson” For Bull Run and the role of Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, see James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1997), 259-68.

“Our army is retreating” David Homer Bates, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office: Recolledions of the United States Military Telegraph Corps During the Civil War (New York: The Century Company, 1907), 91.

“The day is lost” Ibid., 251.

“Boys, we will stop” Hans L. Trefousse, Benjamin Franklin Wade: Radical Republican from Ohio (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1963), 150—51.

Yankee Doodle, near Bull Run Burton E. Stevenson, ed., Poems of American History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1922), 425.

“which gave expression” Congressional Globe, 37th Cong., 1st sess., 222—23, 258-62.

“Today will be known” Strong, Diary, July 22, 1861, 4:169.

“Sir, I am the greatest coward” Nicolay and Hay, 4:358—59.

CHAPTER 19. The Bottomh Out of the Tub: July 1861-January 1862

Lincoln challenged Hay, Inside, April 21, 1861, 5.

attention to military strategy I am grateful to James McPherson, who allowed me to see his book Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief (New York: Penguin Press, 2008), in manuscript form. McPherson makes the case, “In the vast literature on our sixteenth president, the amount of attention devoted to his role as commander in chief is disproportionately far less than the actual percentage of time that he spent on that task.”

“Wars, commotions, and revolutions” Julian M. Sturtevant, “The Lessons of our National Conflict,” New Englander 19 (October 1861): 894.

“Circumstances make your presence” General Lorenzo Thomas to George B. McClellan, July 22, 1861, McClellan, Civil War Papers, 66.

“seemed more amused” George B. McClellan, McClellan’s Own Story: The War for the Union, the Soldiers Who Fought It, the Civilians Who Directed It, and His Relations to It and to Them (New York: Charles L. Webster and Company, 1887), 55.

“I find myself” George B. McClellan to Ellen McClellan, July 27, July 30, 1861, McClellan, Civil War Papers, 70, 71.

“quite overwhelmed” McClellan, McClellan’s Own Story, 66.

“It is an immense task” Stephen W. Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1988), 44-47.

tactics used in the Crimean War Ibid.

seeds of future difficulties Sears makes this suggestion, but there is nothing in the record to support this interpretation.

“Young Napoleon” Sears, George B. McClellan, 101.

“Little Mac” New York Tribune, August 1, 1861.

pledged no more retreats Sears, George B. McClellan, 97.

“to move into the heart” George B. McClellan to AL, August 2, 1861, McClellan, Civil War Papers, 74.

“making the Blockade effective” “Memoranda of Military Policy Suggested by the Bull Run Defeat,” July 23, 27, 1861, CW, 4:457-58.

“The President is himself” Lincoln’s Journalist: John Hay’s Anonymous Writings for the Press, 1860—1864, ed. Michael Burlingame (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998), November 2, 1861, 130.

“gave himself “ Nicolay and Hay, 5:155—56.

“The poor President!” Russell, My Diary, North and South, October 9, 1861, 317.

“The political objective” Carl von Clausewitz, On War, cited in McPherson, Tried by War, forthcoming.

“If the Secretary of War” AL to Simon Cameron, May 13, 14, 16, 20, 21, 24

[26?], 1861, CW, 4:367, 369, 370, 374, 380-81, 384.

“quite independent” AL to Edwin D. Morgan, May 20, 1861, CW, 4:375.

“I am for it” AL to Simon Cameron, May 13, 21, 1861, CW, 4:367, 380.

“information from spies” McPherson, Tried by War, 73—74.

“I feel confident” Sears, George B. McClellan, 104.

“I yield” George McClellan to AL, August 10, 1861, McClellan, Civil War Papers, 82-83.

“patriotic purpose” McPherson, Tried by War, 73—74; Sears, George B. McClellan, 104.

“The Presdt is an idiot” George McClellan to Ellen McClellan, August 16, October 11, 1861, McClellan, Civil War Papers, 85.

“I found” George B. McClellan to Ellen McClellan, October 16, November 17, 1861, McClellan, Civil War Papers, 107, 135.

“Drawon me” Hay, Inside, [November 1861], 30.

“As Delaware was the first” Patience Essah, A House Divided: Slavery and Emancipation in Delaware, 1638—1865 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), 161.

“that if quiet was kept” Hay, Inside, May 1, 1861, 16.

“the Stars and Stripes” Kentucky Statesman, June 14, 1861, cited in Lownsend, Lincoln and the Bluegrass, 281.

Lincoln had stayed in touch Lownsend, Lincoln and the Bluegrass, 273—74.

“he contemplated” Garrett Davis, April 23, 1861, Fehrenbacher, Recollected Words, 133-34.

“We have beaten them” Joshua Speed to AL, May 27, 1861, ALPLC.

“I have given you” Allan Nevins, Fremont: Pathmarker of the West (New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1939), 477.

“I think there is great danger” AL to John C. Fremont, September 2, 1861, CW, 4:506-7.

“Now, at once” AL to Mrs. John C. Frémont, September 10, 1861, CW, 4:515.

“It was a war” Nevins, Fremont, 515—19.

“taxed me so violently” Hay, Inside, December 9, 1863, 123.

“an impetus” Nevins, Fremont, 507.

“How many times are we” Ibid.

“Slavery is the bulwark” Douglass’ Monthly, September 1861.

raised Fremont James M. McPherson, The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1964), 72-73.

“I have been so distressed” Joshua Speed to AL, September 3, 1861, ALPLC.

“Fremont’s proclamation” Orville Browning to AL, September 11, 1861, ALPLC.

“Coming from you” AL to Orville Browning, September 22, 1861, CW, 4:531-33.

“with bowed head” Charles Carlton Coffin, in Rice, Reminiscences of Lincoln, 172-73.

There was no patriot like Baker Blair and Tarshis, Colonel Edward D. Baker, 167.

“went up stairs” Hay, Inside, November 13, 1861, 32.

“I was favourably impressed” Browning, Diary, December 19, 1861, 515—16.

compensated emancipation Essah, House Divided, 162—72.

“cheapest and most human” H. Clay Reed, “Lincoln’s Compensated Emancipation Plan,” Delaware Notes (Newark: University of Delaware, 1931), 65.

“deeply convinced and faithful” David Donald, Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), 17.

“Mr. President” Ibid, 48.

“Noble little Delaware” AL, “Annual Message to Congress,” December 3, 1861, CW, 5:50.

“eight times as great” Ibid., 53.

most problematic member of Lincoln’s cabinet Fred A. Shannon, The Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1861—1865 (Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1928), 26.

“was quite offended” Chase, Diaries, January 12, 1862, 61.

“to gratify your wish” Erwin Stanley Bradley, Simon Cameron: Lincoln’s Secretary of War (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1966), 205—9.

“simultaneous movement” AL to Henry W. Halleck and Don C. Buell, December 31, 1861, CW, 5:84.

“I have never received” Henry W. Halleck to AL, January 1, 1862, CW, 5:84.

“Mr. President, you are murdering” Trefousse, Benjamin Franklin Wade, 159.

“For some months” Bates, Diary, December 31, 1861, 218—20.

“It is exceedingly discouraging” AL to Simon Cameron, January 10, 1862, CJ^5:95.

“I feared” Russell Frank Weigley, Quartermaster General of the Union Army: A Biography of M. C. Meigs (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), 131—32.

“General, what shall I do?” “General M. C. Meigs on the Civil War,” The American Historical Review 26, no. 2 (January 1921): 292.

CHAPTER 20. We Are Coming Father Abraham: January 1862-July 1862

“The inauguration is over” Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, 118.

“The political horizon” Ibid., 149.

“The new Secy of War” Bates, Diary, February 2, 1862, 228.

“accomplished in a few days” Speed’s letter to Joseph Holt cited in Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, 161.

“a wagon load” Strong, Diary, January 29, 1862, 3:203.

“We maybe obliged” Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, 296.

“would be master” Chase, Diary, January 28, 1862, 64—65.

“fond of power” Welles, Diary, 67. Welles’s observation, written sometime later, needs to be refracted through his strained relationship with Stanton. Lhomas and Hyman, Stanton, 151.

“should threaten all” Browning, Diary, January 12, 1862, 523.

“the insurgent forces” AL, “President’s General War Order No. 1,” January 27, 1862, CW, 5:111-12.

“immediate object” AL, “President’s Special War Order No. 1,” January 31, 1862, CW, 5:115.

“affords the shortest” George B. McClellan to Edwin M. Stanton, February 3, 1862, McClellan, Civil War Papers, 167, 170.

“I will stake my life” Joseph T. Glatthaar, Partners in Command: The Relationship Between Leaders in the Civil War (New York: The Free Press, 1994), 69—70.

“Does not your plan” AL to George B. McClellan, February 3, 1862, CW, 4:118-19.

“I told you so” Bates, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office, 113.

“No terms except” Jean Edward Smith, Grant (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 162-63.

“shook the old walls” Brooks Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph over Adversity, 1822-1865 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000), 119.

instant hero McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 394—402; Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, 172—73.

Willie became sick Ruth Painter Randall, Lincoln’s Sons (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1956), 128—30.

“a social innovation” “The President’s Party,” Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper 13 (February 22, 1862).

could not enjoy the evening David H. Donald, Lincoln at Home: Two Glimpses of Abraham Lincoln’s Family Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 37—38.

“been to see him” Taft, Diary, February 20, 1862.

Willie Lincoln died Ruth Painter Randall, Lincoln’s Sons, 102 ff.

“My poor boy” John Nicolay, With Lincoln Inside the White House: Letters, Memoranda, and Other Writings of John G. Nicolay, 1860—1865, ed. Michael Burlingame (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 71.

“A fine boy” Bates, Diary, February 20, 1862, 235.

dark cloud of mourning Nicolay, With Lincoln Inside the White House, 131.

“It is well for us” Phineas D. Gurley, “Funeral Address on the Occasion of the Death of William Wallace Lincoln” (Washington: n.p., 1862), 3—4.

“Please keep the boys” Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, 213.

“Driver, my friend” Wilson, Intimate Memories of Lincoln, 422.

Lincoln enjoyed Seward Burton Jesse Hendrick, Lincoln’s War Cabinet (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1946), 186; Hay, Inside, October 12, 1861, 26; Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: the Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 387—88.

“What does this mean?” Nicolay, With Lincoln in the White House, February 27, 1862, 72.

“Well, anybody!” There are a number of versions of this story. See Bruce Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder: The Committee on the Conduct of the War (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1998), 113.

“giving over to the enemy” The only account of this conversation is in McClellan, McClellan s Own Story, 195-96.

“We can do nothing else” T. Harry Williams, Lincoln and His Generals (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952), 67.

“in, and about Washington” AL, “President’s General War Order No. 2,” “President’s General War Order No. 3,” March 8, 1862, CW, 5:149-51.

“You now have over one hundred” AL to George B. McClellan, April 6, 1862, CW, 5:182.

fired off a telegram George B. McClellan to AL, April 7, 1862, McClellan, Civil War Papers, 233.

“I was much tempted” George B. McClellan to Ellen McClellan, April 8, 1862, McClellan, Civil War Papers, 234.

“After you left” AL to George B. McClellan, April 9, 1862, CW, 5:184.

“Your call for Parrott guns” AL to George B. McClellan, May 1, 1862, CW, 5:203.

“Abe was rushing about” Henry Williams to parents, May 6, 1862, in Stephen Sears, To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign (New York: Licknor and Fields, 1992), 90.

“It is extremely fortunate” William Keeler to his wife, May 9, 1862, cited in William Frederick Keeler, Aboard the USS Monitor, 1862: The Letters of Acting Paymaster William Frederick Keeler, ed. Robert W. Daly (Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute, 1964), 113, 115.

“So has ended a brilliant week’s” Salmon P. Chase to Janet Chase, May 11, 1862, The Salmon P. Chase Papers, ed. John Niven (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1996), 3:197.

“If there is an honest man” William Marvel, Burnside (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 93.

“I prefer Lee to Johnston” George B. McClellan to AL, July 7, 1862, McClellan, Civil War Papers, 344—45.

“It should not be a war” Sears, George B. McClellan, 227—29.

“really seems quite incapable” George B. McClellan to Ellen McClellan, July 9, 1862, McClellan, Civil War Papers, 348.

“What would you do” AL to Cuthbert Bullitt, July 28, 1862, CW, 5:344-46.

“This government cannot much longer” AL to August Belmont, July 31, 1862, CW, 5:350.

a crucial decision McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 502—3.

the Soldier’s Home For the story of the Soldiers’ Home, see Matthew Pinsker, Lincoln’s Sanctuary: Abraham Lincoln and the Soldiers’ Home (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); and Elizabeth Smith Brownstein, Lincoln’s Other White House: The Untold Story of the Man and His Presidency (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2005).

“She seemed to be in excellent” Benjamin B. French, Witness to the Young

Republic: A Yankee’s Journal, 1828—1870 (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England), diary entry, June 16, 1862, 399-400.

“We are truly delighted” Mary Lincoln to Mrs. Charles [Fanny] Eames, July26 [1862], in MTL, 130-31.

“reading the Bible” David V. Derickson, “The President’s Guard,” a recollection cited in Pinsker, Lincoln’s Sanctuary, 5, 205.

“read Shakespeare more” John Hay, “Life in the White House in the Lime of Lincoln,” Century Magazine 90 (November 1890): 35—36.

“I expect to maintain” AL to William H. Seward, June 28, 1862, CW, 5:291-92.

“He dwelt earnestly” Welles, Diary, July 13, 1862, 70.

“Things had gone from bad” Carpenter, Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln, 21—22.

CHAPTER 21. We Must Think Anew: July 1862-December 1862

“After much anxious thought” This comes from Lincoln’s later words to Francis Carpenter, Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln, 21.

not set his sights on emancipation I am indebted to the insights of Allen C. Guelzo’s excellent study, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), but I do not agree with his viewpoint, “The most salient feature to emerge from the sixteen months between his inauguration and the first presentation of the Proclamation to his cabinet on July 22, is the consistency with which Lincoln’s face was set toward the goal of emancipation from the day he first took the presidential oath”. Lincoln’s path to his Emancipation Proclamation was not consistent. See the essay “Review of Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation” by Michael P. Johnson, Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 26, no. 2 (Summer 2005): 75—81; and George M. Fredrickson, Big Enough to Be Inconsistent: Abraham Lincoln Confronts Slavery and Race (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008).

“as a fit and necessary “Emancipation Proclamation—First Draft,” July 22, 1862, CW, 5:336-38.

“The wisdom of the view” Carpenter, Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln, 22.

“kid glove war” McPherson, Tried by War, forthcoming.

“Old Brains” Stephen E. Ambrose, Halleck: Lincoln’s Chief of Staff (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967), 5—6, 47.

“I am very anxious” AL to Henry W. Halleck, July 14, 1862, CW, 5:323.

“looked weary” Browning, Diary, July 15, 1862, 559—60.

“if by magic” Browning, Diary, July 25, 1862, 563.

asked Burnside to relieve McClellan Marvel, Burnside, 99—100.

“I wish not to control” AL to George B. McClellan, August 29, 1862, CW, 5:399.

“You must call on General Halleck” Ambrose, Halleck, 65.

“Public sentiment is everything” AL, “First Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Ottawa, Illinois,” August 21, 1858, CW, 3:13-14, 27.

he regularly saw Carpenter, Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln, 154.

“grateful to the New-York Journals” AL to Henry J. Raymond, March 9, 1862, CW, 5:152—53. Attached to Lincoln’s letter to Raymond in the Lincoln Papers in the Library of Congress are all the editorials.

“Having him firmly” AL to Robert J. Walker, November 21, 1861, Nicolay and Hay, 11:121.

“strangely and disastrously remiss” Horace Greeley, “The Prayer of Twenty Millions,” New York Tribune, August 20, 1862.

“Broken eggs can never be mended” James C. Welling, in Rice, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, 525—26.

I have just read yours AL to Horace Greeley, August 22, 1862, CW, 5:388—89, n. 2.

I would save the Union Ibid., 388.

“I have come from the West” John Pope to Officers and Soldiers of the Army of Virginia, OR, vol. 12, pt. 3, 473-74.

attack the Union supplies Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 556—57.

“I am not prepared to crow” Strong, Diary, August 30, 1862, 3:249.

“We are not yet in a condition” George B. McClellan to Henry W. Halleck, August 28 and 29, 1862, McClellan, Civil War Papers, 412.

“I am clear” McClellan to AL, August 29, 1862, McClellan, Civil War Papers, 413, 416.

astonished by McClellan’s response John F. Marszalek, Commander of All Lincoln’s Armies: A Life of General Henry W. Halleck (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004), 144-47.

“was very outspoken” Hay, Inside, September 1, 1862, 36—38.

beaten Union units For a description of the second battle of Manassas (Bull Run), see McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 526—33.

“that the troubles now pending” Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, 2.

“everything is to come” George B. McClellan to Ellen McClellan, September 2, 1862, McClellan, Civil War Papers, 428.

“There was a more disturbed” Welles, Diary, September 2, 1862, 105.

“seemed wrung by the bitterest anguish” Bates’s observation is found in footnote 1 in AL, “Meditation on the Divine Will,” September [2?], 1862, CW, 5:404.

“experience as a military commander” Chase, Diaries, September 2, 1862, 119.

“Well, General” Sears, George B. McClellan, 261-62.

found refuge in his bottomless barrel Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, 343.

“state the case of his adversary” Tarbell, The Life of Abraham Lincoln (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1923), 2:113-15.

“manner did not indicate” Leonard Swett to WHH, January 17, 1866, HI, 167.

“He will issue no proclamation” Leonard Swett to Laura Swett, August 10, 1862, David Davis MSS, ALPLM, cited in Donald, Lincoln, 366.

“had been appropriated” James Oakes, The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2007), 191-94.

“Your race is suffering” AL, “Address on Colonization to a Deputation of Negroes,” August 14, 1862, CW, 5:370-75.

seemed to be closing the door Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War, 137—39.

calculated to make this bitter pill Oakes, Radical and the Republican, 191—94.

“Mr. Lincoln assumes” Frederick Douglass, “The President and His Speeches,” Douglass’ Monthly, September 1862, in Life and Writings, 3:267—70.

“meeting of Christians” Chicago Tribune, September 5 and 8, 1862.

I am approached AL, “Reply to Emancipation Memorial Presented by Chicago Christians of All Denominations,” September 13, 1862, CW, 5:419—20.

“The subject is difficult” Ibid., 425.

the moment not to retreat James M. McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom: Anti-etam (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 88-89.

“Now is the time” Richmond Dispatch, August 29, 1862.

Lee was on Union soil McPherson, Tried by War, forthcoming.

“the friendly, almost tumultuous” McPherson, Antietam, 98—105.

Halleck talked him out of it Henry W. Halleck to AL, September 12, 1862; and Nathaniel B. Banks to AL, September 12, 1862, ALPLC.

“I have the plans” George B. McClellan to AL, September 13, 1862, ALPLC.

east side of Antietam Creek The Union and the Confederacy conferred different names to a number of battles.

Union Designation

Confederate Designation

Date

Bull Run Logan’s Cross Roads Pittsburg Landing Second Bull Run Antietam

Manassas Mill Springs Shiloh Second Manassas Sharpsburg

July 21, 1861 January 19, 1862 April 6-7, 1862 August 29-30, 1862 September 17, 1862

The Union usually named the battle after a landmark adjacent to it, usually a stream or river, such as Bull Run. The Confederates normally named the battle for the town associated with its base of operations, such as Manassas. For many of the battles, the names were often used interchangeably. An exception was the battle in southwestern Tennessee in April 1862. The North originally designated it Pittsburg Landing, after the landing on the Tennessee River they were determined to hold, while the Confederates named it after a church near where the battle began. The North quickly recognized Shiloh as the name of this bloody battle. For an extended discussion, see McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom,346.

Halleck was suffering Marszalek, Commander of All Lincoln’s Armies, 148.

“It has been a glorious victory” George B. McClellan to Henry W. Halleck, September 14, 15, 1862, McClellan, Civil War Papers, 461-63.

“God bless you” AL to George B. McClellan, September 15, 1862.

“I now consider it safe” AL to Jesse K. Dubois, September 15, 1862, CW, 5:425-26.

“Your dispatch” Richard Yates to AL, September 15, 1862, ALPLC.

the most violent day For a description of the battle see McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom.

“We are in the midst” George B. McClellan to Henry W. Halleck, September 17, 1862, McClellan, Civil War Papers, 464.

would lose 1,700 men McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom, 119—20.

“Our victory was complete” George B. McClellan to Henry W. Halleck, September 17, 19, 1862, McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom, 467, 470.

the scope of the battle McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom, 3.

“when the rebel army” The Salmon P. Chase Papers, ed. John Niven (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1993), 1:149-50.

“the question was finally decided” Welles, Diary, 1:143.

I, Abraham Lincoln, AL, “Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation” [September 22, 1862], CW, 5:433-34.

At the heart of Ibid.,434.

“GOD BLESS ABRAHAM LINCOLN!” New York Tribune, September 23, 24, 1862.

“Mr. Lincoln not only” Charles S. Wainwright, A Diary of Battle: The Personal Journals of Colonel Charles S. Wainwright, 1861—1865, ed. Allan Nevins (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1962), October 2, 1862, 109-10.

“Hatch, what do you suppose” Nicolay, Oral History of Abraham Lincoln, 16.

watched the biennial elections Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Union Divided: Party Conflict in the Civil War North (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002), 37-38.

“vote of want” New York Times, November 7, 1862. The traditional viewpoint has been that the 1862 elections, at both the national and state levels, were a disaster for the Republicans. James M. McPherson argues, “But a closer look at the results challenges the conclusion.” See Battle Cry of Freedom, 561—62.

On Novembers AL to Henry W. Halleck, November 5, 1862, CW, 5:485; Sears, George B. McClellan, 337—39; Smith, The Francis Preston Blair Family in Politics, II, 144.

“Never has such a paper” National Intelligencer, December 2, 1862.

“Without slavery” AL, “Annual Message to Congress,” December 1, 1862, CW, 5:536-37.

“The dogmas of the quiet past,” Ibid., 537.

“As our case is new” Ibid.

Fellow-citizens Ibid., 537.

“that light and wisdom” See Richard F. Mott, ed., Memoirs and Correspondence of Eliza P. Gurney (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1884), 307—13.

“sympathy and prayers” AL, “Reply to Eliza P. Gurney,” October 26, 1862, CW, 5:478 n. 1.

an alternative vision of reality David Zarefsky, “Lincoln’s 1862 Annual Message: A Paradigm of Rhetorical Leadership,” Rhetoric and Public Affairs 3, (2000) no. 1:5,12-13.

Lincoln expressed skepticism For the story of the Battle of Fredericksburg, see Marvel, Burnside, 175—200. For Lincoln’s cautions, see his letter to Henry W. Halleck, November 27, 1862, ALPLC.

Many blamed Lincoln AL, Proclamation to the Army of the Potomac, December 22, 1862, CW, 6:13.

On Tuesday afternoon The best account of the Senate caucus is by Francis Fessenden, Life and Public Services of William Pitt Fessendent, Vol. 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1907) I, 231—38. See also, Browning, Diary, I, December 16-18, 596-98.

Lincoln read Seward’s resignation See Doris Kearns Goodwin’s fine narrative of these events in Team of Rivals, 486—495.

“I saw in a moment he was in distress.” Browning, Diary, December 18, 1862, 600.

“with his usual urbanity” Fessenden, Life and Public Services, 240; Welles, Diary, I, December 19, 1862, 194-96.

Lincoln now moved to act quickly Welles, Diary, December 20, 1862, 197.

Lincoln’s decision to have the Committee Fessenden, 246—48.

“I sent for you” Welles, Diary, December 20, 201.

for the sake of “the public interest” AL to William H. Seward and Salmon P. Chase, December 20, 1862, CW, 6:12.

CHAPTER 22. what Will the Country Say: January 1863-May 1863

And by virtue AL, “Emancipation Proclamation,” January 1, 1863, CW, 6:28-31.

“What if the President fails” Douglass, Douglass’ Monthly, January 1863, in Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, 3:307.

“could not stop the Proclamation” Charles Sumner to John Murray Forbes, December 28, 1862, The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, ed. Beverly Wilson Palmer (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1990), 2:135—36.

“to abstain from all violence” Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, 178.

“he would complete” Welles, Diary, December 31, 1862, 210—11. Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts took credit for suggesting the idea to both Chase and the president. See Charles Sumner to George Livermore, January 9, 1863, Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 2:139—40.

“Tomorrow at noon” Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, 177—78.

“What do you intend” Florence W. Stanley, “Emancipation Proclamation: Lincoln’s Own Story Retold,” Christian Science Monitor, September 22, 1937.

“warm salutations” “New Year’s Day in Washington,” Washington Republican, January 2, 1863.

New Year’s Day reception Mr. Lincoln’s Washington: Selections from the Writings of Noah Brooks, Civil War Correspondent, ed. P. J. Staudenraus (South Brunswick, N.J.: Lhomas Yoseloff 1967), 57-60.

“his hand trembled” Charles Sumner to George Livermore, January 9, 1863, Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 2:139—40. See also Guelzo, Lincoln s Emancipation Proclamation, 182—83.

“My hand and arm trembled” Isaac Newton Arnold, The History of Abraham Lincoln and the Overthrow of Slavery (Chicago: Clarke and Company, 1866), 304.

“I never, in my life” Seward, Seward at Washington, 2:151.

“It is of the utmost importance” Ambrose Burnside to AL, January 1, 1863, CW, 6:32.

“retire to private life” Marvel, Burnside, 209—11.

confidence of the army Marszalek, Commander of All Lincoln’s Armies, 163—64.

tension between Burnside and Halleck Marvel, Burnside, 210—11.

“Ifin such a difficulty” AL to Henry W. Halleck, January 1, 1863, CW, 6:31-32.

“a fine ride” Marvel, Burnside, 212.

“Mud March” Ibid., 212-14.

warned Lincoln Brown, Raymond of the Times, 223—24.

“That is all true” Fehrenbacher, Recollected Words, 375.

“I am a hot headed” Walter H. Hebert, Lighting Joe Hooker (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1944), 65, 91, 153-61.

“That is just such a letter” Noah Brooks, Washington in Lincoln’s Time (New York: The Century Company, 1895), 52—53.

report directly to the president Marszalek, Commander of All Lincoln’s Armies, 166.

“a white man’s war” McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 563.

“And I further declare” AL, “Emancipation Proclamation,” January 1, 1863, CW, 6:30.

“would produce dangerous & fatal” Browning, Diary, July 1, 1862, 555.

“The colored man only waits” Frederick Douglass, “The Proclamation and a Negro Army,” Douglass’ Monthly, March 1863.

clash of twin emotions Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War, 156—57.

gravitating toward the ideas Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, 229—31.

recruitment of African-Americans Dudley Taylor Cornish, The Sable Arm: Negro Troops in the Union Army, 1861—1865 (New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1956), 112-26.

“The bare sight” AL to Andrew Johnson, March 26, 1863, CW, 6:149.

“I desire that a renewed” AL to Edwin M. Stanton, July 21, 1863, CW, 6:342.

“Army of the Potomac” Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Charles Francis Adams, January 30, 1863, A Cycle of Adams Letters 1860—1865, ed. Worthington C. Ford (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1920), 1:250.

“Mymen shall be fed” Hebert, Fighting Joe Hooker, 178—80.

“orderly observance” AL, “Order for Sabbath Observance,” November 15, 1862, CW, 5:497-98.

“a combination of bar-room” Charles Francis Adams, 1835—1915, 161.

Lincoln reviewed the cavalry Air. Lincoln’s Washington, 151—54.

“When I get to Richmond,” Hebert, Fighting Joe Hooker, 183.

“Gentlemen, in your next battle” Darius N. Couch, “The Chancellorsville Campaign,” Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, ed. Clarence C. Buel and Robert U. Johnson (New York: The Century Company, 1884-88), 3:155.

“That is the most depressing” Brooks, Washington in Lincoln s Time, 52.

“Whereas, while heretofore” AL, “Resolution on Slavery,” April 15, 1863, CW, 6:176.

“Resolved, That no such embryo” Ibid., 177.

“The Jews, as a class” Smith, Grant, 225—26.

Grant alone was responsible Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant, 163—65.

“And so the children of Israel” Bertram Wallace Korn, American Jewry and the Civil War (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1951), 121—25. Lincoln sent the order through Halleck.

“an uncommon fellow” Charles A. Dana, Recollections of the Civil War (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1898), 61.

“to reach the ear of the President” Murat Halstead to John Nicolay, April 1, 1863.

“are too common” Salmon P. Chase to AL, April 4, 1863, ALPLC. Chase enclosed the letter from Halstead.

“I have had stronger influence” Philadelphia Enquirer, May 15, 1863, verified in Fehrenbacher, Recolleded Words, 11.

“The President attaches” OR, vol. 17, pt. 1, 10.

rumors about troop morale McPherson, Tried by War, forthcoming.

“impatient” Henry Halleck to Ulysses S. Grant, April 2, 1863, cited in McPherson, Tired by War, forthcoming.

clamping down secessionist views See Richard L. Kiper, Major General John Alexander McClernand: Politician in Uniform (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1999); and the treatment of McClernand in Steven E. Woodworth, Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861—1865 (New York: Vintage, 2006).

McClernand took advantage McClernand wrote to Lincoln on March 31, June 20, and September 28, 1863.

Grant saw OR, vol. 17, pt. 1, 113-14.

“he thought him brave” Chase, Diaries, September 27, 1862, 161.

“You may not hear from me” Ulysses S. Grant to Henry W. Halleck, PUSG, 7:196.

“I am afraid Grant” Elihu Washburne to AL, May 1, 1863, ALPLC.

“The President tells me” Charles Sumner to Francis Lieber, January 17, 1863, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, ed. Edward L. Pierce (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1877-93), 4:114.

“Peace Democrats,” or “Copperheads” Jennifer L. Weber’s Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln’s Opponents in the North (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006) shows the power and range of the effort of Copperheads to challenge the Union war effort.

caricatured as a wacko Frank L. Klement, The Limits of Dissent: Clement L. Vallandigham and the Civil War (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1970), paints a more sympathetic portrait of Vallandigham, 102—11, 123—25.

“The Constitution as it is” Ibid., 11617.

“Defeat, debt, taxation” Ibid., 124 25.

“The Peace Party means” John A. McClernand to AL, February 14, 1863, ALPLC.

bitter fruits of the Democratic victories Arthur Charles Cole, The Era of the

Civil War, 1848-1870 (Chicago: A. C. McClurg and Company, 1922), 298-99.

“uttered one word” Marvel, Burnside, 231—32.

“a bane usurpation” Klement, The Limits of Dissent, 152—54.

“I am here in a military bastile” Ibid., 163—64.

“an error on the part” Welles, Diary, May 19, 1863, 306.

“source of Embarrassment” Ambrose Burnside to AL, May 29, 1863, ALPLC.

“being done, all were” AL to Ambrose Burnside, May 29, 1863, CW, 6:237.

his own resolution Vallandigham was taken by Confederate authorities to Wilmington, North Carolina, and finally made his way to Canada in July. Nominated by the Democrats of Ohio for governor on June 11, he ran his campaign in exile, represented by surrogates. In the election on October 13, 1863, he was defeated by Republican John Brough 288,000 to 187,000.

“fight, fight, fight” Hebert, Fighting Joe Hooker, 188.

“Would like to have a letter” AL to Joseph Hooker, April 15, 1863, CW, 6:175.

“if he should meet” Joseph Hooker to AL, April 15, 1863, CW, 6:175.

“It seems to me Mr. Capen knows nothing” “Memorandum Concerning Francis L. Capen’s Weather Forecasts,” April 28, 1863, CW, 6:190-91.

“I fully appreciate the anxiety” Joseph Hooker to AL, April 27, 1863, ALPLC.

“How does it look now?” AL to Joseph Hooker, April 27, 1863, CW, 6:188.

“I am not sufficiently advanced” Joseph Hooker to AL, April 27, 1863, CW, 6:188.

“Where is General Hooker?” AL to Daniel Butterfield, May 3, 1863, ALPLC.

“he had a feverish anxiety” Welles, Diary, May 4, 1863, 291.

“We have news here” AL to Joseph Hooker, May 4, 1863, CW, 6:196.

“I am informed” Joseph Hooker to AL, May 4, 1863, CW, 6:196.

“ashen in hue” Brooks, Washington in Lincoln’s Time, 57—58.

CHAPTER 23. You Say You Will Not Fight to Free Negroes: May 1863-September 1863

“be true to the Constitution” Klement, Limits of Dissent, 178—81.

“make a respectful response” AL to Erastus Corning, May 28, 1863, CW, 6:235.

“I had it nearly all” James F. Wilson, “Some Memories of Lincoln,” North American Review 163 (December 1896): 670—71. Although this reminiscence by Wilson was written years later, it rings true with Lincoln’s conversations with others about his methods of thinking, retrieving, and writing. See Wilson, Lincoln’s Sword, for an excellent discussion of the Corning letter, 165—77. See also Neely, Fate of Liberty, 66—68.

“Ithasvigor” Welles, Diary, June 5, 1863, 323.

“doing their part” AL to Erastus Corning and Others [June 12], 1863, CW, 6:261.

“assert and argue” Ibid.

“was not arrested” Ibid., 263—66.

“I think that in such a case” Ibid., 266—67.

“maintained martial, or military law” Ibid., 268.

“throughout the indefinite peaceful” Ibid., 267.

“God be praised” John W. Forney to ALJune 14, 1863, ALPLC.

“timely, wise” Edwin D. Morgan to ALJune 15, 1863, ALPLC.

“covered all essential ground” Roscoe Conkling to AL, June 16, 1863, ALPLC.

“There are few” Nicolay and Hay, 7:349.

“The Publication Society” Francis Lieber to AL, June 16, 1863, ALPLC.

“Allow me to express” David Lod to ALJune 14, 1863, ALPLC.

“phraseology calculated” AL to Matthew Birchard and Others, June 29, 1863, CW, 3:303—05. For a discussion of Lincoln’s “public persuasion” in the Corning and Birchard public letters, see Philip Shaw Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994), 199—202.

“sacrifice of their dignity” Matthew Birchard to AL, July 1, 1863, ALPLC.

“his poor mite” AL to Joseph Hooker, June 16, 1863, CW, 6:281.

“I have some painful intimations” AL to Joseph Hooker, May 14, 1863, CW, 6:217.

“Have you already” AL to Joseph Hooker, May 7, 1863, CW, 6:201.

“Do the Richmond papers” AL to John A. Dix, May 11, 1863, CW, 6:210.

“The fall of Vicksburg” Ulysses S. Grant to Halleck, May 24, 1863, cited in Smith, Grant, 252—53.

“Whether Gen. Grant shall” AL to Isaac N. Arnold, May 26, 1863, CW, 6:230.

“I do not think our enemies” Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 279.

always realistic Stephen W. Sears, Gettysburg (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003), 12-14.

their greatest loss Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 727—36.

South’s belief that God Daniel W. Stowell, “Stonewall Jackson and the Providence of God,” Religion and the American Civil War, ed. Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 187-207.

“I wish to lose no time” AL to John W. Forney, May 13, 1863, CW, 6:214.

“to pitch into his rear” Joseph Hooker to AL, June 5, 1863, ALPLC.

“I would not take any risk” AL to Joseph Hooker, June 5, CW, 6:249.

“I would not go South” AL to Joseph Hooker, June 10, 1863, CW, 6:257.

“If the head of Lee’s army” AL to Joseph Hooker, June 14, 1863, CW, 6:273.

“Scary rumors abroad” Welles, Diary, June 14, 1863, 328.

“looks like defensive merely” AL to Joseph Hooker, June 16, June 16, 1863, CW, 6:280,282.

Lincoln made a mistake Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, 273.

“the President in a single remark” Welles, Diary, June 26, 1863, 348.

“observed in Hooker” Welles, Diary, June 28, 1863, 351.

Meade later wrote his wife Freeman Cleaves, Meade of Gettysburg (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960), 123—24.

Meade led his Pennsylvania troops Ibid., 103—15.

“Have you any reports” AL to Darius N. Couch, June 24, 28, CW, 6:293, 299.

“The people of New Jersey” Joel Parker to AL, June 29, 1863 CW, 6:311-12.

“I really think the attitude” AL to Joel Parker, June 30, 1863, CW, 6:311-12.

The strike came sooner Sears, Gettysburg, 142—44, 162—63.

“I entered this place” John Buford to Alfred Pleasanton, June 30, 1863, OR, vol. 27, pt. 1,923.

deployed his horse soldiers James M. McPherson, Hallowed Ground: A Walk at Gettysburg (New York: Crown Journeys, 2003), 18—21.

“meeting engagement” Sears speaks of the meeting engagement; see Gettysburg, 168.

had been involved in an accident Randall, Mary Lincoln, 324.

“Our task is not yet” George G. Meade to Army of the Potomac, July 7, 1863, CW, 6:318.

By the end of May 1863 For a description of the siege and surrender of Vicksburg, see Smith, Grant, 252—56.

“is such to cover that Army” AL, “Announcement of News from Gettysburg,” July 4, 1863, CW, 6:314.

“How long ago is it” AL, “Response to a Serenade,” July 7, 1863, CW, 6:319-20.

“The enemy should be pursued” Henry C. Halleck to George G Meade, July 14, 1863, CW, 6:328.

I do not believe AL to George G Meade, July 14, 1863, CW, 6:327.

“I do not remember” AL to Ulysses S. Grant, July 13, 1863, CW, 6:326.

“I believe it is a resource” AL to Ulysses S. Grant, August 9, 1863, CW, 6:374.

“I never met with a man” Frederick Douglass, “Emancipation, Racism, and the Work Before Us: An Address Delivered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,” December 4, 1863, Frederick Douglass 3:606—7.

“I have given the subject” Ulysses S. Grant to AL, August 23, 1863, ALPLC. Grant’s reply probably did not reach Lincoln before he had sent off his letter to Conkling on August 27. He determined to add the insights from Grant to the letter he had already sent to Conkling. Thus, on August 31, Lincoln wrote to Conkling yet again, asking that he insert the following paragraph.

I know, as fully as one can know the opinions of others, that some of the commanders of our armies in the field, who have given us our most important successes, believe the emancipation policy, and the use of colored troops, constitute the heaviest blow yet dealt to the rebellion; and that at least some of those important successes could not have been achieved when it was, but for the aid of black soldiers. Among the commanders holding these views are some who have never had any affinity with what is called abolitionism.

“It would be gratifying” James C. Conkling to AL, August 14, 1863, ALPLC.

“Your letter of the 14th” AL to James C. Conkling, August 20, 1863, CW, 6:399 n. 1. At the lower left-hand corner of the telegram was a note, “Mr. C—Mr. Wilson got this in cipher.” Mr. Wilson was the superintendent of the Eastern Division of the Illinois and Mississippi Telegraph Company. The note was signed simply “Operator.” This notation suggested the desire to keep the movements of the president secret.

“For a moment the President” Nicolay and Hay, 7:379—380.

“While it would afford” James C. Conkling to AL, August 21, 1863, ALPLC.

“It would be very agreeable” AL to James C. Conkling, August 26, 1863, CW, 6:406.

“I cannot leave here” AL to James C. Conkling, August 27, 1863, CW, 6:414. Word of the Conkling invitation triggered a similar invitation from New York. Benjamin Field, secretary of the Union State Committee of New York, telegraphed Lincoln on August 26 telling him of plans to hold “a mass convention” in Syracuse, also on September 3. Field asked that Lincoln send the New York convention “the same address” that he was sending to Illinois. Lincoln wrote to Field on August 29 telling him that he was sending by mail a copy of “the Springfield letter.” CW, 6:420.

“I can always tell more” Stoddard, Inside the White House in War Times, 129—30.

“Further offensive prosecution” Ibid., 299.

“There are those who” AL to James C. Conkling, CW, 6:415.

“He is more an orator” Stoddard, Inside the White House in War Times, 130.

“The Letter was received” James C. Conkling to AL, September 4, 1863, ALPLC.

“ ‘God Bless Abraham Lincoln!’ “ New York Tribune, September 3, 1863.

“Thanks for your true” Charles Sumner to AL, September 7, 1863, ALPLC.

“God Almighty bless you” Henry Wilson to AL, September 3, 1863, ALPLC.

“Your letter to the Springfield Convention” John Murray Forbes to AL, September 7, 1863, Letters and Recolledions of John Murray Forbes, ed. Sarah Forbes Hughes (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1899), 2:73.

“for his recent admirable letter” Hay, Inside, September 10, 1863, 81.

understood more than ever Donald, Lincoln, 458.

CHAPTER 24. A New Birth of Freedom: September 1863-March 1864

Lincoln’s public letters of 1863 AL, The Letters of President Lincoln on Questions of National Policy (New York: H. H. Lloyd and Company, 1863).

“Rising to the dignity” Henry Ward Beecher, Independent, September 17, 1863.

“The conservative Republicans” “The Lounger,” Harper’s Weekly, August 29, 1863.

“It is something on the question” AL to Andrew Johnson, September 11, 1863, CW, 6:440.

“Unconditional Union men” Nicolay and Hay, 7:378.

“You and your noble army Edwin M. Stanton to William S. Rosecrans, July 7, 1863, OR, vol. 23, pt. 2, 518.

“You do not appear” William S. Rosecrans to Edwin M. Stanton, July 7, 1863, OR, vol. 23, pt. 2, 518.

“There is great disappointment” Henry W. Halleck to William S. Rosecrans, July 24, 1863, OR, vol. 23 pt. 2, 552.

“turnpikes next to impossible” William S. Rosecrans to AL, August 1, 1863, ALPLC.

“kind feeling for and confidence” AL to William S. Rosecrans, August 10, 1863, CW, 6:377-78.

“Chickamauga is as fatal” Charles H. Dana to Edwin M. Stanton, September 20, 1863, in John E. Clark, Jr., Railroads in the Civil War: The Impact of Management on Victory and Defeat (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001), 142.

“Go to Rosecrans” AL to Ambrose E. Burnside, September 21, 2 a.m., 11 a.m., CW, 6:469,470.

“Well, Rosecrans has been whipped” Hay, Inside, September 27, 1863, 85.

“If you are to do” September 25, 1863, CW, 6:480-81.

Lincoln signed the letter Bates, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office, 202.

hastily called midnight meeting Clark, Railroads in the Civil War, 146—47.

“you can’t get one corps” Niven, Salmon P. Chase Papers, 1:450—54.

began moving to the railheads Clark tells this story well in Railroads in the Civil War, 141-212.

“If we can hold Chattanooga” AL to William S. Rosecrans, October 4, 1863, CW, 6:498.

“confused and stunned” Hay, Inside, October 24, 1863, 99.

“I therefore think it is safer” AL to Edward Bates, November 29, 1862, CW, 5:515-16.

“I tell you frankly” AL to Samuel R. Curtis, January 2, 1863, CW, 6:33-34.

“a pestilent factional quarrel” AL to John M. Schofield, May 27, 1863, CW, 6:234.

“It is very painful to me” AL to Charles D. Drake, et al., May 15, 1863, ALPLC.

“Neither side pays” AL to Henry L. Blow, Charles D. Drake, and Others, May 15, 1863, CW, 6:218.

a number of issues David Donald, Lincoln, has an excellent discussion of the complicated Missouri story, 451—54.

central problem was emancipation William E. Gienapp, “Abraham Lincoln and the Border States,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 13 (1992): 36—37.

“postponing the benefits” Hay, Inside, July 31, 1863, 68.

“I express to you my profound conviction” William Parrish, Turbulent Partnership: Missouri and the Union, 1861—1865 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1963), 160.

“all being for the Union” AL to Charles Drake and Others, October 5, 1863, CW, 6:500.

“had no friends” Edward Bates to AL, October 22, 1863, ALPLC. Bates is making reference to a conversation “the other day” between him and Lincoln.

arrange furloughs Lhomas and Hyman, Stanton, 292—95.

he felt “nervous” Welles, Diary, October 13, 1863, 469.

“Where is John Brough?” Emanuel Hertz, Abraham Lincoln: A New Portrait (New York: H. Liveright, 1931), 2:914.

“The victory is complete” Salmon P. Chase to AL, October 14, 1863, ALPLC.

“Glory to God” AL to Salmon P. Chase, October 14, 1863, ALPLC.

“Pennsylvania stands by you” James M. Scovel to AL, October 11, 1863, ALPLC.

“who is in good spirits” Welles, Diary, October 15, 1863, 470.

“Let me congratulate you” James F. Moorhead to AL, October 15, 1863, ALPLC.

“You will receive herewith” Henry W Halleck to Ulysses S. Grant, October 16, 1863, OR, vol. 30, pt. 4, 404, 479.

“I will hold the town” George H. Lhomas to Ulysses S. Grant, October 19, 1863, OR, vol. 30, pt. 4, 404, 479.

“You do not estimate” AL to John Williams and Nathaniel G. Laylor, October 17, 1863, CW, 6:525.

“My suggestion then” J. M. Forbes to AL, September 8, 1863, Letters and Recollections of John Murray Forbes, 2:76.

In previous wars American soldiers were buried Drew Gilpin Faust, in This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008), offers a distinctive angle of vision on the changing understandings of death and dying provoked by the massive deaths of the Civil War.

plans for a national cemetery Kathleen R. Georg, “Lhis Grand National Enterprise: The Origins of Gettysburg’s Soldiers National Cemetery and Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association” (Gettysburg National Military Park Library, 1982), 82.

Everett set the date Frothingham, Edward Everett, 393.

“I am authorized” David Wills to AL, November 2, 1863, ALPLC. Gabor Borritt, in The Gettysburg Gospel: The Lincoln Speech That Nobody Knows (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), offers a fresh and comprehensive examination of Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address in its broad historical context.

“Four score and seven” AL, Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863, CW, 7:23.

“The days of our years” Psalms 90:10 (King James Version).

In the last three sentences Ibid.

Investigations to unearth On Lincoln’s awareness of the ideas of Daniel Webster and Lheodore Parker, see Garry Wills’s suggestive book, Lincoln at Gettysburg: Words That Remade America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).

“Half a century hence” Chicago Tribune, November 20, 1863.

“Surprisingly fine as Mr. Everett’s oration” Springfield (Massachusetts) Republican, November 20, 1863.

“The cheek of every American” Chicago Times, November 21, 1863.

“We pass over” Harrisburg Patriot and Union, November 20, 1863.

“The ceremony was rendered” Times (London), December 4, 1863.

“Permit me … to express” Edward Everett to AL, November 20, 1863, ALPLC.

Braxton Bragg’s effort McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 676—77.

“Thomas, who ordered those men” Ibid., 677—80.

“The storming of the Ridge” Charles A. Dana to Edwin M. Stanton, November 26, 1863, ALPLC.

“I wish to tender you” AL to Ulysses S. Grant, December 8, 1863, CW, 7:53.

“Jeff Davis … cursed” Amistad Burwell to AL, August 28, 1863, ALPLC.

government loyal to the Union The story of Southern disaffection and a resurgent Unionist spirit is told well by William C. Harris, With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1997), 123ff

“as a restraint” Donald, Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man, 121—22.

“menaced by the ambition” William E. Smith, The Francis Preston Blair Family in Politics (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1933), 2:237-40.

“The policy of emancipation” AL, “Annual Message to Congress,” December 8, 1863, CW, 7:49-52.

how much his thinking had changed AL, “Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction,” December 8, 1863, CW, 7:53—57.

“Men acted as if the Millennium” Hay, Inside, December 9, 1863, 121—22. Dixon was James Dixon, Republican senator from Connecticut.

“Mr. Lincoln has the inside track” Chicago Tribune, December 30, 1863.

“You have touched” Albert Smith to AL, December 12, 1863, ALPLC.

“Oh! that the President” Niven, Salmon P. Chase: A Biography, gives a full treatment of Chase’s bid for the Republican nomination in 1864.

“That visit to the west” Bates, Diary, October 20, 1863, 311.

“It was in very bad taste” Hay, Inside, October 18, 1863, 93.

CHAPTER 25. The Will of God Prevails: March 1864-November 1864

Grant arrived in Washington Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant, 258—59.

“Why, here is General Grant!” Smith, Grant, 289-90.

“I am naturally anti-slavery” Guelzo, Lincoln s Emancipation Proclamation, AA—A7, 70-73.

emphasize the overall passivity See Donald, Lincoln, 10, 14.

he began to correspond regularly Albert G. Hodges to AL, April 22, 1864, ALPLC; Hodges also wrote to Lincoln on April 25, May 27, July 19, August 11, September 15, September 29, October 24, November 1, November 12, December 1, and December 9, 1864, and March 1 and April 1, 1865, ALPLC.

The will of God prevails AL, “Meditation on the Divine Will,” CW, 4:404. Roy P. Basier, editor of The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, calculated the date of this reflection as September 2, 1862, after the discouraging defeat at the second battle of Bull Run, but placed a question mark after the date. Douglas L. Wilson, in Lincoln’s Sword, offers persuasive evidence that Lincoln’s meditation was written sometime in 1864. See 255—56.

“a distinct scheme of unbelief” Francis Wharton, A Treatise on Theism and Modern Skeptical Theories (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Company, 1859), 147, 152.

Bates noted their attendance Bates, Diary, March3, 1861, 176.

as did Illinois senator Orville Browning Browning, Diary, December 22, 1861,517.

“where they habitually attended” Lincoln Observed: Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks, ed. Michael Burlingame (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 13.

“The whole world to him” Leonard Swett to WHH, July 17, 1866, HI, 162.

“I wish to find a church” E. Frank Eddington, A History of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church: One Hundred Fifty-Seven Years, 1803—1961 (Washington, D.C.: New York Avenue Presbyterian Church, 1962), 57—58.

“I like Gurley” David Rankin Barbee, “President Lincoln and Doctor Gur-ley,” ALQ 5 (March 1948): 3.

“an infinitely wise” Charles Hodge, Systematic Theology (New York: Charles Scribner and Company, 1871), 1:583, 616.1 am grateful to Donald K. McKim for his help in thinking through the issue of fatalism and providence in the Reformed tradition.

“Calvinism presented in his beautiful examples” William E. Schenck, A Memorial Sermon on the Life, Labours, and Christian Character of Phineas D. Gurley (Washington, D.C.: n.p., 1869), 42. I have examined more than thirty sermons by Gurley at the Presbyterian Historical Society in Philadelphia. Although handwritten and undated, they are consistent in their presentation of typical themes of nineteenth-century Old School Presbyterian preaching, especially his emphasis on providence.

“Man is a rational” Phineas D. Gurley, Man’s Projects and God’s Results (Washington, D.C.: n.p., 1863), 7.

“the world moves” AL, “Address at Sanitary Fair,” April 18, 1864, CW, 7:301.

“The world has never had” Ibid., 301—2.

“The shepherd drives the wolf “ Ibid., 302.

“A painful rumor” Ibid.

attacked Fort Pillow The story of Fort Pillow, and what did and did not happen, is best captured in two articles: Albert Castel, “The Fort Pillow Massacre: A Fresh Examination of the Evidence,” Civil War History 4 (1959): 37—50; and John Cimprich and Robert C. Mainfort, Jr., “Fort Pillow Revisited: New Evidence about an Old Controversy,” Civil War History 28 (1982): 293—306.

“that devil Forrest” Sherman’s assessment is in OR, vol. 39, pt. 2, 121, 142.

“The river was dyed red” For biographical information on Forrest, see Jack Hurst, Nathan Bedford Forrest: A Biography (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993).

“to give me in writing” Abraham Lincoln, “To Cabinet Members,” May 3, 1864, CW, 7:328-29.

Seward, Chase, Stanton, and Welles argued A summary of the cabinet responses is found in Nicolay and Hay, 6:478ff

“Lee’s army will be your objective” Ulysses S. Grant to George G. Meade, April 9, 1864, OR, vol. 33, 27-28.

“to move against Johnston’s army” Ulysses S. Grant to William T. Sherman, April 4, 1864, OR, vol. 32, pt. 3, 246, cited in McPherson, Tried by War, 205.

“Not expecting to see you again” AL to Ulysses S. Grant, April 30, 1864, CW, 7:324.

two days of terrible, confusing fighting McPherson, Tried by War, 210—11.

“There will be no turning back” Henry E. Wing, When Lincoln Kissed Me: A Story of the Wilderness Campaign (New York: Eaton and Main, 1913), 13.

“I saw [Lincoln]” Schuyler Colfax, in Rice, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, 337-38.

“I believe that if any other” Hay, Inside, May 9, 1864, 195.

“I propose to fight it out” Ulysses S. Grant to Henry Halleck, May 11, 1864, PUSG, 10:422-23.

“for the last 8 or 10 days” Bates, Diary, May 15, 1864, 366.

“I think Grant” The Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade: Major-General, United States Army (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913), 2:201.

“I wish when you write” Brooks, Lincoln Observed, 113.

the anti-Lincoln sentiment John C. Waugh, Reelecting Lincoln: The Battle for the 1864 Presidency (New York: Crown Publishers, 1997), 172-81.

Lincoln, in the telegraph office Bates, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office, 195.

writing a first history Henry J. Raymond, History of the Administration of President Lincoln (New York: J. N. Derby and N. C. Miller, 1864).

“In view of the dread realities” Waugh, Reelecting Lincoln, 188—89.

“cordially endorse the principles” CW, 7:382, n. 1.

“not to interfere” [June 6, 1864], CW, 7:377 n. 1.

Lincoln and Johnson formed an unlikely duo Waugh, Reelecting Lincoln, 198—201; Richmond Examiner, quoted in New York Tribune, June 24, 1864.

“I will neither conceal” AL, “Reply to Committee Notifying Lincoln of His Renomination,”June 9, 1864, CW, 7:380.

“I cannot” AL to Salmon P. Chase, June 28, 1864, CW, 7:412-13.

give Chase three options See Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 364—66.

“because the difficulty” AL to Salmon P. Chase, June 28, 1864, CW, 7:413.

“I cannot help feeling” Salmon P. Chase to AL, June 29, 1864, ALPLC.

“Of all I have said” AL to Salmon P. Chase, June 30, 1864, CW, 7:419.

“When does the Senate meet” Hay, Inside, June 30, 1864, 212.

“War, at the best,” AL, “Speech at Great Central Sanitary Fair, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,”June 16, 1864, CW, 7:394-96.

“Get down, you damn fool,” McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 756—57.

“would go 50,000 against us” Brown, Raymond of the Times, 260. Raymond’s entire letter is in CW, 7:517-18.

“The want of military success” Henry B. Raymond to AL, CW, 7:518.

This morning AL, “Memorandum Concerning His Probable Failure of Reelection,” August 23, 1864, CW, 7:514-15.

“They must nominate a Peace Democrat” Brooks, Washington in Lincoln’s Time, 164.

“after four years of failure” Donald, Lincoln, 530.

“Atlanta is ours” John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York: The Free Press, 1993), 282-84.

“Glorious news this morning” Strong, Diary, September3, 1864, 480—81.

“The preservation of our Union” George B. McClellan to the Democratic Nominating Committee, September 4, 1864, McClellan, Civil War Papers, 590-92.

electrified and disappointed Democrats Waugh, Reelecting Lincoln, 298—302.

“Well, we see at last” New York Times, September 10, 1864.

neither Lincoln nor McClellan campaigned Waugh, Reelecting Lincoln, 317 21.

campaigned on a theme Roger A. Fischer, Tippecanoe and Trinkets Too: The Material Culture of American Presidential Campaigns, 1828—1984 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), 94-96.

“The purposes of the Almighty” AL to Eliza P. Gurney, September 4, 1864, CW, 7:535.

CHAPTER 26. With Malice Toward None, with Charity for All. December 1864-April 1865

“the necessity of a military escort” Ward Hill Lamon, Recollections of Abraham Lincoln, 1847-1865 (Chicago: A. C. McClurg and Company, 1895), 265-68.

“I regret” Ibid., 275.

“that a people’s government” AL, “Response to a Serenade,” November 10, 1864, CW, 8:100-1.

Brooks had become a trusted friend Wayne C. Lemple and Justin G. Lurner, “Lincoln’s ‘Castine’: Noah Brooks,” Lincoln Herald 94 (Fall 1970), 113—15. Lemple wrote a number of articles for the Lincoln Herald from 1970 to 1972 based on his doctoral dissertation on Noah Brooks at the University of Illinois (1956). See also Michael Burlingame’s introduction in Lincoln Observed: Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks, 1—12.

“I am a thorough Constitutional Abolitionist” Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 676.

most important appointment For a discussion of the storm over the selection of a new chief justice, see David M. Silver, Lincoln’s Supreme Court (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1956), especially chapters 15 and 16.

“as the crowning” Edward G. Bates to AL, October 13, 1864, ALPLC.

“remove the cloud” Francis P. Blair, Sr., to AL, October 20, 1864, ALPLC.

“Happily it is now certain” Salmon P. Chase to Charles Sumner, October 19, 1864, ALPLC.

“We cannot ask a man” Silver, Lincoln’s Supreme Court, 207—8.

“Forage liberally on the country.” Marszalek, Sherman, xv.

“He has passed by Macon” Strong, Diary, November 28, 1864, 522.

“Much concern about Sherman” Strong, Diary, December 8, 1864, 526.

“I beg to present you” William L. Sherman to AL, December 22,1864, ALPLC.

“When you were about leaving Atlanta” AL to William L. Sherman, December 26, 1864, CW, 7:181-82.

“I feel how weak” AL to Mrs. Lydia Bixby, November 21, 1864, CW, 8:116-17. The later finding that two of Mrs. Bixby’s sons were not killed does not take away from Lincoln’s letter. See F. Lauriston Bullard, Abraham Lincoln and the Widow Bixby (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1946). John Hay, who wrote some letters for Lincoln, claimed he wrote the letter to Mrs. Bixby. Michael Burlingame supports this claim in “New Light on the Bixby Letter,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 16 (1995), 59—71, but the evidence is inconclusive at best.

“Upon rejoining his regiment” AL, “Pardon,” November 16, 1964, CW, 8:112. The name of the soldier was not identified.

“You have too much” AL to James Madison Cutts, Jr., October 26, 1863. CW, 6:538.

amendment that would abolish slavery For a fine treatment of the story of the passage of the Lhirteenth Amendment see Michael Vorenberg, Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

“I wish that you could have been” Charles R. Douglass to Frederick Douglass, February 9, 1865, quoted in Vorenberg, Final Freedom, 207—8.

“This amendment” AL, “Response to a Serenade,” February 1, 1865, CW, 8:254.

“would accept nothing short” AL, “Annual Message to Congress,” December 6, 1864, CW, 8:151.

“to secure peace” Jefferson Davis to Francis P. Blair, January 12, 1865, CW, 8:275.

“to the people” AL to Francis P. Blair, January 18, 1865, CW, 8:275-76.

“Well, Mr. President” Although no notes were taken at the Hampton Roads conference, participants did write of the conversations, sometimes years later. Stephens rendered a full account in his Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States: Its Causes, Character, Conduct, and Results (Philadelphia: National Publishing Company, 1870), 2:599-619.

“would be immediately restored” Campbell’s report is found in his Reminiscences and Documents Relating to the Civil War During the Year 1865 (Baltimore: John Murphy and Company, 1887), 8-19.

“ended without result” Lincoln reported to the Congress on February 10, 1865. AL, “To the House of Representatives,” February 10, 1865, CW, 8:274—85. Lincoln, who often wished to keep strategic negotiations in his own hands, in this case provided materials from the Blair mission and the Hampton Roads conference to Congress.

“The President directs me” Edwin M. Stanton to Ulysses S. Grant, March 3, 1865, CW, 8:330-31.

“All honor to Abraham Lincoln” Illinois State Journal, March 4, 1865.

“Mr. Lincoln has slowly” Chicago Tribune, March 3, 1865.

“We shall not be surprised” Oailj Morning Chronicle, March 4, 1865.

“in force sufficient” Philadelphia Inquirer, March 6, 1865.

“at least half the multitude” “From Our Correspondent,” Times (London), March 20, 1865.

Lincoln was photographed delivering a speech Gardner focused this photograph on the president just as the ceremonies were about to begin. He is seated with his hands folded. Modern technology so restores the image that we can see that Lincoln had what for him was relatively close-cropped and well-managed hair and beard. Visible on the president’s right are Vice President Hamlin and Vice President—Elect Andrew Johnson. On the other side, Chief Justice Chase chats amiably with Associate Justice Noah H. Swayne. Behind the president are his two secretaries, John Hay and John G. Nicolay.

“As soon as Mr. Lincoln came out” Michael Shiner, Diary, 1813—1865, Library of Congress, 182.

“At this second appearing” AL, Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865, CW, 8:332.

“one-eighth of the whole population” Ibid.

“essential to the nature” Charles Hodge, Systematic Theology (New York: Charles Scribner, 1871), 1:368. Gurley would have heard Hodge’s thinking on “divine attributes” in lectures. Hodge made the decision not to publish his lectures in book form until the end of his career.

response to his political and theological indicative In the collection of Phineas Gurley sermons at the Presbyterian Historical Society, one hears a consistent indicative/imperative refrain. Gurley first speaks about the indicative of the love of Christ, manifest in Christ’s death on the cross. He then calls for a selfless love as the response to Christ’s love. Because these eighteen sermons are undated, I could not connect them with Lincoln and the 1860s. Nevertheless, this was a consistent theme in Gurley’s sermons.

“The White House looked” Through Five Administrations: Reminiscences of Colonel H. Crook, compiled and edited by Margarita Spalding Gerry (New York: Harper, 1907), 26.

“Here comes my friend Douglass.” Frederick Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (Hartford, CT: Park Publishing Company, 1882), 402.

“What is to be done” Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative (New York: Random House, 1974), 3:857.

“Of all the men” William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman (New York: The Century Company, 1893), 327.

“I will take care” AL to Edwin M. Stanton, April 3, 1865, CW, 8:385.

started up the James River For the story of Lincoln’s visit to Richmond, see Nelson Lankford, Richmond Burning: The Last Days of the Confederate Capital (New York: Viking, 2002), 156-67.

“Jefferson Davis should be hanged” Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, 512.

“If I were in your place” Ibid., 166.

“Let us all join” AL, “Last Public Address,” April 11, 1865, CW, 8:402-4.

“no exclusive” Ibid.

“That means nigger citizenship” Michael W. Kauffman, American Brutus: John Wilkes Booth and the Lincoln Conspiracies (New York: Random House, 2004), 210.

“possess feelings of hate” Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, 517.

“We must bothhe more cheerful” Mary Todd Lincoln (WHH interview), September 5, 1866, Hi, 273.

they spoke of the future Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, 283—85.

“I am going” Isaac N. Arnold, The Life of Abraham Lincoln (Chicago: Jansen, McClurg, and Company, 1885), 431.

“The giant sufferer” Welles, Diary, April 14, 1865, 2:286.

“Now, he belongs to the ages.” Along-running debate arose over what Stanton actually said. Did he say “ages” or “angels”? To appreciate the import of this debate, see Adam Gopnik, “Angels and Ages: Lincoln’s Language and It’s Legacy,” The New Yorker, May 28, 2007, 30-37.

“those memorable words” “Our Martyred President: An Address Delivered in Rochester, New York, on 15 April 1865, The Frederick Douglass Papers, ed. John W. Blasingame and John R. McKivigan (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), 74-77.

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