FOREWORD
1. LBJ/DHK. For this as for all succeeding quotes that come from the notes I took during my work with President Johnson in the White House, on the memoirs and on the ranch, I shall use the designation: LBJ/DHK. These notes were taken verbatim with a combination of shorthand and speedwriting and then transcribed, typed, and placed in chronological order in a large notebook.
2. Doris Kearns and Sanford Levinson, “How to Remove LBJ in 1968,” New Republic, May 13, 1967, p. 13.
3. LBJ/DHK.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Marcus Cunliffe, The Literature of the United States, London, Penguin Books, 1970.
7. LBJ/DHK.
8. Ibid.
9. LBJ/DHK.
10. Hugh Sidey, A Very Personal Presidency: Lyndon Johnson in the White House, New York, Atheneum, 1968, pp. 22–23.
11. LBJ/DHK.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
Chapter 1 / GROWING UP
1. LBJ/DHK.
2. Rebekah Baines Johnson’s description of her father is taken from the small ancestral history she compiled in 1954, A Family Album, introduction by Lyndon Johnson, edited by John Moursund, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1965. “At an incredibly early age,” Rebekah writes, “my father taught me to read; reading has been one of the great pleasures and sustaining forces of my life. He taught me how to study, to think and to endure.… He taught me that ‘a lie is an abomination to the Lord’ and to all real people the world over; he taught me obedience and self-control, saying that without them no one is worthy of responsibility or trust.” P. 28. This picture is sustained by Joseph’s brother, George, in the obituary column he wrote for the Baptist Tribune, December 13, 1906. “He hated dirt, he loved neatness. For clean speech and morals, he could hardly have been surpassed. To hear a preacher indulge in unclean jokes or suggestions gave him a real disgust, and he never wanted to hear him preach or pray.” Reprinted in R. B. Johnson, op. cit., p. 79.
3. LBJ/DHK.
4. LBJ/DHK. Johnson never said what it was that caused his grandfather’s ruin, though he left the distinct impression that it happened suddenly and had something to do with idealism and naïveté. George Baines provides a different account in the obituary column referred to above: “On account of disastrous droughts, protracted four years, his extensive farming operations brought financial ruin.” R. B. Johnson, op. cit., p. 77.
5. LBJ/DHK.
6. R. B. Johnson, op. cit., p. 17.
7. See, for example, Erik Erikson’s description of the life of the frontier woman in Childhood and Society, New York, Norton, 1963, pp. 291–292. “In frontier communities she had to become the cultural censor, the religious conscience, the aesthetic arbiter and the teacher.… Puritanism, we should remember, was once a system of values to check men and women of eruptive vitality, of strong appetites, as well as of strong individuality.”
8. R. B. Johnson, op. cit., p. 30.
9. LBJ/DHK.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. See Joseph R. Gusfield, The Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1963.
13. LBJ/DHK.
14. Sigmund Freud develops this concept further in his essay “On Narcissism: An Introduction,” The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 14, London, Hogarth Press, 1957, pp. 69–102. “If we look at the attitude of fond parents toward their children, we cannot but perceive it as a revival and reproduction of their own, long since abandoned narcissism. The child shall have things better than his parents; he is really to be the center and heart of creation. His Majesty the Baby as once we fancied ourselves to be. He is to fulfill those dreams and wishes of his parents which they never carried out.”
15. LBJ/DHK.
16. The full statement is: “A man who has been the indisputable favorite of his mother keeps for life the feeling of a conqueror, that confidence of success that often induces real success.” Quoted in Ernest Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Steven Marcus, London, Hogarth Press, 1961, p. 6.
17. LBJ/DHK.
18. Ibid.
19. LBJ/DHK. Erikson suggests that the child’s sense of being needed by a parent, which Gandhi also felt, may provide a source of the adult’s leadership style. Speaking in words similar to those used by Johnson, Gandhi said, “There was nothing dearer to my heart than her [Mother’s] service. Play had absolutely no fascination for me in preference to my mother’s service. Whenever she wanted me for anything, I ran to her.” Quoted in Erik Erikson, Gandhi’s Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence, New York, Norton, 1969, p. 110.
20. The events described so far took place, as Johnson remembered them, during the years from three to six, the period described by Freud as the Oedipal period. Freud discovered that during this period there were regularly present in the mental lives of many people fantasies of incest with the parent of the opposite sex combined with jealousy, rage, and fear toward the parent of the same sex. See Charles Brenner, An Elementary Textbook of Psychoanalysis, New York, Doubleday, 1955, pp. 117–132.
21. See Karen Horney, The Neurotic Personality of Our Time, New York, Norton, 1937.
22. This story has been repeated in several of the early Johnson biographies. See, for example, Alfred Steinberg, Sam Johnson’s Boy: A Close-Up of the President from Texas, New York, Macmillan, 1968.
23. LBJ/DHK.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Portraits of Sam Ealy Johnson can be found in John Marvin Hunter, The Trail Drivers of Texas, Nashville, Tenn., Cokesbury Press, 1925, p. 329, and J. Speer, The History of Blanco County, Austin, Pemberton Press, 1965, Chapter 15. For an excellent description of the life of the cowboy, see James Frank Dobie, The Longhorns, Boston, Little, Brown, 1941.
28. LBJ/DHK.
29. Ibid.
30. For a description of the stampede, see Dobie, op. cit., pp. 87–138.
31. LBJ/DHK.
32. The full text of the National People’s Party Platform can be found in George Tindall, ed., A Populist Reader, New York, Harper & Row, 1966, pp. 90–96.
33. For a discussion of the mythic idealization of the cowboy, see Leslie Fiedler, The Return of the Vanishing American, New York, Norton, 1937, and Erik Erikson, Childhood and Society, pp. 304–305.
34. LBJ/DHK.
35. Ibid.
36. Johnson described this dream to me in two parts. In his last year in the White House he told me only the last part, in which he saw himself as Woodrow Wilson, lying immobile in the Red Room. The summer after he left office he told me more, suggesting the connection between the Wilson image and the childhood dream.
37. Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, translated by James Strachey, New York, Basic Books, 1955. Punishment dreams are discussed in a section on wish fulfillment, Chapter 7, pp. 557–560.
38. LBJ/DHK.
39. Quoted in article in Austin Statesman, September 23, 1948.
40. The story of Rebekah’s efforts to get Lyndon to study are told and retold in each biography. See Booth Mooney, The Lyndon Johnson Story, New York, Farrar, Straus & Cudahy, revised edition, 1964, pp. 12–13, and Alfred Steinberg, op. cit., p. 15.
41. LBJ/DHK.
42. Ibid.
43. Lyndon’s mumbling is remarked upon by Alfred Steinberg in op. cit., p. 31.
44. LBJ/DHK.
45. For a discussion of Sam Johnson’s legislative career, see William Pool, Emmie Craddock and David Conrad, Lyndon Baines Johnson: The Formative Years, San Marcos, Southwest Texas State College Press, 1965, pp. 33–45.
46. LBJ/DHK.
47. Sam Johnson, My Brother Lyndon, edited by Enrique Lopez, New York, Cowles, 1970, p. 10.
48. LBJ/DHK.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. Arthur Schlesinger described a visit President Kennedy once made to the ranch during which he was given a rifle by Johnson and expected to shoot a deer. Kennedy shot the deer and Johnson sent the mounted head to the White House.
52. LBJ/DHK.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. The mechanism at work here, which appears to be reaction formation, is discussed by Brenner in a chapter on “The Psychic Apparatus,” in op. cit., pp. 62–107.
56. LBJ/DHK. Johnson seems to be projecting here, a defense mechanism in which the individual attributes a wish or impulse of his own to some other person.
57. This tradition is discussed by Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, New York, Knopf, 1963. See especially Chapter II, “On the Unpopularity of Intellect,” pp. 24–51.
58. LBJ/DHK.
59. Ibid.
60. The trip to California has been explained in various ways in different accounts. In his public version of the trip—given in speeches and to authorized biographers—Johnson said he left home because his father was in financial difficulty and it meant “one less mouth for my poor daddy to feed.” See also Sam Johnson, op. cit., pp. 20–22.
61. LBJ/DHK.
62. Reported in R. B. Johnson, op. cit., p. 20.
63. LBJ/DHK.
64. For an interesting analysis of Johnson’s character structure, see James David Barber, The Presidential Character: Predicting Performance in the White House, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1972.
Chapter 2 / EDUCATION AND THE DREAM OF SUCCESS
1. Lyndon Johnson, editorial, College Star, July 10, 1927, p. 20.
2. William Pool et al., op. cit., p. 79.
3. Ibid, p. 96.
4. LBJ/DHK.
5. William Pool et al., op. cit., pp. 99–100.
6. LBJ/DHK.
7. Willard Deason, Oral History Project, LBJ Library. From now on material from this source will be designated OHP.
8. Lyndon Johnson, College Star, June 19, 1929, p. 2.
9. Willard Deason, OHP.
10. Ibid.
11. Lyndon Johnson, College Star, August 7, 1929, p. 2.
12. This letter is framed on the wall of the boyhood home in Johnson City; also quoted in Hugh Sidey, op. cit., p. 12.
13. LBJ/DHK.
14. Lyndon Johnson, College Star, June 12, 1929, p. 2.
15. Ibid., October 26, 1927, p. 2.
16. For further discussion of the tradition of benevolent service, see Ralph Gabriel, The Course of American Democratic Thought, New York, Ronald Press, 1940. In a chapter called “Wealth: The Gilded Age,” Gabriel develops the linkages between Mather, Franklin, and Carnegie. See also Robert McCloskey, American Conservatism in the Age of Enterprise: A Study of William Graham Sumner, Stephen J. Field and Andrew Carnegie, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1951, pp. 135–153.
17. Lyndon B. Johnson, College Star, June 27, 1927, p. 2.
18. LBJ/DHK.
19. Lyndon B. Johnson, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, 1966, Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office. Hereinafter designated Public Papers.
20. This and most of the references to Carol Davis are drawn from LBJ/DHK. Sam Johnson describes the relationship but does not give the girl’s name, referring to Carol Davis as his brother’s high school girlfriend rather than his college fiancée.
21. Sam Johnson, op. cit., p. 29.
22. For a discussion of the mood of the 1920s, see William Leuchtenburg, The Perils of Prosperity, 1914–1932, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1958.
23. Editorial, Record Courier, Blanco County, Texas, June 5, 1925.
24. This description of life in Johnson City in the 1920s is derived from a study of the local papers and records completed by a research assistant, Burton Solomon.
25. Lyndon Johnson, College Star, June 19, 1929, p. 2.
26. Ibid, October 5, 1927, p. 2.
27. This theme is more fully developed in John William Ward, “The Meaning of Lindbergh’s Flight,” in Red, White and Blue: Men, Books and Ideas in American Culture, New York, Oxford University Press, 1969.
28. Lyndon Johnson, College Star, November 16, 1927, p. 2.
29. Ibid, July 17, 1929, p. 2.
30. Ibid, December 7, 1927, p. 2.
31. Lyndon Johnson, “Special Message to the Congress: The American Promise,” delivered March 15, 1965. Reprinted in Public Papers, 1965, p. 281.
32. LBJ/DHK; see also Alfred Steinberg, op. cit., p. 47.
33. LBJ/DHK.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Interview with Willard Deason, OHP.
38. LBJ/DHK.
39. Ibid.
Chapter 3 / THE MAKING OF A POLITICIAN
1. LBJ/DHK.
2. Johnson’s activities in this period are described in Booth Mooney, op. cit. p. 19.
3. Quoted in Clarke Newlon, L.B.J.: The Man from Johnson City, New York Dodd, Mead, 1964, p. 50.
4. Booth Mooney, op. cit., p. 18.
5. This story is told by Gene Latimer in his oral interview, OHP.
6. The story of Johnson’s takeover of the Little Congress is told in William White The Professional: Lyndon B. Johnson, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1964, p. 110.
7. Clarke Newlon, op. cit., p. 50.
8. The material on Lady Bird is derived from a variety of sources: LBJ/DHK; Eric Goldman, The Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson, New York, Knopf, 1969, Chapter 9; William White, op. cit., pp. 115–120; interview with Dan Quill, OHP.
9. Eric Goldman, op. cit., p. 343.
10. LBJ/DHK.
11. Eric Goldman, op. cit., pp. 344–345.
12. Ibid., pp. 339–342.
13. Alfred Steinberg, op. cit., p. 87. See also Eric Goldman, op. cit., pp. 343–344.
14. Eric Goldman, op. cit., p. 346.
15. This letter is framed on the wall of the boyhood home in Johnson City.
16. I was witness to this several times at the LBJ Ranch.
17. Clarke Newlon, op. cit., pp. 57–68.
18. LBJ/DHK.
19. Ibid.
20. Alfred Steinberg, op. cit., p. 110.
21. LBJ/DHK.
22. This letter, quoted in Sidey, op. cit., p. 13, is now on display at the LBJ Library.
23. LBJ/DHK.
24. Ibid.
25. This story is recounted in every Johnson biography. See, for example, Alfred Steinberg, op. cit., p. 119.
26. In a radio address on January 23, 1938, Johnson spoke of the need for clearing up the slum areas: “Last Christmas when all over the world people were celebrating … I took a walk here in Austin and there I found people living in such squalor that Christmas day was to them just one more day of filth and forty families on one lot, using one water faucet.” Text included in the Congressional Record, February 3, 1938, p. 429. Hereafter I will use CR to indicate the Congressional Record.
27. LBJ/DHK.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Lyndon Johnson, CR, May 7, 1947.
32. Lyndon Johnson, CR, April 30, 1941, p. A1992.
33. LBJ/DHK.
34. Lyndon Johnson, CR, May 7, 1947.
35. LBJ/DHK.
36. Lyndon Johnson, CR, May 7, 1947.
37. Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought Since the Revolution, New York, Harcourt, Brace, 1955, p. 286. See also Stanley Hoffmann, Gulliver’s Troubles, Or The Setting of American Foreign Policy, published for the Council on Foreign Relations, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1968.
38. Lyndon Johnson, CR, June 4, 1946, p. A3170.
39. Ibid., April 20, 1947.
40. LBJ/DHK.
41. Ibid.
42. Lyndon Johnson, speech given before Texas State Network entitled “America in the World Today,” and inserted in the CR, March 29, 1948, p. A1966.
43. Lyndon Johnson, CR, May 7, 1947.
44. Ibid., July 29, 1948, p. 9533.
45. LBJ/DHK.
46. Louis Kohlmeier, Ray Shaw and Ed Cony, “The Johnson Wealth: How the President’s Wife Built a $17,500 Outlay into a TV Fortune in Texas,” Wall Street Journal, March 23, 1964, p. 7.
47. Ibid.
48. Louis Kohlmeier et al., “Lyndon’s Pals,” Wall Street Journal, August 11, 1964, p. 1.
49. Quoted in Ibid.
50. LBJ/DHK.
Chapter 4 / RISE TO POWER IN THE SENATE
1. The best writing on Johnson’s Senate years is in Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, LBJ: The Exercise of Power, New York, New American Library, 1966.
2. The data on the relationship between Richard Russell and Lyndon Johnson are derived from my conversations with Johnson; from an interview with Bill Jorden, long-time Russell aide; from Meg Greenfield, “The Man Who Leads the Southern Senators,” The Reporter, May 21, 1964; and from Douglas Kiker, “Russell of Georgia: The Old Guard at Its Shrewdest,” Harper’s Magazine, September, 1966, pp. 101–106.
3. LBJ/DHK.
4. Interview with Bill Jorden, January, 1972.
5. Evans and Novak, op. cit., p. 33.
6. Quoted in ibid.
7. For a description of Johnson’s shift in politics, see ibid., pp. 26–49.
8. LBJ/DHK.
9. For analysis of conflicting organizational requisites, see Peter Blau, Exchange and Power in Social Life, New York, Wiley, 1964, Chapter 4, pp. 88–114.
10. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, with an introduction by Max Lerner, New York, Modern Library, 1940, pp. 91, 20–21.
11. Johnson’s selection as whip is discussed in an article by Leslie Carpenter, “Whip from Texas,” Collier’s, February 17, 1951.
12. This line of analysis is suggested by Lewis Dexter in Raymond Bauer, Lewis Dexter and Ithiel de Sola Pool, American Business and Public Policy: The Politics of Foreign Trade, Chicago, Aldine, Atherton, 1972, pp. 403–438.
13. DHK interview with James Rowe, January, 1972.
14. For a discussion of legislative effectiveness, see Donald Matthews, U.S. Senators and Their World, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1960, Chapter 5; William White, The Citadel: The Story of the U.S. Senate, New York, Harper & Row, 1957; and Ralph Huitt, “The Outsider in the Senate,” in Ralph Huitt and Robert Peabody, Congress: Two Decades of Analysis, New York, Harper & Row, 1969.
15. LBJ/DHK.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Machiavelli, op. cit., p. 21.
19. The analysis of Johnson’s reform of the seniority system is built on discussions with Johnson, and Evans and Novak, op. cit., pp. 63–64.
20. Alvin Toffler describes this process in “LBJ: The Senate’s Mr. Energy,” Pageant, July, 1958, pp. 102–109.
21. This letter, along with other correspondence and memos to be cited in this chapter, Johnson read aloud in the process of going over with me some of the materials in his files on the Senate years.
22. Further discussion of the Policy Committee can be found in Hugh Bone, Party Committees and National Politics, Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1958.
23. See note 21.
24. LBJ/DHK.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Evans and Novak, op. cit., pp. 102–103.
28. Ibid., p. 103.
29. LBJ/DHK.
30. Machiavelli, op. cit., p. 8.
31. Evans and Novak, op. cit., p. 97.
32. Quoted in Randall Ripley, Power in the Senate, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1969.
33. See note 21.
34. LBJ/DHK.
35. For an interesting case study, see Ralph Huitt, “The Morse Committee Assignment,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 51, June, 1957, pp. 313–329.
36. LBJ/DHK.
37. Ibid.
38. The description of Johnson’s private meetings is built on conversations with LBJ and interviews with members of the Senate and his staff.
39. The term is Ralph Huitt’s in “Democratic Party Leadership in the Senate,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 55, June, 1961.
40. LBJ/DHK.
41. Ibid.
42. This is described in Outsider in the Senate: Senator Clinton Anderson’s Memoirs, by Clinton Anderson with Milton Viorst, New York, World, 1970.
43. LBJ/DHK.
44. Lyndon Johnson, CR, September 28, 1955.
45. Robert Merton, “Bureaucratic Structure and Personality,” in Amitai Etzioni, Complex Organizations: A Sociological Reader, New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1961, pp. 48–61.
46. Erving Goffman, “Teams,” in The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, New York, Doubleday, Anchor Books, 1959, pp. 77–105.
47. LBJ/DHK.
48. Quoted in Time, March 17, 1958.
49. In his Memoirs: Sixty Years on the Firing Line, New York, Funk & Wagnalls, 1968, Arthur Krock describes the countless expressions of appreciation he received from Johnson: showers of memos in which Johnson set down his thinking on the immediate issues, signed photographs with the most complimentary inscriptions (“The Stud Duck of the Washington Press Corps”), letters on his birthdays and other red-letter days, Christmas gifts.
50. This is described by Joe Hall in an article for the Associated Press, July 27, 1956. See also in Toffler, op. cit., pp. 104–105, and Ralph Huitt, “Democratic Party Leadership in the Senate,” op. cit.
51. Stewart Alsop, “Lyndon Johnson: How Does He Do It?,” Saturday Evening Post, January 24, 1959, p. 14. The members of the staff included Walter Jenkins, Gerry Siegel, George Reedy, Booth Mooney, Willie Day, Dorothy Nichols.
52. This point is made in Dorothy Nichols’ oral interview, OHP.
53. DHK interview with Gerry Siegel, January, 1972.
54. The analysis of Johnson’s relationship with Humphrey is built on conversations with LBJ, an interview with Humphrey in January, 1975, and interviews with aides to both.
55. DHK interview with Hubert Humphrey.
56. LBJ/DHK.
57. Ibid.
Chapter 5 / THE SENATE LEADER
1. For a discussion of the critics’ complaints, see “The Struggle for a Liberal Senate: A Debate Between Senators Proxmire and Neuberger,” The Progressive, June, 1959, p. A21. See also “ADA Statement” in October, 1959: “Early in this session Messrs. Rayburn and Johnson snuggled into the strait jacket offered them by the Administration. Instead of accepting the challenge to meet the country’s needs, the leadership makes the divided government work by the simple expedient of surrendering to the President.”
2. Senator William Proxmire, CR, February 23, 1958. Johnson responded, “If they cannot get their committees to go along with them how do they expect a fairy godmother or a wet nurse to get a majority to deliver it into their hands?” CR, February 28, 1958, p. 9260.
3. Reported by Howard Shuman, aide to Senator Douglas, interview January 26, 1972.
4. LBJ/DHK.
5. Ibid.
6. Quoted in Stewart Alsop, op. cit., p. 14.
7. The Washington Window, Public Affairs Institute, March 13, 1958.
8. For further discussion, see Gerald Pomper, “After Twenty Years,” American Political Science Association Convention, September 8, 1970.
9. LBJ/DHK. In Johnson’s Senate files, there are two dozen or more memos which set down Johnson’s thinking on issues such as these. George Reedy helped in their preparation. When I talked to Johnson about the Senate, he often took off from and elaborated on these memos.
10. LBJ/DHK.
11. Joseph Clark, CR, January 23, 1958.
12. Johnson response, CR, January 28, 1958. See also Ralph Huitt, “Democratic Party Leadership in the Senate,” op. cit., for a discussion of Johnson’s conception of the Presidency.
13. Lyndon Johnson, CR, July 15, 1955.
14. LBJ/DHK.
15. See studies on McCarthy by Nelson Polsby, “Toward an Explanation of McCarthyism,” Political Studies, October, 1960, pp. 250–271; and Michael Rogin, The Intellectuals and McCarthy: The Radical Specter, Cambridge, M.I.T. Press, 1967.
16. LBJ/DHK.
17. Lyndon Johnson, CR, February 15, 1953.
18. For a description of this skillful balancing act, see Evans and Novak, op. cit., pp. 75–76.
19. LBJ/DHK.
20. The phrase is that of Professor Arthur Maass, Harvard University.
21. Lyndon Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963–1969, New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971, p. 272.
22. Lyndon Johnson, speech before Senate Democratic Caucus, January 7, 1958.
23. Television interview with Walter Cronkite on space in July, 1969.
24. The material on civil rights is derived from John Weir Anderson, Eisenhower, Brownell and the Congress: The Tangled Origins of the Civil Rights Bill of 1956–1957, University of Alabama Press, 1964; Douglass Cater, “How the Senate Passed the Civil Rights Bill,” The Reporter, September 5, 1957; and Evans and Novak, op. cit., “The Miracle of ’57,” pp. 119–140.
25. LBJ/DHK.
26. David Riesman and Nathaniel Glazer, “The Lonely Crowd: A Reconsideration in 1960,” in Seymour Lipset and Leo Lowenthal, eds., Culture and Social Character: The Work of David Riesman Reviewed, New York, Free Press of Glencoe, 1961, p. 438.
27. LBJ/DHK.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid. This conversation, again, was sparked by a Reedy memo on the same subject.
30. Ibid.
31. DHK interview with Harry McPherson, May 22, 1970.
32. Acheson statement reported in the New York Times and read by Johnson to Senate Policy Committee, August 13, 1957.
33. These “Letters to Constituents” were in the Senate material Johnson read to me. See note 21, Chapter 4.
34. Speech before Democratic Caucus, September 15, 1957.
35. Lyndon Johnson, CR, August 7, 1957, p. 13997.
36. Ibid.
37. Wayne Morse, CR, August 2, 1957, p. 13485.
38. LBJ/DHK.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. See Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties, New York, Free Press of Glencoe, 1969.
42. LBJ/DHK.
43. The 1955 Gallup poll reported that 79 percent of the adults applauded the way Eisenhower was handling his job.
44. Lyndon Johnson, CR, January 16, 1956, p. 629.
45. LBJ/DHK.
46. Arthur Krock quotes this portion of a Johnson memo on this subject in the New York Times, July 13, 1956, p. 18.
47. Lyndon Johnson, “My Political Philosophy,” The Texas Quarterly, Vol. I, No. 4, Winter, 1958, p. 17.
48. Lyndon Johnson, “Address Before Jefferson-Jackson Dinner, Raleigh, North Carolina,” CR, March 18, 1957, p. 3885.
49. See Robert Paul Wolff, “On Tolerance,” in Robert Paul Wolff, Barrington Moore, Jr., and Herbert Marcuse, A Critique of Pure Tolerance, Boston, Beacon Press, 1965, pp. 3–69. See also William Connally, The Bias of Pluralism, New York, Atherton Press, 1969.
50. For a discussion of this point, see James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox, New York, Harcourt, Brace, 1956.
Chapter 6 / THE VICE-PRESIDENCY
1. LBJ/DHK.
2. Reported by Evans and Novak, op. cit., p. 280.
3. See columns by David Broder, Washington Post, September 23, 1973, and October 1, 1970.
4. DHK interview with Lee White. See also Evans and Novak, op. cit., p. 310.
5. Alan Otten, Wall Street Journal, August 13, 1972.
6. Quoted in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1965, p. 646.
7. LBJ/DHK.
8. This is described in Evans and Novak, op. cit., pp. 305–308.
9. See descriptions of the Vice President as “morose” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, op. cit., p. 648, and “not voluble at meetings” in Theodore C. Sorensen, Kennedy, New York, Harper & Row, 1965, p. 297.
10. Discussion with Professor Richard Neustadt, Harvard University.
11. LBJ/DHK.
12. DHK interview with George Reedy, 1974.
13. LBJ/DHK.
14. There is a description of Johnson’s trips in Evans and Novak, op. cit., pp. 305–335, and in Arthur M. Schlesinger, op. cit., p. 705. Schlesinger reports: “Once an American diplomat met him [Johnson] at the Rome airport and on the way into the city methodically instructed him, as if he were some sort of uncouth backwoodsman, on how to behave. Johnson listened to this singular performance with unaccustomed patience. When they arrived at the hotel, the diplomat said, Mr. Vice President, is there anything else I can do for you? The Vice-President, looking stonily up and down at his model of diplomatic propriety, replied, Yes, just one thing. Zip up your fly.”
15. This is a point William Bundy has stressed to me by letter and in a seminar at the Lehrman Institute in New York City.
16. LBJ/DHK.
Chapter 7 / THE TRANSITION YEAR
1. LBJ/DHK.
2. These institutional mechanisms are discussed by Richard Neustadt in “Presidency and Legislation: The Growth of Central Clearance,” American Political Science Review, September, 1954, pp. 641–671, and “Presidency and Legislation: Planning the President’s Program,” in ibid., December, 1955, pp. 980–997.
3. LBJ took office as an unknown quantity. Only 5 percent of the people felt they knew a great deal about Johnson, compared with 24 percent about Kennedy; 67 percent felt they knew very little, compared with 17 percent for Kennedy; 45 percent had seen or heard Rockefeller or Goldwater, only 22 percent Johnson. These figures are reported in a memo to Johnson from Horace Busby, January 14, 1964.
4. For a study of the assassination’s effect on the American people, see Bradley Greenberg, The Kennedy Assassination and the American Public: Social Communication in Crisis, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1965.
5. Irving Howe, “On the Death of JFK,” in Steady Work: Essays in the Politics of Democratic Radicalism, 1953–1966, New York, Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966.
6. LBJ/DHK.
7. Lyndon Johnson, The Vantage Point, p. 12.
8. Ibid., p. 18.
9. Talcott Parsons, Politics and Social Structure, New York, Free Press, 1969, pp. 125–156, 98–124.
10. Lyndon Johnson, “Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress,” November 27, Public Papers, 1963, pp. 8–10.
11. LBJ/DHK.
12. Ibid. See also Eric Goldman, The Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson, p. 26.
13. DHK interviews with Lee White.
14. LBJ/DHK.
15. This point was made by Johnson’s private secretary, Juanita Roberts.
16. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Discourses, with an introduction by Max Lerner, New York, Modern Library, 1940, p. 184.
17. Notes taken by staff aide in White House during interview with Neil Sheehan, March 24, 1965.
18. LBJ/DHK.
19. Ibid.
20. Richard Neustadt, “Afterword,” in Presidential Power: The Politics of Leadership, New York, Wiley, 1960, p. 202.
21. Grant McConnell, The Modern Presidency, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1967.
22. David Broder, The Party’s Over: The Failure of Politics in America, New York, Harper & Row, 1972, p. 71.
23. LBJ/DHK.
24. Ibid.
25. This was one of a dozen of so typed transcripts apparently made from phone conversations which Johnson showed to me with the suggestion that from these “could learn more about the way the government really works than from a hundred political science textbooks.”
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. LBJ/DHK.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Lyndon Johnson, “Remarks to the Members of the Business Council,” Public Papers, 1964.
32. Editorial in Fortune, April 15, 1964.
33. Lyndon Johnson, The Vantage Point, p. 71.
34. Lyndon Johnson, “Total Victory over Poverty,” March 16, 1964; reprinted from The War on Poverty: The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, Senate Document No. 86, Washington, 1964.
35. Walter Lippmann column, “Today and Tomorrow,” March 17, 1964.
36. Remarks of Leonard Hall, Republican National Chairman, May, 1964.
37. James Reston column, New York Times, March 22, 1964.
38. Lyndon Johnson, The Vantage Point, p. 157.
39. LBJ/DHK.
40. Ibid.
41. Transcript of conversations with Wilkins and Young. See note 25.
42. Statement issued as a press release, July 20, 1964.
43. Lyndon Johnson, “In Quest of Peace,” The Reader’s Digest, February, 1969.
44. Lyndon Johnson, “Remarks to Key Officials of the Internal Revenue Service,” February 11, 1964, Public Papers, 1964, p. 289.
45. Lyndon Johnson, “Remarks to a Group of Editors and Broadcasters Attending a National Conference on Foreign Policy,” April 21, 1964, Public Papers, 1964.
46. LBJ/DHK.
47. Ibid.
48. Quoted in Alfred Steinberg, op. cit., p. 725. See discussion of Panama incident in Philip Geyelin, LBJ and The World, New York, Praeger, 1966, pp. 100–112.
49. LBJ/DHK.
50. See Leslie Gelb, “The Vietnam System Worked,” Foreign Policy, November, 1971.
51. Transcript. See note 25.
52. Leslie Gelb, op. cit.
53. Hans Morgenthau, “The Difference Between the Politician and the Statesman,” in Politics in the Twentieth Century, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1971, p. 344.
54. LBJ/DHK.
55. Eric Goldman, op. cit., pp. 196–200.
56. LBJ/DHK.
57. Ibid.
58. Lyndon Johnson, The Vantage Point, p. 576.
59. Theodore White, The Making of the President 1964, New York, Atheneum, 1965, p. 263.
60. Quoted in Eric Goldman, op. cit., p. 199.
61. Lyndon Johnson, The Vantage Point, pp. 92–93.
62. Ibid., p. 95.
63. Ibid., pp. 96–97.
64. Lady Bird Johnson, A White House Diary, New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970; Dell, 1971, p. 210.
65. Lyndon Johnson, The Vantage Point, p. 98.
66. Ibid., p. 101.
67. James Reston column, New York Times, May 8, 1964.
68. Lyndon Johnson, speech remarks saved in the collection of campaign speeches in the LBJ Library.
69. LBJ/DHK.
70. Quoted in Eric Goldman, op. cit., p. 251.
71. Ibid., p. 250.
72. Lady Bird Johnson, op. cit., p. 223.
73. Elizabeth Carpenter, Ruffles and Flourishes, New York, Doubleday, 1970, p. 56.
74. Ibid., p. 57.
75. Eric Goldman, op. cit., p. 253.
76. LBJ/DHK.
Chapter 8 / THE GREAT SOCIETY
1. The speech referred to as the “Great Society speech” was delivered at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor on May 22, 1964.
2. Lyndon Johnson, “The President’s Inaugural Address,” January 20, 1965, Public Papers, 1965, I, p. 71.
3. LBJ/DHK.
4. Lyndon Johnson, “Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union,” January 4, 1965, Public Papers, 1965, p. 9.
5. Quoted in Eric Goldman, op. cit, p. 260.
6. Alexis de Toqueville, Democracy in America, New York, New American Library, 1956.
7. See Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience, New York, Random House, 1967.
8. Quoted from Bagehot by Sam Beer, in “The British Political System,” in Samuel Beer and Adam Ulam, Patterns of Government: The Major Political Systems of Europe, New York, Random House, 1962. For a general description of the President’s resources in the legislative area, see Louis Koenig, The Chief Executive, New York, Harcourt, Brace & World, revised edition, 1968, pp. 124–154.
9. LBJ/DHK.
10. DHK interview with Henry Hall Wilson, Chicago, January 20, 1972.
11. LBJ/DHK.
12. Ibid.
13. Lyndon Johnson, The Vantage Point, pp. 447–448.
14. Interview with Henry Hall Wilson.
15. LBJ/DHK.
16. Ibid.
17. Johnson’s attitude toward Congress is discussed in Eric Goldman, op. cit.
18. Lyndon Johnson, The Vantage Point, p. 162.
19. Ibid., p. 163.
20. Lyndon Johnson, “The American Promise,” March 15, 1965, Public Papers, 1965, p. 281.
21. Eric Goldman, op. cit., p. 322.
22. Lyndon Johnson, “The American Promise.”
23. LBJ/DHK.
24. See William White, The Professional, for a discussion of NYA days.
25. LBJ/DHK.
26. Ibid.
27. Lyndon Johnson, The Vantage Point, p. 448.
28. The system of reports is described by Harold Sanders, White House aide, in his analysis of “The White House-Congressional Relations Operation.” This analysis was in the material provided for work on the memoirs.
29. Sample work sheets are on file with the Sanders analysis mentioned above.
30. Interview with Henry Hall Wilson.
31. LBJ/DHK.
32. Quoted in Evans and Novak, op. cit.
33. Interview with Henry Hall Wilson.
34. This concept is discussed in Peter Blau, op. cit., pp. 90–95.
35. These rewards are described in an address by Larry O’Brien at the Phillips Lecture Series, Technical High School, Springfield, Massachusetts, October 5, 1966.
36. Transcript. See note 25, Chapter 7.
37. See discussion of Johnson’s college editorials in Chapter 2.
38. LBJ/DHK.
39. See James Thomson, “How Could Vietnam Happen? An Autopsy,” Atlantic Monthly, April, 1968.
40. Eric Goldman, op. cit., p. 275.
41. LBJ/DHK.
42. Ibid.
43. Richard E. Neustadt, “The Constraining of the President: The Presidency after Watergate,” New York Times Magazine, October 14, 1973.
44. For a discussion of the evolution of the Cabinet, see Richard Fenno, The President’s Cabinet: An Analysis in the Period from Wilson to Eisenhower, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1959.
45. See David Broder, op. cit.
46. See Walter Dean Burnham. Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics, New York, Norton, 1970.
47. LBJ/DHK.
48. See Louis Koenig, op. cit., for a discussion of Johnson’s relations with the press.
49. Told to me in an interview by Wilbur Cohen, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Chapter 9 / VIETNAM
1. Discussion with Averell Harriman, Kennedy Institute, Harvard, 1972.
2. LBJ/DHK.
3. Transcript. See note 25, Chapter 7.
4. See Robert Jervis, “Hypothesis on Misperception,” World Politics, April, 1968.
5. LBJ/DHK.
6. Ibid. Johnson often repeated this remark in slightly varied forms.
7. See James Thomson, “How Could Vietnam Happen? An Autopsy,” op. cit.
8. LBJ/DHK.
9. Memo to the President from McGeorge Bundy, January 25, 1965, as printed in Neil Sheehan et al., The Pentagon Papers; As Published by the New York Times; Based on Investigative Reporting by Neil Sheehan, New York, Bantam, 1971.
10. Lyndon Johnson, The Vantage Point, p. 123.
11. Ibid., p. 125.
12. Report from McGeorge Bundy to the President, February 7, 1965, as printed in The Pentagon Papers.
13. For a description of the dissenters, see David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest, New York, Random House, 1972, pp. 492–499.
14. This point is argued by Leslie Gelb, “Vietnam: Some Hypotheses about Why and How,” paper delivered at meeting of the American Political Science Association, September, 1970.
15. LBJ/DHK.
16. For a similar phenomenon during World War I, see Randolph Bourne, War and the Intellectuals: Essays 1915–1919, edited by Carl Resek, New York, Harper & Row, 1964, Chapter 1.
17. John Mueller, War, Presidents and Public Opinion, New York, Wiley, 1973, p. 115.
18. LBJ/DHK.
19. Louis Hartz, The Founding of New Societies, New York, Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964, p. 118.
20. This point is made by Frances FitzGerald, Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam, Boston, Little, Brown, 1972, p. 15.
21. Ibid., p. 17.
22. Quoted in Eric Goldman, op. cit., p. 404.
23. Lyndon Johnson, “Address at Johns Hopkins,” April 7, 1965, Public Papers, 1965.
24. Speech before AFL-CIO, March 22, 1966.
25. Air War Study Group, Cornell University, The Air War in Indochina, edited by Raphael Littauer and Norman Uphoff, Boston, Beacon Press, 1972, pp. 60–63.
26. Quoted by Frances FitzGerald from the declaration following the Honolulu Conference in 1966, Fire in the Lake, p. 233.
27. Frances FitzGerald, ibid.
28. Lyndon Johnson, “Address at Johns Hopkins,” op. cit.
29. Frances FitzGerald, op. cit., pp. 23, 9, 10. See also Stanley Hoffmann, Gulliver’s Troubles.
30. Robert Jervis, op. cit., p. 455.
31. LBJ/DHK.
32. Air War Study Group, op. cit., pp. 23–26, 153, 158.
33. Jonathan Schell, The Military Half: An Account of Destruction in Quang Ngai and Quongtin, New York, Knopf, 1968, p. 172.
34. Air War Study Group, op. cit., pp. 153–155.
35. Randolph Bourne, op. cit., Chapter 1.
36. David Halberstam, op. cit.
37. Frances FitzGerald, op. cit., p. 357.
38. This point was made by Professor Martin Shapiro, Harvard University, in an introductory course on American politics, 1973.
39. Frances FitzGerald, op. cit., p. 357.
40. David Halberstam, op. cit., p. 508.
41. See Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1967.
42. Louis Koenig, The Chief Executive, Chapters 9–10, pp. 209–264.
43. James Polk, “War with Mexico,” letter to Congress on invasion and commencement of hostilities, Doc. No. 196.
44. See Merlo Pusey, The Way We Go to War, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1969.
45. Quoted in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Imperial Presidency, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1973, p. 59.
46. See Francis Wilcox, Congress, the Executive and Foreign Policy, published for the Council on Foreign Relations, New York, Harper & Row, 1971, Chapter 4, pp. 68–95.
47. This point is made by Richard Fenno, “The Internal Distribution of Influence: The House,” in David Truman, ed., Congress and America’s Future, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1973, p. 61.
48. Arthur M. Schlesinger, The Imperial Presidency, p. 331.
49. Francis Wilcox, op. cit., p. 70.
50. Memo to the President from Robert McNamara, July 20, 1965, as reprinted in Lyndon Johnson, The Vantage Point, p. 145.
51. Ibid., p. 149.
52. This point was made to me by William Bundy in a seminar at the Lehrman Institute, New York, 1973.
53. LBJ/DHK.
Chapter 10 / THINGS GO WRONG
1. LBJ/DHK.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. The official name was the “Commission on Governmental Reorganization,” chaired by Ben Heineman.
6. Conversation with Professor Richard Neustadt, Harvard University.
7. Letter from Donald Stone to Richard Neustadt.
8. The implications of this point are developed by Herbert Kaufman in Administrative Feedback: Monitoring Subordinates’ Behavior, with Michael Couzens, Washington, Brookings Institution, 1973.
9. Johnson showed me a transcript of this conversation, which took place in 1964.
10. LBJ/DHK.
11. Ibid.
12. These figures are taken from the introduction to the special issue on “The Great Society” in The Public Interest, Winter, 1974, p. 9.
13. Interview with Charles Schultze, December, 1969.
14. LBJ/DHK.
15. For further discussion of this theme, see Lance Liebman, “Social Intervention in a Democracy,” The Public Interest, Winter, 1974, pp. 14–29.
16. LBJ/DHK.
17. The reference here is to the statements made by Senators Mansfield and Muskie in 1966 calling for congressional attention to the administrative problems of the Great Society.
18. For a discussion of the growing anger toward Johnson in the Congress, see Evans and Novak, op. cit.
19. This memo, as will be the case for most of the material on the tax struggle, was gathered in the LBJ files when I worked on a chapter for his memoirs called “Bite the Bullet” and should now be on file in the LBJ Library.
20. Ibid.
21. LBJ/DHK.
22. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, p. 35.
23. The analysis in this section is drawn from Richard Neustadt, Presidential Power, Chapter 5.
24. Conversation with Joseph Califano, July, 1971.
25. LBJ/DHK.
26. Ibid.
27. These figures were reported in a memo to LBJ from Hayes Redman in December, 1967.
Chapter 11 / UNDER SIEGE IN THE WHITE HOUSE
1. LBJ/DHK.
2. Hannah Arendt, “Lying in Politics,” in Crises of the Republic: Lying in Politics, Civil Disobedience, On Violence, Thoughts on Politics and Revolution, New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972, p. 34.
3. These figures are drawn from John Mueller, War, Presidents and Public Opinion, Table 2.2, p. 28, and Figure 2.1, p. 36.
4. Johnson showed me typed notes of this conversation, which were then filed in the LBJ Library under “Fulbright.”
5. LBJ/DHK.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid. Monologues like this one, which I heard in 1971, are said by Bill Moyers and Richard Goodwin to have taken place as early as 1965 and to have continued with increasing frequency as the years went by.
9. These concepts are more fully developed in Albert Hirschman, Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1970.
10. Richard Neustadt, Presidential Power, Chapter 3, pp. 33–57.
11. Alexander George, “The Case for Multiple Advocacy in Making Foreign Policy,” American Political Science Review, September, 1972, Vol. 66, pp. 751–785.
12. For a discussion of the importance of action channels, see Graham Allison, Essence of Decision: The Cuban Missile Crisis, Boston, Little, Brown, 1971, pp. 148–149.
13. The concepts of voice and exit are borrowed from Albert Hirschman, op. cit.
14. For a fuller discussion of why the dissenters remained, see Albert Hirschman, op. cit.; James Thomson, “How Could Vietnam Happen?,” Atlantic Monthly, pp. 47–53; and James Thomson, “Getting Out and Speaking Out,” Foreign Policy, Winter, 1973–74, pp. 49–69.
15. LBJ/DHK.
16. For a description of the increasing isolation in the White House, see David Halberstam in The Best and the Brightest, p. 637.
17. LBJ/DHK.
18. These weaknesses are discussed in Henry Graff, The Tuesday Cabinet: Deliberation and Decision on Peace and War under Lyndon B. Johnson, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1970.
19. See Halberstam on Dean Rusk in David Halberstam, op. cit., pp. 308–346.
20. Ibid., p. 459.
21. Francis Bator, Professor of Economics at Harvard, has described this process in other contexts as well.
22. For a description of the vacuum phenomenon in totalitarian societies, see Carl Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1965.
23. Memo to the President, October 15, 1967.
24. Memo to the President, July 19, 1967.
25. Chester Cooper, The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam, New York, Dodd, Mead, 1970.
26. This phenomenon is described in psychoanalytic literature. See Karen Horney, The Neurotic Personality of Our Time.
27. George Reedy, The Twilight of the Presidency, New York, World, 1970, p. 18.
28. Ibid.
29. CR, March 2, 1967, p. H2066.
30. This is described by Ira Zaleznik, “Structure and Influence in the U.S. Congress: Voting Patterns on the Vietnam Conflict,” Senior Thesis at Harvard University, March, 1974.
31. Francis Wilcox, op. cit.
32. Ira Zaleznik, op. cit.
33. LBJ/DHK.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Erik Erikson, Identity: Youth in Crisis, New York, Norton, 1968.
37. For an excellent discussion of the youth culture, see Philip Slater, The Pursuit of Loneliness: American Culture at the Breaking Point, Boston, Beacon Press, 1970.
38. LBJ/DHK.
39. This analysis of public opinion is drawn from Milton Rosenberg, Sidney Verba, and Philip Converse, Vietnam and the Silent Majority: The Dove’s Guide, New York, Harper & Row, 1970, pp. 42–48.
Chapter 12 / THE WITHDRAWAL
1. Halberstam, op. cit., p. 647.
2. This is reported in Townsend Hoopes, The Limits of Intervention: An Inside Account of How the Johnson Policy of Escalation Was Reversed, New York, McKay, 1969, pp. 208–209.
3. These figures are taken from the “Gallup Opinion Index,” December, 1968.
4. Philip Converse and Warren Miller, “Continuity and Change in American Politics: Parties and Issues in the 1968 Election,” American Political Science Review, December, 1969.
5. Taken from the total population figures, 1968, published by the Survey Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
6. Fred Greenstein, “What the President Means to Americans: Presidential Choice Between Elections,” in James D. Barber, ed., Choosing the President, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1974, p. 146.
7. Told to me by Richard Goodwin.
8. Philip Converse and Warren Miller, op. cit.
9. Rowe’s comment was reported later in the New York Times, April 15, 1968.
10. Excerpts from both speeches are found in Townsend Hoopes, op. cit., pp. 205–206.
11. See Harry McPherson, A Political Education, Boston, Little, Brown, 1972, pp. 430–431.
12. LBJ/DHK.
13. These observations were gathered from interviews with members of the White House staff.
14. LBJ/DHK.
15. Lyndon Johnson, The Vantage Point, pp. 427–431.
16. LBJ/DHK.
17. Ibid.
18. Johnson discusses his reasoning in The Vantage Point, pp. 426, 427.
19. Quoted in Harry McPherson, op. cit., pp. 433–435.
20. Paper prepared for me by research assistant Tom Karas.
21. Lyndon Johnson, The Vantage Point, pp. 451–452.
22. Speech on TV, March 31, 1968.
23. LBJ/DHK.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
EPILOGUE
1. Lyndon Johnson, The Vantage Point, p. 566.
2. LBJ/DHK. All the quotations from Johnson that follow are from this same source.