REFERENCES

Introduction

1.  Speech at retirement function, JACP, P190/350.

2.  O’Higgins speech, ibid.

3.  Keogh, Dermot, Jack Lynch, p. 474.

4.  “Seven Days”.

5.  News Review, 14 April 1949, in JACP, P190/547.

6.  JAC to Declan Costello, 29 February 1948, in possession of Declan Costello.

7.  Ibid.

8.  IT, 6 January 1976.

9.  Interview with Mick Kilkenny.

10.  Correspondence with Isabelle Sutton.

11.  Parker to Costello, 17 March 1948, JACP, P190/376. Little Audrey was a fictional heroine of American jokes in the 1930s who found humour in unlikely situations.

12.  IT, 6 January 1976.

13.  See, for example, papers relating to his involvement in the Royal United Kingdom Beneficent Association, JACP, P190/348.

14.  Lemass interview, IP, 29 January 1969.

15.  Interview with Ronan Keane.

16.  Lynch, Patrick, “Pages from a Memoir”, in Lynch and Meenan (eds), Essays in Memory of Alexis FitzGerald, p. 40.

17.  Interview with Declan Costello.

18.  Undated memorandum from Alexis FitzGerald, JACP, P190/390.

19.  Undated memorandum from Alexis FitzGerald, JACP, P190/390.

20.  Interview with Declan Costello.

21.  Fr J.J. Mathews to Costello, 26 February 1948, JACP, P190/372.

22.  Interview with Declan Costello.

23.  Address to University of Dublin Philosophical Society, 28 October 1948, JACP, P190/447.

24.  Interview with Patrick Lynch, 1996.

25.  Interview with Declan Costello.

26.  News Review, 14 April 1949, JACP, P190/547.

27.  DÉD, 16 June 1936, Vol. 62, Cols. 2436/7.

28.  Interview with Jacqueline Armstrong.

29.  “Seven Days”.

30.  Irish Golf, March 1948 JACP, P190/360. The fact that the then Taoiseach kept the magazine suggests it was of more than passing interest to him.

31.  Interview with Declan Costello.

32.  Irish Golf, March 1948.

33.  Interview with Declan Costello.

34.  Interview with Declan Costello.

35.  News Review, 14 April 1949.

36.  DÉD, 3 July 1935, Vol. 57, Cols 1635/6.

37.  Interview with Muiris Mac Conghail.

38.  21 July 1948, Jowitt to Costello, NAI, Taoiseach’s Private Office, 97/9/862.

39.  Interview with Tom Finlay.

40.  News Review, 14 April 1949, JACP, P190/547.

41.  Interview with Richie Ryan.

42.  Profile of Costello by Noel Hartnett, in Development, November 1959, JACP, P190/969.

43.  Kingsmill Moore to Costello, 18 February 1948, JACP, P190/372.

44.  The O’Mahony to Costello, 31 May 1948, JACP, P190/397.

Chapter 1 The value of practice

1.  “The Old Order Changeth, Yielding Place to New” by John A. Costello, NS, July 1911.

2.  NS, March 1912.

3.  Interview with Ronan Keane.

4.  He shared this lower middle class background with W.T. Cosgrave. Eunan O’Halpin has written, “It would be as unwise to ignore Cosgrave’s modest background as to harp on it.” Entry on Cosgrave in McGuire, James, and James Quinn, Dictionary of Irish Biography.

5.  Birth Certificate, JACP, P190/959.

6.  Information from Fran Leahy, Human Resources Manager, Property Registration Authority (the successor to the Registry of Deeds).

7.  1911 Census.

8.  8 March 1948, reply to Lord Rugby query, NAI, Taoiseach’s Private Office, 97/9/823.

9.  31 January 1949, Brother Michael Garvey to Costello, NAI, Taoiseach’s Private Office, 97/9/937.

10.  Correspondence with John Costello.

11.  Descriptions from Guy’s Directory 1893 and Irish Tourist Association Survey, 1942/3, both accessed through the Clare Library website, http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/genealogy/genealog.htm.

12.  Interview with Declan Costello. This slight connection was enough for Declan to be invited to write the foreword to a book marking the school’s centenary.

13.  Information from Fran Leahy.

14.  Thom’s Directory, 1898.

15.  Information from Fran Leahy.

16.  Thom’s, 1913.

17.  Thom’s, 1927.

18.  Interview with Declan Costello.

19.  IT, 22 October 1936.

20.  FJ, 6 June 1908.

21.  FJ, 13 March 1909.

22.  II, 13 October 1905.

23.  FJ, 20 May 1914.

24.  See Commander A.J. O’Brien-Twohig to JAC, 26 February 1948, JACP, P190/375.

25.  Frederick Scales to Costello, 25 February 1948, JACP, P190/379.

26.  See, for instance, JAC speech to the Irish Conference of Professional and Service Associations, 8 November 1958, JACP, P190/946. “… as the son of a civil servant … I have … endeavoured to do what was possible to advance their interest …”

27.  Interview with Declan Costello.

28.  Garvin, Tom, Judging Lemass, p. 41.

29.  “Seven Days”.

30.  Interview with Jacqueline Armstrong.

31.  Original purchase of house recorded in Registry of Deeds, 1890/60/210; memorial of indenture of assignment 1891/22/262.

32.  Will of Bridget Callaghan, JACP, P190/958. Bridget appears to have been well off—she also had an interest in a house in Grosvenor Road, which was left to another sister and niece, as well as her own house in the upmarket Wellington Road, which she left to her nephew John A. Costello—provided he paid for her funeral, and spent £50 on having Masses said for her parents and siblings. He was also to receive any residue of her property. His father and brother, John senior and Tom, who were named as trustees, were not to receive anything.

33.  School history from St Joseph’s, Fairview, website, http://www.stjosephscbs.ie/.

34.  See John Ryan to Costello, 20 February 1948, JACP, P190/378.

35.  Interview with Declan Costello.

36.  Brother J.A. Kean to Costello, 21 February 1948; JACP, P190/370.

37.  O’Connell School Centenary Record, Dublin, June 1928, p. 11.

38.  Ibid., p. 20.

39.  Ibid., p. 21.

40.  Patrick Judge, “The O’Connell School Museum”, in Patrick Judge (ed.), O’Connell School: 150 Years, p. 72.

41.  Frank O’Beirne to Costello, 20 February 1948, JACP, P190/375.

42.  Judge (ed.).

43.  Patrick J. Stephenson, “School and Environs: A Galaxy of Famous Names”, in Judge (ed.), p. 121.

44.  O’Connell School Centenary Record, p. 25.

45.  Results of annual examinations 1907, published by O’Connell Schools (Christian Brothers), North Richmond Street, Dublin. Information from Darragh O’Donoghue, archivist, Allen Library, Dublin.

46.  O’Connell Schools and Mary’s Place Register, 1904–1918. Hours at Science were recorded for each student as they affected the size of the grant received by the school. Information from Darragh O’Donoghue.

47.  Results of annual examinations 1908. Information from Darragh O’Donoghue.

48.  Interview with Declan Costello.

49.  Tom Fahy to Costello, 19 February 1948, JACP, P190/390.

50.  See E. O’Mahoney to Costello, 26 November 1971, and undated reply, JACP, P190/918.

51.  “Seven Days”.

52.  NS, November 1910.

53.  Meenan, James (ed.), Centenary History of the L&H, p. 93.

54.  Ibid., p. 108.

55.  Ibid., p. 112.

56.  Cox diary, Irish Jesuit Archives, Arthur Cox Papers, N3/5.

57.  FJ, 30 July 1909.

58.  FJ, 27 June 1910.

59.  II, 11 January 1926.

60.  II, 23 May 1955—Costello referred to first being in Salthill more than 50 years before on his way to Aran.

61.  DÉD, 4 April 1935, Vol. 55, Col. 1980.

62.  L&H Minute Book, general meeting, 9 March 1912, in UCDA, Soc 2/3.

63.  Meenan, James, George O’Brien: A biographical memoir, p. 30.

64.  Quoted in ibid., p. 29.

65.  Ibid., p. 29.

66.  “JAC Remembers”, IT, 4 September 1967.

67.  F.J. Wade to Costello, 19 February 1948, JACP, P190/381. Unfortunately this letter doesn’t clarify what type of football was involved, whether soccer, Gaelic or rugby.

68.  Frank Whelan to Costello, 24 February 1948, JACP, P190/381.

69.  Mrs Deena Wallis to Costello, 21 February 1948, JACP, P190/381.

70.  Interview with Declan Costello; correspondence with Georgina Sutton.

71.  Information from John Costello.

72.  De Vere White, Kevin O’Higgins, p. 9.

73.  “The Old Order Changeth, Yielding Place to New” by John A. Costello, NS, July 1911.

74.  McCague, Eugene, Arthur Cox, p. 28.

75.  JAC memorandum on Tom Bodkin, for use by “This Is Your Life”, 29 January 1960, JACP, P190/813.

76.  George O’Brien in Meenan (ed.), p. 110.

77.  JAC memorandum on Tom Bodkin, 29 January 1960, JACP, P190/813.

78.  “Seven Days”.

79.  NS, May 1913.

80.  Cahir Davitt in Meenan (ed.), p. 115.

81.  L&H notes, NS, November 1910.

82.  Cox in Meenan (ed.), p. 104.

83.  Michael McGilligan in Meenan (ed.), p. 98.

84.  NS, December 1911.

85.  Bodkin in Meenan (ed.), p. 88.

86.  JAC memorandum on Bodkin, 29 January 1960, JACP, P190/83.

87.  L&H minute book, 18 February 1911, in UCDA, Soc 2/3.

88.  L&H minute book, 25 February 1911.

89.  NS, April 1911.

90.  L&H minute book, 6 May 1911.

91.  NS, April 1911. Those were the days when three children were regarded as a “small family”.

92.  NS, December 1911.

93.  Michael McGilligan in Meenan (ed.), p. 100.

94.  L&H minute book, undated but 2 December 1911, in UCDA, Soc 2/3.

95.  L&H minute book, 2 June 1911.

96.  L&H minute book, 2 March 1912 and 16 March 1912.

97.  For instance, L&H minute book, 9 March 1912, JAC opposed the motion “That the Young Ireland movement was not politically effective”, getting the second highest mark of 6.6, while Cox got just 6.44.

98.  NS, March 1912.

99.  L&H minute book, 4 May 1912.

100.  NS, June 1912.

101.  McCague, p. 7.

102.  Arthur Cox in Meenan (ed.), p. 107.

103.  “JAC remembers”, IT, 4 September 1967.

104.  Charles Lysaght in Callanan, Frank (ed.), The L&H, p. 58.

105.  NS, June 1912.

106.  Cox in Meenan (ed.), p. 106.

107.  Ibid.

108.  NS, June 1912.

109.  Davitt in Meenan (ed.), p. 116.

110.  Quoted in Meenan, 1980, p. 35.

111.  George O’Brien in Meenan (ed.), p. 111.

112.  L&H minute book, 25 May 1912.

113.  Arthur Cox diary, 4 May 1913.

114.  NS, February 1913.

115.  L&H minute book, general meeting, 8 February 1913.

116.  L&H minute book, general meeting, 1 March 1913.

117.  L&H minute book, EGM for Inter-debate, 6 February 1913.

118.  FJ, 7 February 1913.

119.  Cox Diary, 1 March 1913.

120.  Cox Diary, 4 March 1913.

121.  Cahir Davitt in Meenan (ed.), p. 119.

122.  Michael Tierney in Meenan (ed.), p. xxvi.

123.  Cox Diary, 17 May 1913.

124.  EH, 27 January 1951.

125.  Callanan in Callanan (ed.), pp 3 and 8.

126.  Eamon Delaney in Callanan (ed.), p. 253.

127.  Callanan in Callanan (ed.), p. 8.

128.  ILT&SJ, 20 May 1922.

129.  NAI, S 3874 A.

130.  Cox in Meenan (ed.), p. 106.

131.  “Seven Days”.

132.  8 December 1969, speech to Presentation evening at Jury’s to mark his retirement, JACP, P190/350.

133.  DÉD, 26 November 1958, Vol. 171, Cols. 1008/9.

134.  NS, December 1913.

135.  McCague, p. 17.

136.  Cox Diary, 1 May 1913.

137.  Cox Diary, 6 May 1913.

138.  Cox Diary, 20 May 1913.

139.  Cox Diary, 22 May 1913.

140.  Cox Diary, 3 June 1913.

141.  Cox Diary, 23 June 1913.

142.  Cox Diary, 30 June 1913.

143.  Cox Diary, 19 July 1913.

144.  McCague, p. 17.

145.  FJ, 31 October 1914.

146.  Hogan, Daire, The Honourable Society of King’s Inns, p. 7.

147.  Ibid., p. 20.

148.  Mackey, Rex, Windward of the Law, p. 23.

149.  O’Higgins, T.F., A Double Life, p. 58.

150.  Mackey, pp 23/4.

151.  Mackey, pp 22/3.

152.  ILT&SJ, 6 June 1914.

153.  ILT&SJ, 31 October 1914.

154.  ILT&SJ, 25 October 1913.

155.  Studies, December 1913, p. 439.

156.  13 December 1913, Cox diary.

157.  ILT&SJ, 7 November 1914.

158.  Mackey, p. 25.

159.  O’Higgins, p. 70.

160.  IT, 2 November 1974.

161.  Mackey, p. 25.

Chapter 2 An arduous road

1.  Costello memorandum on Bodkin, 29 January 1960, JACP, P190/813.

2.  Burke to Costello, 14 July 1949, JACP, P190/386.

3.  Interview with Declan Costello.

4.  “Seven Days”.

5.  “Seven Days”.

6.  IT, 10 March 1937—Kennedy was clearly something of an enthusiast for snuff, leaving other snuff boxes to W.T. Cosgrave and to solicitor John Burke.

7.  O’Higgins, T.F., A Double Life, p. 74.

8.  Interview with Ronan Keane.

9.  Quoted in Kissane, Bill, Explaining Irish Democracy, p. 61.

10.  Quoted in Callanan, Frank, T.M. Healy, p. 442.

11.  Hogan, Daire, The Legal Profession in Ireland, 1789–1922, p. 5.

12.  Ferguson, Kenneth (ed.), King’s Inns Barristers, p. 70.

13.  Healy, Maurice, The Old Munster Circuit, p. 43.

14.  Quoted in Ferguson (ed.), p. 61.

15.  Quoted in Meenan, George O’Brien, p. 44.

16.  Mackey, p. 21.

17.  Lindsay, Patrick, Memories, p. 97.

18.  Ferguson (ed.), p. 77.

19.  ILT&SJ, 26 February 1916.

20.  Ibid.

21.  IT, 12 March 1945.

22.  London Gazette, 10 December 1915.

23.  London Gazette, 23 June 1916.

24.  Medal Card, TNA, 35895/23202.

25.  II, 8 January 1918.

26.  IT, 12 March 1945.

27.  Ibid.

28.  Website of Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council, http://www.blackburn.gov.uk

29.  IT, 12 March 1945.

30.  28 October 1948, speech to Trinity College Philosophic Society, JACP, P190/447.

31.  ILT&SJ, 14 November 1914.

32.  Hogan, p. 144.

33.  ILT&SJ, 28 June 1919.

34.  Note on Bodkin’s life, in Bodkin Papers, TCD, MSS 7003/295.

35.  Healy, Maurice, pp 175 and 179.

36.  Ibid., pp 65 and 89.

37.  “Seven Days”.

38.  DÉD, 27 November 1935, Vol. 59, Cols. 1456 and 1467.

39.  JACP, P190/3, contains the original brief for the case.

40.  Burke to Costello, 14 July 1949, JACP, P190/386.

41.  Burke to Costello, 8 May 1949, JACP, P190/386. Declan Costello recalls Burke as being slightly eccentric, although he did do his father another favour, persuading him to invest in Hicks furniture for Herbert Park. Interview with Declan Costello.

42.  Interview with Tom Finlay.

43.  8 December 1969, Tom Finlay speech at retirement dinner, JACP, P190/350.

44.  De Valera, Terry, A Memoir, p. 205.

45.  Interview with Tom Finlay.

46.  “Seven Days”.

47.  Ibid.

48.  ILT&SJ, 29 April 1916.

49.  Typed extract from II, 23 July 1956, of Taoiseach’s speech to military parade at Youghal, JACP, P190/660.

50.  ILT&SJ, 15 July 1916.

51.  Interview with Ronan Keane.

52.  ILTR, 1916, pp 177/8.

53.  Ferguson (ed.), p. 422.

54.  ILT&SJ, 26 April 1919.

55.  ILT&SJ, 4 February 1928.

56.  ILT&SJ, 17 April 1920.

57.  Hogan, The Legal Profession in Ireland, pp 149/50.

58.  IT, 15 November 1966.

59.  Quoted in Kotsonouris, Mary, Retreat from Revolution: the Dáil Courts, 1920–24, p. 23.

60.  IT, 21 November 1966.

61.  Quoted in Ferguson (ed.), p. 90.

62.  Ferguson (ed.), pp 90/1.

63.  Kotsonouris, p. 32.

64.  IT, 2 November 1974: “The life and thoughts of a perfectly happy man; Saturday Interview: Henry Kelly talks to JAC”.

65.  ILT&SJ, 26 June 1920.

66.  ILT&SJ, 6 November 1920.

67.  ILT&SJ, 6 March 1920.

68.  ILT&SJ, 20 November 1920.

69.  ILT&SJ, 10 July 1920.

70.  ILT&SJ, 17 July 1920.

71.  ILT&SJ, 24 July 1920.

72.  ILT&SJ, 25 September 1920.

73.  Figures given by Sir Hamar Greenwood in the House of Commons; quoted in ILT&SJ, 21 August 1920.

74.  ILT&SJ, 21 August 1920.

75.  IT, 1, 8 and 27 November 1919.

76.  18 November 19, T.M. Healy to his brother Maurice, UCDA, P6/E/2: “I am going to London Saturday night for a court martial upon Father O’Donnell on Monday before the Australians. Lynch and a junior are also coming.” Costello does not appear to have been mentioned again.

77.  IT, 27 November 1919.

78.  ILTR, 1920, p. 67, Riordan v. County Council of Clare, Ennis, 3 March 1920, before O’Connor LJ.

79.  Laffan, Michael, The Resurrection of Ireland, p. 330.

80.  Ibid., p. 269.

81.  ILT&SJ, 10 July 1920.

82.  ILT&SJ, 2 October 1920.

83.  Note on Bodkin’s life, in Bodkin Papers, TCD, MSS 7003/295.

84.  Healy, p. 180.

85.  18 June 1955, Thomas Bodkin to Costello, JACP, P190/813.

86.  Hopkinson, Michael (ed.), The Last days of Dublin Castle: The Mark Sturgis Diaries, entry for 29 September 1920, p. 48.

87.  Ibid., entry for 12 August 1920, p. 89.

88.  Ibid., entry for 17 January 1921, pp 111/2.

89.  Macready, Annals of an Active Life, pp 586/7.

90.  Sturgis Diary, p. 165.

91.  Sturgis Diary, 27 August 1921, p. 165.

92.  Macready, pp 586/7.

93.  Affidavit of John B. Lynch, solicitor, 2 July 1921, JACP, P190/10. See also Foxton, David, Revolutionary lawyers, p. 288.

94.  “Seven Days”.

95.  Judgment in Egan case, 26 July 1921, JACP, P190/6.

96.  Hopkinson, p. 186.

97.  JACP, P190/10, copy of Writ of Summons, 14 June 1921.

98.  “Seven Days”.

99.  Healy, pp 149/50.

100.  Hopkinson, p. 111.

101.  Copy statement in JACP, P190/5.

102.  O’Neill, Tom, The Battle of Clonmult: The IRA’ s Worst Defeat, p. 13.

103.  Ibid., p. 29.

104.  Ibid., p. 34.

105.  Ibid., p. 38.

106.  Macready affadvit, 11 July 1921, in JACP, P190/6.

107.  See JACP, P190/6.

108.  See JACP, P190/9.

109.  See for instance Macready affidavit in Egan case, 27 June 1921, JACP, P190/7.

110.  Copy of judgment, JACP, P190/6.

111.  Macready, pp 588/9.

112.  Undated Daily Sketch cutting, UCDA, P4/160.

113.  “Seven Days”.

114.  II, 2 August 1921.

115.  Macready, pp 590.

116.  Ibid., pp 590–94.

117.  Ibid.

118.  II, 2 August 1921.

119.  Macready, pp 590–94.

120.  Kennedy note of appeal, 11 November 1921, UCDA, P4/147.

121.  Hogan, Daire, The Honourable Society of King’s Inns, p. 22.

122.  See Ó Longaigh, Seosamh, Emergency Law in Independent Ireland, 1922–48, pp 25/6, and ILT&SJ, 25 November 1922.

123.  Egan to Kennedy, 26 May 1924, UCDA, P4/147.

124.  See correspondence in JACP, P190/389.

125.  FG Digest, February 1956, JACP, P190/737.

126.  Ave Maria, 4 January 1950.

127.  Michael Hayes to Tom O’Higgins, 24 November 1959, UCDA, P53,270.

128.  JACP, P190/6.

129.  Costello to Secretary, D/F, 17 February 1927, in NAI, AG 18/27. The total fees for the three barristers were: Lynch £97.13.0; Kennedy £72.9.0; Costello £43.1.0. This did not include the fees for the appeal taken by the British.

130.  FG Digest, Feburary 1956, JACP, P190/737.

131.  “Seven Days”.

132.  ILT&SJ, 22 April 1922.

133.  ILT&SJ, 1 and 8 July 1922.

134.  ILT&SJ, 21 October 1922.

135.  ILT&SJ, 20 January 1923.

136.  Ferguson (ed.), p. 52.

137.  Ibid., p. 104.

138.  Ibid., p. 422.

139.  Cronin, Patrick, Boss Croker, p. 4.

140.  Ibid., p. 10.

141.  TIME magazine, 22 August 1955.

142.  Cronin, p. 10.

143.  IT, 1 June 1923.

144.  Tulsa World, 16 April 1933, available online at the Tulsa American Indian Resource Centre website, www.tulsalibrary.org/airc/

145.  IT, 1 June 1923.

146.  Cronin, p. 13.

147.  Ibid., p. 14.

148.  IT, 1 June 1923.

149.  De Valera, Terry, A Memoir, p. 167.

150.  Kennedy to O’Hanlon, 28 May 1923, UCDA, P4/134.

151.  O’Hanlon to Kennedy, 24 May 1923, UCDA, P4/134.

152.  O’Hanlon to Kennedy, 20 June 1923, UCDA, P4/134.

153.  Kennedy to Henry O’Hanlon, 28 May 1923, UCDA, P4/134.

154.  O’Hanlon to Kennedy, 20 June 1923, UCDA, P4/134.

155.  Kotsonouris, p. 110.

156.  IT, 2 June 1923.

157.  IT, 2 June 1923.

158.  ILT&SJ, 9 June 1923.

159.  IT, 5 June 1923.

160.  IT, 7 June 1923.

161.  IT, 9 June 1923.

162.  IT, 12 June 1923.

163.  IT, 15 June 1923.

164.  IT, 16 June 1923.

165.  IT, 20 June 1923.

166.  IT, 23 June 1923.

167.  IT, 3 July 1923.

168.  12 November 1929, Diarmuid O’Hegarty to W.T. Cosgrave, NAI, S 5340/13.

169.  TIME magazine, 19 August 1929—the magazine may not have been as accurate as could be wished—it referred to Mr and Mrs Croker living in “Iceland”!

170.  Palm Beach Daily News website, photo caption by Augustus Mayhew.

171.  ILTR, 1923, p. 21.

172.  ILTR, 1923, p. 57.

173.  Kotsonouris, p. 85.

174.  Interview with Declan Costello.

175.  Sheehy Skeffington, p. 248.

176.  28 February 1950, Costello to John Richardson, NAI, Taoiseach’s Private Office, 97/9/1065.

177.  Interview with Jacqueline Armstrong.

178.  News Review, 14 April 1949.

179.  Undated cutting from Tuam Herald, c. 1926, JACP, P190/48.

180.  IT, 6 July 1929.

181.  Interview with Declan Costello.

182.  Interview with Declan Costello.

183.  Interview with Declan Costello.

184.  Thom’s Directories, 1920 to 1924.

185.  Wilfrid Costello doesn’t appear to have suffered from a specific condition. Family members simply refer to him having a mental disability.

186.  20 February 1952, Very Rev. Dom Bernard O’Dea to Costello, JACP, P190/616.

187.  Interview with Declan Costello.

188.  “One to One: Declan Costello”.

189.  Ferguson (ed.).

190.  Ronan Fanning, “Alexis FitzGerald” in Lynch and Meenan (eds), p 12.

191.  News Review, 14 April 1949, interview with Costello, JACP, P190/547.

192.  News Review, 14 April 1949.

193.  Ibid.

194.  Interview with Declan Costello.

195.  Thom’s Directory, 1924.

Chapter 3 He has done wonderful work

1.  8 December 1969, Costello speech at retirement presentation, JACP, P190/350.

2.  11 December 1969, Hugh Kennedy diary entry, UCDA, P4/41.

3.  Letter to the author from Liam Cosgrave. Mr Cosgrave said he could say the same for Declan Costello, who “was always right and his opinion quickly given”.

4.  18 May 1922, Kennedy to O’Higgins, NAI, S 1114 A.

5.  “Seven Days”.

6.  Costello speech at retirement presentation, JACP, P190/350.

7.  “Seven Days”.

8.  Regan, John M., The Irish Counter-Revolution, p. 252.

9.  “Seven Days”.

10.  Thom’s Directory, 1923.

11.  18 May 1922, Kennedy to O’Higgins, NAI, S 1114 A.

12.  Costello speech at retirement presentation, JACP, P190/350.

13.  UCDA, P4/624, P4/626, P4/629, P4/630 and P4/631.

14.  27 October 1922, Kennedy to Costello, P4/625.

15.  Costello opinion, in P4/625.

16.  14 November 1923, Secretary, Department of Home Affairs, to members of the Executive Council, NAI, S 3400.

17.  Ó Longaigh, Seosamh, Emergency Law, p. 58.

18.  9 November 1923, Kennedy to O’Higgins, NAI, S 3400.

19.  16 November 1923, Executive Council minutes, NAI, S 3400.

20.  Costello memorandum in UCDA, P24/190.

21.  18 December 1923, Kennedy to O’Friel, NAI, S 3400.

22.  23 October 1924, O’Higgins to each Minister, NAI, S 3400.

23.  Ó Longaigh, p. 59.

24.  IT, 11 August 1923.

25.  Garvin, Tom, Judging Lemass, p. 39.

26.  IT, 16 October 1923.

27.  30 April 1924, Cosgrave to Kennedy, UCDA, P4/588.

28.  1 May 1924, Kennedy to Cosgrave, UCDA, P4/588.

29.  7 June 1924, warrant of appointment, NAI, S 9330.

30.  7 June 1924, O’Byrne to Cosgrave, NAI, S 3874 A.

31.  Ferguson, Kenneth (ed.), King’s Inns Barristers, 1868–2004, p. 407.

32.  5 July 1924, Executive Council minutes, NAI, S 3874 A.

33.  14 May 1970, Costello to Brian Lennon S.J., JACP, P190/921.

34.  29 April 1925, Costello to Secretary of the Executive Council, NAI, S 3874 A.

35.  30 April 1925, Kennedy to Secretary of the Executive Council, NAI S 3874 A.

36.  NAI, S 3874 A.

37.  IT, 7 May 1925.

38.  8 January 1926, extract from Executive Council minutes; 9 January 1926, McDunphy to Hugh Kennedy; 12 January 1926, A. McHugh, private secretary to Chief Justice to O’Hegarty.NAI S 9330.

39.  IT, 11 January 1926.

40.  IT, 19 January 1926.

41.  J.P. Casey, The Office of the Attorney General in Ireland, pp 174/5.

42.  Costello speech at retirement presentation, JACP, P190/350.

43.  22 March 1932, Minister for Finance memorandum, NAI S 9332.

44.  See details of burial plots, JACP, P190/957.

45.  IT, 23 January 1926.

46.  18 May 1922, Kennedy to O’Higgins, NAI, S 1114 A.

47.  DÉD, 6 December 1923, Vol 5, cols 1551–1568.

48.  22 December 1930, Cosgrave to Costello, NAI, S 1114 A.

49.  30 December 1930, Costello to Cosgrave, NAI, S 1114 A.

50.  Casey, p. 178.

51.  1 January 1931, Cosgrave note, NAI, S 1114 A.

52.  1 February 1932 unsigned memorandum, NAI S 1114 A; see also Casey, pp 55/6.

53.  5 July 1937, Costello to Hogan, JACP, P190/334.

54.  22 March 1932, Minister for Finance memorandum, NAI S 9332.

55.  10 March 1932, Executive Council minutes, NAI S 9332.

56.  22 December 1936, Government decision, NAI S 1114 A; 18 February 1948, notes for Taoiseach’s discussion with the new Attorney General, NAI, S 14169.

57.  20 February 1948, note by Maurice Moynihan, NAI, S 14169.

58.  8 March 1948, note by Maurice Moynihan, NAI S 14169.

59.  1 March 1948, note by Nicholas Nolan, NAI, S 14169.

60.  5 July 1937, Costello to Hogan, JACP, P190/334.

61.  6 January 1950, Moynihan note of discussion with the Taoiseach, NAI S 14169.

62.  Casey, footnote, p. 216.

63.  Regan, p. 153.

64.  “Seven Days”.

65.  De Vere White, Terence, Kevin O’Higgins, p. 178.

66.  IT, 2 November 1974.

67.  Casey, p. 45.

68.  IT, 2 November 1974.

69.  “Seven Days”.

70.  Casey, p. 45.

71.  Casey, p. 50.

72.  British Cabinet Conclusions, 29 May 1922, quoted in Sexton, Brendan, Ireland and the Crown, 1922–36, note 44, p. 196.

73.  1 June 1922, Lloyd George to Arthur Griffith, NAI, S 4285 A.

74.  2 June 1922, Griffith to Lloyd George, NAI, S 4285 A.

75.  11 June 1922, extract from letter from Hugh Kennedy, NAI, S 4285 A.

76.  22 September 1922, O’Higgins to Johnson, NAI S 4285 A.

77.  26 July 1923, The Times.

78.  ILT&SJ, 4 March 1922.

79.  ILT&SJ, 3 March 1923.

80.  25 July 1923, notes of Privy Council sitting, NAI, S 4285 A.

81.  30 July 1923, Kennedy to Cosgrave, NAI, S 4285 A.

82.  7 December 1925, report of Privy Council hearing, NAI, AG 214/25.

83.  20 November 1930, McDunphy to Cosgrave, NAI, S 4285 A.

84.  Bewley, Charles, Memoirs of a Wild Goose, p. 97.

85.  No. 11/1926, Land Act, 1926.

86.  11 February 1926, Attorney General to Minister for Justice, NAI, AG 214/25.

87.  Quoted in Harkness, David, The Restless Dominion, p. 114.

88.  16 April 1926, AG to Secretary, Department of External Affairs, NAI, AG 214/25.

89.  20 November 1930, McDunphy to Cosgrave, NAI, S 4285 A.

90.  31 October 1927, Minister for Finance note for Government, UCDA, P80/963.

91.  Maguire, Martin, The Civil Service and the revolution in Ireland, p. 193. There is an excellent, detailed account of the Wigg and Cochrane case in Maguire, pp 184 to 193.

92.  17 June 1927, Walshe to O’Hegarty, NAI, S 5090.

93.  8 January 1931, O’Hegarty to Costello, NAI, AG 214/25.

94.  4 March 1931, Costello to O’Hegarty, enclosing alternative drafts, in UCDA, P24/96.

95.  10 March 1931, McDunphy to Costello, and 20 April 1931, McDunphy memo, NAI, S 6164.

96.  20 October 1931, Cabinet minutes, and 29 December 1931 McDunphy memo, NAI, S 6164.

97.  “Seven Days”.

98.  For one of many examples, see “Seven Days”.

99.  6 January 1976, 1330 News, RTÉ Radio.

100.  MacBride, Seán, That Day’s Struggle, p. 117.

101.  Ó Longaigh, p. 74.

102.  NAI, S 2257.

103.  Ó Longaigh, p. 75.

104.  Ibid., p. 76.

105.  MacGarry, Fearghal, Eoin O’Duffy, p. 178.

106.  26 July 1927, counsel’s opinion on High Court case no. 328 of 1927, JACP, P190/52.

107.  21 June 1927, counsel’s opinion, in UCDA, P150/2033.

108.  19 July 1927, Cabinet decision, NAI, S 5485.

109.  20 July 1927, Costello to O’Hegarty, NAI, S 5485.

110.  10 August 1927, O’Hegarty to Healy, NAI, S 5486.

111.  17 August 1927, McDunphy to Ceann Comhairle, NAI S 5485.

112.  18 August 1927, Executive Council decision, NAI, S 5485.

113.  19 August 1927, Colm Ó Murchada, Clerk of the Dáil, to McDunphy, NAI, S 5485.

114.  12 October 1927, McDunphy to Costello, NAI, S 5485.

115.  7 November 1927, McDunphy to each Minister, NAI, S 5485.

116.  15 July 1927, Cabinet Decision, NAI, S 5486.

117.  By the Constitution (Amendment No. 10) Act, 1928.

118.  17 July 1927, Cabinet decision, NAI S 5486.

119.  20 July 1927, Cabinet decision, NAI S 5486.

120.  August 1931, D/J report on present position, NAI, S 5964 B.

121.  DÉD, Vol 21, 10 November 1927.

122.  DÉD, Vol 23, 24 May 1928.

123.  Ó Longaigh, p. 85.

124.  8 December 1969, Costello speech at retirement event, JACP, P190/350.

125.  Note dated August 1928 [clearly a mistake by Blythe], in UCDA, P24/1690.

126.  DÉD, Vol. 20, 16 August 1927.

127.  The Leader, Christmas number, 1958, article on PR by Earnan de Blaghd.

128.  Puirséil, Niamh, The Labour Party, 1922–73, p. 24.

129.  DÉD, Vol 21, 11 October 1927.

130.  DÉD, 28 March 1930, Vol. 34, Cols. 276/7; also NAI, S 9331.

131.  O’Higgins, T.F., A Double Life, p. 137.

132.  Ó Longaigh, p. 90.

133.  23 April 1929, statement of Robert Briscoe T.D., NAI, S 5862. It is interesting to note that this statement, by an Opposition TD, was circulated to all members of the Executive Council.

134.  17 May 1929, Garda memorandum, NAI, S 5864 A.

135.  O’Halpin, Eunan, Defending Ireland, p. 78.

136.  Ibid., p. 78.

137.  McGarry, p. 183.

138.  15 July 1931, O’Hegarty to private secretary, Minister for Justice, NAI, S 5864 B.

139.  August 1931, D/J report on the present position, NAI, S 5864 B.

140.  27 July 1931, O’Duffy to Secretary, D/J, NAI, S 5864 B.

141.  17 August 1936, note by Stephen Roche, NAI, S 9249.

142.  13 August 1931, Cosgrave to McRory, NAI, S 5864 B.

143.  10 September 1931, Cosgrave to McRory, NAI, S 5864 B.

144.  18 September 1931, McGilligan to Walshe, UCDA, P35/d/113.

145.  Constitution (Amendment No. 17) Act, 1931, No. 37/1931.

146.  17 October 1931, statement by the President, NAI, S 2449.

147.  Ó Longaigh, p. 122.

148.  19 October 1931, “Note for the information of the Minister for Justice”, NAI, S 2449.

149.  See note on procedure, 15 June 1936, NAI, S 8974.

150.  20 October 1931, O’Duffy to Minister for Justice, NAI, S 2449.

151.  22 October 1931, note of special meeting of Ministers, NAI, S 2449.

152.  O’Halpin, p. 79.

153.  DÉD, 19 April 1939, Vol 75, Col. 730.

154.  Brady, Conor, Guardians of the Peace, p. 163.

155.  McGarry, p. 188, and footnote 83.

156.  Ibid., p. 189.

157.   MacMahon, Deirdre, Republicans and Imperialists, p. 38.

158.  16 December 1926, Costello to Secretary, D/J, JACP, P190/52.

159.  J.P. Casey describes this as the “most outstanding” example of an Attorney’s advice being published. Casey, p. 88.

160.  White Paper, JACP, P190/59.

161.  Forward by Oscar Traynor to Fianna Fáil legal opinion, JACP, P190/59.

162.  McMahon, p. 40.

163.  11 July 1925, O’Hegarty to Secretary, Boundary Commission, in UCDA, P24/160.

164.  Patterson, Henry, Ireland since 1939 : the persistence of conflict, p. 16.

165.  29 July 1926, Cabinet conclusions, PRONI CAB/4/173.

166.  29 July 1926, Cabinet conclusions, PRONI, CAB/4/173.

167.  29 June 1926, Cabinet conclusions, PRONI CAB/4/172.

168.  29 July 1926, Cabinet conclusions, PRONI CAB/4/173.

169.  See Babington to Costello, 30 July 1926, JACP, P190/61 and 31 July 1926, JACP, P190/62.

170.  8 March 1927, Craigavon to Cosgrave, in UCDA, P24/160.

171.  14 March 1927, McDunphy to Costello, NAI, S 3302 A.

172.  15 March 1927, Cosgrave to Costello, NAI, S 3302 A.

173.  18 March 1927, Cosgrave to Craigavon, UCDA, P24/160.

174.  21 March 1927, Cosgrave to Baldwin, UCDA, P24/160.

175.  23 March 1927, Craigavon to Cosgrave, NAI, S 3302 A.

176.  25 March 1927, Cosgrave to Craigavon, UCDA, P24/160.

177.  7 April 1927, Craigavon to Cosgrave, and reply 8 April 1927, NAI, S 3302 A.

178.  29 June 1926, Cabinet conclusions, PRONI CAB/4/172.

179.  13 April 1927, Cabinet meeting, PRONI CAB/4/191.

180.  19 April 1927, Babington to Costello, JACP, P190/63.

181.  13 May 1927, Babington to Costello, JACP, P190/66.

182.  20 June 1927, Costello memorandum, NAI, S 3302 B.

183.  See Babington to Costello, 21 July 1927, 15 December 1927, and 4 January 1928, JACP, P190/68 to 70.

184.  Babington to Costello, 7 February 1928, JACP, P190/71. Score from www.irishrugby.ie.

185.  13 February 1928, Babington to Costello, JACP, P190/72.

186.  16 February 1928, McDunphy to relevant Ministers, NAI, S 3302 B.

187.  21 February 1928, minutes of Cabinet sub-committee, NAI, S 3302 B.

188.  14 March 1928, McDunphy to McGilligan, NAI, S 3302 B.

189.  16 March 1928, minutes of Cabinet sub-committee, NAI, S 3302 B.

190.  29 March 1928, Baldwin to Cosgrave, in UCDA, P24/160.

191.  19 April 1928, Babington to Costello, JACP, P190/75.

192.  22 May 1928, Costello memo of meeting, in UCDA, P24/160.

193.  8 June 1928, Batterbee (Home Office) to O’Hegarty, UCDA, P24/160.

194.  13 July 1928, meeting with Irish Society, NAI, S 3302 C.

195.  31 July 1928, Babington to Costello, JACP, P190/78.

196.  28 June 1929, Whiskard, Dominions Office, to Murphy, D/EA, UCDA, P24/160.

197.  1 August 1929, Cosgrave to MacDonald, JACP, P190/60.

198.  8 August 1929, Craigavon to Cosgrave, JACP, P190/60.

199.  29 November 1929, memorandum on meeting in Dominions Office, UCDA, P24/160.

200.  2 July 1930, D/Justice memorandum, UCDA, P24/160.

201.  10 July 1924, Craig to Ramsay MacDonald, PRONI CAB/9R/47/5.

202.  17 July 1924, Ronald Waterhouse (Downing Street) to Craig, PRON CAB/9R/47/5.

203.  Smith, Murray, “No Honours Please, We’re Republicans”, Irish Student Law Review, 1999.

204.  31 March 1927, McDunphy to Costello, NAI, S 5708 A.

205.  18 May 1928, Costello memorandum, NAI, S 5708 A.

206.  18 May 1928, Costello memorandum, NAI, S 5708 A.

207.  21 May 1928, Cabinet decision, NAI, S 5708 A.

208.  NAI, S 5708 A.

209.  Smith, loc. cit.

210.  26 May 1948, Nolan note, NAI, S 5708 B.

211.  26 June 1948, Lynch note, NAI, S 5708 B.

212.  20 November 1948, note of conversation between Attlee and Brooke in Chequers, PRONI CAB/9R/47/5

213.  Sexton, pp 127/8.

Chapter 4 A long game

1.  24 December 1932, draft article by Costello, JACP, P190/56.

2.  SÉD, 2 June 1932, Vol 15, Col. 938.

3.  6 December 1946, II, article by Costello on developments since the Treaty.

4.  Harkness, David, The Restless Dominion, p. 12.

5.  RTÉ Thomas Davis lecture, 1967, in Mansergh, Diana (ed.), Nationalism and Independence: Selected Irish papers by Nicholas Mansergh, pp 109.

6.  8 December 1969, Garret FitzGerald speech to Presentation Evening for John A. Costello, cassette recording, JACP, P190/350.

7.  7 June 1926, Executive Council decision, NAI, S 4754/1. They were at the time President of the Executive Council, Vice-President and Minister for Justice, Minister for External Affairs and Minister for Industry and Commerce.

8.  12 October 1926, O’Hegarty to James MacNeill, NAI, S 4754/2 for travelling arrangements for Irish delegation.

9.  5 October 1926, O’Hegarty to James MacNeill, NAI, S 4754/2.

10.  13 October 1926, MacNeill to Cosgrave, NAI, S 4654/2.

11.  Undated, but probably October 1926, O’Higgins to his wife, UCDA, P197/95.

12.  21 April 1926, Joe Walsh preliminary memorandum, NAI, S 4754/1.

13.  Attorney General memorandum, JACP, P190/100.

14.  5 July 1926, Joe Walshe to Secretaries of Departments, NAI, S 4754/1.

15.  6 July 1926, MacNeill to Walshe, NAI, S 4754/1.

16.  Notes on Governor General, JACP, P190/112.

17.  9 November 1926, minutes of Committee on Inter-Imperial Relations, NAI, S 4754/6.

18.  27 October 1926, O’Hegarty to Boland, NAI, S 4754/3.

19.  Undated (but October 1926) letter from O’Higgins to his wife, UCDA, P197/95.

20.  Undated, O’Higgins to his wife, in UCDA, P197/96.

21.  27 October 1926, O’Higgins to his wife, UCDA, P197/98.

22.  McCoole, Sinéad, Hazel: a life of Lady Lavery, pp 125–8.

23.  6 January 1927, O’Hegarty to Cosgrave, NAI, S 4754/3.

24.  D/External Affairs preliminary memorandum, JACP, P190/100.

25.  Mackenzie King diaries, 18 October 1926, p. 3.

26.  Undated from O’Higgins to his wife, UCDA, P197/99.

27.  Undated from FitzGerald to his wife, UCDA, P80/1410 (2).

28.  Undated from O’Higgins to his wife, UCDA, P197/99.

29.  Nicholas Mansergh, in Diana Mansergh (ed.), p. 111.

30.  24 July 1956, Costello to Bodkin, JACP, P190/813.

31.  25 October 1926, Kiernan, Secretary of Irish delegation, to Howarth, Conference Secretariat, NAI, S 4754/1.

32.  28 October 1926, minutes of first meeting of Treaty Procedure sub-committee, JACP, P190/106.

33.  Notes of first meeting, JACP, P190/107.

34.  17 November 1926, notes of fifth meeting, JACP, P 190/107.

35.  Quoted in Harkness, pp 121/2.

36.  Undated letter from O’Higgins to his wife, UCDA, P197/96.

37.  November 1926, O’Higgins to his wife, UCDA, P197/99.

38.  17 November 1926, O’Higgins to his wife, UCDA, P197/100.

39.  DÉD, 19 November 1936, Vol 64, Col. 768.

40.  Summary of Proceedings of Imperial Confernece, JACP, P190/108.

41.  Amery quoted in de Vere White, p. 249.

42.  Extract from Summary of Proceedings of 1926 Conference, NAI, S 5092.

43.  Summary of Proceedings, JACP, P190/108.

44.  Harkness, p. 99.

45.  Undated text of Costello speech, JACP, P190/55.

46.  24 December 1932, draft article by Costello, JACP, P190/56.

47.  28 March 1927, T.M. Healy to Leo Amery, NAI, AG, 54/27.

48.  5 April 1927, Amery to Healy, NAI, AG, 54/27.

49.  17 May 1927, Walshe to O’Hegarty, NAI, AG, 54/27.

50.  19 May 1927, FitzGerald to Amery, NAI, AG, 54/27.

51.  24 December 1932, draft article by Costello, JACP, P190/56.

52.  30 June 1927, Walshe to O’Hegarty, JACP, P190/97.

53.  30 June 1927, O’Higgins to his wife, UCDA, P197/101.

54.  30 June 1927, Walshe to O’Hegarty, JACP, P190/97.

55.  24 December 1932, draft article by Costello, JACP, P190/56.

56.  30 June 1927, O’Higgins to his wife, UCDA, P197/101.

57.  24 December 1932, draft article by Costello, JACP, P190/56.

58.  9 July 1927, Walshe to O’Higgins, JACP, P190/97.

59.  Official record of proceedings, NAI, AG, 54/27.

60.  9 July 1927, Walshe to O’Higgins, JACP, P190/97.

61.  McCoole, p. 130.

62.  8 September 1927, McDunphy to Walshe, NAI, S 5166.

63.  19 September 1926, FitzGerald to his wife, UCDA, P80/1407 (4).

64.  6 August 1927, Walshe to O’Hegarty, NAI, S 5166.

65.  8 September 1927, MacDunphy to Walshe, NAI, S 5166.

66.  League of Nations official journal, 1927, JACP, P190/157.

67.  Report of delegation, JACP, P190/237.

68.  Minutes of First Committee, 1928, League of Nations Official Journal, JACP, P190/159.

69.  Report of delegation, JACP, P190/237.

70.  Undated letters from FitzGerald to his wife, UCDA, P80/1408 (6) and (7).

71.  Undated letter from FitzGerald to his wife, 1926, UCDA, P80/1407.

72.  14 April 1929, MacWhite memorandum, JACP, P190/239.

73.  See website of the International Court of Justice, http://www.icj-cij.org/pcij/index.php?p1=9

74.  6 September 1924, Dominions Office to Governor General, NAI, S 4363 A.

75.  Extract from summary of proceedings of Imperial Conference, 1926, NAI, S 4363 A.

76.  22 June 1929, MacDonald to Dominion Prime Ministers, NAI, S 4363 A.

77.  1 August 1929, MacDonald to Dominion Prime Ministers, NAI, S 4363 A.

78.  28 June 1929, McGilligan to Passfield, NAI, S 4363 A.

79.  D/EA memo, JACP, P190/155.

80.  7 September 1930, Costello memorandum, JACP, P190/155.

81.  16 March 1929, minutes of League of Nations Committee of Jurists, JACP, P190/155.

82.  7 September 1929, Costello memorandum, JACP P190/155.

83.  14 September 1929, Costello memorandum, JACP, P190/155.

84.  14 September 1929, Costello memorandum, JACP, P190/155.

85.  Summary of Proceedings, JACP, P 190/108.

86.  6 September 1929, Walshe to Dominions Secretary, NAI, S 5340/1

87.  Hearne preliminary memorandum, JACP, P190/122.

88.  20 September 1929, memo by E.J. Smyth, D/I&C, NAI, S 5340/10.

89.  7 October 1929, Costello to O’Sullivan, UCDA, P24/546.

90.  17 October 1929, McGilligan report of meeting, NAI, S 5340/13.

91.  18 October 1929, O’Hegarty to McDunphy, NAI, S 5340/13.

92.  31 October 1929, minutes of first meeting, JACP, P190/115.

93.  4 November 1929, Gwyer draft, JACP, P190/115.

94.  12 November 1929, O’Hegarty report, NAI, S 5340/13.

95.  12 November 1929, note of discussion at Gwyer Committee, JACP, P190/115.

96.  14 November 1929, notes of Gwyer Committee meeting, UCDA, P35/134.

97.  Discussion at Gwyer Committtee, JACP, P190/116.

98.  18 November 1929, Gwyer Committee minutes, JACP, P190/116.

99.  18 November 1929, Gwyer Committee minutes, JACP, P190/116.

100.  18 November 1929, Gwyer Committee minutes, JACP, P190/116.

101.  18 November 1929, Gwyer Committee minutes, JACP, P190/116.

102.  20 November 1929, discussion at Gwyer Committee, NAI, S 5340/19.

103.  21 November 1929, draft Statute, JACP, P190/115.

104.  29 November 1929, final draft report, JACP, P190/115.

105.  4 December 1929, draft minutes of final meeting of Conference, JACP, P190/115.

106.  Harkness, p. 172.

107.  21 March 1930, Walshe to O’Hegarty, NAI, S 6009/1.

108.  24 March 1930, Walshe to O’Hegarty, NAI, S 6009/1.

109.  15 April 1930, McDunphy to Walshe, NAI, S 6009/1.

110.  15 April 1930, McDunphy to Walshe, NAI, S 6009/1.

111.  11 October 1930, Cosgrave to McGilligan, and reply, NAI, S 6009/4.

112.  12 September 1930, McGilligan to Thomas, NAI, S 6009/1.

113.  D/EA preliminary note, JACP, P190/141.

114.  7 October 1930, Irish memorandum on treaties, JACP, P190/138.

115.  Walshe memorandum, UCDA, P35/134.

116.  1 October 1930, minutes of first meeting of Conference, JACP, P190/140.

117.  Text of address to Imperial Conference, JACP, P190/96.

118.  Undated Irish memorandum on Privy Council, JACP, P190/96.

119.  29 October 1929, Edwards v. Canada (Attorney General).

120.  24 October 1929, Kennedy to Costello, JACP, P190/115.

121.  6 October 1930, afternoon meeting of Prime Ministers and Heads of Delegation, JACP, P190/141. Costello and McGilligan would encounter Jowitt again in 1948 when he was Lord Chancellor. Another observer at the meeting was the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Clement Attlee.

122.  2 October 1930, meeting of Prime Ministers and Heads of Delegations, JACP, P190/141.

123.  FitzGerald to his wife, received 8 October 1930, UCDA, P80/1411 (7).

124.  2 October 1930, meeting of Prime Ministers and Heads of Delegations, JACP, P190/141.

125.  17 October 1930, 6th meeting of Sankey Committee, JACP, P190/142.

126.  21 October 1930, 8th meeting of Sankey Committee, JACP, P190/142.

127.  FitzGerald to his wife, UCDA, P80/1411 (3).

128.  FitzGerald to his wife, UCDA, P80/1411 (4).

129.  McMahon, p. 31.

130.  5 October 1930, FitzGerald to his wife, UCDA, P80/1411 (5).

131.  Boland Memoir, p. 20.

132.  FitzGerald to his wife, UCDA, P80/1411 (4).

133.  5 October 1930, FitzGerald to his wife, UCDA, P80/1411 (5).

134.  27 October 1930, FitzGerald to his wife, UCDA, P80/1411 (22).

135.  28 October 1930, FitzGerald to his wife, UCDA, P80/1411 (23).

136.  30 October 1930, summary of draft report, NAI, S 6009/5.

137.  DÉD, 15 November 1934, Vol. 54, Col. 354.

138.  31 October 1930, heads of delegation meeting, JACP P190/141.

139.  7 November 1930, O’Hegarty to McDunphy, JACP, P190/96.

140.  4 November 1930, minutes of meeting, JACP, P190/141.

141.  4 November 1930, McGilligan to MacDonald, JACP, P190/96.

142.  Undated memorandum, NAI, AG 2005/77/286.

143.  5 November 1930, heads of delegation meeting, NAI, S 4295 B.

144.  6 November 1930, FitzGerald to his wife, UCDA, P80/1411 (26).

145.  7 November 1930, McDunphy to O’Hegarty, JACP, P190/96.

146.  7 November 1930, McDunphy memorandum, NAI, S 4285 B.

147.  6 November 1930, note by J.V. Fahy, JACP, P190/96.

148.  7 November 1930, O’Hegarty to McDunphy, NAI, S 4285 B.

149.  7 November 1930, McDunphy to O’Hegarty, JACP, P190/96.

150.  8 November 1930, Cosgrave to Granard, JACP, P190/96.

151.  24 December 1932, draft article by Costello, JACP, P190/56.

152.  6 December 1946, II, Costello article on developments since the Treaty.

153.  13 November 1930, heads of delegation meeting, JACP, P190/141.

154.  14 November 1930, 3rd meeting of Conference, JACP, P190/140.

155.  3 November 1930, heads of delegation meeting, JACP, P190/141.

156.  20 November 1931, Hansard, Vol 259, No 12, col. 1196.

157.  21 November 1931, Cosgrave to MacDonald, UCDA, P35/146.

158.  21 November 1931, McGilligan to Thomas, UCDA, P35/146.

159.  23 November 1931, Dulanty to Walshe, UCDA, P35/146.

160.  23 November 1931, Dulanty to Walshe, UCDA, P35/146.

161.  24 November 1931, MacDonald to Cosgrave, NAI, S 5340/19.

162.  11 December 1931, Dominions Secretary telegram, NAI, S 5340/19.

163.  Text of Statute of Westminster, NAI, S 5340/19.

164.  6 December 1946, II, Costello article on developments since the Treaty.

165.  2 June 1932, SéD, Vol 15, Col. 938.

166.  See McMahon, p. 47.

167.  Quoted in Fanning, Ronan, Independent Ireland, p. 111.

168.  Mansergh (ed.), p. 113.

169.  Mansergh (ed.), pp 204/5.

170.  Related by McGilligan to David Harkness. See Harkness, p. 225.

Chapter 5 The Blueshirts will be victorious

1.  DÉD, 28 February 1934, Vol 50, Col. 2235.

2.  “Seven Days”.

3.  DÉD, 28 February 1934, Vol 50, Col. 2235.

4.  “Seven Days”.

5.  II, 28 February 1934.

6.  “Seven Days”.

7.  DÉD, 28 February 1934, Vol 50, Col 2234.

8.  DÉD, 28 February 1934, Vol 50, Col 2261.

9.  DÉD, 28 February 1934, Vol 50, Col 2295.

10.  8 December 1969, Costello speech to retirement function, JACP, P190/350.

11.  II, 13 February 1932.

12.  The Anglo-Celt, 20 February 1932.

13.  II, 15 February 1932.

14.  8 December 1969, Costello speech to retirement function, JACP, P190/350.

15.  The Anglo-Celt, 20 February 1932.

16.  FitzGerald, Garret, Ireland in the World: Further Reflections, p. 101.

17.  Details of payment for burial by JAC, JACP, P190/957.

18.  IT, 15 September 1930.

19.  II, 27 August 1932.

20.  Correspondence with John Costello.

21.  IT, 8 June 1933.

22.  IT, 20 July 1933.

23.  Costello interview, The Citizen, May 1967.

24.  II, 30 June 1936.

25.  McGarry, Fearghal, Eoin O’Duffy, p. 191.

26.  Costello interview, IT, 6 September 1967.

27.  II, 16 January 1933.

28.  Fanning, Ronan, Independent Ireland, p. 114.

29.  All election figures from http://electionsireland.org.

30.  26 November 1932, The Anglo-Celt.

31.  Interview with Tom Finlay.

32.  8 December 1969, Costello speech to retirement function, JACP, P190/350.

33.  IT, 14 January 1933, report of speech in Town Hall, Dun Laoghaire.

34.  8 December 1969, Costello speech to retirement function, JACP, P190/350.

35.  Quoted in Regan, John M., The Irish Counter-Revolution, p. 322.

36.  8 June 1933, parliamentary party minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/3.

37.  2 March 1933 and 18 May 1933, Parliamentary Party minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/3.

38.  McGarry, p. 196.

39.  14 March 1933, notes on O’Duffy’s dismissal, NAI, S 6485A.

40.  22 February 1933, Seán Moynihan to O’Duffy, NAI, S 6485 A.

41.  DÉD, 1 March 1933, Vol 46, Cols 33–35.

42.  2 March 1933, Parliamentary Party minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/3.

43.  DÉD, 14 March 1933, Vol 46, Col 759, 794 and 807.

44.  20 November 1978, note in NAI, 2008/148/28.

45.  Quoted in Regan, p. 296.

46.  Fanning, Ronan, The Irish Department of Finance, p. 237.

47.  DÉD, 31 March 1933, Vol 46, cols 1943 to 1947.

48.  DÉD, 26 May 1933, Vol 47, Col 1819.

49.  DÉD, 14 June 1933, Vol 48, Col 659.

50.  DÉD, 3 August 1933, Vol 49, Cols 1208–9.

51.  See file of Journals heavily annotated by Costello, JACP, P190/325.

52.  IT, 12 August 1932.

53.  Undated Mulcahy speech, JACP, P190/268.

54.  28 April 1983, Seán O’Rourke report on RTÉ Radio 1 News at 1.30.

55.  Regan, p. 332.

56.  DÉD, 27 February 1936, Costello speech, Vol 60, Col. 1427/8.

57.  IT, 4 April 1935.

58.  DÉD, 9 July 1936, Vol. 63, Cols. 1230/1.

59.  30 May 1933, Seán Moynihan to private secretaries of Ministers for Justice and Defence, NAI, S 6433.

60.  21 July 1933, Cronin to Secretary, Executive Council, NAI, S 6433.

61.  26 July 1933, McDunphy to Private Secretary, Minister for Finance, NAI, S 6433.

62.  Manning, Maurice, James Dillon, p. 74.

63.  DÉD, 1 August 1933, Vol 49, Cols 1041–3.

64.  McGarry, p. 218.

65.  II, 11 September 1933.

66.  “Seven Days”.

67.  “Seven Days”.

68.  IT, 2 November 1974, Costello interview.

69.  Regan, p. 343.

70.  McGarry, p. 221.

71.  9 October 1934, Commandant Cronin speech, JACP, P190/316.

72.  II, 29 September 1933.

73.  27 September 1933, parliamentary party minutes, in UCDA, P39/MIN/4.

74.  Ó Longaigh, Seosamh, Emergency Law in Independent Ireland, p. 147.

75.  DÉD, 28 September 1933, Vol 49, cols 1817–1827.

76.  II, 29 September 1933.

77.  Mulcahy, Risteard, Richard Mulcahy: A family memoir, p. 236.

78.  DÉD, 4 October 1933, cols 2047/8.

79.  9 November 1933, FG Standing Committee minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/2.

80.  11 November 1933, FG heads of policy, JACP, P190/268.

81.  “Seven Days”.

82.  Regan, p. 347.

83.  Quoted in McGarry, p. 229.

84.  IT, 19 December 1933.

85.  Ó Longaigh, p. 152.

86.  McGarry, p. 229.

87.  Quoted in McGarry, p. 230.

88.  Summons in JACP, P190/16.

89.  JACP, P190/16.

90.  Judgment of Sullivan P, JACP, P190/16.

91.  Costello’s brief for Supreme Court Appeal, JACP, P190/16.

92.  IT, 21 July 1934.

93.  24 July 1934, Cabinet Minutes, NAI, S 6647.

94.  Ó Longaigh, p. 281.

95.  DÉD, 19 April 1939, Vol. 75, Col. 729.

96.  McGarry, p. 232.

97.  DÉD, 18 April 1934, vol 51, cols 1885–1898.

98.  DÉD, 8 May 1934, Vol 52, Col 527.

99.  IT, 29 November 1934.

100.  Cronin, Mike, The Blueshirts in Irish Politics, p. 24.

101.  Undated memo, “The Opposition in the Dáil and Article 2A of the Constitution”, NAI, JUS 8/444.

102.  “Seven Days”.

103.  Tierney quoted in Manning, Maurice, James Dillon, p. 96.

104.  Tierney quoted in Regan, p. 365.

105.  11 September 1934, O’Duffy to MacEoin, UCDA, P151/780.

106.  Manning, pp 99/100.

107.  14 September 1934, Cosgrave to Costello, JACP, P190/330.

108.  20 September 1934, FG Standing Committee minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/2.

109.  10 September 1936, Standing Committee minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/2.

110.  Cronin, pp 25/6.

111.  31 October 1934, parliamentary party minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/4.

112.  DÉD, 1 April 1937, Vol. 66, Cols. 193/5

113.  DÉD, 4 April 1935, Vol. 55, cols. 1977/8.

114.  DÉD, 4 April 1935, Vol. 55, cols. 2024/5.

115.  DÉD, 22 May 1934, Vol. 52, Cols. 1478/9.

116.  DÉD, 11 April 1935, Vol 55, Col. 2365.

117.  15 January 1936, Fine Gael party minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/4.

118.  DÉD, 29 May 1935, Vol. 56, Col 2136.

119.  DÉD, 13 June 1934, Vol. 53, Cols 262/3.

120.  DÉD, 28 November 1934, Vol 54, Col 396.

121.  IT, 12 November 1934.

122.  DÉD, 14 February 1935, Vol. 54, Col. 2031.

123.  DÉD, 19 May 1937, Vol. 67, Col. 754.

124.  IT, 6 June 1935, report of by-election rally in Blackrock.

125.  DÉD, 19 November 1936, Vol 64. cols. 767/8.

126.  DÉD, 20 February 1934, Vol. 54, Col. 2152.

127.  DÉD, 18 November 1936, Vol 64, Cols 520–23.

128.  13 February 1935, Fine Gael party minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/4.

129.  DÉD, 20 February 1935, Vol. 54, Cols, 2140–2156.

130.  DÉD, 13 November 1935, Vol. 59, Cols. 768 and 838.

131.  1 February 1936, D/Justice memorandum for Executive Council, NAI, S 8613.

132.  DÉD, 12 February 1936, Vol. 60, Cols. 547/8.

133.  DÉD, 26 June 1942, Vol. 87, Cols. 1912/13.

134.  IT, 25 November 1935.

135.  DÉD, 23 July 1935, Vol. 58, Cols. 1079–82.

136.  DÉD, 25 July 1935, Vol 58, Col. 1418.

137.  IT, 16 November 1935.

138.  DÉD, 16 June 1936, Vol 62, Col. 2368.

139.  DÉD, 3 June 1936, Vol. 62, Cols. 1656/7.

140.  DÉD, 30 June 1936, Vol. 63, Col. 2510.

141.  19 February 1948, P. Nugent to Costello, JACP, P190/373.

142.  DÉD, 9 July 1936, Vol. 63, cols. 1218–23.

143.  DÉD, 20 May 1937, Vol. 67, Col. 859.

144.  IT, 3 June 1935, report of election meeting in Rathmines.

145.  DÉD, 25 June 1935, Vol. 57, Cols. 776/785.

146.  DÉD, 27 June 1935, Vol. 57, Cols. 1193/4.

147.  IT, 24 July 1935.

148.  DÉD, 3 February 1937, Vol. 65, cols. 54/5 and 78.

149.  DÉD, 3 February 1937, Vol. 65, col. 93.

150.  17 January 1935, Standing Committee minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/2.

151.  See meetings of 28 March 1935, 8 May 1935, and 19 September 1935, Standing Committee minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/2.

152.  6 November 1935, parliamentary party minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/4.

153.  DÉD, 18 November 1936, Vol 64, Col. 554.

154.  David Neligan, quoted in Ferriter, Diarmaid, What If?, p. 265.

155.  SI, 3 November 1974.

156.  24 July 1936, Costello to MacEntee, UCDA, P67/113.

157.  II, 19 June 1971, interview by Dermot Walsh on the eve of Costello’s eightieth birthday.

158.  12 September 1935, Mulcahy to Cosgrave, JACP, P190/333.

159.  8 December 1969, Costello speech at retirement function, JACP, P190/350.

160.  Quoted in McMahon, Deirdre, Republicans and Imperialists, pp 170/1.

161.  DÉD, 11 December 1936, Vol 64, Cols. 1293–1306.

162.  15 December 1936, Mackenzie King diary, page 1.

163.  DÉD, 12 December 1936, Vol. 64, Cols 1432–7.

164.  DÉD, 12 December 1936, Vol. 64, Cols 1484–92.

165.  DÉD, 24 February 1937, Vol. 65, Cols 955 and 984. As it happens, the chaplain concerned was something of a menace to discipline, and O’Duffy would have been better off without him. See Stradling, Robert, The Irish and the Spanish Civil War, p. 117.

166.  DÉD, 19 May 1937, Vol. 67, Cols. 755/7 and 790/1.

Chapter 6 No hope whatever

1.  DÉD, 11 December 1936, Vol. 64, Col. 1293.

2.  “Seven Days”.

3.  DÉD, 17 May 1934, Vol. 52, Col. 1193.

4.  Keogh, Dermot and McCarthy, Andrew J., The Making of the Irish Constitution, p. 65.

5.  Costello’s annotated copies of drafts of Bunreacht na hÉireann, JACP, P190/32.

6.  Hogan, Gerard, foreword to Keogh and McCarthy, p. 27.

7.  II, 6 May 1937, quoted in Keogh and McCarthy, pp 183/4.

8.  IT, 10 May 1937, quoted in Keogh and McCarthy, p. 185.

9.  DÉD, 11 May 1937, Vol. 67, Cols. 65 and 67.

10.  DÉD, 13 May 1937, Vol. 67, Cols. 463–5.

11.  DÉD, 28 May 1937, Vol. 67, Col. 1307.

12.  DÉD, 2 June 1937, Vol. 67, Cols. 1580/1 and 1612.

13.  DÉD, 4 June 1937, Vol. 67, Cols 1856 and 1858.

14.  IT, 6 January 1976.

15.  DÉD, 4 June 1937, Vol. 67, Col. 1882.

16.  DÉD, 4 June 1937, Vol. 67, Cols 1883/4.

17.  DÉD, 9 June 1937, Vol. 67, Col. 225/6.

18.  Keogh and McCarthy, p. 181.

19.  DÉD, 12 May 1937, Vol. 67. Cols. 301, 303 and 304.

20.  DÉD, 13 May 1937, Vol 67, Col. 458.

21.  DÉD, 26 May 1937, Vol. 67, Col. 1113.

22.  DÉD, 11 May 1937, Vol. 67, Col. 67.

23.  DÉD, 12 May 1937, Vol. 67, Col.s 305/6.

24.  DÉD, 2 June 1937, Vol. 67, Col. 1520.

25.  8 June 1937, MacEntee to de Valera, with Revenue Commissioners memorandum, UCDA, P150/2441.

26.  Mary Robinson advanced just such a view during her successful campaign for the presidency in 1990, although she backtracked after a controversial suggestion that she could look then Taoiseach Charles Haughey in the eye and tell him to “back off”.

27.  DÉD, 25 May 1937, Vol. 67, Cols. 1031, 1033, 1035 and 1071/2.

28.  DÉD, 26 May 1937, Vol. 67, Cols. 1106, 1116 and 1128.

29.  DÉD, 2 June 1937, Vol. 67, Cols. 1631, 1528 and 1613.

30.  Notes for speech on new Constitution, JACP, P190/262.

31.  DÉD, 25 May 1937, Vol. 67, Cols. 970/1.

32.  DÉD, 26 May 1937, Vol. 67, Cols. 1178 and 1195/6.

33.  DÉD, 1 June 1937, Vol. 67, Cols. 1341–5.

34.  DÉD, 10 June 1937, Vol. 68, Cols. 264–6, 276, and 282–3.

35.  DÉD, 12 May 1937, Vol. 67, Col. 297.

36.  Quoted in Quinn, Ruairí, and Higgins, Ross, A history of Dublin South-east constituency, p. 36.

37.  DÉD, 29 November 1939, Vol. 78, Col. 522.

38.  DÉD, 28 November 1945, Vol. 98, Col. 1384.

39.  DÉD, 6 November 1946, Vol. 103, Col. 466.

40.  12 August 1937, II.

41.  22 September 1937, MacEntee to Boland, UCDA, P67/358.

42.  Figures calculated from Department of the Environment publication, Referenda Results 1937–2008, available through www.environ.ie/en/LocalGovernment/Voting/Referenda.

43.  DÉD, 7 October 1937, Vol. 69, Cols. 335 and 336.

44.  DÉD, 9 December 1937, Vol. 69, Cols. 2041 and 2043.

45.  Elaine Byrne, Political Corruption in Ireland, (forthcoming), Chapter Four.

46.  IT, 13 December 1937.

47.  DÉD, 30 March 1938, Vol. 70, Cols. 1196 and 1199.

48.  DÉD, 25 May 1938, Vol. 71, Col. 1864.

49.  IT, 26 May 1938.

50.  IT, 28 May 1938.

51.  10 June 1938, MacEntee letter to voters, UCDA, P67/359.

52.  DÉD, 30 March 1938, Vol. 70, Col. 1196.

53.  DÉD, 23 February 1965, Vol. 214, Col. 921.

54.  DÉD, 9 May 1940, Vol. 80, Col. 345.

55.  IT, 18 August 1938.

56.  DÉD, 2 November 1938, Vol. 73, Col. 292.

57.  IT, 19 August 1938.

58.  IT, 28 October 1938.

59.  DÉD, 2 November 1938, Vol. 73, Col. 290.

60.  Ó Broin, Leon, Just Like Yesterday, p. 176.

61.  DÉD, 14 July 1938, Vol. 72, Cols. 833–5.

62.  In Mansergh, Diana (ed.), Nationalism and Independence, p. 157.

63.  DÉD, 2 March 1939, Vol. 74, Cols. 1408–10.

64.  DÉD, 19 April 1939, Vol. 75, Cols. 649, 667 and 728.

65.  DÉD, 2 September 1939, Vol. 77, Cols. 50, 51, 54 and 57.

66.  DÉD, 29 November 1939, Vol. 78, Cols. 524/5.

67.  DÉD, 3 January 1940, Vol. 78, Cols 1339/40.

68.  IT, 18 October 1940.

69.  IT, 9 December 1941.

70.  DÉD, 8 May 1940, Vol. 80, Col. 68.

71.  DÉD, 9 May 1940, Vol. 80, Cols. 332/5.

72.  DÉD, 16 January 1941, Vol. 81, Cols. 1448–52.

73.  DÉD, 20 May 1942, Vol. 86, Cols 2452–67.

74.  Interview with Declan Costello.

75.  DÉD, 20 May 1942, Vol. 86, Cols 2452-67.

76.  DÉD, 5 May 1942, Vol. 86, Col. 1541.

77.  28 February 1938, George Gavan Duffy, President of the High Court, to Costello, NAI, S 9879 B.

78.  IT, 4 June 1941.

79.  DÉD, 11 June 1941, Vol. 83, Cols. 1936/7 and 1964.

80.  DÉD, 19 November 1941, Vol. 85, Col. 837.

81.  DÉD, 3 December 1941, Vol. 85, Col. 1149.

82.  DÉD, 3 December 1941, Vol. 85, Col. 1152.

83.  DÉD, 25 February 1947, Vol. 104, Col. 1207.

84.  DÉD, 26 March 1947, Vol. 105, Col. 245.

85.  See NAI, S 9879 B.

86.  DÉD, 8 July 1941, Vol. 84, Cols. 1196/1200.

87.  DÉD, 28 January 1942, Vol. 85, Cols. 1469–1480; direct quotes from 1478 and 1480.

88.  DÉD, 29 January 1942, Vol. 85, Cols 1707/8.

89.  15 February 1943, letter to Hyde, and undated opinion on Bill by Costello, JACP, P190/329.

90.  IT, 26 March 1943.

91.  IT, 16 April 1943.

92.  IT, 29 May 1943.

93.  IT, 22 June 1943.

94.  19 April 1943, Burke to MacEntee, UCDA, P67/363.

95.  10 June 1943, Lemass to MacEntee, and reply of same date, UCDA, P67/363.

96.  Interview with Richie Ryan.

97.  28 June 1943, MacEntee to de Valera, UCDA, P67/366.

98.  31 May 1949, MacEntee to de Valera, UCDA, P150/2980.

99.  30 June 1943, FG parliamentary party minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/4.

100.  24 December 1943, Dillon to McGilligan, UCDA, P35/176.

101.  18 January 1944, FG parliamentary party minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/4.

102.  Manning, p. 190.

103.  10 February 1944, Kearney to Ottawa, LAC, RG 25, Vol. 4480, File 50021-40, Part 1.

104.  Interview with Risteárd Mulcahy.

105.  Correspondence with John Costello.

106.  Correspondence with Georgina Sutton.

107.  4 November 1970, Costello to M.G. Oddy, JACP, P190/924.

108.  Interview with Declan Costello, 1 October 2007.

109.  24 February 1956, Hearne to Costello, NAI, S 16021 A.

110.  4 November 1970, Costello to M.G. Oddy, JACP, P190/924.

111.  Interview with Declan Costello.

112.  IT, 12 January 1946.

113.  Ferriter, Diarmaid, The Transformation of Ireland, p. 496.

114.  Interview with Jacqueline Armstrong.

115.  IT, 13 December 1943.

116.  McCague, Eugene, Arthur Cox, pp 56/7.

117.  Interview with Tom Finlay.

118.  Undated speech, JACP, P190/281—this speech is wrongly filed with material from the 1932 and 1933 elections, but from the content is clearly from 1944.

119.  IT, 24 May 1944.

120.  IT, 20 May 1944.

121.  IT, 20 May 1944.

122.  19 June 1944 and 27 September 1944, Fine Gael parliamentary party minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/4.

123.  DÉD, 21 June 1944, Vol. 94, Cols. 870/1; 11 April 1945, Vol. 96, Cols 1833/4; 12 April 1945, Vol. 96, Col. 1973.

124.  DÉD, 4 July 1945, Vol. 97, Cols. 1887, 1890 and 1891.

125.  DÉD, 11 July 1945, Vol. 97, Col. 2147/8.

126.  14 June 1949, Taoiseach memorandum for the Government, NAI, S 12644 B.

127.  DÉD, 13 December 1945, Vol. 98, Cols. 1945, 1946, 1954 and 1955.

128.  DÉD, 27 March 1946, Vol. 100, Col. 686.

129.  DÉD, 28 March 1946, Vol. 100, Col. 793.

130.  DÉD, 3 April 1946, Vol. 100, Cols 1115/6.

131.  DÉD, 3 April 1946, Vol. 100, Col 1134.

132.  DÉD, 5 April 1946, Vol. 100, Cols. 1384–6.

133.  DÉD, 11 April 1946, Vol. 100, Cols. 1816–8.

134.  DÉD, 11 July 1946, Vol. 102, Cols. 655–68.

135.  DÉD, 25 February 1947, Vol. 104, Col. 1252.

136.  Manning, p. 219.

137.  DÉD, 6 February 1946, Vol. 99, Col. 508.

138.  DÉD, 14 February 1946, Vol. 99, Col. 1094.

139.  DÉD, 27 February 1946, Vol. 99, Cols. 1656 and 1665.

140.  DÉD, 11 April 1946, Vol. 100, Col. 1766.

141.  DÉD, 21 May 1946, Vol. 101, Cols. 469–73.

142.  DÉD, 27 June 1946, Col. 2605.

143.  4 July 1946, Stephen Roche to Gerry Boland, NAI, JUS 8/938.

144.  General note on Deputy Costello’s criticism of Emergency Powers Orders, NAI, JUS 8/938.

145.  DÉD, 19 June 1946, Vol. 101, Cols 2183 and 2186; 2205; 2208; 2212; and 2213.

146.  DÉD, 20 June 1947, Vol. 106, Col. 2322.

147.  DÉD, 24 July 1946, Vol. 102, Cols. 1377/8, 1374 and 1376.

148.  Feeney, Brian, Sinn Féin, pp 178–81.

149.  DÉD, 24 April 1947, Vol. 105, Cols. 1456–8, and 1452.

150.  IP, 24 February 1948.

151.  10 March 1948, P.P. O’Donoghue to Moynihan; 11 March 1948, Moynihan note on discussion with Lavery, and 12 March 1948, note of Government decision, NAI, S 12110 D/1.

152.  Feeney, p. 180.

153.  21 June 1950, Casey to Moynihan, NAI, S 12110 D/1.

154.  23 January 1945, FG Parliamentary Party minutes, and 30 January 1945, note by P.S. Doyle, UCDA, P39/MIN/4.

155.  15 February 1945, parliamentary party minutes, and 13 March 1945, Chief Whip’s report, UCDA, P39/Min/4.

156.  26 April 1945, parliamentary party minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/4.

157.  Stationery Office, Prl. 8624.

158.  “Seven Days”.

159.  14 May 1947, Cosgrave to Mulcahy, UCDA, P7/D/123.

160.  DÉD, 30 October 1947, Vol. 108, Col. 1309.

161.  See Manning, pp 209 and 220.

162.  DÉD, 30 April 1947, Vol. 105, Col. 1767.

163.  3 January 1948, Costello speech at Fine Gael meeting in Donnybrook, JACP, P190/285.

164.  Election leaflet in NAI, S 14224.

Chapter 7 Playing with fire

1.  8 December 1969, speech to retirement function, JACP, P190/350.

2.  JAC to Declan Costello, 29 February 1948, in possession of Declan Costello.

3.  Letter to Declan.

4.  Healy, T.M. Portmarnock Golf Club, 1894–1994: A Centenary History, p. i.

5.  Interview with Declan Costello.

6.  Irishman’s Diary, IT, 21 February 1948.

7.  Letter to Declan.

8.  Letter to Declan.

9.  Based on MacEoin memorandum on the formation of the Government, UCDA, P151/1919.

10.  17 July 1967, Mulcahy to Costello, UCDA, P7/D/116.

11.  MacEoin memorandum on the formation of the Government, UCDA, P151/1919.

12.  17 July 1967, Mulcahy to Costello, UCDA, P7/D/116.

13.  17 July 1967, Mulcahy to Costello, UCDA, P7/D/116.

14.  “Seven Days”.

15.  29 April 1967, Mulcahy to Costello, UCDA, P7/D/116.

16.  May 1967, The Citizen, Vincent Browne interview with Costello.

17.  6 January 1976, RTÉ Radio, 1330 News.

18.  Letter to Declan.

19.  MacEoin memo on formation of Government, UCDA, P151/919.

20.  8 December 1969, speech to retirement function, JACP, P190/350.

21.  Lynch, ‘Pages from a Memoir’, in Lynch and Meenan (eds), pp 37/8.

22.  MacBride, Séan, That Day’s Struggle, p. 144.

23.  Ibid., p. 145.

24.  16 July 1996, letter to the author from Patrick Lynch.

25.  Letter to Declan.

26.  2 August 1967, Seán MacEoin memo on formation of the government, JACP, P190/973.

27.  14 April 1949, News Review interview with Costello, JACP, P190/547.

28.  MacDermott, Eithne, Clann na Poblachta, note 58, p. 192.

29.  MacBride, pp 149/150.

30.  17 February 1948, Mulcahy statement, NAI, S 14165.

31.  Undated memo signed by Costello, JACP, P190/973.

32.  IP, 27 January 1969.

33.  EH, 16 February 1973.

34.  DÉD, 18 February 1948, Vol 110, Cols 22, 24, 25/6 and 27/8.

35.  DÉD, 18 February 1948, Vol. 110, Col 48; also letter to Declan.

36.  DÉD, 18 February 1948, Vol. 110, Col. 48.

37.  O’Higgins, Tom, A Double Life, p. 134. For the strikingly similar impressions of Noël Browne, see EH, 16 February 1973.

38.  31 March 1948, Department of the Taoiseach note on appointment of Government, NAI, S 10719 A.

39.  Letter to Declan. According to Alexis FitzGerald, McElligott told the new Taoiseach that the country had been a dictatorship under Fianna Fáil, and that it had been Lemass, not de Valera, who was the dictator. Horgan, John, Seán Lemass, p. 134.

40.  31 March 1948, Department of the Taoiseach note on appointment of Government, NAI, S 10719 A.

41.  8 March 1948, George Garrett to Norman Armour, USNA, RG 88, Dublin Legation, Security Segregated Reports, 1936–49, Box 16, 800—Ireland.

42.  “Seven Days”.

43.  Interview with Patrick Lynch.

44.  25 October 1952, The Leader, profile of Norton.

45.  McGilligan notes on formation of Inter-Party Government, UCDA, P35/177.

46.  Mulcahy, p. 244.

47.  Interview with Patrick Lynch.

48.  The Leader, 28 February 1953, profile of McGilligan.

49.  Browne, Noël, Against The Tide, p. 107.

50.  Quoted in Fanning, Ronan, Independent Ireland, p. 168.

51.  MacBride, pp 146/7.

52.  Horgan, Noël Browne, p. 56.

53.  Ibid., p. 149.

54.  25 November 1998, Liam Cosgrave speech at book launch.

55.  8 December 1969, Cosgrave speech at Costello retirement dinner, JACP, P190/350.

56.  Ó Broin, Leon, Just Like Yesterday, p. 176.

57.  Letter from Liam Cosgrave, 7 November 2008.

58.  “This Week”, RTÉ Radio, 11 February 1973.

59.  IP, 20 February 1948.

60.  31 March 1948, Dept. of the Taoiseach note on appointment of Government, NAI, S 10719 A.

61.  25 November 1964, W.J. Hyland to Costello, JACP, P190/919.

62.  Letter to Declan.

63.  This phrase was a direct quote from an election flyer for Costello and his running mate, J. Harold Douglas, in the 1948 election, which also suggested that “even if a party has a parliamentary majority it should consult with and consider suggestions from other parties or groups”. JACP, P190/284.

64.  24 February 1948, text of broadcast, JACP, P190/430.

65.  II, 25 February 1948.

66.  II, 19 February 1948.

67.  IP, 19 February 1948.

68.  Andrews, C.S., Man of No Property, p. 195.

69.  19 February 1948, Blythe to Costello, JACP, P190/363.

70.  19 February 1948, Kevin Liston to Costello, JACP, P190/371.

71.  P.J. Smythe to Costello, JACP, P190/379.

72.  Lindsay, Patrick, Memories, pp 151/2.

73.  10 March 1948, Costello to MacWhite, UCDA, P194/564.

74.  18 February 1948, Rugby to de Valera, and reply, 27 February 1948, UCDA, P150/2940.

75.  16 February 1948, Chapin to Secretary of State; 8 March 1948, Garrett to Norman Armour, Asst Sec of State; 29 July 1948, Robert M. Beaudry to Joseph Sweeny, Dept of State; all in USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation, Security Segregated Records, 1936–49, Box 16, 800—Ireland.

76.  Manning, p. 233; Dillon quotes from his memoir, p. 70, quoted in ibid.

77.  Interview with Patrick Lynch.

78.  Interview with Dr T.K. Whitaker.

79.  Lynch, Patrick, “More Pages from a Memoir”, in English and Skelly (eds), Ideas Matter, p. 129.

80.  5 March 1949, Costello to Bodkin, and 15 March 1949, Bodkin to Costello, in TCD, Bodkin Papers, MSS 7003/135 and 136.

81.  1 June 1950, Laithwaite report of conversation with Lord Glenavy, TNA, DO 130/110.

82.  MacBride, p. 191.

83.  Dillon memoir quoted in Manning, p. 233.

84.  17 December 1948, weekly report, in USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation, Security Segregated Records, 1936–49, Box 12.

85.  18 January 1949, Parliamentary Party minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/5.

86.  17 February 1948, Sheldon to Costello, JACP, P190/404.

87.  15 January 1949, Sheldon to Costello, JACP, P190/404.

88.  16 May 1950, Cogan to Costello, JACP, P190/387.

89.  Browne, p. 125.

90.  “Seven Days”.

91.  5 May 1948, Parliamentary Party minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/5.

92.  7 July 1948, Parliamentary Party minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/5.

93.  10 March 1949, Parliamentary Party minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/5.

94.  30 March 1949, P.F. Dineen, Director of Organisation, Quarterly Bulletin, NAI, Taoiseach’s Private Office, 97/9/117.

95.  16 January 1949, notes on conference, UCDA, P35/c/184.

96.  See NAI, Taoiseach’s Private Office, 97/9/1083.

97.  7 June 1949, McElligott to Secretary, D/SW, JACP, P190/554; Costello’s copy of the White Paper is in the same file.

98.  23 June 1949, Lynch notes on White Paper, JACP, P190/554.

99.  1 October 1949, memo, JACP, P190/554.

100.  IT, 15 February 1950.

101.  Browne, p. 126.

102.  28 November 1949, MacEoin to Costello, UCDA, P151/462.

103.  9 March 1949, minutes of Advisory Committee, UCDA, P35/c/184.

104.  Lynch, p. 42.

105.  27 January 1948, Minister for Defence memorandum for Government, NAI, S 13315 A/61.

106.  II, 10 March 1948.

107.  Interview with Kyran FitzGerald.

108.  Browne, p. 104.

109.  See 3 May 1955, Moynihan to Sec, D/D, NAI, S 13315 A/61.

110.  16 August 1956, FitzGerald to Costello, in possession of Fergus and Jacqueline Armstrong.

111.  News Review, 14 April 1949, JACP, P190/547.

112.  12 June 1951, Government decision, NAI, S 11832 C.

113.  Interview with Kyran FitzGerald.

114.  20 February 1948, News Chronicle cutting, JACP, P190/354.

115.  MacBride, p. 151.

116.  8 March 1948, George Garrett to Norman Armour, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation, Security Segregated Records, 1936–49, Box 16, 800—Ireland.

117.  26 February 1948, Roche to Moynihan, NAI, S 13262.

118.  See NAI S 11931 B for MacCurtain and S 13975 for White.

119.  See NAI, S 14380.

120.  DÉD, 15 April 1948, Vol. 110, Cols 931/2.

121.  O’Halpin, Eunan, Defending Ireland, p. 303.

122.  Bell, J. Bowyer, The Secret Army, p. 249.

123.  Ó Longaigh, Seosamh, Emergency Law in Independent Ireland, p. 277.

124.  19 August 1950, diary entry, UCDA, P122/83.

125.  27 February 1948, Government decision, NAI, S 14252. See S 10496 A for list of committees in different governments.

126.  26 August 1922, Provisional Government minutes, NAI, S 7870 A.

127.  NAI, S 7871.

128.  28 April 1924, Cosgrave to J.C. Meredith, NAI, S 7869 A.

129.  DÉD, 24 November 1948, Vol 113, Col 312.

130.  DÉD, 23 March 1950, Vol. 119, Col. 2521.

131.  8 March 1950, Laithwaite report on developments in the Republic of Ireland, TNA, FO 371/84831.

132.  Interview with Patrick Lynch.

133.  Fanning, Ronan, Independent Ireland, p. 167, based on interview with MacBride.

134.  14 February 1933, note on Secretary, NAI, S 6378 A.

135.  See for instance, 12 January 1949, Cosgrave to Costello, JACP, P190/414 setting out the decisions taken at the previous day’s meeting, “as they may be useful to refresh your memory in view of the fact that we took no formal decision and consequently they will not be recorded in the Minutes”.

136.  6 January 1949, Moynihan memo for Taoiseach, NAI, S 3635.

137.  10 January 1949, Moynihan note, NAI, S 3635, and 22 January 1949, Moynihan to Nolan, NAI, S 1646/4A.

138.  3 March 1948, Taoiseach to each Minister, NAI, S 14261.

139.  7 April 1948, speech to Federation of Irish Manufacturers, Cork, JACP, P190/436.

140.  1 November 1948, Chapin to Secretary of State, USNA, RG 58, Decimal File 1945–49, Box 3289, 711.41D2/10-2848.

141.  McCague, Eugene, Arthur Cox, p. 63.

142.  17 December 1948, Garrett to Washington, USNA, RG 59, Decimal File 1945–49, Box 3289, 711.41D2/12-1748.

143.  IT, 13 January 1949.

144.  20 January 1949, Garrett to Washington, USNA, RG 59, Decimal File 1945–49, Box 3289, 711.41D2/1-2049.

145.  IT, 21 January 1949 and 22 January 1949.

146.  26 May 1948, address to Dublin Chamber of Commerce, JACP, P190/439.

147.  Fanning, Finance, p. 427; the foregoing paragraph is based on Fanning, pp 424–7.

148.  Dillon memoir quoted in Manning, Dillon, p. 240.

149.  8 December 1969, Costello speech at Presentation Evening, JACP, P190/350.

150.  Manning, p. 249.

151.  11 December 1948, M/F memo for the Government, UCDA, P35/a/61.

152.  24 February 1949, McElligott to McGilligan, UCDA, P35/a/77.

153.  9 September 1949, McElligott to McGilligan, UCDA, P35/a/86.

154.  1 May 1949, McElligott to McGilligan, UCDA, P35/a/82.

155.  21 January 1949, Dillon to Costello, UCDA, P35/a/42.

156.  5 March 1949, Costello to Bodkin, TCD, Bodkin Papers, MSS 7003/103a-317, correspondence with John A. Costello.

157.  23 December 1949, Costello to McGilligan, UCDA, P35/c/48.

158.  MacBride, p. 189.

159.  23 June 1949, M/EA memo for Govt, NAI, S 14617A.

160.  25 June 1949, O’Dowd note, NAI, S 14617 A.

161.  Pink slips, NAI, S 14617A.

162.  MacBride, p. 190.

163.  17 September 1949, Maurice Moynihan diary entry, UCDA, P122/84.

164.  Fanning, Finance, p. 449.

165.  Ibid., p. 449.

166.  27 September 1949, M/EA memo for Government, NAI, S 14617 A.

167.  11 February 1950, Moynihan note, NAI, S 14617 A.

168.  Lynch, Patrick, “More pages from an Irish Memoir” in English and Skelly (eds) Ideas Matter, p. 129.

169.  Discussion with Governor, UDCA, P35/c/60.

170.  Moynihan, Maurice, Currency and Central Banking in Ireland, 1922–60, p. 352 and p. 341.

171.  IT, 18 October 1949.

172.  19 October 1949 and 20 October 1949, McElligott to McGilligan, UCDA, P35/c/60.

173.  Ó Broin, Leon, No Man’s Man, pp 157/8.

174.  Fanning, Finance, p. 455.

175.  Brennan diary, quoted in Ó Broin, No Man’s Man, p. 159.

176.  II, 6 February 1950.

177.  Fanning in Lynch and Meenan (eds), p. 7.

178.  See NAI, S 6378 A.

179.  Fanning, Finance, p. 457.

180.  Interview with Patrick Lynch.

181.  DÉD, 20 July 1949, Vol 117, Col 1373.

182.  DÉD, 21 July 1949, Vol 117 Col. 1601.

183.  Mulcahy, p. 245.

184.  Patrick Lynch interview.

185.  Lynch, “Pages from a Memoir”, pp 36/7.

186.  19 November 1949, address to annual dinner of Institute of Bankers in Ireland, JACP, P190/488.

187.  Girvin, Brian, Between Two Worlds, p. 170.

188.  T.K. Whitaker interview.

189.  Lynch, “Pages from a memoir”, p. 36; also interview with Patrick Lynch.

190.  Fanning, Independent Ireland, p. 171.

191.  18 November 1949, minutes of meeting, NAI, S 13749 C.

192.  28 November 1949, minutes of second meeting, NAI, S 13749 C.

193.  Ó Gráda, Cormac, A Rocky Road, p. 25.

194.  Whelan, Bernadette, Ireland and the Marshall Plan, p. 228.

195.  Patterson, Henry, Ireland since 1939, p. 89.

196.  Whelan, p. 399.

197.  IT, 15 November 1949.

198.  IT, 18 November 1949.

199.  McCullagh, David, A Makeshift Majority, pp 237–9.

200.  14 April 1949, News Review interview with Costello, JACP, P190/547.

201.  JACP, P190/406.

202.  See for example entry for 24 January 1949, NAI, Taoiseach’s Private Office, 97/9/928.

203.  Correspondence with John Costello.

204.  Interview with Jacqueline Armstrong.

205.  Conversation with Joan Gleeson.

206.  29 August 1950, Bodkin to Costello, JACP, P190/408.

207.  O’Byrne, Robert, Hugh Lane, p. 187

208.  O’Byrne, pp 231 and 232.

209.  Kennedy, Brian P., Dreams and Responsibilities, p. 7.

210.  Kennedy, pp 22 and 24.

211.  Stanford, William Bedell, Memoirs, p. 77.

212.  Verbatim report of speech, January 1931, and copy of The Catholic Bulletin, February 1931, NAI, S 2573.

213.  Bodkin Papers, TCD, Ms. 7003/114, 19 May 1948.

214.  27 February 1947, Rugby to Machtig, TNA, DO 35/3993.

215.  11 March 1948, Cabinet conclusions, TNA, DO 35/3993.

216.  1 April 1948, Bodkin to Costello, JACP, P190/408.

217.  IT, 7 September 1967.

218.  26 July 1948, Costello to Attlee, TNA, DO 35/3994.

219.  12 August 1948, Rugby to Machtig, TNA, DO 35/3994.

220.  12 November 1948, Attlee to Noel-Baker, TNA, DO 35/3994.

221.  8 January 1951, Rugby to Liesching, TNA, DO 35/3994.

222.  O’Byrne, p. 239.

223.  14 April 1956, Hogan to Costello, JACP, P190/822.

224.  25 April 1958, Robbins to Pakenham, JACP, P190/408.

225.  13 May 1958, Costello to de Valera, JACP, P190/408.

226.  25 March 1959, Costello to de Valera, JACP, P190/408.

227.  10 August 1959, Lemass to Costello, JACP, P190/408.

228.  Lemass and Costello Dáil statements, JACP, P190/408.

229.  Kennedy, p. 55.

230.  See Kennedy, pp 78–80.

231.  22 August 1950, Bodkin to Costello, Bodkin Papers, TCD, Ms 7003/167.

232.  See 30 November 1950, Bodkin to Costello, JACP, P190/411.

233.  16 December 1950, Bodkin to Costello, Bodkin Papers, TCD, Ms 7003/180.

234.  1 January 1951, Costello to Bodkin, Bodkin Papers, TCD, Ms 7003/185.

235.  29 January 1951, Bodkin to Costello, Bodkin Papers, TCD, Ms 7003/186.

236.  16 February 1951, Costello to Bodkin, Bodkin Papers, TCD.

237.  Bodkin to Paddy Lynch, 25 April 1951, Bodkin Papers, TCD, Ms 7003/199b.

238.  Kennedy, pp 96/7.

239.  Bruce Arnold, ‘Politics and the Arts in Ireland’ in Litton, Frank (ed.), Unequal Achievement, p. 287 and 285.

240.  Kennedy, p. 94.

241.  26 January 1952, IT and IP.

Chapter 8 Mr Costello was rarin’ to go (pp 197–231)

1.  Boland manuscript, p. 25.

2.  1 June 1950, Chapedlaine to Norman Robertson, Ottawa, LAC, RG 25, Vol 4401, File 50021-40, Part 3.

3.  A statue of her consort, Prince Albert, remains in the Leinster House grounds, on the Merrion Square side.

4.  O’Higgins, T.F., A Double Life, pp 132/3.

5.  10 July 1948, Rugby to Machtig, TNA, DO 35/3957.

6.  DÉD, 30 June 1948, Vol 111, Col 1785. The car park plan had originally been proposed the previous December by the then Fianna Fáil government.

7.  10 July 1948, Rugby to Machtig, TNA, DO 35/3957.

8.  21 July 1948, Machtig to Sir Alan Lascelles, Private Secretary to the King, and 27 July 1948, Lascelles to Machtig, TNA, DO 35/3957.

9.  NAI, S 6412 A.

10.  I paid a visit when I was in Australia in 1999. O’Higgins and Rugby were right!

11.  Fanning, Independent Ireland.

12.  16 October 1947, note of meeting with de Valera, TNA, DO 35/3926.

13.  21 October 1947, Presidential (International Powers and Functions) Bill, 1947, UCDA, P150/2970.

14.  27 January 1948, Rugby to Machtig, TNA, DO/130/93.

15.  28 January 1948, Rugby to Machtig, TNA, DO/130/93.

16.  FitzGerald, Garret, All in a life, p. 45.

17.  Summary of Costello election address, UCDA, P104/1468.

18.  21 February 1948, Rugby to Secretary of State, TNA, DO/130/93.

19.  II, 23 February 1948.

20.  MacBride, Seán, That Day’s Struggle, p. 156.

21.  24 July 1948, M/EA memorandum for Government, NAI, S 14210 B/1.

22.  DÉD, 23 July 1948, Vol 112, Col. 1520.

23.  Undated FitzGerald memorandum to Costello, JACP, P190/390.

24.  31 March 1948, Gallman, London, to Department of State, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation, Security Segregated Records, 1936–49, Box 15, 710 Political Relations, Treaties.

25.  8 July 1948, Costello to MacWhite, UCDA, P194/564.

26.  13 October 1996, interview with Risteárd Mulcahy.

27.  IT, 7 February 1951.

28.  Mansergh, Nicholas, Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs, p. 279.

29.  5 July 1948, Jowitt to Costello, NAI, Taoiseach’s Private Office, 97/9/862. Jowitt was looking for the loan of a car while he was on holiday, so he may have been attempting to butter up the Taoiseach.

30.  Cole, John, As It Seemed To Me, p. 11.

31.  16 August 1948, Garrett to Department of State, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation, Security Segregated Records, 1936–49, Box 15, 710 Political Relations, Treaties.

32.  22 June 1948, Nolan to Moynihan, and 23 June 1948, Moynihan note, NAI, S 13760 A.

33.  Interview with Patrick Lynch.

34.  He had been expelled after opposing the agreement with the United States on Marshall Aid.

35.  DÉD, 28 July 1948, Vol. 112, Col. 1555.

36.  DÉD, 5 August 1948, Vol. 112, Cols. 2105–7.

37.  29 July 1948, Turgeon to Ottawa, LAC, RG 25, Vol. 4480, file 50021-40 Part 1.

38.  DÉD, 6 August 1948, Vol. 112, Col. 2382.

39.  Costello memorandum on repeal of External Relations Act, JACP, P190/546.

40.  11 August 1948, Rugby to Machtig, TNA, PREM 8/1010.

41.  7 December 1948, Turgeon dispatch, LAC, RG 25, Vol. 4480, File 50021-40 Part 2.

42.  17 August 1948, CRO memo, TNA, PREM 8/1010.

43.  22 August 1948, Attlee note, and 23 August 1948, CRO telegram to UK High Commissioner in Canada, TNA, PREM 8/1010.

44.  9 September 1948, M/EA memo for Government, NAI, S 14333A.

45.  23 September 1948, Dulanty to Boland, UCDA, P104/4447.

46.  18 August 1948, memorandum for Government, NAI, S 14333A.

47.  19 August 1948, Cabinet Minutes, NAI, S 14333A.

48.  Lynch, Patrick, “Pages from a Memoir” in Lynch and Meenan (eds), p. 46.

49.  MacBride, p. 174.

50.  9 September 1948, M/EA memo for Govt, NAI, S 14333A.

51.  7 September 1948, Rugby to Machtig, TNA, DO/130/93.

52.  9 September 1948, Cabinet Minutes, NAI, S 14333A.

53.  23 September 1948, Dulanty to Boland, UCDA, P104/4447.

54.  “Seven Days”.

55.  DÉD, 6 August 1948, Vol. 112, Cols 2440/1.

56.  Costello memorandum on repeal of External Relations Act, JACP, P190/546.

57.  7 August 1948, Ó Dálaigh to de Valera, with draft of “The Presidential (International Powers and Fuctions) Bill, 1948”, UCDA, P150/2970.

58.  Costello memorandum, JACP, P190/546.

59.  McDermott, Eithne, Clann na Poblachta, p. 114.

60.  DÉD, 21 July 1959, Vol. 176, Col. 1602.

61.  Notes on conversations, Frederick Boland, 1952, in Mansergh, Diana (ed.), Nationalism and Independence, p. 189.

62.  RTÉ Archive Tape A 4184: The Republic of Ireland Act, 1948. Tx 26 March 1989.

63.  Manning, Maurice, James Dillon, p. 244.

64.  7 September 1948, Rugby to Machtig, TNA, DO/130/93.

65.  30 September 1948, Rugby to Machtig, TNA, DO/130/93.

66.  9 September 1948, M/EA memo for government, NAI, S 14387.

67.  9 August 1948, Rugby to Machtig, recording a meeting involving them, Noel-Baker and Cabinet Secretary Sir Norman Brook on 5 August, i.e. the day before the Adjournment Debate. TNA, DO/130/93.

68.  18 May 1957, Rugby to de Valera, in UCDA, P150/2940. The irony of a British official complaining to de Valera about unilateral action appears not to have occurred to Rugby.

69.  27 March 1948, Costello to MacWhite, UCDA, P194/564, and 3 March 1948, Mulcahy to MacWhite, loc. cit, P194/567.

70.  2 September 1948, W. H. Measures to F.M. Maclennan, LAC, RG 25, Vol. 3981, File 9908-T-1-40.

71.  30 August 1948, King Diaries.

72.  16 August 1948, Turgeon to Pearson, and 25 August 1948, Pearson to Turgeon, LAC, RG 25, Vol. 4480, File 50021-40 Part 1.

73.  21 August 1948, Boland to Hearne, UCDA, P104/4442.

74.  14 August 1948, Turgeon to Ottawa and reply, LAC, RG 25, Vol. 4480; File 50021-40 Part 1

75.  Unless otherwise stated, all details related to the trip come from Lynch’s diary of the visit, JACP, P190/526.

76.  See memo on cost of trip, NAI, S 14331.

77.  MacBride, p. 172.

78.  Boland manuscript, p. 24

79.  Text of speech, JACP, P190/532.

80.  24 September 1948, High Commissioner to Noel Baker, TNA, DO 35/2749.

81.  Memorandum in JACP, P190/546.

82.  14 December 1949, David Johnson memorandum of conversation with President O’Kelly, LAC, RG 25, Vol 4401, File 50021-40 Part 3.

83.  Undated and unsigned memorandum, which from internal evidence was written by Joseph Chapdelaine, chargé d’affaires, around March 1950. LAC, RG 25, Vol 4480, File 50021-40 Part 2.

84.  4 September 1948, King Diaries.

85.  5 October 1948, Priestman to Ottawa, LAC, RG 25, Vol. 4480, File 50021-40 Part 1.

86.  Table plan for dinner, JACP, P190/535.

87.  23 January 1949, Hearne to Costello, JACP, P190/414.

88.  28 February 1949, Memorandum for Pearson on Costello visit, LAC, RG 25, Vol. 4480, File 50021-40 Part 2.

89.  Ibid.

90.  4 September 1948, King Diaries.

91.  7 December 1948, Turgeon despatch, LAC, RG 25, Vol 4480, File 50021-40 Part 2.

92.  28 February 1949, Memorandum for Pearson on Costello visit, LAC, RG 25, Vol 4480, File 50021-40 Part 2.

93.  21 December 1948, Rugby to Machtig, TNA, DO/130/94.

94.  14 December 1949, Johnson Memorandum on conversation with President O’Kelly, LAC, RG 25, Vol. 4401, File 50021-40, Part 3.

95.  1 June 1950, Chapedlaine to Norman Robertson, Ottawa, LAC, RG 25, Vol 4401, File 50021-40, Part 3.

96.  Stanford, William Bedell, Memoirs, p. 128.

97.  Lynch, Patrick, “More pages from an Irish memoir”, in English and Skelly (eds), Ideas Matter, pp 126/7

98.  Text of broadcast, JACP, P190/528.

99.  14 October 1948, Escott Reid, Ottawa, to Turgeon, LAC, RG 25, Vol 4480, File 50021-40.

100.  II, 7 September 1948.

101.  IT, 3 January 1979, reprint of letter to Norton from Costello, dated 11 September 1948.

102.  9 September 1948, Garrett to Secretary of State, USNA, RG 84 Dublin Legation Security Segregated Records, 1936–49, Box 16, 800 Ireland.

103.  IT, 3 January 1979. He would of course have been better off if he had said this to MacDermott, O’Kelly, Stanford and others as well.

104.  SI, 5 September 1948.

105.  IT, 8 September 1967.

106.  Notes on conversations, in Mansergh (ed.), p. 186.

107.  Patrick Lynch, “Pages from a Memoir”, p. 54.

108.  Keane, Elizabeth, Seán MacBride, p. 106.

109.  Interview with Louie O’Brien, 24 July 1996.

110.  Patrick Lynch, “Pages from a Memoir”, p. 54.

111.  7 September 1948, Rugby to Machtig, TNA, DO/130/93.

112.  26 August 1948, memorandum, in LAC, RG 25, Vol. 3981, File 9908-T-1-40.

113.  Costello memorandum, JACP, P190/546.

114.  Interview with Patrick Lynch.

115.  RTÉ television documentary “The Republic: Leaving the Commonwealth”, tx. 15 April 1999.

116.  Boland manuscript, p. 24.

117.  IT, 4 July 1962, Lord Rugby Remembers.

118.  IT, 10 July 1962.

119.  9 September 1948, Rugby telegram to Secretary of State, TNA, DO/130/93.

120.  Boland manuscript, p. 26.

121.  7 September 1948, King Diaries.

122.  9 September 1948, Hearne memorandum, UCDA, P104/4473.

123.  9 September 1948, King Diaries.

124.  11 September 1948, Costello to Norton, reprinted in IT, 3/1/79.

125.  9 September 1948, King Diaries.

126.  Costello memorandum, JACP, P190/546.

127.  9 September 1948, King Diaries.

128.  10 September 1948, King Diaries.

129.  5 January 1949, Costello to MacWhite, UCDA, P194/564.

130.  Lynch diary of visit, JACP, P190/526.

131.  Interview with Patrick Lynch.

132.  SI, 3 October 1948.

133.  6 October 1948, Priestman to Ottawa, LAC, RG 25, Vol 4480, File 50021-40 Part 1.

134.  Interview with Patrick Lynch.

135.  Browne, Noël, Against the Tide, p. 130.

136.  7 October 1948, note from Nolan, NAI, S 14470 A.

137.  Entry for 7 October 1948, NAI, Taoiseach’s Private Office, 97/9/928.

138.  Note by Nolan on draft Cabinet minute, 11 October 1948, in NAI, S 14331. In the official records the minute is dated 11 October 1948.

139.  RTÉ radio documentary, “The Republic of Ireland Act, 1948”. Tx 26 March 1989.

140.  In the National Archives, the note is stamped 8 October, presumably the date Costello gave it to his officials; it is clear from Rugby’s records that it was handed over on the seventh. See NAI, S 14387, and Rugby telegram, 7 October 1948 in TNA, DO/130/93.

141.  11 October 1948, Cabinet minutes.

142.  26 October 1948, Rugby to Machtig, TNA, DO/130/93.

143.  24 November 1948, Turgeon to Ottawa, LAC, RG 25, Vol. 4480, File 50021-40 Part 1.

144.  15 October 1948, Rugby to Secretary of State, and 21 October 1948, Rugby to Machtig, TNA, DO130/93.

145.  28 October 1948, Chapin to Washington, USNA, FG 84, Dublin Legation Security Segregated Records, 1936–49, Box 16, 800—Ireland.

146.  12 October 1948, Rugby to CRO, TNA, DO/35/3962.

147.  13 October 1948, unsigned memo for Attlee, TNA, DO/35/3962.

148.  19 November 1948, Machtig to Rugby, TNA, DO/130/93.

149.  30 October 1948, draft bill, NAI, S 14387 A.

150.  Costello’s copy of the Bill is in NAI, S 14387 B.

151.  Fanning, Independent Ireland, p. 175.

152.  15 November 1948, note by Nolan, NAI, S 14387 B.

153.  Undated Alexis FitzGerald memorandum, JACP, P190/390.

154.  IT, 20 April 1949.

155.  IT, 22 May 1951, and letter from Alexis FitzGerald, 23 May 1951.

156.  Interview with Ronan Keane.

157.  Undated Alexis FitzGerald memorandum, JACP, P190/390.

158.  DÉD, 24 February 1949, Vol 114, Cols 493/4.

159.  UCDA, P104/1802.

160.  DÉD, 7 April 1949, Vol 114, Col 2519.

161.  DÉD, 24 November 1948, Vol 113, Cols 347, 348, 363, 374, 376, 378, 379 and 380.

162.  25 November 1948, Rugby to Machtig, TNA, DO/130/93.

163.  9 January 1949, Eavan Costello to Bodkin, TCD, Bodkin Papers, Ms 7003/130.

164.  25 November 1948, Cabinet conclusions, Prime Minister report on talks with Attlee on 20 November 1948, PRONI, CAB 4/769.

165.  30 December 1948, Cabinet meeting, PRONI, CAB 4/773.

166.  16 December 1948, Standing Committee minutes, UUP Papers, PRONI, D/1327/7/33.

167.  20 January 1949, Standing Committee minutes, UUP Papers, PRONI, D/1327/7/34.

168.  IT, 26 January 1949.

169.  M/EA memo, NAI, S 9361.

170.  28 January 1949, Chapin to Washington, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Security Segregated Records, Box 18, 350, Partition 1949.

171.  21 March 1949, Attlee to Brooke, PRONI, CAB 9B/2676.

172.  6 April 1949, Costello to de Valera, and reply 7/4/49, UCDA, P150/2990.

173.  18 April 1949, text of broadcast, JACP, P190/467.

174.  Diary entries, 28 April 1949 and 3 May 1949, quoted in Barton, Brian, Brookeborough, p. 232.

175.  5 May 1949, de Valera to Costello, and reply, same date, UCDA, P150/2990.

176.  5 May 1949, Garrett to Sec of State, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation Security Segregated Records, 1936–49, Box 17, 320.1.

177.  7 May 1949, Cabinet conclusion, NAI, S 14528.

178.  8 May 1949, Laithwaite to CRO, TNA, DO 35/3971.

179.  10 May 1949, Johnson to Ottawa and 20/5/49, Johnson to Pearson, LAC, RG 25, Vol 4480, File 50021-40, Part 2.

180.  DÉD, 10 May 1949, Vol 115, Cols 787/8, 791/2, 801/2, 807.

181.  19 May 1949, Laithwaite to Sec of State, TNA, DO/130/99.

182.  Interview with Richie Ryan.

183.  4 May 1949, Garrett to Sec of State, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation Security Segregated records, 1936–49, Box 17, 320.1

184.  20 May 1949, Johnson to Pearson, LAC, RG 25, Vol. 4480, File 50021-40, Part 2.

185.  Ibid.

186.  Feeney, Brian, Sinn Féin, p. 193.

187.  25 October 1949, Laithwaite to Sir Percivale Liesching, TNA, CAB 21/407.

188.  15 April 1948, Hearne to Sec, D/EA, NAI, S 14291 A/1.

189.  4 May 1948, Hickerson to Garrett, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation Security Segregated Records, 1936–49, Box 15, 710.

190.  CIA report on Ireland, 1 April 1949, Truman Library, HST Papers, PSF, Box 256, SR-48.

191.  24 January 1950, G.W. Perkins to Secretary of State, USNA, RG 59, Decimal File, Box 3289, 611.41/1-2450.

192.  27 December 1948, Hickerson to Garrett, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation Security Segregated Records, 1936–49, Box 15, 711.

193.  10 January 1949, Hickerson to Miller, British Embassy, Washington, TNA, DO/35/2749.

194.  14 January 1949, Rugby to Liesching, with memorandum of Pritchard discussion with Boland, TNA, DO/35/2749.

195.  8 February 1949, MacBride aide-memoire to United States, NAI, S 14291 A/1.

196.  14 April 1949, Hickerson to Garrett, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation Security Segregated Records, 1936–49, Box 17, 320.1.

197.  13 April 1949, MacWhite to Costello, UCDA, P194/564.

198.  Boland memoir, pp 21–3.

199.  3 November 1948, Chapin to Secretary of State, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Security Segregated Records, Box 18, 821: Army Manoeuvres: Survey.

200.  9 May 1950, Laithwaite record of conversation with MacBride, and 30 May 1950, Laithwaite record of conversation with Boland, TNA, DO 130/110.

201.  2 May 1951, record of discussion at McKee Barracks, UCDA, P151/503.

202.  15 August 1950, State Department policy statement on Ireland, USNA, RG 59, Department of State Decimal File, 1950–54, Box 2768, 611.40A/8-1550.

203.  15 January 1951, Dillon to Costello, JACP, P190/562.

204.  23 March 1951, Acheson memorandum of conversation with MacBride and Truman, USNA, RG 59, Department of State Decimal File, 1950–54, Box 2768, 611.40A/3-2351.

205.  3 November 1950, Laithwaite review of affairs, TNA, FO 371/84832.

206.  3 April 1951, Troy to Laithwaite, TNA, DO 130/112.

207.  20 March 1951, IP, and 22 March 1951, Moynihan minute, NAI, S 9361 C.

208.  Cosgrave quoted in Collins, Stephen, The Cosgrave Legacy, pp 69/70.

209.  Memorandum, JACP, P190/546.

Chapter 9 A very happy success for the Church (pp 232–258)

1.  DÉD, 12 April 1951, Vol 125, Col 767.

2.  15 April 1951, McQuaid to Felici, McQuaid Papers, DDA, AB8/B/XVIII/Box 5—Health, Mother and Child Scheme, Folder: Mother and Child Scheme, 1951.

3.  23 February 1948, Costello to Pope; 29 February 1948, reply NAI, S 9469 A.

4.  10 March 1948, Costello to MacWhite, UCDA, P194/564.

5.  10 April 1951, D’Alton to McQuaid, DDA, McQuaid Papers, AB8/B/XVIII/Box 5—Health, Mother and Child Scheme, Folder: Mother and Child Scheme, 1951.

6.  SI, 12 April 1998.

7.  “Seven Days”.

8.  Bolster, Evelyn, The Knights of Saint Columbanus, pp 14 and 95.

9.  28 February 1948, Costello to McQuaid; 2 March 1949, Costello to McQuaid; 9 May 1950, Griffin to Costello; 22 May 1950, Costello to McQuaid; DDA, McQuaid Papers, AB8/b/XVIII, Mr John A. Costello (first coalition period) 1948–51.

10.  21 November 1949, M/EA memo; 20 December 1949, Moynihan to Sec, D/EA;NAI, S 14597.

11.  Cooney, John, John Charles McQuaid, p. 248.

12.  Costello expressed this view privately to Patrick McCartan, according to his son. See Horgan, John, Noël Browne, p. 75 and Note 53, p. 303.

13.  Quoted in Dunleavy and Dunleavy, Douglas Hyde, p. 434.

14.  2 December 1948, Browne to Walsh, NAI, S 15008.

15.  30 June 1949, Secretaries to the Hierarchy to Costello, NAI, S 15008.

16.  16 September 1949, Costello to Secretaries to the Hierarchy, NAI, S 15008.

17.  Quoted in Keating, Anthony, “The legalisation of adoption in Ireland”, Studies, 2003.

18.  15 November 1950, note on Parliamentary Party meeting, UCDA, P151/469.

19.  Dillon memoir quoted in Manning, Maurice, James Dillon, p. 270.

20.  Interview with Patrick Lynch.

21.  Record of meeting with Franco, UCDA, P151/1913.

22.  17 October 1949, M/J memo for Government, and 28 October 1949, Cabinet conclusions, NAI, S 14620.

23.  NAI, S 15131.

24.  Manning, p. 269.

25.  Interview with Patrick Lynch.

26.  13 October 1947, Staunton to de Valera, NAI, S 14227.

27.  NAI, S 14227.

28.  IT, 15 January 1948.

29.  10 December 1948, Mulcahy to Fine Gael Ministers, and 17 November 1948, D.J. Sheehan to Deputy Palmer, JACP, P190/412.

30.  Health Bill 1950, Explanatory Memorandum, NAI, S 14227.

31.  9 June 1948, M/H memo for Government, NAI, S 13444 G.

32.  Browne, Noël, Against the Tide, p. 153.

33.  Horgan, John, Noël Browne, p. 101.

34.  13 February 1950, Nolan memo, and 27 March 1951, Moynihan to Costello, NAI, S 13444 G. It is not clear why he sought this information in early 1950, before the crisis had developed.

35.  2 April 1951, D/Taoiseach memo, NAI, S 13444 G.

36.  Horgan, Browne, p. 105.

37.  Marr, Andrew, A History of Modern Britain, p. 66.

38.  Irish News, 18 April 1951, quoted in Staunton, Enda, The Nationalists of Northern Ireland, p. 363.

39.  Horgan, Browne, p. 111.

40.  IT, 21 February 1951.

41.  The Leader, 3 March 1951.

42.  SP, 7 December 1986, MacBride interview.

43.  Interview with Patrick Lynch.

44.  Interview with Alexis FitzGerald.

45.  Interview with Patrick Lynch.

46.  19 November 1950, Brennan to Costello, NAI, S 14997 A.

47.  25 October 1950, minutes of meeting, McQuaid Papers, DDA, AB8/B/XVIII, Box 5—Health, Mother and Child Scheme, Folder: Mother and Child Scheme, 1950.

48.  Undated speech to IMA, JACP, P190/424.

49.  Undated notes for speech to RCPI, JACP, P190/427.

50.  25 November 1950, Delaney to Costello, NAI, S 14997 A.

51.  25 November 1950, Costello to Delaney, and notes, NAI, S 14227.

52.  DÉD, 12 April 1951, Vol 125, cols 748–51.

53.  8 December 1950, Browne to Costello, NAI, S 14997 A.

54.  16 December 1950, Browne to Costello, NAI, S 14997 A.

55.  5 December 1950, Delaney to Costello, NAI, S 14997 A.

56.  5 March 1951, Browne to Costello, NAI, S 14997 A.

57.  10 October 1950, Staunton to Costello, NAI, S 14997 A.

58.  DÉD, 12 April 1951, Vol 125, Col 742.

59.  21 March 1951, Browne to Costello, NAI, S 14997 A.

60.  19 March 1951, Browne to Costello, and 21 March 1951, Costello to Browne, NAI, S 14997 A.

61.  Undated draft by Browne, NAI, S 14997 A.

62.  21 March 1951, Costello to Browne, NAI, S 14997 A.

63.  9 December 1950, McQuaid to Bishop Browne, McQuaid Papers, DDA, AB8/B/XVIII/Box 5—Health, Mother and Child Scheme, Folder: Mother and Child Scheme, 1950.

64.  16 January 1951, McQuaid report to Standing Committee of Hierarchy. Ibid. Emphasis in original.

65.  Horgan, Browne, p. 111.

66.  8 March 1951, McQuaid to Costello, NAI, S 14997A.

67.  DÉD, 12 April 1951, Vol 125, Cols 757–8.

68.  15 March 1951, Costello to Browne, NAI, S 14997 A.

69.  19 March 1951, Browne to Costello, NAI, S 14997 A.

70.  Notes on events in March 1951, McQuaid Papers, DDA, AB8/B/XVIII/Box 5—Health, Mother and Child Scheme; folder: Mother and Child Scheme, 1951.

71.  21 March 1951, note by Moynihan, NAI, S 14997 A.

72.  21 March 1951, Costello to Browne, NAI, S 14997 A.

73.  21 March 1951, Browne to Costello, NAI, S 14997 A.

74.  22 March 1951, Moynihan note, NAI, S 14997 A.

75.  22 March 1951, Costello to Browne, NAI, S 14997 A.

76.  22 March 1951, handwritten note by Costello, NAI, S 14997A.

77.  3 April 1951, Report to Standing Committee, McQuaid Papers, DDA, AB8/B/XVIII/Box 5—Health, Mother and Child Scheme, Folder: Mother and Child Scheme, 1951.

78.  Puirséil, Niamh, The Irish Labour Party, p. 155.

79.  Notes on events in March 1951, McQuaid Papers, DDA, AB8/B/XVIII/Box 5—Health, Mother and Child Scheme; folder: Mother and Child Scheme, 1951.

80.  Interview with Patrick Lynch.

81.  O’Brien, Conor Cruise, Memoir: My life and themes, p. 153.

82.  Lee, J.J., Ireland 1912–1985, p. 317.

83.  3 April 1951, Report to Standing Committee, McQuaid Papers, DDA, AB8/B/XVIII/Box 5—Health, Mother and Child Scheme, Folder: Mother and Child Scheme, 1951.

84.  5 April 1951, McQuaid to Costello enclosing Hierarchy documnent, NAI, S 14227.

85.  Notes on events since Hierarchy’s meeting, McQuaid Papers, DDA, AB8/B/XVIII/Box 5—Health, Mother and Child Scheme, Folder: Mother and Child Scheme, 1951.

86.  Ibid.

87.  Ibid.

88.  Browne, pp 176/7.

89.  7 April 1951, note, NAI, S 14997 D.

90.  Fanning, Independent Ireland, pp 185/6.

91.  7 April 1951, Sec to Govt to Private Secretary, M/H, JACP, P190/557.

92.  Notes on events since Hierarchy’s meeting, McQuaid Papers, DDA, AB8/B/XVIII/Box 5—Health, Mother and Child Scheme, Folder: Mother and Child Scheme, 1951.

93.  Draft letter to Minister for Health, NAI, S 14997 D.

94.  “Seven Days”.

95.  MacBride, pp 222/3.

96.  11 April 1951, Browne to Costello, and reply, NAI, S 14165.

97.  20 April 1951, memo on resignation, NAI, S 10719 B.

98.  DÉD, 12 April 1951, Vol 125, Cols 667, 668, 669, 672/3.

99.  DÉD, 12 April 1951, Vol 125, Cols 732, 732, 737, 739/40, 740, 777–8, 783–4.

100.  Horgan, Browne, p. 151.

101.  Ibid., p. 150.

102.  Interview with Ronan Keane; the reference was to Masefield’s poem “Sea Fever”, and to a favourite Irish Times pub.

103.  15 April 1951, McQuaid to Felici, McQuaid Papers, DDA, AB8/B/XVIII/Box 5—Health, Mother and Child Scheme, Folder: Mother and Child Scheme, 1951.

104.  O’Brien, Conor Cruise, States of Ireland, p. 120.

105.  Yeats, Michael B., Cast a cold eye, p. 50.

106.  DÉD, 11 April 1951, Vol 125, Col 640.

107.  Deeny, James, To cure and to care, p. 196.

108.  Horgan, Browne, pp 156–8.

109.  DÉD, 10 July 1951, Vol 126, Col 1231.

110.  Horgan, pp 156–8.

111.  DÉD, 10 July 1951, Vol 126, Cols 1223–6.

112.  4 January 1951, Norman Robertson memo, LAC, RG 25, vol 4401, File 50021-40 pt 3.

113.  The Leader, 6 January 1951.

114.  EH, 27 January 1951.

115.  16 February 1951, Costello to Bodkin, TCD, Bodkin Papers, mss 7003/103a-317.

116.  3 January 1951, Dillon to Costello, JACP, P190/607.

117.  The Leader, 28 April 1951.

118.  Manning, pp 272/3.

119.  5 March 1951, Costello to Bodkin, TCD, Bodkin Papers, Ms 7003/197.

120.  NAI, S 15017.

121.  5 May 1951, Laithwaite to CRO, and 8 May 1951, note by G.W. Sich, TNA, FO 371/91167.

122.  4 May 1951, Statement by Taoiseach, JACP, P190/294.

123.  7 May 1951, address to constituents, JACP, P190/294.

124.  Horgan, p. 158.

125.  IT, 22 May 1951.

126.  8 December 1969, retirement speech, JACP, P190/350.

127.  Election itinerary, JACP, P190/294.

128.  IT, 29 May 1951.

129.  Appointment diary, NAI, Taoiseach’s Private Office, 97/9/928.

130.  Text with Costello’s annotations, JACP, P190/294; recording of speech, loc. cit, P190/288.

131.  Dublin South East election leaflet, JACP, P190/293.

132.  19 May 1951, speech in Cork, JACP, P190/294.

133.  28 May 1951, speech in Dublin, JACP, P190/294.

134.  15 May 1951, speech in Rathmines, JACP, P190/294.

135.  16 May 1951, Mullingar speech, JACP, P190/294.

136.  12 May 1951, Drogheda speech, JACP, P190/294.

137.  27 May 1951, Ennis speech, JACP, P190/294. Montagu Norman, the former Governor of the Bank of England, was noted for his conservatism.

138.  20 May 1951, Limerick speech, JACP, P190/294. 51 years later Fianna Fáil would employ a similar, if snappier, election slogan: “A lot done, more to do”.

139.  19 May 1951, Cork speech, JACP, P190/294.

140.  29 May 1951, Bray speech, JACP, P190/294.

141.  The Leader, 26 May 1951.

142.  McCullagh, David, A Makeshift Majority, pp 246–8.

143.  2 June 1951, Laithwaite to CRO, TNA, FO 371/91167.

144.  4 June 1951, Lemass to Henry Harrison, quoted in O’Sullivan, Michael, Seán Lemass, p. 124.

145.  Horgan, p. 163.

146.  7 June 1951, MacBride to Taoiseach, UCDA, P7/C/106.

147.  IT, 5 June 1951.

148.  Manning, pp 278/9.

149.  13 June 1951, Laithwaite to CRO, TNA, FO 371/91167.

150.  Manning, p. 279.

151.  DÉD, 13 June 1951, Vol 126, Col 16.

152.  DÉD, 13 June 1951, Vol 126, Col 82.

Chapter 10 Trumpet-tongued denunciation (pp 259–287)

1.  9 July 1951, Costello to Monsignor M. Moloney, Limerick, JACP, P190/614.

2.  9 January 1955, Seamus McCall to Costello, JACP, P190/826.

3.  DÉD, 30 June 1953, Vol 140, Col 39.

4.  Interview with Ronan Keane.

5.  9 July 1951, Costello to Joseph Ronayne, JACP, P190/618.

6.  Lindsay, Patrick, Memories, p. 156.

7.  O’Leary, Cornelius, Irish Elections, p. 43.

8.  Manning, p. 285.

9.  19 October 1951, Costello to Dillon, JACP, P190/607.

10.  27 August 1951, speech to Dublin se constituency executive, JACP, P190/296.

11.  The Leader, 16 August 1952.

12.  7 August 1951, Douglas to Costello, JACP, P190/607.

13.  27 August 1951, speech to Dublin se constituency executive, JACP, P190/296.

14.  The Leader, 24 November 1951.

15.  Fanning, Ronan, “Alexis FitzGerald”, in Lynch and Meenan (eds), Essays in Memory of Alexis FitzGerald, p. 9.

16.  21 July 1951, John Costello [junior] to Bodkin, TCD, Bodkin Papers, Ms 7003/204.

17.  16 October 1951, Costello to Bodkin, TCD, Bodkin Papers, Ms 7003/209.

18.  19 October 1951, Costello to Dillon, JACP, P190/607.

19.  19 October 1951, Rathmines speech, JACP, P190/576.

20.  IT, 24 October 1951.

21.  Central Bank Report for the year ending 31 March 1951.

22.  27 October 1951, Dillon memorandum, JACP, P190/558.

23.  14 November 1951, Bodkin to Costello, JACP, P190/813.

24.  IT, 30 October 1951.

25.  3 November 1951, Cork speech, JACP, P190/577.

26.  Feeney, MacEntee, p. 171.

27.  DÉD, 20 November 1952, Vol. 134, Col. 2039.

28.  The series appeared in The Leader on 2 August 1952, 16 August 1952 and 27 September 1952—Costello’s annotated copy of the final part is in JACP, P190/570.

29.  DÉD, 7 November 1951, Vol 127, Col 353.

30.  IT, 8 November 1951.

31.  16 December 1951, Kilkenny speech, JACP, P190/578.

32.  18 May 1952, Athlone speech, JACP, P190/588.

33.  DÉD, 12 March 1952, Vol 129, Col 1954/5.

34.  6 February 1952, Ard Fheis speech, JACP, P190/585.

35.  Feeney, p. 186.

36.  Lee, p. 325.

37.  DÉD, 3 April 1952, Vol 130, cols 1268 and 1296.

38.  DÉD, 13 May 1952, Vol 131, Col 1443.

39.  Interview with Declan Costello.

40.  17 June 1954 and 26 April 1955, Moynihan notes, NAI, 96/6/106.

41.  31 March 1952, Costello to Commissioner M.J. Kinnane, JACP, P190/609.

42.  Interview with Mick Kilkenny.

43.  Feeney, pp 185–9.

44.  DÉD, 13 May 1952, Vol. 131, Col. 1446.

45.  Whitaker, T.K., Interests, p. 164.

46.  Interview with Ken Whitaker.

47.  13 January 1952, Killarney speech, JACP, P190/583.

48.  22 January 1952, Shelbourne speech, JACP, P190/584.

49.  20 April 1952, Tralee speech, JACP, P190/587.

50.  Yeats, p. 55.

51.  DÉD, 24 July 1952, Vol 133, Cols 1759/60, 1761, 1764.

52.  DÉD, 24 July 1952, Vol 133, Col 1880.

53.  DÉD, 24 July 1952, Vol 133, Col 1893.

54.  DÉD, 22 October 1952, Vol 134, Cols 56/7.

55.  11 October 1952, Grosvenor Hotel speech, JACP, P190/575.

56.  The Leader, 28 February 1953.

57.  18 February 1953, Ard Fheis speech, JACP, P190/315.

58.  4 March 1953, Whitaker note for Minister, in UCDA, P67/220, and D/F memo, P67/223.

59.  M/I&C memo, 28 July 1953; M/F memo, 31 July 1953; D/T memo, 13 August 1953; M/F memo, 25 August 1953; documents in the possession of Fergus and Jacqueline Armstrong.

60.  17 February 1954, Ard Fheis speech, JACP, P190/298.

61.  DÉD, 7 May 1953, Vol. 138, Col. 1349.

62.  DÉD, 12 March 1953, Vol. 137, Cols. 261–3.

63.  16 December 1951, Kilkenny speech, JACP, P190/578.

64.  The Leader, 16 August 1952.

65.  Horgan, pp 168/9.

66.  4 May 1953, Sweetman to Editor, Manchester Guardian, JACP, P190/608.

67.  DÉD, 15 April 1953, Vol 138, Cols 47, 60 and 64.

68.  DÉD, 15 April 1953, Vol 138, Cols 98 and 66.

69.  DÉD, 9 June 1953, Vol 139, Col 798.

70.  O’Higgins, T.F., A Double Life, pp 153–5.

71.  25 May 1952, Limerick speech, JACP, P190/589.

72.  7 June 1952, Waterford speech, JACP, P190/590.

73.  14 June 1952, Ballina speech, JACP, P190/591.

74.  3 July 1952, Costello to Bodkin, TCD, Bodkin Papers, Ms 7003/217.

75.  14 October 1952, Four Courts Hotel speech, JACP, P190/595.

76.  Undated Lombard Street speech, JACP, P190/573.

77.  11 November 1952, final by-election rally, JACP, P190/596.

78.  27 November 1952, fortnightly summary of events, TNA, DO 35/5290.

79.  16 November 1952, Mullingar speech, JACP, P190/597.

80.  30 May 1953, Cobh speech, JACP, P190/598.

81.  7 June 1953, Arklow speech, JACP, P190/599.

82.  15 July 1953, Costello to Monsignor John Power, JACP, P190/617.

83.  22 June 1953, Government decision, and 30 June 1953, notes on speeches, NAI, S 15525.

84.  DÉD, 30 June 1953, Vol. 140, Cols. 29–30, 41 and 33.

85.  Glynn to Costello, undated, JACP, P190/609.

86.  30 November 1953, Dun Laoghaire speech, JACP, P190/603.

87.  IP, 29 October 1953.

88.  16 January 1954, The Leader.

89.  Cox was suggested to Churchill’s lawyer, Sir Hartley Shawcross, by Freddie Boland. In lieu of a fee, Cox asked for autographed copies of the two volumes of Churchill’s biography of his ancestor, the Duke of Marlborough. Boland memoir (unpaginated).

90.  Entry on Costello, by Charles Lysaght, in Maguire, James and Quinn, James, Dictionary of Irish Biography, Vol. 2.

91.  McCague, Eugene, Arthur Cox, p. 101.

92.  The Leader, 11 October 1952.

93.  Quinn, Antoinette, Patrick Kavanagh, pp 314–16.

94.  23 February 1954, Costello to Bodkin, TCD, Bodkin Papers, Ms 7003/225.

95.  Interview with Ronan Keane.

96.  Quinn, p. 326.

97.  Quinn, p. 327.

98.  Interview with Ronan Keane.

99.  The Leader, 11 October 1952.

100.  10 February 1954, Seamus Behan to Costello, JACP, P190/605.

101.  Quinn, p. 327.

102.  Quinn, pp 328–9.

103.  Interview with Ronan Keane.

104.  Quinn, pp 328/9.

105.  9 January 1955, Seamus MacCall to Costello, JACP, P190/826.

106.  Interview with Declan Costello.

107.  Quinn, p. 345.

108.  Quinn, p. 339.

109.  16 February 1955, Kavanagh to Costello, JACP, P190/823.

110.  4 June 1955, Costello to Little, NAI, S 15896.

111.  Interview with Mick Kilkenny.

112.  23 May 1955, Costello to Kavanagh, JACP, P190/823.

113.  27 May 1955, Kavanagh to Costello, NAI, S 15896.

114.  2 July 1955, Kavanagh to Costello, NAI, S 15896.

115.  4 July 1955, Costello to Little, NAI, S 15896.

116.  18 July 1955, Dowd note, NAI, S 15896.

117.  26 July 1955 and 2 August 1955, NAI, S 15896.

118.  Kennedy, Dreams and Responsibilities, p. 115.

119.  4 June 1956, Costello to Kavanagh, JACP, P190/835.

120.  4 July 1956, Moynihan note, NAI, S 15896.

121.  Interview with Mick Kilkenny.

122.  26 November 1956, Costello to T.K. O’Toole, JACP, P190/821.

123.  17 September 1952, Ita McCoy to Deputy Paddy Cawley, JACP, P190/609.

124.  6 April 1953, R.L. McDowell to Costello, and reply, 8 May 1953, JACP, P190/615.

125.  Interview with Jacqueline Armstrong. Her daughter, Katie, called her great-grandfather “Little Pam-pam”, because he was smaller than her grandfather, Alexis FitzGerald.

126.  Correspondence with Georgina Sutton.

127.  23 March 1953, Costello to Michael Tierney, UCDA, OA 30/452.

128.  20 February 1952, O’Dea to Costello, and reply, 28 February 1952, JACP, P190/616.

129.  Interview with Declan Costello.

130.  DÉD, 28 July 1953, Vol 141, Cols 807 and 805.

131.  28 January 1954, de Valera memo, UCDA, P150/2990.

132.  SI, 3 November 1974.

133.  Correspondence with Michael V. O’Mahony.

134.  Interview with Declan Costello.

135.  21 January 1954, M/J memo, NAI, S 11602 B.

136.  29 June 1954, Taft to Secretary of State, USNA, RG 86, Dublin Legation Security Segregated Records, Box 21, 350: Ireland, Political, 1953–55.

137.  4 March 1954, Gallagher memo, NAI, S 15652.

138.  II, 5 March 1954.

139.  Lindsay, p. 155.

140.  The Leader, 24 April 1954.

141.  9 March 1954 PQ submitted by Sweetman in Costello’s name; 9 March 1954, Nolan note. NAI, S 15652.

142.  9 March 1954, Moynihan to Costello, JACP, P190/607.

143.  14 March 1954, Kilkenny speech, JACP, P190/298.

144.  DÉD, 11 March 1954, Vol. 144, Col. 1628.

145.  DÉD, 22 April 1954, Vol. 145, Col. 679.

146.  6 May 1954, Hankinson to Secretary of State, TNA, DO 35/5193.

147.  II, 15 March 1954.

148.  14 March 1954, Kilkenny speech, JACP, P190/298.

149.  16 May 1954, Ballina speech, JACP, P190/298.

150.  8 May 1954, Ennis speech, JACP, P190/298.

151.  15 May 1954, Longford speech, JACP, P190/298.

152.  9 April 1954, Mills’ Hall speech, JACP, P190/298.

153.  7 May 1954, Limerick speech, JACP, P190/298.

154.  DÉD, 12 May 1955, Vol. 150, Col. 1391.

155.  9 April 1954, Mills’ Hall speech, JACP, P190/298.

156.  24 April 1954, Sligo speech, JACP, P190/298.

157.  3 May 1954, Rathmines speech, JACP, P190/298.

158.  17 May 1954, O’Connell Street speech, JACP, P190/298.

159.  6 May 1954, Hankinson to Secretary of Sate, TNA, DO 35/5193.

160.  25 April 1954, Letterkenny speech, JACP, P190/298.

161.  26 April 1954, Fairview speech, JACP, P190/298.

162.  9 May 1954, Athlone speech, JACP, P190/298.

163.  O’Brien, Mark, De Valera, Fianna Fáil and the Irish Press, p. 90.

164.  10 May 1954, Donnybrook speech, JACP, P190/298.

165.  DÉD, 12 November 1952, Vol 134, Col. 1389.

166.  10 November 1951, John Mullin to Costello, JACP, P190/614.

167.  7 January 1954, Costello to Mullin, JACP, P190/614.

168.  14 June 1954, Senator James Douglas to Costello, JACP, P190/819.

169.  Horgan, pp 178/9.

170.  Browne, pp 221/2.

171.  8 December 1969, retirement dinner, JACP, P190/350.

172.  6 July 1954, Sandymount Branch annual report, UCDA, P39/C/D/90.

173.  Mulcahy, Risteárd, Richard Mulcahy, p. 258.

174.  Interview with Jacqueline Armstrong.

175.  26 May 1954, fortnightly summary, TNA, DO 35/5290.

176.  Puirséil, Niamh, The Irish Labour Party, pp 175/6.

177.  Drafts of Government programme, JACP, P190/551.

178.  29 June 1954, Taft to Secretary of State, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation Security Segregated Records, Box 21, 350—Ireland, Political, 1953–5.

179.  DÉD, 6 July 1954, Vol. 146, Col. 1266.

180.  DÉD, 12 May 1955, Vol. 150, Col. 1407.

181.  Drafts of Government programme, JACP, P190/551.

182.  DÉD, 1 April 1952, Vol. 130, Col. 993.

183.  Drafts of Government programme, JACP, P190/551.

184.  See drafts of Government programme, JACP, P190/551.

185.  Copy of Statement in NAI, S 15713.

186.  15 June 1954, Hankinson to Lord Swinton, TNA, DO 35/5193.

187.  DÉD, 2 June 1954, Vol. 146, Col. 26.

188.  IP, 3 June 1954.

189.  DÉD, 2 June 1954, Vol. 146, Col. 36.

190.  II, 5 May 1969.

191.  The Leader, 28 March 1953.

192.  15 June 1954, Hankinson to Swinton, TNA, DO 35/5193.

193.  Quoted in Puirséil, p. 180.

194.  O’Higgins, p. 186.

195.  DÉD, 9 March 1955, Vol. 149, Col. 233.

196.  19 June 1954, memo on conversation with Boland, TNA, DO 35/5159.

197.  MacDermott, p. 219, note 208.

198.  IT, 2 June 1954.

199.  23 June 1954, Costello to Catalina MacBride, NAI, S 15719 B

200.  DÉD, 2 June 1954, Vol. 146, Col. 61.

201.  Memo in NAI, S 15655.

202.  Letter from Liam Cosgrave, 7 November 2008.

203.  O’Higgins, p. 156.

204.  Details in NAI S 15655 and 15656.

205.  23 February 1955, answer to parliamentary question, NAI, S 15656.

206.  DÉD, 2 June 1954, Vol. 146, Col. 62.

207.  25 May 1954, Cox to Costello, NAI, S 15719 A.

Chapter 11 Giving the people quiet (pp 288–322)

1.  DÉD, 9 March 1955, Vol. 149, Col. 230.

2.  26 November 1955, Rathkeale speech, JACP, P190/640.

3.  8 July 1954, Costello to Bodkin, TCD, Bodkin Papers, Ms 7003/227.

4.  19 June 1954, The Leader.

5.  7 November 2008, letter from Liam Cosgrave.

6.  29 June 1954, Taft to Secretary of State, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation Security Segregated Reports, Box 21, 350—Ireland—Political, 1953–55

7.  Interview with Mick Kilkenny.

8.  24 June 1954, Nolan note, NAI, 96/6/106.

9.  O’Higgins, A Double Life, pp 161/2.

10.  Ibid., pp 163/4.

11.  22 July 1954, Nolan note, NAI, S 15655.

12.  DÉD, 12 May 1955, Vol. 150, Col. 1418.

13.  16 August 1956, FitzGerald to Costello, letter in possession of Jacqueline and Fergus Armstrong.

14.  O’Higgins, p. 172.

15.  Keogh, Dermot, Twentieth Century Ireland, p. 227.

16.  17 June 1954, Minister for Finance memorandum for Government, and 28 June 1954, Nolan to Secretary of Department of Finance, NAI, S 15720.

17.  DÉD, 9 March 1955, Vol. 149, Col. 219.

18.  The Leader, 9 October 1954.

19.  24 December 1954, Sweetman to Costello, JACP, P190/831.

20.  The Leader, 9 October 1954.

21.  7 January 1955 and 11 January 1955, notes in NAI, S 14470 D.

22.  The Leader, 29 January 1955.

23.  Annual review of 1954, TNA, DO 35/5379.

24.  2 February 1955, Ard Fheis speech, JACP, P190/758.

25.  11 February 1955, fortnightly report, TNA, DO 35/5291.

26.  4 May 1954, D/T memorandum, NAI, S 15725 A.

27.  24 June 1954, Moynihan to External Affairs, and 19 July 19, Boland to External Affairs, NAI, S 15725 A.

28.  13 October 1954, M/F memorandum for Government, NAI, S 15725 A.

29.  11 September 1956, D/T memorandum, NAI, S 15725 A.

30.  30 January 1956, General Survey of the State Capital Programme, JACP, P190/710.

31.  5 July 1956, M/F memorandum for the Government, NAI, S 15725 A.

32.  21 June 1956, minutes of meeting with Provisional United Trade Union Movement, NAI, S 15725 A.

33.  1 November 1948, Chapin to Secretary of State, USNA, RG 58, Decimal File 1945–9, Box 3289, 711.41D2/10-2848.

34.  25 June 1954, Moynihan to Industry and Commerce, NAI, S 15735 A.

35.  31 July 1954, Moynihan to Finance, and ICC report, January 1955, both in NAI, S 15735 A.

36.  30 June 1955, Redmond to Moynihan, NAI, S 15735 A.

37.  Reservation to report by Alexis FitzGerald, and Minority Report by James Meenan, in NAI, S 2850 B.

38.  6 September 1954, Norton to Costello, NAI, S 2850 B.

39.  14 March 1955, Charles Murray note, NAI, S 2850 B.

40.  He later made a similar observation in the Dáil in relation to forestry. “When a Department has a strong view, even the head of the Government is not always able to change it, no matter how much he wants to change it.” DED, 7 November 1962, Vol. 197, Col. 734.

41.  See NAI, S 2850 B.

42.  Patterson, Henry, Ireland since 1939, pp 108/9.

43.  7 February 1956, FIM speech, NAI, S 2850 C.

44.  DÉD, 14 July 1955, Vol. 152, Col. 1101.

45.  Patterson, p. 108.

46.  25 January 1956, Cork Chamber of Commerce speech, JACP, P190/646.

47.  Honohan and Ó Gráda, “The Irish macroeconomic crisis of 1955–56”, Irish Economic and Social History, 1998, p. 65.

48.  Puirséil, p. 186; Patterson, p. 108.

49.  25 January 1956, Cork Chamber of Commerce speech, JACP, P190/646.

50.  8 February 1956, Ard Fheis speech, JACP, P190/736.

51.  Lindsay, pp 167/8.

52.  Memoir, p. 79, quoted in Manning, Dillon, p. 294.

53.  23 March 1955, memorandum of conversation between O’Donovan and Louis M. Smith, Agricultural Attaché, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation Security Segregated Records, Box 21, 350: Ireland—political, 1953–5.

54.  Lindsay, pp 168/9.

55.  The Leader, 14 May 1955.

56.  23 May 1955, Department of the Taoiseach memorandum, NAI, S 13965 E. Between the end of 1951 and the end of 1954, earnings had increased from 228.5 to 256.8, while the Consumer Price Index went from 208 to 232. The Index of Real Earnings (earnings controlled for inflation) went up by just under 1%, from 109.9 to 110.7.

57.  29 September 1955, notice of motion, NAI, S 13965 E.

58.  20 October 1955, Government amendment, NAI, S 13965 F.

59.  DÉD, 27 October 1955, Vol. 153, Cols. 219, 224, 233 and 243.

60.  26 November 1955, Rathkeale speech, JACP, P190/640.

61.  3 May 1956, minutes of meeting, NAI, S 13965 G.

62.  IT, 13 October 1956.

63.  IT, 30 May 1957.

64.  Lindsay, pp 160–62.

65.  See row over ESB funding in JACP, P190/779, or 2 September 1955, Sweetman to Norton, JACP, P190/831 for an argument over shipping.

66.  12 June 1956, CIÉ memo; 23 August 1956, Finance memo; 31 August 1956, Norton to Beddy; 4 September 1956, Norton to Sweetman; 5 September 1956, Norton to Costello; 3 September 1956, Sweetman to Norton; 6 September 1956, MacBride to Costello; 7 September 1956, Costello to MacBride; JACP, P190/717.

67.  22 April 1955, MacBride to Costello, JACP, P 190/826.

68.  IP, 2 February 1957.

69.  1 November 1955, MacBride to Costello, and Department of the Taoiseach note, 20 December 1955, NAI, S 15965.

70.  Puirséil, Niamh, “Political and party competition in post-war Ireland” in Girvin and Murphy (eds), The Lemass Era, p. 21.

71.  26 November 1955, Rathkeale speech, JACP, P190/640.

72.  28 October 1956, MacBride to Costello, JACP, P190/694.

73.  19 November 1956, MacBride to Cosgrave, copied to Costello, JACP, P190/694.

74.  24 November 1956, Cosgrave to Costello, JACP, P190/746.

75.  12 October 1955, Cabinet conclusions, PRONI CAB/4/982.

76.  IT, 6 September 2003.

77.  12 July 1954, Vincent MacDowell to Costello, JACP, P190/562.

78.  IT, 14 June 1954.

79.  IT, 16 July 1954.

80.  July 1954, Healy to Costello, PRONI, Healy Papers, D2991/B/51/1.

81.  6 August 1954, Costello to Labhras Ó Lochrainn, NAI, S 9361 D.

82.  Currie, Austin, All Hell Will Break Loose, p. 29.

83.  II, 20 August 1954.

84.  II, 18 October 1954.

85.  18 October 1954, weekly report, NAI, JUS 8/1022.

86.  25 October 1954, note, in NAI, S 11564 B.

87.  DÉD, 28 October 1954, Vol. 147, Cols. 194/5, 182 and 184.

88.  IT, 29 October 1954, editorial.

89.  November 1954, Army Council statement, JACP, P190/562.

90.  19 November 1954, Hankinson to Swinton, TNA, DO 35/5379.

91.  8 November 1954, record of meeting, TNA, DO 35/5207.

92.  15 December 1954, record of meeting, TNA, DO 35/5208.

93.  20 January 1955, Cabinet conclusions, and record of conversation with Boland, 24 January 1955, TNA, PREM 11/923.

94.  Quoted in Kennedy, Michael, Division and consensus, p. 155.

95.  17 February 1955, Maginess statement, NAI, S 9561 E.

96.  18 February 1955, Taoiseach’s statement, JACP, P190/631.

97.  The Leader, 26 February 1955.

98.  Quoted in Patterson, p. 154.

99.  18 April 1955, diary entry, UCDA, P122/85. Moynihan said this money was coming from “SS”, presumably a reference to the Secret Service vote.

100.  19 April 1955 and 22 April 1955, diary entries, UCDA, P122/85.

101.  22 April 1955, Government decision, NAI, S 9361 E.

102.  9 November 1955, Embassy report on Clann na Poblachta convention, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Security Segregated Report, Box 21, 350: IRA—Partition.

103.  See exchange in TNA, CAB 21/4407.

104.  II, 28 and 29 November 1955.

105.  2 December 1955, T.J. Coyne to Costello, NAI, S 9361 F.

106.  4 December 1955, Abbeyfeale speech, JACP, P190/641.

107.  28 November 1955, Irish Times editorial.

108.  29 November 1955, Cabinet minutes, NAI, S 11564 C.

109.  30 November 1955, statement to Dáil, JACP, P190/639.

110.  1 December 1955, McQuaid to Costello, NAI, S 9361 E.

111.  1 December 1955, Taft to Secretary of State, and 30 December 1955, La Freniere to Department of State, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Security Segregated Reports, Box 21, 350: IRA—Partition.

112.  2 December 1955, fortnightly summary, TNA, DO 35/5291.

113.  19 January 1956, Cabinet conclusions, PRONI, CAB/4/1028.

114.  Edmonds, Sean, The gun, the law and the Irish people, p. 189.

115.  The Leader, Christmas 1955.

116.  DÉD, 19 April 1939, Vol 75, Col. 730.

117.  6 December 1955, note of meeting with editors, NAI, S 9361 F.

118.  28 March 1951, Moynihan note, referring to an earlier (unsuccessful) attempt to stop publication of material tending to glorify the IRA, NAI, S 11564 B.

119.  23 January 1958, speech in Jury’s Hotel, JACP, P190/935.

120.  Bell, J. Bowyer, The Secret Army, p. 276.

121.  27 July 1956, Rodgers to Costello; 4 August 1956, Moynihan note; 14 August 1956, Costello to McQuaid; 16 August 1956, McQuaid to Costello;NAI, S 16073 A.

122.  9 November 1956, McQuaid to Costello, JACP, P190/704.

123.  17 October 1956, MacEoin to Costello, JACP, P190/826.

124.  12 December 1956, McQuaid to Costello, JACP, P190/816.

125.  28 September 1955, IP.

126.  4 October 1955, Cremin to Costello, JACP, P 190/694.

127.  Keogh, Twentieth Century Ireland, p. 227.

128.  Cooney, John, John Charles McQuaid, p. 311.

129.  Coyne to Costello, undated, JACP, P190/704.

130.  Undated note, NAI, S 2321B.

131.  16 August 1956, FitzGerald to Costello, in possession of Jacqueline and Fergus Armstrong.

132.  20 February 1958, Minister for Justice memorandum for Government, NAI, S 2321B.

133.  4 February 1958, Traynor to de Valera, NAI, S 2321 B.

134.  13 February 1958, note on file, NAI, S 2321 B.

135.  Girvin, Brian, “Church, state and the moral community”, in Girvin and Murphy (eds), p. 138.

136.  See NAI, S 14815 A/1 to C for the background to the scheme.

137.  19 January 1955, note of discussion, NAI, S 14815 C.

138.  Manning, p. 299.

139.  30 July 1955, D/T, JACP, P190/706.

140.  28 April 1955, Costello to Tierney, NAI, S 14815 C.

141.  25 July 1955, Costello to Walsh, NAI, S 14815 D.

142.  27 July 1955, Costello to D’Alton, NAI, S 14815 D.

143.  2 August 1955, Walsh to Costello, NAI, S 14815 E.

144.  30 July 1955, Browne to Costello, JACP, P 190/706.

145.  2 August 1955, Costello to de Valera, NAI, S 14815 E.

146.  4 August 1955, Moynihan to Nagle, NAI, S 14815 E.

147.  14 August 1955, Muintir na Tíre speech, JACP, P190/636.

148.  16 August 1955, note on meeting in Taoiseach’s office with delegation from UCG, JACP, P190/706.

149.  IT, 17 September 1955.

150.  18 September 1955, Sutton to Costello, JACP, P190/695.

151.  24 September 1955, Dillon to Costello, JACP, P190/695.

152.  18 October 1955, Fergus to Costello, NAI, S 14815F.

153.  21 October 1955, notes by Taoiseach, JACP, P190/706.

154.  2 November 1955, Nolan note, NAI, S 14815G.

155.  4 November 1955, Costello to Fergus, NAI, S 14815G.

156.  5 November 1955, McQuaid to Costello, NAI, S 14815G.

157.  19 January 1956, Fergus to Costello, NAI, S 14815G.

158.  25 January 1956, Moynihan note, NAI, S 14815G.

159.  18 May 1956, JACP, P190/814.

160.  Undated memorandum on policy, JACP, P190/713.

161.  26 October 1956, draft heads of Agricultural Institute Bill, JACP, P190/706.

162.  2 November 1956, Costello to de Valera, JACP, P190/837.

163.  11 November 1956, McQuaid to Costello, JACP, P190/816.

164.  26 November 1956, William Taft to Dillon, JACP, P190/706; 7 November 1957, Minister for Agriculture memorandum for Government, NAI, S 14815I.

165.  8 February 1957, Nolan note, NAI, S 14815H.

166.  1 October 1957, MacNeely and Fergus to de Valera, NAI, S 14815H.

167.  16 October 1957, Moynihan note, NAI, S 14815 H.

168.  28 March 1957, Dillon confidential memorandum, JACP, P190/706.

169.  See S 14470 D.

170.  Interview with Richie Ryan.

171.  9 December 1954, M/J memorandum for Government, NAI, S 15782.

172.  See DÉD, Vol. 147, 1 December 1954 and 24 November 1954.

173.  13 April 1956, Costello to Boris Kostelanetz, JACP, P190/788.

174.  18 November 1954, Little to Costello, Arts Council, 2609/1951/1.

175.  Kennedy, Dreams and Responsibilities, p. 114.

176.  10 January 1951, Little to Bodkin, JACP, P190/408.

177.  15 January 1955, Costello to Bodkin, JACP, P190/408.

178.  19 April 1955, Costello to Bodkin, JACP, P190/408.

179.  4 June 1955, Costello to Bodkin, JACP, P190/813.

180.  17 December 1956, Costello to Sweetman, JACP, P190/837.

181.  DÉD, 10 May 1960, Vol. 181, Col. 953.

182.  DÉD, 22 June 1960, Vol. 183, Col. 210.

183.  12 May 1967, Lynch to Costello, JACP, P190/973.

184.  15 December 1958, O Faolain to Costello, JACP, P190/731.

185.  20 December 1956, Bodkin to McQuaid, Bodkin Papers, TCDA, Ms 7003/273a.

186.  Kennedy, p. 117.

187.  20 December 1956, Costello to McQuaid, and 23 December 1956, McQuaid note, in DDA, AB8/b/XVIII—Government; Mr John A. Costello (second coalition period) 1954–7.

188.  Horgan, p. 260.

189.  See IT, 2 November 1956 and 27 December 1956.

190.  1 January 1957, M/J memorandum for Government, NAI, S 16116.

191.  Interview with Richie Ryan.

192.  4 January 1957, Government decision, NAI, S 16116.

193.  II, 10 March 1948.

194.  20 March 1948, Det Garda Thomas Boyle report, with note by Berry, NAI, 97/9/825.

195.  23 March 1948, Moynihan note, NAI, 97/9/825.

196.  13 July 1956, Cork speech, JACP, P190/659.

197.  26 November 1955, Rathkeale speech, JACP, P190/640.

198.  11 December 1955, Askeaton speech, JACP, P190/642.

199.  Newcastle West speech, II, 28 November 1955.

200.  Rafter, Kevin, The Clann, pp 170/1.

201.  1 March 1956, statement on by-election result, JACP, P190/650.

202.  The Leader, 10 March 1956.

Chapter 12 We must have friends (pp 323–342)

1.  April 1956, draft memorandum for Government, JACP, P190/900.

2.  Undated letter from Jackie Kennedy to Costello, JACP, P190/960.

3.  See addendum to draft resolution proposed by P.J. Little, JACP, P190/571.

4.  Correspondence with John Costello.

5.  27 March 1956, John J. Hall to Costello, NAI, S 16021 C.

6.  Declan Costello interview.

7.  23 April 1966, Lewis to Costello, JACP, P190/960.

8.  Mick Kilkenny interview.

9.  Appreciation of Father Leonard for 1966 All Hallows Annual, JACP, P190/960.

10.  Cooney, McQuaid, p. 341.

11.  Interview with Delcan Costello.

12.  Family source.

13.  23 April 1966, Lewis to Costello, JACP, P190/960.

14.  11 November 1955, Lewis to Costello, NAI, S 16021 A.

15.  The postgraduate students who benefited from the scholarships in his name used the nickname, but not to his face! Information from Patrick Russell.

16.   Lewis, W.S., One Man’s Education, p. 107.

17.  Ibid., p. 320.

18.  Ibid., p. 235.

19.  Bradford, Sarah, America’s Queen, pp 39/40.

20.  Bradford, p. 62. The Taoiseach is misnamed “Patrick Costello” in this book.

21.  Appreciation of Father Leonard for 1966 All Hallows Annual, JACP, P190/960.

22.  Lewis, p. 235.

23.  Dallek, Robert, John F. Kennedy, pp 192 and 194.

24.  IT, 1 October 1955.

25.  Declan Costello interview.

26.  29 April 1966, Jackie Kennedy to Costello, JACP, P190/960.

27.  Appreciation of Father Leonard for 1966 All Hallows Annual, JACP, P190/960.

28.  Undated letter from Jackie Kennedy to Costello, JACP, P190/960.

29.  9 November 1955, Griswold to Costello, NAI, S 16021 A.

30.  11 November 1955, Lewis to Costello, NAI, S 16021 A.

31.  3 December 1955, Costello to Griswold, NAI, S 16021 A.

32.  3 December 1955, Costello to Lewis, NAI, S 16021 A.

33.  13 January 1956, Jim Farley to Costello, NAI, S 16021 A.

34.  5 January 1956, Costello to Hearne, NAI, S 16021 A.

35.  18 January 1956, Hearne cable to D/EA, NAI, S 16021 A.

36.  23 January 1956, Murphy record of phone call to Hearne, NAI, S 16021 A.

37.  2 February 1956, Norton to Costello, NAI, S 16021 A.

38.  5 January 1956, Costello to Hearne, NAI, S 16021 A.

39.  16 January 1956, Taft to Costello, NAI, S 16021 A.

40.  6 February 1956, Costello to Hearne, JACP, P190/834.

41.  6 February 1956, Costello to Lewis, JACP, P190/834.

42.  13 February 1956, Lewis to Costello, NAI, S 16021 A.

43.  15 March 1956, Nolan to Aer Lingus, NAI, S 15987.

44.  State Department programme for visit, JACP, P190/852.

45.  24 February 1956, Hearne to Costello, JACP, P190/859.

46.  II, 29 March 1956. This must have included some shopping—his granddaughter Jacqueline Armstrong recalls him bringing her home two dresses from this trip.

47.  New York Times, 15 March 1956. Unless otherwise stated, details of the visit are based on a State Department programme for the visit, giving times and dates of events, JACP, P190/852.

48.  Black, Conrad, Richard Milhous Nixon, p. 303.

49.  New York Times, 15 March 1956.

50.  14 March 1956, Eisenhower appointment books, Jan–June 1956, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

51.  Menu in White House Social Office records, Box 54, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

52.  Memorandum for Government on trip, JACP, P190/865.

53.  14 March 1956, Eisenhower appointment books, Jan–June 1956, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

54.  SI, 25 March 1956.

55.  14 March 1956, Bowen to Costello, NAI, S 16021 B.

56.  Washington Star, 11 March 1956.

57.  NYT, 15 March 1956.

58.  18 March 1956, “Some West Point Cadets” to Costello, NAI, S 16021 C.

59.  Undated newspaper cutting, by George Dixon, JACP, P190/852.

60.  3 May 1956, Frank Holman, President of the National Press Club, to Costello, JACP, P190/816.

61.  IT, 16 March 1956.

62.  30 April 1956, Memorandum for Government, JACP, P190/865.

63.  NYT, 16 March 1956.

64.  6 February 1956, Costello to Hearne, JACP, P190/834.

65.  NYT, 16 March 1956.

66.  30 April 1956, Memorandum for Government, JACP, P190/865.

67.  April 1956, draft memorandum, JACP, P190/900.

68.  21 March 1954, Walshe to Nunan, NAI, S 15291.

69.  II and IT, 18 March 1952.

70.  1 May 1953, Nunan to Secretary, Department of the Taoiseach, NAI, S 15291.

71.  17 March 1953, Eisenhower to O’Kelly, NAI, S 15291—Eisenhower wrongly assumed the gift had been sent by the President of Ireland, rather than the Government.

72.  24 March 1969, William P. Fay to D/EA, NAI, S 15291.

73.  IP, 17 March 1956.

74.  16 March 1956, Eisenhower appointment books, Jan–June 1956, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

75.  30 April 1956, Memorandum on trip, JACP, P190/865.

76.  16 March 1956, Eisenhower to Costello, JACP, P190/852.

77.  April 1956, draft memorandum for government, JACP, P190/900.

78.  30 April 1956, Memorandum on trip, JACP, P190/865.

79.  April 1956, draft memorandum on trip, JACP, P190/900.

80.  Quoted in Keogh, Dermot, Twentieth-Century Ireland, pp 231/2.

81.  14 February 1956, Hoover to Eisenhower, Records as President (White House Central Files), Official File, Box 870, OF 183-5 Ireland (2), Eisenhower Library.

82.  7 March 1956, Garrett to Eisenhower, loc. cit.

83.  18 March 1956, NYT.

84.  April 1956, draft memorandum on trip, JACP, P190/900.

85.  Skelly, Joseph Morrison, Irish Diplomacy at the United Nations, pp 35/6.

86.  16 October 1956, Griswold to Costello, NAI, S 16021 D.

87.  30 April 1956, Memorandum on trip, JACP, P190/865.

88.  IP, 19 March 1956.

89.  April 1956, draft memorandum on trip, JACP, P190/900.

90.  Yale Alumni Magazine, May 1956.

91.  Yale Alumni Magazine online, http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/99_03/speakers.html

92.  7 March 1956, Hearne to Secretary, D/EA, NAI, S 16021B.

93.  April 1956, draft memorandum on trip, JACP, P190/900.

94.  May 1956, Yale Alumni Magazine.

95.  EP, 21 March 1956.

96.  30 April 1956, Memorandum for Government, JACP, P190/865.

97.  See correspondence in NAI, S 16022 A, and note of 17 May 1965 in the continuation of the file, 96/6/765.

98.  15 February 1956, record of conversation between J. Alfred LaFreniere, US Embassy Dublin, and Wilfred Lennon, D/EA, USNA, RG 59, State Department records, 1955–59, Central Decimal File, Box No. 2977, 611.40A97/2-1756; 13 April 1956, address to inaugural meeting of Atomic Energy Committee, JACP, P190/652.

99.  23 February 1956, Hearne to Costello, JACP, P190/858.

100.  30 April 1956, Memorandum for Government on trip, JACP, P190/865.

101.  28 March 1956, Cork Examiner and Irish Times.

102.  DÉD, 17 April 1956, Vol. 156, Cols. 409–10.

103.  April 1956, draft memorandum for Government, JACP, P190/900.

104.  13 March 1956, Fisher Howe, State, to Colonel Goodpaster, White House, Eisenhower Papers as President, 53–61, International Series, Box 32, Ireland (2).

105.  Geiger, Till, “A belated discovery of internationalism”, in Kennedy and McMahon (eds), Obligations and Responsibilities, p. 31.

106.  O’Halpin, Eunin, Defending Ireland, p. 185.

107.  27 January 1945, Churchill to Roosevelt, USNA, RG 59 Department of State, Decimal File 1945–9, Vox 3289, 711.41D27/1-2945.

108.  Girvin, Brian, The Emergency, p. 317.

109.  24 March 1948, Moreland to Washington, USNA, RG 59, Decimal File 1945–9, Box 3289, 711.41D/3-2448.

110.  29 September 1949, Garrett to Department of State, USNA, RG 59, Department of State Decimal File 1945–9, Box 3289, 711.41D27/10/1949.

111.  14 October 1949, Garrett to Secretary of State, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation Security Segregated Reports, 1936–49, Box 18, 320.12.

112.  Dublin Legation to Department of State, USNA, RG 59, Department of State Decimal File 1945–9, Box 3289, 711.41D27/10-1149.

113.  15 April 1956, Hearne to Costello, “Secret. For the Taoiseach Only”, JACP, P190/822.

114.  8 September 1956, Costello to Taft, JACP, P190/836.

115.  31 March 1956, Costello telegram to Eisenhower, Eisenhower Presidential Library, Records as President (White House Central Files), Official File, Box 870, OF 183–5 Ireland (2).

116.  11 April 1956, Eisenhower to Costello, Eisenhower Presidential Library, Papers as President, 53–61, International Series, Box 32, Ireland (2).

117.  Sweetman comments on memorandum, JACP, P190/901.

118.  18 May 1956, Nolan to Secretary of each Department, NAI, S 2850 C.

119.  April 1956, draft memorandum for Government, JACP, P190/900.

120.  6 August 1956, FitzGerald to Costello, letter in possession of Fergus and Jacqueline Armstrong.

121.  Quoted in Collins, Stephen, The Cosgrave Legacy, p. 74.

122.  Skelly, Joseph Morrison, Irish Diplomacy at the United Nations, pp 39 and 31.

123.  19 July 1956, Costello to McQuaid, DDA, AB8/b/XVIII—Government.

124.  25 September 1956, Costello to Síle Ní Lionnáin, JACP, P190/836.

125.  Cosgrave quoted in Collins, p. 75.

126.  21 November 1956, Taft to Secretary of State, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation Security Segregated Records, Box 23, 313: United Nations, 1956.

127.  13 November 1956, Cosgrave to Costello, JACP, P190/746.

128.  3 December 1956, Boland to Murphy, JACP, P190/694.

129.  DÉD, 28 November 1957, Vol. 164, Col. 1224.

Chapter 13 Something is wrong with the country (pp 343–371)

1.  27 April 1956, Costello to McQuaid, DDA, McQuaid Papers, AB8/B/XVIII—Government, John A. Costello (second coalition period).

2.  Undated Costello memorandum, JACP, P190/713.

3.  9 April 1956, Costello to McQuaid, DDA, McQuaid Papers, AB8/B/XVIII—Government, John A. Costello (second coalition period).

4.  11 April 1956, McQuaid to Costello, JACP, P190/816.

5.  16 July 1956, Costello to Everett, JACP, P190/820.

6.  Interview with Declan Costello; interview with Richie Ryan.

7.  19 April 1956, Costello to Eisenhower, JACP, P190/835.

8.  Medical information from death certificate in the General Registry Office.

9.  27 April 1956, Costello to McQuaid, DDA, McQuaid Papers, AB8/B/XVIII—Government, John A. Costello (second coalition period).

10.  21 April 1956, Eisenhower telegram to Costello, and reply, 12 May 1956, Eisenhower Presidential Library, Papers as President, 53–61, International Series, Box 32, Ireland (2). The list of sympathisers in Costello’s papers ran to 102 pages. JACP, P190/961.

11.  Interview with Richie Ryan.

12.  Interview with Mick Kilkenny.

13.  Correspondence with John Costello.

14.  18 June 1956, O’Brien to Costello, JACP, P190/828.

15.  4 June 1956, Costello to Bill Taft, JACP, P190/835, and 22 August 1956, Costello to Cremin, JACP, P190/818.

16.  5 February 1957, Costello to B. O’Reilly, JACP, P190/838.

17.  24 January 1957, Costello to Mrs M. Doyle, JACP, P190/838.

18.  21 January 1957, Costello to Mrs Claire Kennedy, JACP, P190/838.

19.  Costello to Tommy Robinson, JACP, P190/838.

20.  Interview with Kyran FitzGerald.

21.  Interview with Jacqueline Armstrong.

22.  Dillon memoir, p. 82, quoted in Manning, p. 310.

23.  Interview with Declan Costello.

24.  Interview with Richie Ryan.

25.  Puirséil, p. 350.

26.  12 March 1956, M/F memo for Government, NAI, S 16046 A.

27.  P. Honohan and C. Ó Gráda, “The Irish macroeconomic crisis of 1955–56”, in Irish Economic and Social History, 1998, p. 55.

28.  20 January 1956, McElligott to Sweetman, JACP, P190/708.

29.  21 March 1956, Nolan note, NAI, S 16046 A.

30.  26 April 1956, Costello to Hugh W. Kennedy, JACP, P190/835.

31.  23 February 1956, Clutterbuck to Laithwaite, CRO, TNA, DO 35/5194.

32.  DÉD, 17 May 1956, Vol. 157, Col 638.

33.  Puirséil, p. 188.

34.  IT, 2 June 1956.

35.  21 June 1956, PUTU memorandum for Government, NAI, S 13965 G.

36.  13 July 1956, speech opening Cork by-election campaign, JACP, P190/659.

37.  NYT, 29 July 1956.

38.  Estimates speech, JACP, P190/657.

39.  20 July 1956, D/F circular, NAI, S 16046 A.

40.  24 July 1956, Government decision, NAI, S 1646 A.

41.  The Leader, 4 August 1956.

42.  1 August 1956, eve of by-election speech, JACP, P190/662.

43.  II, 4 August 1956.

44.  28 November 1956, Clutterbuck to Murphy, JACP, P190/729.

45.  Interview with Declan Costello.

46.  Interview with T.K. Whitaker.

47.  IP, 27 September 1956.

48.  See NAI, S 16046 B for decision on further levies, and text of Sweetman speech, 16 October 1956.

49.  19 September 1956, Minister for Finance memo for Government, NAI, S 16075 A.

50.  DÉD, 26 April 1961, Vol. 188, Col. 1167, and 20 February 1963, Vol. 200, Col. 154.

51.  Lindsay, p. 167.

52.  O’Higgins, T.F., A Double Life, p. 185.

53.  Undated memorandum, “Policy: items for discussion and decision”, JACP, P190/713.

54.  16 August 1956, FitzGerald to Costello, letter in possession of Jacqueline and Fergus Armstrong.

55.  Ibid.

56.  8 December 1969, Costello speech to retirement function, JACP, P 190/350.

57.  FitzGerald, Garret, All in a life, pp 363/4.

58.  Undated and unsigned memo (the contents indicate it was by Costello), JACP, P190/713.

59.  Policy memorandum, JACP, P190/713.

60.  M/EA memorandum, JACP, P190/713. The first quoted sentence was written in capital letters in Cosgrave’s memorandum.

61.  AG memorandum, JACP, P190/713.

62.  4 October 1956, Government decision, NAI, S 16095A.

63.  Text of speech, JACP, P190/668.

64.  IT, 6 October 1956.

65.  11 October 1956, fortnightly summary, TNA, DO 35/5291.

66.  II, IP and IT, 6 October 1956.

67.  Garvin, Tom, Preventing the future, p. 247.

68.  24 September 1956, Moynihan note, NAI, S 16095A.

69.  2 February 1957, D/F memo, NAI, S 16095B.

70.  12 May 1967, Lynch to Costello, JACP, P190/973.

71.  15 January 1957, Norton to Costello, NAI, S 2950 D.

72.  28 May 1957, Lemass speech to Dublin Chamber of Commerce, NAI, S 2850 D.

73.  19 October 1956, Government decision, NAI, S 15725 A.

74.  22 January 1957, first report of Capital Investment Advisory Committee, NAI, S 15725 B.

75.  DÉD, 3 May 1962, Vol. 195, Col. 179.

76.  Quoted in McCarthy, ‘Ireland’s turnaround’ in McCarthy, John F. (ed.), Planning Ireland’s Future, pp 68/9.

77.  Telephone conversation with Liam Cosgrave, 28 November 2009.

78.  Feeney, MacEntee, p. 201.

79.  Fanning, Finance, pp 403/4.

80.  Horgan, Lemass, p. 176.

81.  14 September 1956, Whitaker to Sweetman, quoted in Garvin, Preventing the Future, p. 233.

82.  Garvin, Preventing the Future, p. 233.

83.  Murphy, Gary, “From Economic Nationalism to European Union”, in Girvin and Murphy (eds), p. 29.

84.  Interview with T.K. Whitaker.

85.  Whitaker, T.K., Protection or Free Trade, p. 8.

86.  Horgan, Lemass, p. 167.

87.  The Leader, 26 January 1957.

88.  16 August 1956, FitzGerald to Costello, letter in possession of Jacqueline and Fergus Armstrong.

89.  8 October 1956, Costello to Mulcahy, JACP, P190/700.

90.  20 September 1956, Everett to Costello, JACP, P190/704.

91.  Sheehy Skeffington, Skeff, pp 172/3.

92.  9 October 1956, Mulcahy to Costello, JACP, P190/700.

93.  IT, 1 October 1956.

94.  IT, 4 October 1956.

95.  8 October 1956, Costello to Mulcahy, JACP, P190/700.

96.  Undated memorandum, JACP, P190/700.

97.  4 November 1956, Mooncoin speech, JACP, P190/670.

98.  4 November 1956, Glenmore speech, JACP, P190/671.

99.  9 November 1956, Kilkenny speech, JACP, P190/673.

100.  6 November 1956, Dublin SW speech, JACP, P190/672.

101.  20 November 1956, Rathmines speech, JACP, P190/677.

102.  3 December 1956, Costello to Bodkin, JACP, P190/813.

103.  Memoranda dates 17 November 1956 and 27 November 1956, in UCDA, P35/b/58.

104.  12 January 1957, MacBride to Costello, UCDA, P35/c/193.

105.  19 March 1957, Carroll to Sec, D/J, JACP, P190/708.

106.  IT and II, 12 November 1956.

107.  See Kennedy, Michael, Division and Consensus, pp 162/3.

108.  14 December 1956, Government statement, NAI, S 11564 C.

109.  IT, 15 December 1956.

110.  SI, 16 December 1956.

111.  Bell, J. Bowyer, The Secret Army, p. 300.

112.  17 December 1956, Taft to Secretary of State, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation Security Segregated Records, Box 23, 350: IRA, Partition.

113.  21 December 1956, LaFreniere to Secretary of State, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation Security Segregated Records, Box 23, 350: IRA, Partition.

114.  19 December 1956, extract from Hansard, in NAI, S 11564 D.

115.  21 December 1956, La Freniere to Secretary of State, reporting Taft’s conversation with Costello, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Embassy Security Segregated Records, Box 23, 350: IRA, Partition.

116.  24 December 1956, Aide-memoire to British Government, JACP, P190/763.

117.  29 January 1957, Minister for External Affairs memorandum for the Government, UCDA, P151/531. The memorandum is wrongly dated January 1956, but refers to newspaper reports from December 1956, so obviously was written in January 1957.

118.  Staunton, Enda, The Nationalists of Northern Ireland, p. 216.

119.  13 February 1957, H.J.B. Lintott, CRO, to Clutterbuck, TNA, DO 35/5195.

120.  2 February 1957, Cabinet minutes, NAI, S 9361 F.

121.  3 June 1957, David Cole, CRO, to Philip de Zuletta, Downing Street, TNA, PREM 1/1901.

122.  16 April 1957, Taoiseach memo for government, NAI, S 16220.

123.  17 July 1957, handwritten note by Macmillan, TNA, PREM 11/1901.

124.  18 December 1956, Costello to McQuillan, JACP, P190/837.

125.  II, 31 December 1956.

126.  II, 2 January 1957

127.  Kennedy, Division and Consensus, p. 163.

128.  Currie, Austin, All Hell Will Break Loose, p. 32.

129.  3 January 1957, McQuillan and Finnucane telegram to Costello, NAI, S 11564 D.

130.  II, 3 January 1957.

131.  4 January 1957, Costello to McQuillan and Finucane, NAI, S 11564D.

132.  21 January 1957, Costello to Pearse Morris, JACP, P190/825.

133.  6 January 1957, text of broadcast, JACP, P190/683.

134.  7 January 1957, Ambassador to Secretary, NAI, S 11564 D.

135.  8 February 1957, Costello to Michael Heffernan, JACP, P190/838.

136.  Interview with Richie Ryan.

137.  See Bell, p. 300; Kennedy, Division and Consensus, pp 163/4, and Feeney, Brian, Sinn Féin, p. 205.

138.  3 March 1957, Athlone speech, JACP, P190/310.

139.  19 March 1957, Carroll to Secretary, D/J, JACP, P190/708.

140.  Edmonds, introduction and p. 196.

141.  NAI, 2001/6/244.

142.  Feeney, Sinn Féin, p. 208.

143.  14 January 1957, interview with Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, JACP, P190/687.

144.  Horgan, Lemass, p. 173.

145.  16 January 1957, Costello to Breen, JACP, P190/838.

146.  Bell, p. 303; Rafter, p. 172.

147.  28 January 1957, notice of motion, NAI, S 16170.

148.  30 January 1957, MacBride statement, UCDA, P104/1528.

149.  26 January 1957 (the document may be incorrectly dated), Ard Comhairle statement, NAI, S 16170

150.  Stanford, William Bedell, Memoirs, p. 145.

151.  8 February 1957, Costello to MacBride, JACP, P190/838.

152.  31 January 1957, Clutterbuck to CRO, TNA, DO 35/5195.

153.  Dillon memoir, p. 82, quoted in Manning, p. 311.

154.  2 July 1956, Finucane to Costello, JACP, P190/724.

155.  Notes on Dáil numbers, NAI, S 16170.

156.  29 January 1957, notice of motion by de Valera, NAI, S 16170.

157.  18 February 1957, Clutterbuck to Lord Home, TNA, DO 35/5195.

158.  4 February 1957, GIB statement, NAI, S 16170.

159.  6 February 1957, Ard Fheis speech, JACP, P190/758.

160.  13 February 1957, H.J.B. Lintott, CRO, to Clutterbuck, TNA, DO 35/5195.

161.  9 November 1956, Government decision; 4 January 1957, M/F memo for Government; 24 January 1957, Government decision, NAI, S 16075 A.

162.  15 February 1957, Cork speech, JACP, P190/310.

163.  IP, 25 February 1957.

164.  14 March 1957, Costello to Courtney, JACP, P190/838.

165.  15 February 1957, Cork speech, JACP, P190/310.

166.  13 February 1957, Mills Hall speech, JACP, P190/310.

167.  22 February 1957, Ballyshannon speech, JACP, P190/310.

168.  IP, 19 February 1957.

169.  IP, 26 February 1957.

170.  IP, 16 February 1957.

171.  20 February 1957, Mallow speech, reproduced in Ferriter, Diarmaid, Judging Dev, p. 119.

172.  22 February 1957, Ballyshannon speech, JACP, P190/310.

173.  IP, 26 February 1957.

174.  27 February 1957, Tralee speech, JACP, P190/310.

175.  2 March 1957, Galway speech, JACP, P190/310.

176.  IP, 14 February 1957.

177.  15 February 1957, Cork speech, JACP, P190/310.

178.  19 February 1957, Ringsend speech, JACP, P190/310.

179.  22 February 1957, Costello to Michael MacWhite, JACP, P190/838.

180.  1 March 1957, radio broadcast, JACP, P190/310.

181.  Horgan, Browne, p. 187.

182.  23 March 1957, Clutterbuck to Home, TNA, DO 35/5195.

183.  The Leader, 16 March 1957.

184.  Lindsay, pp 171/2.

185.  11 March 1957, Costello to McQuaid, DDA, McQuaid Papers, AB8/b/XVIII—Government; Mr John A. Costello (second coalition period), 1954–7.

186.  14 March 1957, Costello to Professor Desmond Williams, JACP, P190/838.

187.  15 March 1957, Costello to McQuaid, DDA, McQuaid Papers, AB8/b/XVIII—Government; Mr John A. Costello (second coalition period), 1954–7.

188.  DÉD, 20 March 1957, Vol 161, Cols. 17/8 and 26.

189.  DÉD, 20 March 1957, Vol. 161, Cols. 30 and 32.

190.  14 March 1957, Costello to Professor Desmond Williams, JACP, P190/838.

191.  Puirséil, p. 203.

Chapter 14 A perfectly happy man (pp 372–408)

1.  14 December 1959, Costello to Father Patrick O’Carroll, California, JACP, P190/924.

2.  8 December 1969, Costello speech to retirement function, JACP, P 190/350.

3.  IT, 2 November 1974, “Saturday Interview”.

4.  25 March 1957, Costello to Miss E. Dodd, JACP, P190/838.

5.  Interview with Tom Finlay.

6.  30 August 1957, Costello to Bodkin, TCD, Bodkin Papers, Ms 7003/290.

7.  24 September 1957, Ita McCoy to Con Cremin, JACP, P190/908.

8.  4 September 1957, Costello to P. Kehoe, Office of the Revenue Commissioners, JACP, P190/913.

9.  10 May 1957, Budget broadcast text, JACP, P190/796.

10.  DÉD, 14 May 1957, Vol. 161, Col 1136.

11.  5 February 1958, Ard Fheis speech, JACP, P190/315.

12.  DÉD, 3 July 1957, Vol. 163, Cols. 632 and 636.

13.  DÉD, 4 July 1957, Vol. 163, Col. 792.

14.  DÉD, 13 March 1958, Vol. 166, Cols. 229 to 230.

15.  McCarthy, ‘Ireland’s turnaround’ in McCarthy (ed.), Planning Ireland’s Future, p. 29.

16.  Interview with T.K. Whitaker.

17.  DÉD, 28 April 1959, Vol. 174, Col. 1148.

18.  DÉD, 23 June 1959, Vol. 176, Col. 96.

19.  DÉD, 21 July 1959, Vol. 176, Cols 1592/3.

20.  John Bradley, “The Legacy of Economic Development”, in McCarthy (ed.), p. 132.

21.  Ronan Fanning, “The Genesis of Economic Development”, in McCarthy (ed.), p. 104.

22.  Quoted in Ronan Fanning, “Alexis FitzGerald”, in Lynch, Patrick and Meenan, James (eds), Essays in Memory of Alexis FitzGerald, p. 10.

23.  24 November 1959, Hayes to O’Higgins, UCDA, P53/270.

24.  25 April 1959, Bishop Browne to Costello; 29 April 1959, FitzGerald to Costello; 2 May 1959, Costello to Browne. Correspondence in possession of Kyran FitzGerald.

25.  “One to One” interview with Declan Costello, RTÉ 1 television, 14 September 2009.

26.  The Leader, 8 February 1958.

27.  1 February 1958, Costello to FitzGerald; 10 February 1958, FitzGerald to Mrs McCoy; 20 April 1958, Sunday Review article; JACP, P190/920.

28.  FitzGerald, Garret, All in a life, p. 127.

29.  11 March 1958, Costello to Mrs McCoy, JACP, P190/811. He wasn’t joking, either. There are many examples in his private papers of notes which are utterly unintelligible.

30.  8 December 1969, Costello speech to retirement function, JACP, P 190/350.

31.  DÉD, 4 July 1957, Vol 163, Col 805.

32.  Harte, Paddy, Young Tigers and Mongrel Foxes, pp 95/6.

33.  Manning, p. 314.

34.  Ibid, p. 318.

35.  29 September 1957, Dillon speech, Ballybay, JACP, P190/321.

36.  17 October 1957, Dublin North Central by-election speech, JACP, P190/933.

37.  IT, 16 November 1957.

38.  The Leader, 12 July 1958.

39.  DÉD, 1 June 1937, Vol. 67, Cols. 1341–5.

40.  DÉD, 12 November 1958, Vol. 171, Cols 613 to 618.

41.  DÉD, 26 November 1958, Vol. 171, Cols 1007, 1017 and 1023.

42.  DÉD, 28 January 1959, Vol. 172, Col. 1270.

43.  DÉD, 25 February 1959, Vol. 173, Col. 156.

44.  23 November 1958, Carlow speech, JACP, P190/947.

45.  7 December 1958, Navan speech, JACP, P190/948.

46.  11 February 1959, Ard Fheis speech, JACP, P190/315.

47.  25 April 1959, Cork speech, JACP, P190/949.

48.  12 June 1959, text of broadcast, JACP, P190/952.

49.  DÉD, 23 June 1959, Vol. 176, Cols. 2 and 4.

50.  Interview with Declan Costello.

51.  Conversation with Harvey Kenny.

52.  Interview with Ronan Keane.

53.  13 November 1958, Costello to Bodkin, TCD, Bodkin Papers, Ms 7003/283.

54.  For his travel arrangements, see 9 March 1959, Ita McCoy to J.R. Miley, JACP, P190/918 and 12 March 1959, Ita McCoy to Terence de Vere White, JACP, P190/929; for Dáil business, see DÉD, Vol 173, 10 and 11 March 1959.

55.  Note on conversation, September 1959, UCDA, P7/C/150.

56.  Manning, pp 323/4.

57.  Note on conversation, September 1959, UCDA, P7/C/150.

58.  6 October 1959. Lynch to Costello, JACP, P190/953.

59.  Manning, p. 325.

60.  Collins, Stephen, The Cosgrave Legacy, p. 78.

61.  Interview with Declan Costello.

62.  Interview with Mick Kilkenny.

63.  20 October 1959, Costello to Mulcahy, JACP, P190/953.

64.  Manning, pp 326 and 327.

65.  8 March 1960, Kimber to Chadwick, and 22 March 1960, Clutterbuck note, TNA, DO 35/7941.

66.  IP, 21 October 1959; O’Higgins, T.F., A Double Life, p. 188.

67.  Puirséil, Niamh, The Irish Labour Party, p. 211.

68.  14 December 1959, Costello to Father Patrick O’Carroll, Riverside, California, JACP, P190/924.

69.  13 January 1960, Costello to Dillon, UCDA, Costello Papers, P190/340. In 1968, Whitaker managed to convince the Devlin Review of Public Service Organisation that the economic planning function should remain attached to the Department of Finance. It was, according to Ronan Fanning, an example of Whitaker’s success as “an administrative conservative who not merely preserved the power of the Department of Finance but who established it on a firmer footing than before”. Fanning, Ronan, “The Genesis of Economic Development” in McCarthy (ed.), p. 102.

70.  IT, 2 May 1961.

71.  28 March 1960, Costello to Ryan, JACP, P190/340.

72.  DÉD, 7 November 1967, Vol. 230, Cols. 2021/2.

73.  DÉD, 13 November 1968, Vol. 237, Col. 231.

74.  24 February 1961, Costello to Deputy Mary Reynolds, JACP, P190/340.

75.  29 March 1960, Costello to Bernard Brady, JACP, P190/340.

76.  DÉD, 29 May 1962, Vol. 195, Cols. 1687, 1684 and 1690; 18 May 1965, Vol. 215, Col. 1562.

77.  Interview with Ronan Keane.

78.  IT, 30 March 1960.

79.  IT, 31 March 1960.

80.  IT, 12 May 1960.

81.  IT, 15 December 1961.

82.  IT, 16 December 1961.

83.  Correspondence with Michael V. O’Mahony.

84.  Interview with Tom Finlay.

85.  Interview with Mick Kilkenny.

86.  Correspondence with Michael V. O’Mahony.

87.  Interviews with Tom Finlay and Ronan Keane.

88.  Conversation with Harvey Kenny.

89.  Correspondence with Michael V. O’Mahony; interview with Ronan Keane—Mr Keane was also on the plaintiff’s legal team.

90.  Interview with Mick Kilkenny.

91.  Correspondence with Georgina Sutton.

92.  Correspondence with Isabelle Sutton.

93.  IT, 2 March 1968.

94.  Correspondence with Georgina Sutton.

95.  Conversation with Harvey Kenny.

96.  All references to the visit are from Costello’s 15-page report, which he delivered to Dillon on 15 October 1960. JACP, P190/341.

97.  Although their exchanges appear to have been entirely formal, Costello and Adenauer had quite a lot in common—both sons of civil servants who went to university on scholarships, they were devout Catholics who were widowed in office, in Adenauer’s case twice. See Williams, Francis, Adenauer, the Father of New Germany.

98.  See Horgan, Noël Browne, p. 210, for the suggestion about vote splitting with O’Donovan. With just over 11 per cent of the first-preference vote, the latter had his best ever vote in the constituency, which supports Horgan’s belief. O’Donovan later joined Labour and was elected for Dublin South Central in 1969.

99.  DÉD, 11 November 1961, Vol. 192, Cols. 62, 64 and 69.

100.  DÉD, 3 May 1961, Vol. 188, Cols. 1605 and 1652.

101.  DÉD, 3 December 1964, Vol. 213, Col. 485.

102.  DÉD, 29 June 1965, Vol. 217 Col. 123.

103.  IT, 6 January 1976.

104.  8 November 1966, Colm Condon to Costello, and reply 18 November 1966, JACP, P190/916.

105.  Draft report, August 1968, NAI, 2002/16/227.

106.  18 August 1964, McQuillan to Costello, JACP, P190/923.

107.  Puirséil, pp 234/5; MacDermott, note 60, p. 211.

108.  DÉD, 30 January 1963, Vol. 199, Cols. 731 to 739.

109.  DÉD, 16 July 1963, Vol. 204, Col. 969.

110.  DÉD, 23 February 1965, Vol. 214, Col. 913.

111.  Calculation from the Central Statistics Office.

112.  DÉD, 18 May 1965, Vol. 215, Col. 1554.

113.  DÉD, 23 February 1965, Vol. 214, Cols. 920 and 919.

114.  “One to One” interview with Declan Costello.

115.  27 April 1964, Declan Costello to each member of the Fine Gael parliamentary party, UCDA, P151/812.

116.  Interview with Mick Kilkenny.

117.  Mair, Peter, The changing Irish party system, pp 184/5.

118.  The Citizen, May 1967.

119.  8 December 1969, Costello speech to retirement function, JACP, P 190/350.

120.  See correspondence with Alexis FitzGerald, JACP, P190/918.

121.  O’Higgins, T.F., A Double Life, pp 194/5.

122.  FitzGerald, Garret, All in a life, p. 74.

123.  Interview with Alexis FitzGerald.

124.  16 September 1963, Costello to Matthew Byrne, JACP, P190/915.

125.  DÉD, 23 February 1965, Vol. 214, Col. 914.

126.  DÉD, 18 May 1965, Vol. 215, Col. 1552.

127.  Harte, p. 101.

128.  17 September 1968, Four Courts Hotel speech, UCDA, P39/pr/128.

129.  DÉD, 20 March 1968, Vol. 233, Col. 760.

130.  See, for example, the copy sent to Archbishop McQuaid in February 1968, DDA, McQuaid Papers, AB8/b/XVIII—Government; Mr John A. Costello.

131.  The correspondence is in JACP, P190/963.

132.  See correspondence with David Harkness, JACP, P190/920; with A.S. Cohan, ibid., P190/916; with Brian Farrell, ibid., P190/918.

133.  Brady, Conor, Up With the Times, p. 156.

134.  Interview with Muiris Mac Conghail.

135.  “Seven Days”.

136.  Interview with Muiris Mac Conghail.

137.  4 March 1969, Tony Keane to Costello, and reply, 5 March 1969, JACP, P190/921.

138.  DÉD, 22 April 1969, Vol. 239, Col. 1875; 29 April 1969, Vol. 240, Col. 85.

139.  IT, 26 April 1969.

140.  IT, 26 April 1969.

141.  29 May 1969, Lynch speech in Mallow, NAI, 2001/6/12. I am grateful to Dr Elaine Byrne for this reference.

142.  Interview with Alexis FitzGerald.

143.  11 June 1969, Sandymount Green speech, UCDA, P39/GE/162, document 43.

144.  4 July 1969, Alexis FitzGerald to Costello, JACP, P190/918.

145.  8 December 1969, Costello speech to retirement function, JACP, P190/350.

146.  1 August 1961, Costello to MacBride, JACP, P190/340.

147.  2 August 1961, Nolan to Costello, and 24 August 1961, MacBride to Costello, JACP, P190/799.

148.  17 July 1964, AG memo, NAI, 2003/16/605; 1 January 1965, Nolan to Committee members, and 13 January 1965, Costello to Nolan, JACP, P190/799.

149.  6 November 1969, Costello to Nolan, JACP, P190/799.

150.  26 October 1971, minutes of Committee meeting, NAI, 2003/16/605.

151.  8 November 1974, note on file, NAI, 2005/7/671.

152.  12 April 1972, MacEoin memorandum; 14 April 1972, Cosgrave to Costello; undated Costello memorandum; JACP, P190/812.

153.  IT, 21 August 1972.

154.  20 August 1972, Béal na mBláth speech, JACP, P190/280.

155.  Letters of congratulation, including Walsh to Costello, 19 June 1961, JACP, P190/915.

156.  31 October 1964, Stephen Barrett to Dermot Kinlen, JACP, P190/915.

157.  Interview with Ronan Keane.

158.  18 April 1962, Costello to Cardinal Amleto Cicognani, JACP, P190/916.

159.  The only living Irish politician to hold the honour is Liam Cosgrave. Information from Peter Durnin, Secretary, Papal Knights Association of Ireland.

160.  15 November 1961, Costello to Lemass; 7 December 1961, Costello to D’Alton; 7 December 1961, Costello to Barrett. JACP, P190/345.

161.  See JACP, P190/346.

162.  Interview with Declan Costello, 8 October 2007.

163.  Interview with Kyran FitzGerald.

164.  Reports of ceremony in IT and IP 8 March 1975.

165.  30 September 1970, Costello to Mike Burns, JACP, P190/915.

166.  Quoted in IT, 5 September 1975. He had been equally critical of Lemass when he died, saying he was “ruthless in his efforts to achieve what he desired … impatient of criticism and immune to logical argument”, although he added that Lemass was also “a great debater, a forceful personality and a great leader of his party”. 11 May 1971,RTÉ1330 News.

167.  25 September 1975, Hickman to Harding, TNA, PREM 16/324.

168.  De Valera, Terry, A Memoir, p. 205.

169.  Interview with Tom Finlay.

170.  De Valera, pp 205/6.

171.  IT, 2 November 1974.

172.  Interview with Jacqueline Armstrong.

173.  Interview with Mick Kilkenny.

174.  Correspondence with Georgina and Isabelle Sutton.

175.  Interview with Tom Finlay.

176.  Interview with Kyran FitzGerald.

177.  Correspondence with Isabelle Sutton.

178.  Interview with Kyran FitzGerald.

179.  Interview with Jack Christal.

180.  Interview with Jack Christal.

181.  Interview with Kyran FitzGerald.

182.  Interview with Jacqueline Armstrong.

183.  Death certificate, General Register Office.

184.  Interview with Kyran FitzGerald.

185.  Interview with Jack Christal.

186.  Conversation with Harvey Kenny.

187.  Interview with Kyran FitzGerald.

188.  Correspondence with Michael V. O’Mahony; Costello spoke on this topic at Mr O’Mahony’s inaugural address as Auditor of the Solicitors Apprentices Debating Society on 28 November 1963.

189.  SI, 3 November 1974.

190.  Interview with Tom Finlay.

191.  Correspondence with Michael V. O’Mahony. In fact, one of the judges, Frederick Budd, was born in 1904, 10 years before Costello’s call. The other judges were Chief Justice Tom O’Higgins, born in 1916, Brian Walsh (1918), Seamus Henchy (1917) and Frank Griffin (1919).

192.  12 December 1969, motion establishing Tribunal, in NAI, 200/6/518.

193.  Hibernia, 19 December 1969.

194.  Interview with Muiris Mac Conghail.

195.  23 January 1970, This Week in Ireland.

196.  Interview with Muiris Mac Conghail.

197.  6 August 1970, D/T summary of findings, NAI, 2001/6/440.

198.  16 February 1972, Condon to Jack Lynch, NAI, 2003/16/417.

199.  11 February 1973, “This Week”, RTÉ Radio.

200.  5 March 1973, “1330 News”, RTÉ Radio.

201.  Collins, Stephen, The Cosgrave Legacy, p. 140.

202.  Interview with Alexis FitzGerald.

203.  Interview with Muiris Mac Conghail.

204.  Interview with Jacqueline Armstrong.

205.  6 September 1966, Lefty Lewis to Costello, JACP, P190/960.

206.  Interview with Kyran FitzGerald.

207.  Death certificate, General Register Office.

208.  Interview with Mick Kilkenny.

209.  Interview with Jack Christal.

210.  Interview with Kyran FitzGerald.

211.  Calculation by Central Statistics Office. The exact equivalent is €688,996.46.

212.  Will, NAI.

213.  IT, 19 December 1975. Mr Justice Budd did not long survive Costello, dying in February; IT, 10 February 1976.

214.  7 January 1976, Bishop Carroll homily, in possession of Costello family.

215.  IP, 6 January 1976.

216.  7 January 1976, Wilson to Cosgrave, and 7 January 1976, Ford to Cosgrave, both in NAI, 2006/133/405.

217.  II, 7 January 1976.

218.  7 January 1976, note by Dermot Nally on funeral arrangements, NAI 2006/133/405.

219.  Carroll was titular Bishop of Quaestoriana.

220.  7 January 1976, Bishop Carroll homily, in possession of Costello family.

221.  IT, 13 January 1976.

Chapter 15 Measuring up (pp 409–414)

1.  8 December 1969, speech to retirement function, JACP, P190/350.

2.  The Leader, 17 February 1951.

3.  8 December 1969, speech to retirement function, JACP, P190/350.

4.  Manning, Dillon; Keane, MacBride; Horgan, Browne.

5.  The 28-pence stamp featured a charcoal drawing of Costello by Sean O’Sullivan; the other stamps in the series were a 32-pence commemoration of the death of Charles Stewart Parnell and a 52-pence stamp commemorating the bicentenary of the first meeting of the United Irishmen.

6.  Hartnett profile of Costello, Development magazine, JACP, P190/969.

7.  CIA report on Ireland, HST, PSF Box 256, SR-48, p. 38

8.  The Leader, 17 February 1951.

9.  Interview with T.K. Whitaker.

10.  13 May 1944, Costello to Burke, NLI, John L. Burke Papers, Ms. 36,101 (7).

11.  Garvin, Tom, Preventing the future, p. 254.

12.  Puirséil, Niamh, The Irish Labour Party, p. 311.

13.  Letter from Liam Cosgrave, 7 November 2008.

14.  Horgan, John, Seán Lemass, p. 120.

15.  Horgan, Lemass, p. 138. The advice was given to Seán Flanagan.

16.  Entry on Costello, by Charles Lysaght, in McGuire, James and Quinn, James, Dictionary of Irish Biography, p. 894.

17.  Interview with Jacqueline Armstrong.

18.  Conversation with Ronan Fanning.

19.  Interview with Declan Costello.

20.  Hartnett profile of Costello, Development magazine, JACP, P190/969.