How the history of a word sheds new light on capitalism and modern politics.
What exactly is capitalism? How has the meaning of capitalism changed over time? And what’s at stake in our understanding or misunderstanding of it? In Capitalism, Michael Sonenscher examines the history behind the concept and pieces together the range of subjects bound up with the word. Sonenscher shows that many of our received ideas fail to pick up the work that the idea of capitalism is doing for us, without us even realizing it.
“Capitalism” was first coined in France in the early nineteenth century. It began as a fusion of two distinct sets of ideas. The first involved thinking about public debt and war finance. The second involved thinking about the division of labour. Sonenscher shows that thinking about the first has changed radically over time. Funding welfare has been added to funding warfare, bringing many new questions in its wake. Thinking about the second set of ideas has offered far less room for manoeuvre. The division of labour is still the division of labour and the debates and discussions that it once generated have now been largely forgotten. By exploring what lay behind the earlier distinction before it collapsed and was eroded by the passage of time, Sonenscher shows why the present range of received ideas limits our political options and the types of reform we might wish for.
Chapter I. Capitalism and Commercial Society
Chapter II. Capitalism and the History of Political Thought
Chapter III. Capitalism, War, and Debt
Chapter IV. Capitalism, Royalism, and the Social Question
Chapter V. Capitalism and the Right to Work
Chapter VI. Capitalism in a Divided World
Chapter VII. Karl Marx—Capitalism, Communism, and the Division of Labour
Chapter VIII. Adam Smith—Capitalism, Utility, and Justice
Chapter IX. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel—Civil Society and the State
Chapter X. David Ricardo—Public Debt and Comparative Advantage
Chapter XI. Lorenz von Stein—Public Debt and Public Administration