Answer Key

Practice Test 3

  1. A

  2. D

  3. C

  4. C

  5. B

  6. D

  7. B

  8. A

  9. A

10. D

11. B

12. E

13. D

14. C

15. A

16. E

17. B

18. E

19. E

20. D

21. A

22. A

23. B

24. C

25. C

26. A

27. B

28. A

29. D

30. B

31. E

32. E

33. E

34. D

35. E

36. A

37. B

38. C

39. E

40. C

41. D

42. D

43. B

44. D

45. B

46. A

47. D

48. C

49. C

50. C

51. E

52. B

53. E

54. D

55. B

56. C

57. C

58. D

59. E

60. A

61. D

62. B

63. C

64. B

65. D

66. B

67. B

68. A

69. A

70. E

71. D

72. B

73. B

74. D

75. E

76. C

77. E

78. B

79. A

80. D

81. C

82. C

83. A

84. A

85. C

86. D

87. D

88. D

89. A

90. C

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

1.   A

Roger Williams founded the colony of Rhode Island in 1636 after he was banished from the Massachusetts Bay colony for criticizing the theocracy (church-state) that existed there. He believed in the separation of church and state. Williams did not believe that only church leaders (B) should govern the colonies; he did believe that the Native American population (C) should be treated fairly. Resettlement of the Native Americans to the west was an action taken by Andrew Jackson in the 1830s. Roger Williams did not support the theocracy in Massachusetts Bay (D) and did not wish to see that form of government extended to the other colonies. Equality for women (E) is more closely associated with Anne Hutchinson.

2.   D

Jackson, in his veto message, claimed to represent the poor and powerless, and he portrayed the bank as a monster that deprived working men and farmers of opportunities. It was not a Whig measure (A) because the Whigs came into existence as a result of the veto. The Supreme Court decision (B) that declared the Bank constitutional was McCulloch v. Maryland, not Marbury v. Madison, which established judicial review. Paper money (C) was an important element of the bank’s transactions, and Jackson distrusted it. The future Whigs, Daniel Webster and Henry Clay, purposely brought the recharter up early (E) as a way to defeat Jackson in the 1832 presidential election.

3.   C

The passage is a response to the Compact Theory, which contended that the states had made the Constitution. Webster explained that the people were sovereign, not the states. “It is not the creature (creation) of the state legislatures.” The theory that the people (A) were the source of power in the Constitution was Webster’s theory, not Hayne’s. Hayne maintained that the tariff was unfair to South Carolina and was unconstitutional (B), but that was not Webster’s target in the quote. The tariff is not mentioned in the quote. The Theory of Perpetual Union (D) was Lincoln’s theory from his First Inaugural in 1861; it was not Webster’s theory. The theory that sovereignty rests in the general (federal) government (E)—that the government is more important than the people—is not a democratic idea.

4.   C

The Chinese Exclusion Act banned immigration of Chinese people to the United States, with the exception of students, teachers, merchants, and government officials. The League of Nations (A) was not founded until 1919, following World War I. In the last decades of the 19th century, European nations established “spheres of influence” in China with exclusive trading privileges (B). These spheres of influence were successfully challenged by the U.S. initiative to create an “open-door” policy (D) of free trade in China at the turn of the 20th century. However, the Chinese Exclusion Act had nothing to do with either trade or tariffs (E).

5.   B

Standard time zones were created in 1883. Railroads were frustrated in trying to maintain schedules of train services when each city had a slightly different time. So the railroad companies pressured the government to create standard time zones. At the time, many were alarmed that the railroads were so powerful that they could actually have the “time” changed. Standard time could not have been an issue in 1776 (A), an era before rapid transportation or communication. The other choices, (C), (D), and (E), occurred in the 20th century, well after the creation of “railroad time.”

6.   D

Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic agenda was known as the “Square Deal.” His domestic accomplishments include challenging “bad” trusts using the Sherman Antitrust Act, strengthening the Interstate Commerce Commission with the Elkins Act (1903) and the Hepburn Act (1906), and setting aside millions of acres for conservation. A national bank and internal improvements (A) were part of Henry Clay’s American System. Poverty relief and unemployment insurance (B) were part of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s “New Deal.” Theodore Roosevelt was an enthusiastic expansionist (C). Progressives, such as Roosevelt, generally ignored issues of racial discrimination (E). African American voting rights were not addressed until after World War II.

7.   B

Black Tuesday refers to October 29, 1929, when the stock market crashed signaling the beginning of the Great Depression. Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, “the day that will live in infamy,” which motivated the United States to enter into World War II (A). The other days have no catch phrases associated with them.

8.   A

There was a great deal of discrimination against African Americans for jobs during World War II. The National Association of the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) gained membership in an attempt to stem these discriminatory practices. NAACP and CORE were civil rights organizations, not part of the Black Power movement (B), which began in 1965. The Fair Employment Practices Commission (C) was set up by Franklin D. Roosevelt to monitor discriminatory practices in employment; it was not the cause of increased protest. The addition of Mexicans and women (D) to the workforce in World War II did not account for the rise in membership in CORE or the NAACP, which were African American organizations. The army showed no preference for Native American recruits over African American recruits (E) during World War II.

9.   A

The Marshall Plan of 1947 focused on rebuilding the war-torn economies of Western Europe; it was not restricted to democratic countries (C). The Marshall Plan did not include aid to Latin America (B), although it gradually evolved into a global U.S. foreign aid program. Aid to Latin America was emphasized in the Kennedy administration, which initiated the Alliance for Progress (1961), a foreign aid program focused on Latin America. The Eastern bloc countries were offered Marshall Plan aid but refused it. The Marshall Plan was introduced seven years before the creation of South Vietnam (D). The United States offered protection to Japan (E) as a result of the Mutual Defense Treaty of 1952.

10.  D

Ronald Reagan served as president from 1981 to 1989. The hostages were released from the American embassy in Iran on the day Reagan took office. The invasion of Grenada occurred in 1983. The fall of the Berlin Wall and the break-up of the Soviet Union (A) occurred during the George H. W. Bush administration. The Camp David Accords and Declaration of Human Rights (B) were signed during the Jimmy Carter administration. The Watergate scandal and the overture to China (C) occurred during the administration of Richard Nixon. The War on Poverty and the escalation of the Vietnam War (E) occurred during the administration of Lyndon Johnson.

11.  B

Slavery, the irregular coastline of eastern North America, and the British policy of salutary neglect (noninvolvement in colonial affairs prior to the French and Indian War) all led to the economic growth of the colonies. Universal manhood suffrage did not exist in the colonies (IV), and the Great Awakening (V) took place in the 1740s.

12.  E

The Trail of Tears was the forced trek of the southeastern Indians, most famously the Cherokee, to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) west of the Mississippi River. King Phillip’s War (A) was the attack of the Wampanoags and Narragansett Indians on Massachusetts and Rhode Island settlements, in 1675 and 1676. The Pequot War (B) was the massacre of the Pequot Indians after they attacked the Massachusetts colonists in 1637. The buffalo (C) were slaughtered by the whites as the railroads were built in the Great Plains in the 1870s, and Tecumseh (D) was the visionary Indian leader who united the Old Northwest tribes behind the Shawnee to eliminate whites once and for all. He was defeated by William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe in 1811 and then at the Battle of the Thames in 1813 during the War of 1812.

13.  D

Sharecropping was an economic arrangement that developed in the South during and after Reconstruction. Sharecroppers worked a small plot of the plantation owner’s land in return for a share of the crop. Generally, sharecroppers were in perpetual debt to the landowner. African Americans tried to avoid working in “gangs” for wages on large plantations (A). The practice, in many ways, re-created the power relations of the slavery era. The signing of labor contracts (B) is associated with indentured servitude, a practice that had ended by 1800. Many freedmen and women urged the federal government to redistribute land (C) and grant ex-slaves “40 acres and a mule,” but this never became a reality. Manufacturing (E) did not gain a substantial foothold in the South in the 19th century.

14.  C

The Mugwumps were reformers in the Republican Party who believed in good government. They were disappointed that the party had nominated James Blaine, who had accepted stocks from railroad executives in exchange for political favors when he was Speaker of the House. The Mugwumps decided to support the Democratic candidate in 1884, Grover Cleveland. Some Americans were disappointed that the Republicans had abandoned African Americans in the South (A), but this was not a Mugwump issue. Mugwumps did not receive, nor apparently had they been offered, cabinet positions (C) in the Cleveland administration. The Republicans tended to be more anti-immigrant in the late 19th century, but the Mugwumps didn’t

seem to mind. Few people or groups opposed U.S. policies in regard to Native Americans in the late 1800s (E); the Mugwumps did not address this issue.

15.  A

The Social Security Act of 1935 gave direct relief to those unable to work for a variety of reasons. Federal unemployment insurance (B) was part of the Social Security Act and did not exist before this time. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was established in 1934 to monitor investments in various securities (C). Social Security was not designed to give aid to businesses in trouble as a result of the Depression (D). The issue of banking was addressed by the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933.

16.  E

Indentured servitude had ended by the middle of the 19th century. Immigrants competed for jobs with American-born workers. Unskilled workers (A) did have a higher rate of unemployment than skilled workers after World War I. Many immigrants were, in fact, socialists and anarchists (B). Nativists, who generally were white Protestants of Northern European heritage, believed that Italians, Slavs, Catholics in general, and Jews (C and D) were inferior peoples who would dilute the Northern European character of American culture.

17.  B

The Proclamation of Neutrality established a cash-and-carry system that deemed that any nation who wished goods from the United States would have to pay cash and carry the goods on its own ships. Because of the geographical location of the Allied nations, this Proclamation of Neutrality favored England and France and not Germany and the Axis powers (A). The United States had never been a member of the League of Nations (C). The Allies supported this U.S. action (D). The United States was not trying to satisfy the Axis powers by a policy of appeasement (E).

18.  E

The Korean War erupted in June 1950 when South Korea was attacked by North Korea while Harry Truman was president. The Chinese “volunteers” (A) crossed the Yalu River in October 1951. Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 (B). The DMZ (C) was created as part of the truce in July 1953. The North Korean acquisition of nuclear weapons (D) did not occur in the 1950s.

19.  E

Southern Democrats, or Dixiecrats, became unhappy with the party’s steps toward challenging the Jim Crow system of segregation in the South, though these steps were minor. They left the party’s convention in 1948 and formed the pro-segregation States’ Rights Democratic Party, which nominated Strom Thurmond for president. The Republican Dewey lost the general election to the incumbent Truman (A). The Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act (B) were passed during the Johnson administration in 1964 and 1965 respectively. The NAACP (C) had formed earlier—in 1909. The March on Washington (E) did not occur until 1963, 15 years after the 1948 convention.

20.  D

The Pentagon Papers were a history of Vietnam and the American involvement in Vietnam. Jimmy Carter was president after the pull-out of troops from Vietnam and after the Pentagon Papers were published. Eisenhower (A) and Kennedy (E) sent 3,000 and 13,000 “advisers” to Vietnam respectively. The greatest U.S. involvement in the war was during the Nixon (B) and Johnson (C) administrations.

21.  A

Columbus was credited with finding the New World, Magellan circumnavigated the globe, and Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean—all for the Spanish crown. None found an all-water route to the East (E). Columbus died poor (D), and Magellan was killed in a rebellion by natives in the Philippines, not by Native Americans (C). Balboa

and Magellan both sailed to the Pacific Ocean; Columbus did not (B).

22.  A

The Slave Trade Compromise allowed the possibility for Congress to end the international slave trade after 1808. Slavery was the most volatile issue at the Constitutional Convention in 1787. An import tax (B) of $10 for every slave brought into the country could be established. At the Constitutional Convention, it was also agreed that the government could tax imports (C). The Three-Fifths Compromise provided that five slaves would be counted as three white men for the purposes of taxation and representation (D). The prohibition of slavery in newly acquired territories (E) was the language used in the Northwest Ordinance and the Wilmot Proviso, which were not part of the Constitution.

23.  B

The topic of the quote is whether the slave is a man. Douglass says that the existence of the laws prohibiting slaves from reading proves his point. Since laws were passed to make sure slaves could not learn to read or write, it was clear that slaves were intelligent beings, not inherently inferior to whites. He was not showing that the statute books were unfair (A); he was using the unfair laws to prove his point. He was not warning slaves (C), since the laws were directed at whites and slaves could not, by and large, pay fines. These literacy laws were not the major form of control (D) that white Southerners had over slaves. Obeying the laws (E) was not the sense of the quote. He wasn’t calling for opposition to those laws. He was calling for an end to the laws supporting slavery itself.

24.  C

By 1877, the year the U.S. government officially ended Reconstruction, the South was not in any way complying with the goals of the Republican Party. The so-called “redeemers,” the coalition of Southern white elites that took power after Reconstruction, immediately set out to deny African Americans the vote—first by intimidation and fraud and then by legal maneuvers. This marked the beginning of a system of white supremacy that lasted well into the 20th century. The disputed election of 1876 (B) marked the end of Reconstruction. In a compromise arrived at just before the inauguration in 1877, the Democrats agreed to drop their challenge of the election and accept the Republican Rutherford B. Hays as president, if the Republicans agreed to withdraw the last federal troops from the South. But signs of Reconstruction’s eventual demise had been evident for several years. Republican politicians perceived that Northern voters were tired of the “Southern question” (A). Aggressive Democrats (D) had already asserted their power in several Southern states well before the compromise of 1877. By 1875, Thaddeus Stevens, Salmon Chase, and Charles Sumner had all died (E).

25.  C

The Bessemer process greatly reduced the cost of producing steel. Steel, which is lighter and stronger than iron, became an important material as America industrialized. It was used extensively in rails, bridges, and skyscrapers. Time-and-motion studies (A) are associated with Frederick Winslow Taylor and his push for scientific management. The conveyor belt (B) is associated with Henry Ford and the mass production of the automobile. After Samuel F. B. Morse developed the telegraph, its usefulness in the production process (D) became evident to a variety of large producers, but this was not related to the Bessemer process. Interchangeable parts (E) were first used by Eli Whitney in the production of muskets at the end of the 18th century.

26.  A

The Munn decision of 1877 held that the state of Illinois was within its constitutional rights to regulate rates for storing grain in warehouses. More broadly, it upheld the power of the states to regulate private property when it is used in the public interest. The 1st Amendment was not relevant to the decision, and its protection (B) has always extended to criticism of corporate activities. Railroads used eminent domain to obtain property to build railroads (C), but this was not the subject of the Munn case. Because corporations were considered citizens in legal terms (D), they did have the right to sue. The Munn decision did not deal with contracts (E).

27.  B

The charts show the decrease in the number of bank failures and foreclosures during the course of the New Deal. The New Deal protected both depositors and farmers from the ill effects of the Depression. The chart shows the decrease in foreclosures on farms (A) from 1932 to 1939 with only a slight increase in 1941 and subsequent declines in 1941 and 1942. Bank failures dropped (C) from 7.6 percent in 1932 to 0.06 percent in 1942. The United States entered World War II in 1941, but bank failures and foreclosures had decreased (D) prior to the outbreak of the war. The Federal Reserve System (E) was established in 1913 under the Wilson Administration well before this time period, although its powers were expanded during the Great Depression. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was established in 1933 under the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act to protect depositors’ money.

28.  A

The debate over the Treaty of Versailles occurred after World War I, nearly 30 years before the beginning of the Cold War. All of the other choices were significant events contributing to Cold War tensions. The Berlin Airlift (B) in 1948 was a response by the United States to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin. The Soviet Union considered the Marshall Plan (C) a plot against its economic system. The Truman Doctrine (D), which supported Greece and Turkey, and NATO (E) were policies of the United States designed to stem the spread of communism.

29.  D

Napalm was a jellylike substance that stuck to its targets and then burst into flame. It was an especially horrifying aspect of the American attempt to terrorize the Vietnamese. It was not a fragmenting bullet (A), nerve gas (B), or biological weapon (E). Napalm was not used to interrogate prisoners (C).

30.  B

The McCain-Feingold Bill advocated for campaign finance reform. The Glass-Steagall Act set up the FDIC (A). The Interstate Highway Act built the interstate highway system after World War II (C). The War Powers Act of 1973 prevented the president from sending troops to a foreign country for more than 60 days without a vote from Congress (D). The Wade-Davis Bill would have made Congress responsible for Reconstruction after the Civil War (E).

31.  E

Both Washington and Adams realized the folly of U.S. involvement in the European conflicts of the 1790s. These agreements bought time for the United States to unify and grow. The Convention of 1800 (A), which ended the “quasi-war” between French warships and American privateers in the Caribbean, was negotiated during the Adams administration. The issue of impressment (B) was not addressed by any of these agreements. None of the three actions affected U.S. navigation in the Mississippi River (C). Neither Jay’s Treaty nor the Convention of 1800 (D) was popular.

32.  E

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 banned slavery north of the 36’30’ parallel, except for Missouri. The Louisiana Purchase (A) spanned from present-day Alabama to Montana. During the Civil War (B), Maryland, Delaware, Missouri and Kentucky did not secede. The Proclamation of 1763 (C) barred colonists from settling west of the Appalachians. The Northwest Ordinance (D) included territory around the Great Lakes.

33.  E

To become an artisan, one had to go through an apprenticeship with a master craftsman. Artisans included shoemakers, blacksmiths, and tailors. The apprentice system was inherited from medieval times; vocational schools (A) or academic

universities (B) were not part of the training. The American Federation of Labor (D), born in 1886, consisted of unions of craft workers employed in industrial settings.

34.  D

The Fugitive Slave Law required that every citizen become a slave-catcher. It provoked street fights in the North between those willing to protect the accused and those who cooperated with the slaveholders. All African Americans (A) were not slaves in 1850, although many free people of color were accused of being fugitives. The law provided for neither trial by jury (B) nor defense counsel (C). As a federal law, it required compliance (E) by all the states.

35.  E

The Credit Mobilier scandal involved illegal profiteering in the construction of western railroads, and the Teapot Dome scandal involved the misuse of oil rich government land. In both cases, politicians accepted large amounts of money to remain silent. The Credit Mobilier occurred during the Grant administration, while the Teapot Dome scandal occurred during the Harding administration. Both administrations are associated with corruption. Troubles in the savings and loan industry (A) began after deregulation in the early 1980s. Many savings and loan companies made questionable investments, leading to over 600 savings and loans going out of business. Both scandals were more about money than politics (B). The Watergate scandal of the 1970s involved political competition. Municipal corruption (C) is usually linked with “Boss” William Marcy Tweed and Tammany Hall, the headquarters of the New York City Democratic Party. In the 1870s, Tammany Hall’s pattern of corruption, kickbacks, and fraud became front-page news. As scandals first unfold, the perpetrators of wrongdoing often try to shift the blame to an overzealous press (D), out to increase circulation.

36.  A

Horizontal integration involves a company gaining control over a particular industry by acquiring competing companies or entering into a trust agreement. Successful horizontal integration can result in a monopoly. The control of all aspects of production and distribution of a product (B) is called vertical integration. Franchises (C) are associated with post–World War II businesses, such as McDonald’s. Many corporations in the Gilded Age changed from single proprietorships to corporations, which had boards of directors (D), but this is not a horizontal integration. Scientific management (E) is associated with Frederick Winslow Taylor.

37.  B

During the Cuban missile crisis, President Kennedy ordered the U.S. Navy to intercept any military equipment shipped to Cuba. There was no evidence of Soviet nuclear superiority (A). Castro’s dictatorship (C) was established in 1959. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 before he made a re-election bid (D). The Bay of Pigs attack (E) occurred in 1961, prior to the missile crisis.

38.  C

In 1963, Buddhist monks in Vietnam protested the American puppet regime of Ngo Dinh Diem. The Buddhists were not fairly represented in the government, and the Diem regime had been murdering them for protesting. The French (A) had been forced out of Vietnam in 1954. The Buddhists in Indonesia (B) did not protest against Sukharno; the Indonesian Communists did. Ho Chi Minh (D) was in control of North Vietnam in 1963, not the South where the monks burned themselves. The Tet Offensive (E) took place in 1968.

39.  E

The Freedom Summer of 1964, organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), began with the tragic murder of the three young men, Goodman and Schwerner from the North and Chaney from Mississippi. They were part of a voter registration drive to help African Americans gain more political power in the South. But it was not until further violent attacks during

demonstrations at Selma, Alabama, that the 1965 Voting Rights Act was passed. African American admission to the University of Mississippi (A) was opened up by James Meredith in 1962. The Montgomery Boycott in 1955–1956 won bus desegregation (B) in the capital of Alabama. Lunch counters (C) were SNCC’s target in North Carolina and elsewhere, but Freedom Summer was a voting drive. SNCC also participated in Freedom Rides in 1961 to desegregate interstate highway rest stops (D).

40.  C

According to the Constitution, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court must preside over a presidential impeachment trial. Hillary Rodham Clinton (A) was not called to testify, and neither was Bill Clinton (B). The Constitution does not require any particular witnesses to testify in an impeachment trial. Clinton remained president through the impeachment process, and Vice President Gore (D) did not assume presidential power. Kenneth Starr (E) did not resign but remained Independent Counsel.

41.  D

The Puritans came to the New World seeking freedom of religion for themselves. They neither practiced nor advocated total religious freedom. Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 by William Penn as refuge for Quakers (A). When Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded, the Puritans were interested in religion, not business (B). Democracy was limited in Massachusetts Bay (C). There was no separation of church and state (E) in Massachusetts Bay, as it was a theocracy (church-state).

42.  D

Washington counseled the young nation to steer clear of permanent alliances and to use the ocean as a buffer to remain uninvolved in the affairs of Europe or the world (A). He advocated neither support for democratic revolutions (B), expansion in to South America (C), nor alliances with other nations for any reason (E).

43.  B

Dred Scott lived in Illinois and Wisconsin with his master as a free man from 1834 to 1838. Illinois was part of the Old Northwest, which had been settled under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, prohibiting slavery, and Wisconsin was a free state under the Missouri Compromise. Scott sued for his freedom upon returning to Missouri. He was trying to establish his right to be legally free because he had lived in free territory. Chief Justice Roger Taney’s decision to consider him property and re-enslave him, and then to deny the right of Congress to legislate about the question of slavery, shook the nation in 1857. Scott did not go to unsettled territory in the West (A), Massachusetts (C), or Kansas (D). Missouri (E) was a slave state, and he had lived there as a slave.

44.  D

Lincoln attempted to resupply the loyal Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor in the least provocative way. He sent supplies by sea on a lightly armed ship. He wanted the Confederates to be blamed for starting the shooting. Lincoln had not sent troops (A) to defend the fort. Jefferson Davis ordered the firing (E) and did not offer (B) to protect the fort. Abraham Lincoln did not decide to abandon the fort (C).

45.  B

Birth of a Nation (1915) presented the story of the Civil War and Reconstruction from the point of view of the Confederacy and was criticized by the NAACP for its racist depiction of African Americans and its glorification of the Ku Klux Klan. Gone With the Wind(1939) looked back fondly on plantation life. Although Birth of a Nation was a silent movie, Gone With the Wind was not (A). Both movies were popular with the public (C). Gone With the Wind is one of the most watched movies ever. Although both movies are historical, neither deals with the Revolutionary War (D). Birth of a Nation was produced 15 years before the Great Depression.

46.  A

The 18th Amendment, which outlawed the production, sale, or consumption of alcohol, was a failure. “Bootlegging” (illegally selling alcohol) and “speakeasies” (illegal clubs that served alcohol) became part of the national vocabulary as Prohibition laws were routinely flouted. The 18th Amendment was adopted in 1919, a year before the adoption of the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote (B). Also, most historians have acknowledged that women have not voted as a bloc. Both parties avoided taking a strong stand on the Prohibition issue (C). Prohibition attempted to change the public’s behavior (D), but it was not successful. Prohibition was a federal initiative (E). It did not revolve around the issue of states’ rights.

47.  D

The “Great Society” was the major domestic program of the Johnson administration that sought to improve the standard of living of Americans through such legislation as Medicare and the Economic Opportunity Act. The Interstate Highway Act (1956) and the National Defense Education Act (1957) (A) were Eisenhower-era initiatives. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930) and the National Origins Act (1929) (B) reflected isolationist impulses of the 1920s and 1930s. The Social Security Act (1935) and the Wagner Act (1935) (C) were part of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal program. The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944) and the Taft-Hartley Act (1947) (E) contributed to the shaping of the post–World War II world.

48.  C

Money given to the rebels, or Contras, in Nicaragua was part of the Iran-Contra affair during the Reagan Administration. Richard Nixon’s “plumbers” broke into Daniel Ellsberg’s psychiatrist’s office to get “dirt” on the man who leaked the Pentagon Papers (A) to theNew York Times. The Saturday Night Massacre (B) was the night two attorneys general left office (one resigned and one was fired), because they refused to fire the Watergate Special Prosecutor. The Special Prosecutor had demanded Nixon turn over tapes of White House conversations. The smoking gun tape (D) was the proof that Nixon had called for the obstruction of FBI investigations into Watergate matters. Hush money (E) was payoffs to the burglars amounting to many thousands of dollars at a time.

49.  C

Muhammad Ali did not campaign for the conservative Ronald Reagan. He was politically to the left. He did refuse to serve in Vietnam (A) on the basis that he was a conscientious objector. He became Muslim (B) and changed his name from Cassius Clay upon his conversion. Ali was an independent-minded man who always spoke his mind about discrimination. His unflinching militancy symbolized (D) the turbulent times in which he lived. His entry into the public eye came in the 1960 Olympics (E) when he won a gold medal.

50.  C

Clinton sent peacekeeping troops to Haiti, Somalia, and Bosnia. His foreign policy was one of active involvement in world affairs. The policy was neither isolationist (A) nor at odds with NATO (E). The Soviet Union (B) had ceased to exist by 1991, before Clinton took office. Reagan had labeled the Soviet Union the “evil empire.” Although sometimes receiving criticism for his actions, Clinton enjoyed the majority support of the American people (D).

51.  E

A 90-day embargo was passed by James Madison in 1813. Both acts were passed to protect American shipping from harassment by the English and French. It is clear that the issue in the cartoon is the embargo because “OGRABME” is embargo spelled backward. The cartoonist was portraying the discontent, particularly among New Englanders, over the Embargo, which was first passed in 1807 under the administration of Thomas Jefferson. The Federalists (A) controlled the judiciary, but that is not the subject of the cartoon. The issue of the embargo dealt with foreign commerce, not interstate commerce (B). Impressment (C) of U.S. seamen was one of the key causes of the War of 1812 but not the subject of this cartoon. The Citizen Genet affair (D) occurred during the administration of George Washington in 1793.

52.  B

The Free Soilers wanted to exclude slavery from the western territories, including the Mexican Cession, which the United States acquired in 1848 after the war with Mexico. They formed the Free Soil party in 1848 and many of them became Republicans after 1854. Gradual abolition (A) was an idea that became law in many Northern states in the latter part of the 18th century. It stated that all persons born to slaves after a certain date would be free at age 21 or 25. The immediate abolitionists (C), like William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips, called for an immediate end to slavery in all of the United States. The supporters of popular sovereignty (E) left the question of slavery open to the settlers.

53.  E

The Freeport Doctrine was Douglas’s attempt to support both the Dred Scott decision and popular sovereignty. It put forward the idea that the people should decide on slavery in a given territory, but he claimed that slavery could not exist without laws supporting it. This was already disproved by the presence of slaves in the territories of Kansas and Missouri before they were states. The Mississippi (A) was not a dividing line for Douglas, who wanted to permit slavery in Kansas and Nebraska through popular sovereignty. Lincoln expressed the sentiments paraphrased in choice (B) in his “house divided” speech. (C) and (D) are paraphrases of the statements by Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun, respectively, during the nullification crisis of the 1830s.

54.  D

President Theodore Roosevelt was aggressive in setting aside tracts of land for recreation as well as for “responsible” use by industry—a strategy he called “conservation.” He took a middle path between the wholesale despoliation of the environment by industrialists and loggers and those who argued for “preservation,” that is preserving nature in its pristine state. He and Gifford Pinchot sought to manage the country’s natural resources in a scientific, rational way. Roosevelt embraced the idea of conservation (A); he rejected the idea of preservation. He moved away from a laissez-faire approach to the environment (B). The appointment of James Watt (C) as Secretary of the Interior angered environmentalists during the Reagan administration, not during the Roosevelt administration. Roosevelt was eager to use the power of the federal government (E) in a number of fields, including conservation.

55.  B

Steinbeck’s classic novel shows great compassion for the Joad family, who were displaced Dust Bowl farmers. All the other groups, (A), (C), (D), and (E), suffered in the Great Depression, but The Grapes of Wrath concerned the migration of “Okies” to the “Garden of Eden” of California.

56.  C

Franklin Roosevelt brought government more directly into the lives of the people. Roosevelt expanded the role of the federal government with the Social Security program, the Works Progress Administration, and other government construction projects. The federal government become more complex, not simpler (A), during the Roosevelt administration. Roosevelt was cautious on the civil rights front (B), as he did not want to lose the support of Southern Democrats. Roosevelt was elected to the presidency four times (D), and he died before the end of World War II (E).

57.  C

The Taft-Hartley Act (1947) was a Republican initiative to halt the progress of the labor movement. It outlawed many measures that had been approved by the Wagner Act (1935), such as the use of union dues for political activities and closed shops (union-only shops). It allowed the president to issue an 80-day injunction—a “cooling-off” period—if he or she believed that a strike could harm the economy. It also can be seen as an expression of the anti-communist sentiment of the late 1940s and 1950s; union leaders had to sign anti-communist pledges. Interstate highways (A) were funded by the Federal Highway Act (1956). The Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) was labeled the “Magna Carta for organized labor” (B) because it excluded unions from antitrust litigation. Veterans (D) got aid from the 1946 Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, or G.I. Bill. Racial integration in defense industries (E) was the result of Executive Order 8802 (1941).

58.  D

Fannie Lou Hamer and the integrated Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) attempted to replace the segregationist regular Democrats at the Democratic Convention in 1964. The Freedom Democratic Party was an organization of activists that grew out of the voting drives in Mississippi. They failed to get the seats despite the vocal support of the national Democrats for civil rights. The 1912 candidacy of Teddy Roosevelt (A) was supported by the Bull Moose Party. There was a 1948 party (B), called the Dixiecrats, that opposed Truman’s civil rights programs. No political party was formed in 1962 (C) specifically to advance the cause of prayer in the schools. George Wallace was the leader of the Independent Party in 1968. (E).

59.  E

There were tunnels all over South Vietnam, which showed the willingness of the South Vietnamese to sacrifice time, effort, and comfort for independence. These were elaborate systems in which some people lived for months. American soldiers were never sure where the Vietcong would appear because they could come out of the tunnels at them.

60.  A

The “Contract with America” was a series of conservative proposals, including reduced taxes, a stronger military, a reduced federal government, and welfare reform. Decreasing the military budget and increasing the education budget (B); protecting the rights of gays and creating a “single-payer,” or national, health care system (C); and keeping church and state separated and reforming the campaign finance system (D) are all liberal measures, more likely to gain the support of the Democratic Party. While making English the national language and eliminating bilingual education (E) are conservative measures, they were not part of the “Contract with America.”

61.  D

The colonies, under the mercantilist policies of Britain, could freely trade with each other, although not with the colonies of other European powers (A). Under the mercantilist economic system, colonies exist for the good of the mother country. To prevent competition with the British, colonial production (B) was restricted by the Iron Act and the Hat Act, and colonial shipping and commerce were restricted by requiring colonial goods to go through British ports (E). These restrictions led to resentment of British authority (C) and contributed to the American colonists’ desire for independence.

62.  B

The Hartford Convention, held by New England Federalists in 1814 to protest the War of 1812, marked the beginning of the end of the Federalist Party. The Democratic-Republican Party (A) of Jefferson was founded in 1794 in the wake of Jay’s Treaty, while the Republican Party of Lincoln was founded in 1854 in Wisconsin in the wake of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and neither of these parties was involved in the Hartford Convention. The Hartford Convention was not supported by the South or the West (C), and the New England Federalists were isolated and discredited, bringing a loss in political power for the Northeast. Henry Clay (D) maintained his prominence as a War Hawk in Congress at this time, a situation that was not changed by the Hartford Convention. Although the Hartford Convention did come up with proposals for amendments increasing state powers (E), these were not adopted into the Constitution.

63.  C

In 1860, the Southern (Breckinridge) Democrats introduced a plank into the Democratic Party platform calling for a national slave code: Slavery would be legal everywhere. The Northern (Douglas) Democrats refused to pass it. One Ohio delegate said, “Gentlemen of the South, you mistake us. We will not do it!” Forty-seven Southerners walked out. The Democrats tried to reunite but failed. That was the origin of the two Democratic Parties in the 1860 election. Each of the other answer choices refers to earlier controversies. California was admitted as a free state (A) in 1850, and Missouri (B) in 1820. The issue of internal improvements (D) was a major controversy in the 1830s, and it was the Republicans who called for a transcontinental railroad in the 1860 election. The bank (E) was a key issue in the 1830s.

64.  B

The elimination of slavery brought the United States onto the road to world economic leadership because the existence of slavery had been holding it back, according to the historians Charles and Mary Beard. They analyzed the development of the United States from an economic point of view. Full, unhindered capitalism won in the Civil War was the basis of the “Second American Revolution.” The War of 1812 has been called the “Second War for American Independence” (A) because Britain finally recognized that the United States was no longer her possession. Guerrilla warfare (C), which was characteristic of the patriots in the Revolution, was not a major factor in the Civil War. Historians disagree over Lincoln’s ability as a military leader (D), and regardless, similarities between Washington and Lincoln alone would probably not be a reason to call the war the “Second American Revolution.” The problems of race (E) were certainly not solved by the abolition of slavery—we are still arguing over issues from affirmative action to the flying of Confederate battle flags over state capitols today.

65.  D

Both acts created regulatory bodies that oversaw business activities. The Interstate Commerce Commission regulated railroad rates, while the National Recovery Administration set codes for wages, hours, and production for major businesses during the Great Depression. The Supreme Court struck down the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) in 1935 (A) but never heard a case challenging the Interstate Commerce Act (ICA). These acts reflected a move away from traditional laissez-faire policies (B). The NIRA was not designed to limit the power of the railroad companies (C). Section 7A of NIRA encouraged workers to join unions (E) so that they would be better able to protect their interests, while the ICA did not mention union membership.

66.  B

The Progressive movement was a broad movement that included both Democrats and Republicans. It was not exclusively affiliated with the Republican Party (C). In fact, of the two presidents most closely linked to the Progressive movement, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, one was a Republican and one was a Democrat. The Progressives were not purists; they believed that working through the two major political parties (A) was an effective way of implementing reforms. They certainly did not shy away from electoral politics (E). The Bull Moose Party (D) was formed by Theodore Roosevelt and other Progressive-minded Republicans because they felt that President Taft was not sufficiently Progressive.

67.  B

This was a very important shift within the electorate. From the days of Lincoln, the “Great Emancipator,” until 1932, a majority of African Americans voted for the Republican Party. But from Roosevelt’s re-election in 1936 until the present day, African Americans have overwhelmingly voted for the Democratic Party, which has appeared more responsive to their needs and interests. The percentage of women who voted (A) increased in the 1930s. The Communist Party (C) vote was always small. Even though the party gained in strength in the 1930s, as part of its Popular Front strategy, it supported Roosevelt. The percentage of actual voters in the electorate (D) increased in the 1930s. Immigrants (E), union members, African Americans, and urban political machines comprised Roosevelt’s New Deal coalition.

68.  A

Roosevelt felt some pressure from the left, as leaders pushed agendas more radical than the New Deal. The End Poverty in California was Upton Sinclair’s campaign, and the Share Our Wealth movement was Huey Long’s project. The two programs were opposed to the New Deal, not part of it (B). The Communist Party had influence in some of the CIO unions in the 1930s (C), but the two programs were not labor unions. The New Deal was attacked from the right (D) by people such as Father Charles Coughlin, who had a popular weekly radio show. These programs did not have an emphasis an women (E).

69.  A

Whyte and Wilson criticized the sameness of American society as large corporations and suburbia came to dominate it. The two books mentioned were critical of trends within American society, but they were not Marxist, nor were they labeled as such (B). The Soviet Union was not outpacing the United States in economic output during the 1950s (C). While Whyte and Wilson criticized the conformity of American society, their criticisms did not make their way into business school curricula (D). The “beatniks” (E) were criticized by the mainstream press but not by Whyte and Wilson.

70.  E

One of the major events in the Watergate scandal was the successive resignation and dismissal (or Saturday Night Massacre) in 1974 of two attorneys general, Elliot Richardson and Nicholas Katzenbach. They had both refused to fire Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox. Nixon insisted that they fire Cox because he had ordered the president to hand over tapes of conversations between Nixon and his aides concerning the Watergate break-in and cover-up. When the story came out that Nixon was attempting to fire the head of the Watergate investigation, the call for impeachment and resignation became a firestorm. The Ku Klux Klan (A) had killed the civil rights workers Goodman, Schwerner, and Chaney in 1963 and the young girls in the basement of a Birmingham Church the same year, but the murders were known as lynchings, not massacres. The CIA (B) cooperated in the assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem in 1963, when John Kennedy was president. William Calley (C) was indicted for his role in the My Lai massacre in 1968. John Hinckley (D) pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity in the 1981 assassination attempt on President Reagan, not on Nixon.

71.  D

Though many colonists rebelled against British laws including the Stamp Act (1765), the Townshend Acts (1767), the Tea Act (1773) and the Intolerable Acts (1774), most still wanted to reconcile with England. After Thomas Paine published Common Sense (1776), which advocated independence from England, the Continental Congress drafted the Declaration of Independence to justify the split and rally further support from both fellow Americans and the international community, especially France. The point was not to create a new political philosophy (A), nor to restate the philosophy Thomas Jefferson borrowed from John Locke (B), who argued that government should protect human rights (E). Also, there was no mention of gaining land (C) in the Declaration of Independence.

72.  B

The Northwest Ordinance did not have any provisions involving the establishment of militias, and after the French defeat in the French and Indian War in 1763, the French were no longer a threat in the area. The ordinance did provide for freedom for religion (A), prohibit slavery in the territory under discussion (C), encourage decent treatment of Native Americans (D), and provide for the orderly settlement of the Northwest Territory (E).

73.  B

Alexander Hamilton was a loose constructionist who justified the establishment of the Bank of the United States by citing the elastic clause (implied powers clause) in the Constitution. He did not support the idea of rotation in office (A), as he believed that the president should serve for life. He generally mistrusted the masses (C) and did not support the idea of an educated populace (D). Hamilton was a strong believer in the supremacy of the central government (E).

74.  D

The Gettysburg Address was delivered by President Lincoln in November 1863, five months after the Battle of Gettysburg. A score is 20 years, so 87 years before 1863 was 1776. He was rededicating the nation to a more modern meaning of the Declaration of Independence: that African Americans and whites were created equal. Many abolitionists had been using the Declaration that way since the days of the American Revolution. It was significant that the president adopted this meaning of the Declaration and called for a “new birth of freedom.” The inauguration of Washington (A) occurred in 1789, 74 years before the Gettysburg Address. The Constitutional Convention (B) was in 1787, and the Constitution does not make allusions to men being “created equal.” The writing of the Mayflower Compact (C) occurred in 1620, over 200 years before the Civil War. Although it had been interpreted as having a democratic content, it was not a statement of equality. The landing at Jamestown (E) in 1607, also occurring over 200 years before the Civil War, was an important event in American history, but the resulting society in Virginia was not based on ideas of equality.

75.  E

The Populist platform called for immigration restrictions in order to forge an alliance with urban workers. They argued that the large number of immigrants weakened the bargaining position of American workers. The wide-ranging set of demands included a graduated income tax (A), inflationary policies (B), the eight-hour workday (C), and government control of railroads (D) and banks.

76.  C

Ward and Sears brought the bounty of industrial America to the rural hinterland with their mail- order catalogs. F. W. Woolworth opened his first of many “five-and-dimes” (A) in 1879. The installment plan (B), in which the consumer puts down a percentage of the cost of a product and agrees to pay the rest in installments, is associated with the 1920s. Several entrepreneurs sold mass-produced American goods (D), starting in the early 19th century, and several added refrigeration to grocery stores (E) in the early 20th century.

77.  E

Although Roosevelt fought in the Spanish-American War, it occurred before his presidency. Roosevelt did secure the Panama Canal Zone for the United States (A). He won a Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts at brokering a peace treaty between Japan and Russia (B). He established the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (C). At times he dispatched U.S. battleships to various parts of the world as a show of strength, exemplifying the adage “speak softly but carry a big stick” (D).

78.  B

Woodrow Wilson was inflexible when it came to the debate over the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations. Wilson himself proposed a League of Nations in his Fourteen Points. He was unwilling to compromise (A). Although Wilson had encountered difficulty with the Allies when negotiating the peace at Versailles (C), the debate over ratification was with Congress, not the Allies. Wilson wanted the United States to participate in the League of Nations, an international body, not to isolate itself from the world (D). The League of Nations covenant, which Wilson supported, pledged each member nation to preserve the independence and territorial integrity of all the other member nations. Many isolationist Senators opposed this pledge, outlined in Article X of the covenant, on the grounds that it would limit the freedom of the United States in world affairs and affect U.S. military actions (E).

79.  A

The United States has supported Israel since its beginning in 1948. However, the growing need for Arab oil has created a conflict in American foreign policy, because no Arab oil state gave diplomatic recognition to Israel until 1978. The United States has never supported Libya (B). There is not a large population of Hindus (C) in the Middle East. A Palestinian state does not exist (D), and free trade (E) in the Middle East has not been a major question for the United States.

80.  D

President George H. W. Bush signed one of the biggest bailouts in United States history, $159 billion, for the savings and loan banks, which had been underfunded and had taken risks not seen since the 1920s. The owners of the banks (A) had not invested much of their money in their own banks and could not have paid off the debts themselves since they were so overextended. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) (C) could not reimburse the depositors since it only insured commercial banks, not savings banks. The Glass-Steagall Act (E), which set up the FDIC in 1933, had strictly separated the two kinds of banks as a way to prevent such disasters. It was the deregulation of the Carter and Reagan years that opened up the possibility for the crisis.

81.  C

John Adams defended the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. Benjamin Franklin (A) was in London for much of the 1760s, and his home was in Philadelphia, not New York. Thomas Paine (B) wrote Common Sense but did not establish the Committees of Correspondence. They were established by Samuel Adams. Crispus Attucks (D) was an African American killed during the Boston Massacre. Patrick Henry (E) was not executed by the British.

82.  C

Shays’s Rebellion led to the scrapping of the Articles of Confederation. It occurred in 1787 when farmers in western Massachusetts, led by Daniel Shays, protested the tax policies in Massachusetts. It raised fears of general disorder and prompted the call for a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. Instead of revising the Articles, the convention scrapped the document and drafted the Constitution. It was not a slave rebellion (A). It was suppressed by the Massachusetts and New York militias, not a militia sent by the Congress of the Articles of Confederation (B). The Bill of Rights (D) was added to the Constitution in 1791 and did not address the issues raised in Shays’s Rebellion. The “shot heard round the world” (E) occurred in Concord, Massachusetts, in 1775 and signaled the beginning of the American Revolution.

83.  A

The idea of nullification was introduced in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798. They were written by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, respectively, to oppose to the Alien and Sedition Acts. Jefferson contended that the states had entered into a compact forming the government and that when a federal law failed to satisfy the people of a state, that state had the right to declare the law “null and void.” The theory of nullification became the basis of the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, written by John C. Calhoun in 1828, and of secession in 1860, although Jefferson did not intend that people would take the idea that far. The resolutions inflamed the conflict (B) over the Alien and Sedition Acts, because the Federalists (C) supported the Alien and Sedition Acts while the Democratic Republicans supported the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. Hamilton did not participate in the writing of the resolutions (D). He supported stronger federal power, not state power. The Supreme Court (E) did not rule on the resolutions.

84.  A

The Emancipation Proclamation was issued in September 1862 and went into effect January 1, 1863. It stated that slaves in states or parts of states still in rebellion as of January 1, 1863, would be freed. Though this did not immediately free any slaves, because the Union government was unable to exercise power in the rebellious areas of the South, it did dedicate the war to the antislavery cause and freed slaves as the Union army conquered the South. Lincoln was not yet ready to free all the slaves (C). This came with the ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865. Lincoln was still worried about the border states (B), such as Missouri and Kentucky, leaving the Union. To retain their support, he did not attempt to free the slaves in loyal states. Freeing the children of slaves (D), gradual emancipation, had been the policy in many Northern states since the end of the 18th century. The Emancipation Proclamation embodied a different policy. By the time of the Civil War, slavery had ceased to exist in the North (E) except for the border states.

85.  C

Bellamy presented a scathing indictment of industrial capitalism and imagined a socialist utopia in its place. All other authors could be invoked to justify the economic conditions of the Gilded Age. Alger (A) wrote “rags-to-riches” stories in which poor boys achieve great success with hard work and a little luck. Sumner (B) championed the ideas of social Darwinism, which saw laissez-faire capitalism as a testing ground in which the fittest survive. Smith (D) wrote in the previous century, but his description of the economy guided by market forces—the invisible hand—sat well with Gilded Age advocates of laissez-faire capitalism. Carnegie (E) supported the idea of free-market capitalism but argued that the captains of industry should give something back to the community.

86.  D

Strong and Mahan were fervent expansionists. Strong argued that it was the mission of the United States to Christianize and civilize the “weaker races.” Mahan argued that the United States needed to expand its naval power and take over territories in the Pacific if it hoped to achieve international prominence. Several activists opposed racism in the United States (A), such as Ida B. Wells, who wrote and lectured against lynching in the South. Urban corruption (B) was the subject of Lincoln Steffens’s The Shame of the Cities(1904). Regional novelists (C) include Mark Twain and Willa Cather. Antiwar novels (E) include Three Soldiers by John Dos Passos and A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway.

87.  D

The progressives had a great deal of faith in the power of the government to implement reforms. These reforms included federal actions such as the Meat Inspection Act (1906) and the Federal Reserve Act (1913), which reformed the banking system, as well as state actions such as placing restrictions on lobbying in Wisconsin, the “laboratory of democracy.” The nationalization of banks and industries (A) was advocated by socialists, not progressives. The progressive movement was largely silent on issues of race (B). Progressives generally wanted lower tariffs (C) to keep consumer prices from rising. Progressive-era reformers, such as Florence Kelley and Jane Addams, challenged traditional ideas about “feminine” behavior (E).

88.  D

The WPA, an important New Deal program, employed over 8 million people between 1935 and 1943. The WPA built schools, libraries, and hospitals; employed writers, photographers, and artists; and created a vast array of public works projects. The Supreme Court (A) struck down the National Industrial Recovery Act, not the WPA, in 1933 because it gave the president law-making powers. Hydroelectric dams (B) were built along the Tennessee River by the Tennessee Valley Authority (1933). The Wagner Act (1935) established legal protections for workers (C). Assistance to big business (E) was provided by Hoover’s 1932 Reconstruction Finance Corporation.

89.  A

The Kerner Commission on urban violence concluded that it was the rising expectations among African Americans in the North for a wider range of opportunities that caused the riots in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles in 1965 and Detroit in 1967. The draft (B) for Vietnam was not a major issue before 1967, and the riots in African American urban neighborhoods began before that date. The riots were in the North and West, not in the South, (C) in the early 1960s. African Americans were not barred from voting in the North (D). Affirmative Action (E) was not an issue in America until the Nixon administration (after 1969).

90.  C

De jure segregation refers to segregation grounded in law. Segregation laws were declared unconstitutional in 1954 and were eliminated during the 1950s and 1960s by civil rights demonstrations and court decisions. De facto segregation still exists in many cities. The issues of an aging America (A), the challenges of the AIDS crisis (B), problems in the health care industry (D), and energy requirements (E) continue to be pressing issues in the United States.