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1. This is an example of an intermolecular bond because it is occurring between two separate molecules (in this case, two water molecules) and is due to the slightly positive side of one molecule attracting the slightly negative end of a different molecule.
2. Both laws of thermodynamics apply to this example. Breaking up glucose and converting it into another form of energy describes the first law (energy cannot be created, but it can be converted from one form to another). The second law (every energy transformation includes some energy lost as heat) is why our metabolism provides body heat.
3. A reaction that breaks bonds is called a catabolic reaction because energy is released.
4. a. This is a noncompetitive inhibitor, meaning it binds at a site other than the active site. b. The effects of the inhibitor cannot be overcome by adding more substrate because when the non-competitive inhibitor binds to the enzyme, it changes the shape of the active site.
5. A covalent bond involves sharing two electrons between two atoms.
6. Reaction A requires an input of energy; it creates products that contain more energy than reactants. Reaction B has a negative delta G.
7. Enzymes are catalysts because they speed up reactions. They’re biological because all enzymes are proteins that are made by cells.
8. A catabolic reaction is one where bonds are broken and energy is released. An enzyme helps this to occur because when it grabs onto the substrate, it squeezes the molecule and puts stress on the covalent bonds, making them easier to break.
9. Both allosteric enzymes and non-competitive inhibitors rely on a substance binding to the enzyme at a site other than the active site. The difference, however, is when something binds to that other site it can either decrease or increase the activity of an allosteric enzyme. A non-competitive inhibitor can only decrease the activity.
10. d. An anabolic reaction is one where energy is used to build something that stores the energy. In this case, energy from the sun is used to build an energetic molecule of glucose from carbon dioxide and water.