Notes on the Text
1. M.V. Erokhin, Novorossiisk, ed. D.A. Vasil'evich (Krasnodar: RIO, 2012), p. 4.
2. Vicky Davis, ‘Time and tide: The Remembrance Ritual of “Beskozyrka” in Novorossiisk’, Cahiers du Monde Russe/54 (2013), pp. 103–29; and Vicky Davis, ‘Memory for Sale: Local and National Interpretations of Brezhnev's Malaia zemlia’, in Twentieth Century Wars in European Memory, ed. Jozef Niznik (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2013), pp. 135–49.
Introduction The Myth of Malaia zemlia
1. ‘Lay wreaths on the sea./It is a human custom/in memory of troops who died in the sea,/lay wreaths on the sea. // Lay wreaths on the sea/to the sound of pipes and drums and sirens./Lay wreaths on the sea/made of jasmine, roses and lilacs. // Lay wreaths for Time,/we were consumed in this eternal flame./Lay wreaths on the flame/made of jasmine and white lilac.’ From Andrei Voznesenskii, ‘Rekviem’ (1984), in Andrei Voznesenskii, Ne otrekus’. Izbrannaia lirika (Minsk: Beladi, 1996).
2. T.I. Iurina, Novorossiiskoe protivostoianie: 1942–1943 gg. (Krasnodar: Kniga, 2008), p. 230.
3. M.V. Erokhin, Novorossiisk, ed. D.A. Vasil'evich (Krasnodar: RIO, 2012), p. 55.
4. See notably Catherine Merridale, Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Russia (London: Granta Books, 2000); Amir Weiner, Making Sense of War: The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); and Stephen Lovell, The Shadow of War: Russia and the USSR, 1941 to the Present (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010).
5. See Zhores Medvedev, Andropov (Oxford: Blackwell, 1983), pp. 101–3; Nina Tumarkin, The Living and the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia (New York: BasicBooks, 1994), pp. 155–6; and Roi Medvedev, Politicheskie portrety (Moscow: Moskva, 2008), p. 219.
6. See notably on Kiev, Michael Ignatieff, ‘Soviet War Memorials’, History Workshop Journal/17 (1984), pp. 157–63; on Leningrad, Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories and Monuments (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006); and Alexis Peri, ‘Revisiting the Past: History and Historical Memory during the Leningrad Blockade’, Soviet and Post-Soviet Review/38 (2011), pp. 105–29; on Stalingrad, Scott Palmer, ‘How Memory was Made: The Construction of the Memorial to the Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad’, The Russian Review/68 (2009), pp. 373–407; on Sevastopol, Karl Qualls, ‘Who Makes Local Memories?: The Case of Sevastopol after World War II’, Soviet and Post-Soviet Review/38 (2011), pp. 130–48; on Minsk and Brest, Bernhard Chiari and Robert Maier, ‘Volkskrieg und Heldenstätte: Zum Mythos des Großen Vaterländischen Krieges in Weißrußland’, in Mythen der Nationen, Vol. 2. 1945: Arena der Erinnerung (Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 2004), pp. 737–51; and on Moscow, Nina Tumarkin, ‘Story of a War Memorial’, in World War 2 and the Soviet People, eds John Garrard and Carol Garrard (New York: St Martin's, 1993), pp. 125–46.
7. I. Irwin-Zarecka, Frames of Remembrance: The Dynamics of Collective Memory (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1994); T.G. Ashplant, et al., ‘The Politics of War Memory and Commemoration: Contexts, Structures and Dynamics’, in The Politics of War, Memory and Commemoration, eds T.G. Ashplant, Graham Dawson and Michael Roper (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 3–85; and Peter Carrier, ‘Political and Ethical Contexts of Collective Memories of the Second World War’, in Recalling the Past–(Re)constructing the Past: Collective and Individual Memory of World War II in Russia and Germany, eds Withold Bonner and Arja Rosenholm (Iyvaskyla, Finland: Gummerus, 2008), pp. 245–55.
8. Marianne Hirsch, ‘Projected Memory: Holocaust Photographs in Personal and Public Fantasy’, in Acts of Memory: Cultural Recall in the Present, eds Mieke Bal, Jonathan Crewe and Leo Spitzer (Hanover, NH and London: University Press of New England, 1999), pp. 3–23, p. 8; and Alison Landsberg, The Transformation of American Remembrance in the Age of Mass Culture (New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2004), pp. 2, 19 and 24.
9. Similar methodological encounters are described by Bo Petersson in National Self-Images and Regional Identities in Russia (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001). The difficulties of interpretation of interviews faced by the researcher are analysed particularly well in Anike Walke, Pioneers and Partisans: An Oral History of Nazi Genocide in Belorussia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), Chapter 1. Alistair Thomson discusses the pressures on veterans to alter their narratives in Anzac Memories: Living with the Legend (Clayton, Australia: Monash University Publishing, 2013).
10. The interested reader is referred to Michael Schudson, ‘Dynamics of Distortion in Collective Memory’, in Memory Distortion: How Minds, Brains, and Societies Reconstruct the Past, ed. D.L. Schacter (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 346–64; D.L. Schacter, The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Mind Forgets and Remembers (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2001); and Paul Connerton, ‘Seven Types of Forgetting’, Memory Studies/1 (2008), pp. 59–71.
11. See Thomson, Anzac Memories.
12. See for example Merridale, Night of Stone; Jay Winter, ‘Thinking about Silence’, in Shadows of War: A Social History of Silence in the Twentieth Century, eds E. Ben-Ze'ev, R. Ginio and J. Winter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 3–31; and Walke, Pioneers and Partisans.
Chapter 1 What is a War Myth?
1. Iu. Ponomarenko, ‘Bol'shaia slava Maloi zemli: Reportazh iz goroda-geroia Novorossiiska’, Izvestiia, 6 September 1974, p. 1.
2. Maria Mavromataki, Greek Mythology and Religion (Athens: Haitalis, 1997), p. 231.
3. Mikhail Lermontov, ‘Borodino’, in M. Iu. Lermontov: Stikhotvoreniia, Vol. 1 (Moscow: Russkaia kniga, 1996), pp. 9–12.
4. See especially Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, trans. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
5. J.M. Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
6. John Ramsden, ‘Myths and Realities of the “People's War” in Britain’, in Experience and Memory: The Second World War in Europe, eds Jorg Echternkamp and Stefan Martens (New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2010), pp. 40–52, p. 40.
7. Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories and Monuments (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 7.
8. Malcolm Smith, Britain and 1940: History, Myth, and Popular Memory (New York: Routledge, 2000), p. 2.
9. Barry Schwartz, Y. Zerubavel, and B. Bartlett, ‘The Recovery of Masada’, Sociological Quarterly/27 (1986), pp. 147–64.
10. Frederick C. Corney, Telling October: Memory and the Making of the Bolshevik Revolution (Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 2004), pp. 8–9; and 201–21.
11. Ibid., pp. 1–5.
12. Joseph Schull, ‘What is Ideology? Theoretical Problems and Lessons from Soviet-type Societies’, Political Studies/40 (1992), pp. 728–41; Neil Robinson, ‘What was Soviet Ideology? A Comment on Joseph Schull and an Alternative’, Political Studies/43 (1995), pp. 325–32; and Rachel Walker, ‘Thinking about Ideology and Method: A Comment on Schull’, Political Studies/43 (1995), pp. 333–42.
13. M.E. Urban and J. McClure, ‘The Folklore of State Socialism: Semiotics and the Study of the Soviet State’, Soviet Studies/35 (1983), pp. 471–86, p. 474.
14. Amir Weiner, Making Sense of War: The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 8; and Amir Weiner, ‘The Making of a Dominant Myth: The Second World War and the Construction of Political Identities within the Soviet Polity’, Russian Review/55 (1996), pp. 638–60, p. 658.
15. Vitaliia Kuz'mina, ‘V Novorossiiske prem'er-ministr vozglavil kolonnu baikerov’, Vesti, 30 August 2011, <http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=553582> [accessed 31 August 2011].
16. E. Renan, ‘What is a Nation?’, in Nation and Narration, ed. H.K. Bhabha (London: Routledge, 1990), pp. 8–22, p. 19.
17. Clive Ponting, 1940: Myth and Reality (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1990).
18. Angus Calder, The Myth of the Blitz (London: Pimlico, 1992); Malcolm Smith, Britain and 1940; and Mark Connelly, We Can Take It! Britain and the Memory of the Second World War (Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2004).
19. George Schöpflin, ‘The Functions of Myth and a Taxonomy of Myths’, in Myths and Nationhood, eds Geoffrey Hosking and George Schöpflin (London: Hurst, 1997), p. 19.
20. Nina Tumarkin, The Living and the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia (New York: BasicBooks, 1994), p. 104; Thomas C. Wolfe, ‘Past as Present, Myth, or History? Discourses of Time and the Great Fatherland War’, in The Politics of Memory in Postwar Europe, eds Richard Ned Lebow, Wulf Kansteiner and Claudio Fogu (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2006), pp. 249–83, p. 262; and Mikhail Ivanovich Gorbyev and Anatolii Ivanovich Dokuchaev, Goroda-geroi i goroda voinskoi slavy Rossii (Moscow: Armpress, 2010).
21. Kathleen E. Smith, Mythmaking in the New Russia: Politics and Memory during the Yeltsin Era (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2002), pp. 86–90.
22. ‘Putin Hails Russian Military’, BBC News, 9 May 2000, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/741415.stm> [accessed 30 May 2016].
Part I War Correspondence and Memoirs: The Construction of the War Myth through Literature
1. ‘I have more memories than if I were a thousand years old./A heavy chest of drawers stuffed with bank statements,/Poems, love-letters, lawsuits, love-songs,/With heavy locks of hair wrapped in receipts,/Hides fewer secrets than my sad brain./It is a pyramid, a vast vault,/Which contains more corpses than the communal grave./I am a cemetery abhorred by the moon.’ From Charles Baudelaire, ‘Spleen’, in Les Fleurs du Mal (Paris: Pocket, 2006), p. 91.
2. Samuel Hynes, ‘Personal Narratives and Commemoration’, in War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century, eds Jay Winter and Emmanuel Sivan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 205–20, p. 207.
3. Glavlit: Glavnoe upravlenie po okhrane gosudarstvennykh tain v pechati pri SM SSSR; KGB: Komitet gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti.
4. Soiuz pisatelei SSSR.
5. Jeffrey Brooks, Thank You, Comrade Stalin! Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 108.
6. Katharine Hodgson, Written with the Bayonet: Soviet Russian Poetry of World War Two (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1996), p. 134.
7. Orlando Figes, Natasha's Dance: A Cultural History of Russia (London: Allen Lane, 2002), p. 474.
8. Katerina Clark, The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual (Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 2000), pp. 183 and 253.
9. Brooks, Thank You, Comrade Stalin!, p. 109, citing Louis Fischer in Richard Crossman, ed., The God that Failed (New York: Harper, 1949), p. 205.
10. Wolfe, ‘Past as Present, Myth, or History? Discourses of Time and the Great Fatherland War’, in The Politics of Memory in Postwar Europe, eds Richard Ned Lebow, Wulf Kansteiner and Claudio Fogu (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2006), pp. 249–83, p. 258.
11. Clark, The Soviet Novel, p. 40.
12. ‘Time ticks blank and busy on their wrists’ (‘Attack’, 1918); ‘chaps who work in peace with Time for friend’ (‘To any Dead Officer’, 1918); ‘Taking your peaceful share of Time, with joy to spare’ (‘Aftermath’, 1919); and ‘War was a fiend who stopped our clocks’ (‘Song-Books of the War’, 1918): Siegfried Sassoon, The Complete War Poems: Siegfried Sasson (USA: Create Space Independent Publishing Platform, 2013), pp. 27, 41, 52 and 53.
13. Hodgson, Written with the Bayonet, p. 141, citing Mircea Eliade, Myth and Reality, trans. Willard R. Trask (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1998), p. 139.
14. Hodgson, Written with the Bayonet, p. 143.
15. Hynes, ‘Personal narratives and commemoration’, p. 208.
16. Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories and Monuments (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 232.
Chapter 2 A Myth is Born: War Correspondence from Malaia zemlia
1. ‘The sea is always rough/And the shore alarmingly steep,/The dear little patch of land/Gleams like a star in the darkness./The waves splash and smash,/The nightly convoy is under fire./But the shore comes ever closer,/We are sailing doggedly towards it.//We are sailing, but that's not the last shell/To fall into the sea close to us,/To where, on the slopes of the foothills,/Our comrades do not sleep./Here is the shore, with moorings and path,/Our native trees in the dust,/The high proud hills are/The guardians of “Malaia zemlia”.’ (Lt. A. Petrov, ‘My “Maluiu zemliu” rasshirim …’, Znamia Rodiny, 7 September 1943).
2. Paul Carell, Scorched Earth: Hitler's War on Russia, trans. Ewald Osers (London: Harrap, 1970), p. 170.
3. N.V. Kolesov, V pamiati i v serdtse – navsegda (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1975), pp. 37–8.
4. Samuel Hynes, The Soldiers’ Tale: Bearing Witness to Modern War (London: Pimlico, 1998), pp. 178–9 and 212.
5. Malcolm Smith, Britain and 1940: History, Myth, and Popular Memory (New York: Routledge, 2000), p. 29.
6. Jeffrey Brooks, Thank You, Comrade Stalin! Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), pp. 159–60.
7. Louise McReynolds, ‘Dateline Stalingrad: Newspaper Correspondents at the Front’, in Culture and Entertainment in Wartime Russia, ed. Richard Stites (Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 1995), pp. 28–43, pp. 29–30.
8. Karel C. Berkhoff, Motherland in Danger: Soviet Propaganda during World War II (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012), p. 13.
9. Brooks, Thank You, Comrade Stalin!, pp. 161–2; James von Geldern, ‘Radio Moscow: The Voice from the Center’, in Culture and Entertainment in Wartime Russia, ed. Richard Stites (Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press), 1995, pp. 44–61, pp. 48–9; and Rodric Braithwaite, Moscow 1941: A City and its People at War (New York: Knopf, 2006), p. 93.
10. L.I. Lazarev, Konstantin Simonov: Ocherk zhizni i tvorchestva (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1985), p. 82.
11. Berkhoff, Motherland in Danger, pp. 59–67.
12. McReynolds, ‘Dateline Stalingrad’, p. 28.
13. Berkhoff, Motherland in Danger, pp. 38, 42, 43, 46 and 55.
14. Katerina Clark, The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual (Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 2000), p. 178.
15. McReynolds, ‘Dateline Stalingrad’, p. 31.
16. Brooks, Thank You, Comrade Stalin!, pp. 160 and 167.
17. Borzenko's postwar works include: S. Borzenko, Zhizn’ na voine: Zapiski voennogo korrespondenta (Moscow: Voennoe izdatel'stvo Ministerstva oborony Soiuza SSR, 1958); S. Borzenko, Na avanpostakh (Moscow: Voennoe izdatel'stvo Ministerstva oborony SSSR, 1964); S. Borzenko, Ogni Novorossiiska: Podvig, rasskazy, ocherki (Elitsa: Kalmytskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1975); and Sergei Borzenko, Piat'desiat ognennykh strok (Moscow: DOSAAF SSSR, 1982).
18. A. Sofronov, ‘V Novorossiiske, posle boiia …’, Izvestiia, 18 September 1943, p. 3.
19. Georgii Sokolov, Malaia zemlia: Rasskazy i ocherki (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1967), p. 57; and G.P. Bondar’, Uroki muzhestva (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1982), p. 13.
20. A.F. Galatenko, Katera idut k Myskhako (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1979), p. 8.
21. ‘Struggle on the Kuban’, The Times, 20 April 1943, p. 4.
22. L.V. Puseva, ‘Frontovye pis'ma kak istoricheskii istochnik’, in Novorossiisk: Pamiat’ i Pravda o Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine. K istoricheskoi istine cherez istochnik, eds L.A. Kolbasina, S.G. Novikov, L.A. Stepko, B.A. Trekhbratov, V.S. Shikin and T.I. Iurina (Novorossiisk: Departament kul'tury Krasnodarskogo kraia, 2005), pp. 99–102, p. 102.
23. Sokolov, Malaia zemlia, 1967, pp. 322–35.
24. A. Svetov and B. Milianskii, ‘Segodnia na “Maloi zemle”’, Znamia Rodiny, 30 June 1943.
25. Mark Kolosov, ‘Myskhako’, Pravda, 18 September 1943, p. 3.
26. Angus Calder, The Myth of the Blitz (London: Pimlico, 1992), p. 2; and Mark Connelly, We Can Take It! Britain and the Memory of the Second World War (Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2004), p. 1.
27. Morskaia pekhota; I am grateful to Antony Beevor for this terminology.
28. Kolosov, ‘Myskhako’.
29. Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories and Monuments (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 42–76.
30. von Geldern, ‘Radio Moscow’, pp. 44–5; and Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, pp. 42–76.
31. Leonid Il'ich Brezhnev, ‘Malaia zemlia’, in Malaia zemlia. Vozrozhdenie (Moscow: Prosveshchenie, 1979), pp. 1–45, p. 28; G. Sokolov, My s Maloi zemli (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1979), p. 289; and S.T. Grigor'ev, Tak srazhalis’ kommunisty (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1982), p. 61.
32. I.S. Shiian, Novorossiisk – gorod-geroi (Moscow: Voennoe izdatel'stvo Ministerstva oborony SSSR, 1982), p. 63; A. Eremenko and K. Podyma, eds, Imenem Rossii narechennyi (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1988), p. 231; and T.N. Shubnikova, ‘Partizanskaia gazeta’, in Novorossiisk: Pamiat’ i Pravda o Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine (2005), pp. 117–9.
33. ‘Vse sily – na razgrom vraga’, Leningradskaia pravda, 2 July 1943, p. 1.
34. Svetov and Miliavskii, ‘Segodnia na Maloi zemle’.
35. Clark, The Soviet Novel, p. 40.
36. ‘Byt’ dostoinymi vysokoi nagrady!’, LP, 4 June 1943, p. 1.
37. ‘Vse sily – na razgrom vraga’. See also L. Govorov, ‘V boiakh za gorod Lenina: Predstoiat tiazhelye, napriazhennye boi’, LP, 1 May 1943, p. 2.
38. ‘Shkolniki nashego goroda’, LP, 1 June 1943, p. 3.
39. ‘Kollektivnyi podvig goroda-geroia’, LP, 2 July 1943, p. 3.
40. A. Svetov and B. Miliavskii, ‘I pesnia i stikh – eto bomba’, ZR, 12 July 1943.
41. McReynolds, ‘Dateline Stalingrad’, p. 32; and Brooks, Thank You, Comrade Stalin!, pp. 160–83.
42. See Hodgson, Written with the Bayonet: Soviet Russian Poetry of World War Two (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1996), p. 130; Brooks, Thank You, Comrade Stalin!, pp. 167, 169, 175, and 185–7; Orlando Figes, The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia (London: Allen Lane, 2007), p. 383; and Berkhoff, Motherland in Danger, pp. 30–4.
43. ‘Kollektivnyi podvig goroda-geroia’.
44. Svetov and Miliavskii, ‘I pesnia i stikh – eto bomba’.
45. Ibid.; and Kolosov, ‘Myskhako’.
46. Svetov and Miliavskii, ‘I pesnia i stikh – eto bomba’.
47. For example: S. Borzenko, ‘Rytsar’ “Maloi zemli”’, ZR, 14 July 1943; and B. Galanov, ‘Geroi “Maloi zemli”: Doch’ Kubani’, ZR, 5 August 1943. Quotation from Svetov and Miliavskii, ‘I pesnia i stikh – eto bomba’.
48. B. Borisov, ‘Voiny sevastopol'skoi zakalki’, ZR, 27 August 1943.
49. Puseva, ‘Frontovye pis'ma kak istoricheskii istochnik’, p. 102.
50. Svetov and Milianskii, ‘Segodnia na “Maloi zemle”’.
51. S. Borzenko and I. Semiokhin, ‘Zavershenie geroicheskoi epopei’, ZR, 17 September 1943. The statue of Lenin in the centre of Novorossiisk was remarkably still standing at the end of the battle.
52. See Borzenko, Zhizn’ na voine, p. 166; and Brezhnev, ‘Malaia zemlia’, 1979, p. 18. For an extended discussion of frontline entertainment, see Richard Stites, ‘Frontline Entertainment’, in Culture and Entertainment in Wartime Russia, ed. Richard Stites (Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 1995), pp. 126–40.
53. Svetov and Miliavskii, ‘I pesnia i stikh – eto bomba’.
54. A.S. Pushkin, A.S. Pushkin: Sobranie sochinenii v shesti tomakh, Vol. 1 (Moscow: Pravda, 1969), p. 425; G.R. Derzhavin, G.R. Derzhavin: Stikhotvoreniia (Leningrad: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1957), p. 233; and Jeffrey H. Kaimowitz (trans.), The Odes of Horace (Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press, 2008), p. 142.
55. Horace's ‘Exegi monumentum’ is the conclusion of a cycle of odes (Book 3, ode XXX), see John Kevin Newman, ‘Pushkin and Horace: Remarks on “Exegi monumentum” and “Pamyatnik”’, Neohelicon/3 (1975), p. 333.
56. ‘Likuet ves’ narod’, Novorossiiskii rabochii, 11 May 1945, p. 3.
Chapter 3 Early Memoir Literature
1. ‘Yes, there were people in our time,/A mighty, spirited tribe.’ From the final stanza of Lermontov's poem ‘Borodino’ (1837) in M.Iu. Lermontov: Stikhotvoreniia, Vol. 1 (Moscow: Russkaia kniga, 1996), pp. 9–12. This quotation is cited in Georgii Sokolov, Malaia zemlia: Rasskazy i ocherki (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1967), p. 351.
2. V.N. Kaida, Atakuet morskaia pekhota (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1980), p. 59.
3. Elena Zubkova, Russia after the War: Hopes, Illusions, and Disappointments, 1945–1957, trans. Hugh Ragsdale (Armonk, NY and London: Sharpe, 1998), pp. 27–8; and Beate Fizeler, ‘“Nishchie pobediteli”: Invalidy Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny v Sovetskom Soiuze’, Neprikosovennyi zapas/40–1 (2005), para. 24. See also Sokolov, Malaia zemlia, 1967, p. 383.
4. M.V. Erokhin, Novorossiisk, ed. D.A. Vasil'evich (Krasnodar: RIO, 2012), p. 70.
5. Catherine Merridale, Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Russia (London: Granta Books, 2000), p. 253; and Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories and Monuments (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 115–16.
6. Jay Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 30 and 98.
7. Lazar Lazarev, ‘Russian Literature on the War and Historical Truth’, in World War 2 and the Soviet People, eds John Garrard and Carol Garrard (New York: St Martin's, 1993), pp. 28–37, p. 31; and Nina Tumarkin, The Living and the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia (New York: BasicBooks, 1994), p. 103.
8. Merridale, Night of Stone.
9. Sergei Kudryashov, ‘Remembering and Researching the War: The Soviet and Russian Experience’, in Experience and Memory: The Second World War in Europe, eds Jorg Echternkamp and Stefan Martens (New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2010), pp. 86–115, p. 98; and Geoffrey Hosking, ‘The Second World War and Russian National Consciousness’, Past and Present/175 (2002), pp. 162–87, pp. 179 and 180–6.
10. Lazarev, ‘Russian Literature on the War and Historical Truth’, p. 31, citing Marshal Vasilevskii.
11. Kristin Roth-Ey, Moscow Prime Time: How the Soviet Union Built the Media Empire that Lost the Cultural Cold War (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2011), p. 52.
12. For ‘V poiskakh geroev Brestskoi kreposti’, see: TVmuseum.ru, <http://www.tvmuseum.ru/search.asp?cat_ob_no=17&ob_no=17&a=1&pg=12> [accessed 1 May 2013]; and for ‘Rasskazy o geroizme’, see: TVmuseum.ru, <http://www.tvmuseum.ru/search.asp?cat_ob_no=17&ob_no=17&a=1&pg=14> [accessed 1 May 2013].
13. Roth-Ey, Moscow Prime Time, pp. 266 and 271–2; and ‘Smirnov povedal tainu neizvestnoi voiny’, Newsland, 21 February 2012, <http://newsland.com/news/detail/id/894387/> [accessed 30 April 2013]. Sergei Smirnov, Rasskazy o neizvestnykh geroiakh (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1963), p. 85.
14. Kudryashov, ‘Remembering and Researching the War’, pp. 98, 105 and 113.
15. Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, pp. 160–1. For example, A.V. Karasev, Leningradtsy v gody blokady 1941–1943 (Moscow, 1959).
16. A.V. Fadeev, Geroi Maloi zemli (Moscow: Gospolitizdat, 1959); G.N. Gaidovskii and A.A. Uzlian, S ‘leikoi’ i bloknotom: Vospominaniia voennykh let (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1961); Fedor Vasil'evich Monastyrskii, Zemlia, omytaia krov'iu (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1961) (See I.V. Efebovskii, et al., eds, Velikaia Otechestvennaia voina Sovetskogo Soiuza 1941–1945: Rekomendatel'nyi ukazatel’ literatury (Moscow: Kniga, 1965), pp. 52–3).
17. Kudryashov, ‘Remembering and Researching the War’, pp. 98–9.
18. Introduction by Vice Admiral G.N. Kholostiakov to Georgii Sokolov, My s Maloi zemli (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1979), p. 8; N.F. Zavorotniak, ‘Proizvedeniia literatov vo frontovoi pechati’, in Novorossiisk: Pamiat’ i Pravda o Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine (2005), pp. 95–8, p. 96; and Evgenii Lapin, ‘Malaia zemlia Georgiia Sokolova’, Novorossiiskii rabochii, 3 November 2011, <http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/4249/1> [accessed 12 November 2011].
19. Sokolov, My s Maloi zemli, 1979, p. 370; and Aleksandr Maisurian, Drugoi Brezhnev (Moscow: Vagrius, 2004), p. 540.
20. Sokolov, Malaia zemlia, 1967, p. 383.
21. Ibid.
22. Leonid I. Brezhnev, The Great Victory of the Soviet People (Moscow: Novosti Press Agency, 1965). On the minute's silence, see Tumarkin, The Living and the Dead, p. 41; and ‘Minuta molchaniia’, TVmuseum.ru, <http://www.tvmuseum.ru/catalog.asp?ob_no=12899> [accessed 24 October 2014].
23. S. Kolosovii, Vyzyvaem ogon’ na sebia (USSR: Mossfil'm, 1964–5); Podvig (USSR: Tsentral'nyi televidenie SSSR, 1965).
24. Polly Jones, ed., The Dilemmas of De-Stalinization: Negotiating Cultural and Social Change in the Khrushchev Era (New York: Routledge Curzon, 2005); and Polly Jones, Myth, Memory, Trauma: Rethinking the Stalinist Past in the Soviet Union, 1953–70 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013).
25. Lazarev, ‘Russian Literature on the War and Historical Truth’, p. 35.
26. Tumarkin, The Living and the Dead, pp. 134–5. For details of the mechanism of publication in the light of censorship, see: Kudryashov, ‘Remembering and Researching the War’, p. 105.
27. Lapin, ‘Malaia zemlia Georgiia Sokolova’. Sokolov's other works include: G. Sokolov, Malaia zemlia (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1971); G. Sokolov, My s Maloi zemli (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1979); and G. Sokolov, My s Maloi zemli: Dokumental'nye rasskazy (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1985).
28. A. Ryzhov, ‘Pamiat’ serdtse’, in Sokolov, Malaia zemlia, 1967, pp. 404–6, p. 406.
29. ‘Klavochka’, in Sokolov, Malaia zemlia, 1967, pp. 218–25.
30. G. Sokolov, My s Maloi zemli, 1979, p. 371.
31. Sokolov, Malaia zemlia, 1967, pp. 98–112.
32. P.N. Pospelov, et al., eds, Istoriia Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1941–1945, Vol. 3 (Moscow, Voennoe izdatel'stvo Ministerstva oborony Soiuza SSR, 1961), pp. 94–5.
33. Deming Brown, Soviet Russian Literature since Stalin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), pp. 171–2.
34. Sokolov, Malaia zemlia, 1967, p. 111.
35. ‘Vitia Chalenko. V pamiat’ o geroiakh: ob ul. V. Chalenko’, NR, 15 October 1968.
36. For example, the poetry of Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon; Henri Barbusse, Le Feu: Journal d'une Escouade (1916); C.E. Montague, Disenchantment (1922); Herbert Read, In Retreat (1925); Erich Maria Remarque, Im Westen nichts Neues (1928); E. Blunden, Undertones of War (1929); and Robert Graves, Goodbye to All That (1929).
37. ‘Tsvetok Korei’, in Sokolov, Malaia zemlia, 1967, pp. 355–64.
38. A. Svetov and B. Milianskii, ‘Segodnia na “Maloi zemle”’, Znamia Rodiny, 30 June 1943.
39. Katerina Clark, The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual (Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 2000), pp. 40 and 175.
40. Lapin, ‘Malaia zemlia Georgiia Sokolova’.
41. ‘Davdtsat’ let spustia’, in Sokolov, Malaia zemlia, 1967, pp. 382–403.
42. Jörg Ganzenmüller, Das belagerte Leningrad 1941–1944: Die Stadt in den Strategien von Angreifern und Verteidigern (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2005), p. 340, cited in Ivo Mijnssen, Memorial Landscapes in the Postwar Generation: The Soviet Hero-Cities of Tula and Novorossiysk in the Brezhnev era, PhD thesis (University of Basel, Switzerland, 2015), pp. 84–5.
43. See Ol'ga Berggol'ts, V.N. Druzhinin, A.L. Dymshits, A.G. Rosen and N.S. Tikhonov, eds, 900 dnei (Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1957); Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin, Blokadnaia kniga (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1982); Cynthia Simmons and Nina Perlina, Writing the Siege of Leningrad: Women's Diaries, Memoirs, and Documentary Prose (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2002, p. xxx; and Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, pp. 152, 163 and 166–7.
44. Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, p. 166.
45. Ibid., pp. 181–2; and Sokolov, Malaia zemlia, 1967, pp. 405–6.
46. Clark, The Soviet Novel, p. 198.
47. Sokolov, Malaia zemlia, 1967, pp. 5, 9, 403 and 405.
48. Susan A. Crane, ‘Writing the Individual Back into Collective Memory’, The American Historical Review/102 (1997), pp. 1372–85, p. 1383; James V. Wertsch, Voices of Collective Remembering (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 6–7 and 21–5; and Jerome Bruner and Carol Fleischer Feldman, ‘Group Narrative as a Cultural Context of Autobiography’, in Remembering Our Past: Studies in Autobiographical Memory, ed. David C. Rubin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 291–317. See also Donald Campbell, Methodology and Epistemology for Social Sciences: Selected Papers of Donald T. Campbell, ed. E. Samuel Overman (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1988); and Edwin Hutchins, Cognition in the Wild (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995), both arguing for the building of collective memory from complementary personal perspectives.
49. Deming Brown observes that anything defeatist would automatically be censored: Brown, Soviet Russian Literature since Stalin, p. 170.
Chapter 4 Brezhnev's War Memoirs
1. William Shakespeare, Henry V, Act IV, scene iii.
2. See TVmuseum.ru, <http://www.tvmuseum.ru/search.asp?cat_ob_no=17&ob_no=17&a=1&pg=18> [accessed 3 May 2013]. Moreover, the radio programme ‘V etot den’ 30 let nazad’ (1974–5) focused on memory of the final stages of the war, see TVmuseum.ru, <http://www.tvmuseum.ru> [accessed 1 May 2013]. See also Kristin Roth-Ey, Moscow Prime Time: How the Soviet Union Built the Media Empire that Lost the Cultural Cold War (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2011), pp. 275–7.
3. Denis Kozlov, ‘The Historical Turn in Late Soviet Culture: Retrospectivism, Factography, Doubt, 1953–91’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History/2 (2001), pp. 577–600, pp. 578, 585 and 599.
4. William Tompson, The Soviet Union under Brezhnev (Harlow: Pearson Education, 2003), p. 102. The successful series of biographies of historical figures ‘Plamennye revoliutsionery’ was published from 1964 to 1990; see Polly Jones, ‘The Fire Burns On? The “Fiery Revolutionaries” Biographical Series and the Rethinking of Propaganda in the Brezhnev Era’, Slavic Review/74 (2015), pp. 32–56.
5. A. Svetov and B. Milianskii, ‘Segodnia na “Maloi zemle”’, Znamia Rodiny, 30 June 1943; and ‘Tsvetok Korei’ in Georgii Sokolov, Malaia zemlia: Rasskazy i ocherki (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1967), pp. 355–64.
6. Hedrick Smith, The Russians (New York: Quadrangle and The New York Times Book Company, 1976), p. 316.
7. See Leonid I. Brezhnev, The Great Victory of the Soviet People (Moscow: Novosti Press Agency, 1965); Nina Tumarkin, The Living and the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia (New York: BasicBooks, 1994), pp. 132–4; Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories and Monuments (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 180; and Catherine Merridale, Ivan's War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939–1945 (New York: Picador, 2006), pp. 374–5.
8. Tumarkin, The Living and the Dead, 1994, pp. 155–6.
9. A. Khinshtein, Skazka o poteriannom vremeni: Pochemu Brezhnev ne smog stat’ Putinym (Moscow: OLMA, 2011), pp. 628–30.
10. Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, pp. 153 and 163.
11. S. Borzenko, Zhizn’ na voine: Zapiski voennogo korrespondenta (Moscow: Voennoe izdatel'stvo Ministerstva oborony Soiuza SSR, 1958), p. 167.
12. S. Borzenko, Na avanpostakh (Moscow: Voennoe izdatel'stvo Ministerstva oborony SSSR, 1964), pp. 40–1; and Sergei Borzenko, ‘225 dnei muzhestva i otvagi’, in Podvig Novorossiiska, ed. A.I. Makarenko (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1978), pp. 76–84, p. 82.
13. Roger D. Markwick, Rewriting History in Soviet Russia: The Politics of Revisionist Historiography 1956–1974 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001), p. 5; and Pospelov, et al., Istoriia Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1941–1945, Vol. 3 (Moscow, Voennoe izdatel'stvo Ministerstva oborony Soiuza SSR, 1961), p. 95.
14. R.W. Davies, Soviet History in the Gorbachev Revolution (London: Macmillan, 1989), p. 101, cited in Merridale, Ivan's War, p. 375.
15. Lazar Lazarev, ‘Russian Literature on the War and Historical Truth’, in World War 2 and the Soviet People, ed. John Garrard and Carol Garrard (New York: St Martin's, 1993), pp. 28–37, p. 34.
16. Denis Kozlov, ‘The Historical Turn in Late Soviet Culture: Retrospectivism, Factography, Doubt, 1953–91’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History/2 (2001), pp. 577–600, p. 153.
17. Hedrick Smith, The Russians, p. 314.
18. K.K. Rokossovskii, Soldatskii dolg (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1968); G.K. Zhukov, Vospominaniia i razmyshleniia (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1969); and I.S. Konev, Sorok piatyi (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1970) and Zapiski komanduiushchego frontom (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1972). William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man, his Era (London: Simon and Schuster, 2005), p. 631.
19. G. Zhukov, Reminiscences and Reflections, Vol. 2 (Moscow: Progress, 1985), p. 162.
20. M.G. Zhukova, ‘G.K. Zhukov: Korotko o Staline’, Pravda, 20 January 1989, p. 3; Roi Medvedev, Lichnost’ i epokha: Politicheskii portret L.I. Brezhneva (kniga 1) (Moscow: Novosti, 1991), p. 43; and Roi Medvedev, Politicheskie portrety (Moscow: Moskva, 2008), p. 219.
21. Khinshtein, Skazka o poteriannom vremeni, pp. 83–96.
22. Orlando Figes, The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia (London: Allen Lane, 2007), pp. 620–1.
23. Khinshtein, Skazka o poteriannom vremeni, pp. 94–5; A.A. Grechko, Bitva za Kavkaz (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1967); and G.N. Kholostiakov, Vechnyi ogon’ (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1976).
24. I.S. Shiian, Na Maloi zemle (Moscow: Voennoe izdatel'stvo Ministerstva oborony SSSR, 1971) (with a fuller and more expensive edition in 1974); and I.S. Shiian, Ratnyi podvig Novorossiiska (Moscow: Voennoe izdatel'stvo Ministerstva oborony SSSR, 1977).
25. Sergei Borzenko, ‘Prazdnichnyi saliut nad Novorossiiskom’, Pravda, 16 September 1968.
26. SSSR TV, Leonid Il'ich Brezhnev: Zhiznennyi put’ (USSR: Televidenie SSSR, 1973), <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ulNLcid4sho> [accessed 29 April 2013]; and Nostal'giia, General'nyi sekretar’: Leonid Il'ich Brezhnev (USSR: Televidenie SSSR, 1976), <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fect9ejZhig> [accessed 29 April 2013].
27. James V. Wertsch, Voices of Collective Remembering (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 80.
28. A.V. Sofronov, ‘Deviatyi val: Geroicheskaia drama v dvukh chastiakh’, in Uragan: P'esy poslednykh let (Moscow: Sovetskii pisiatel’, 1975), pp. 5–62.
29. B. Privalov, ‘Deviatyi val’, Pravda vostoka, 15 September 1975, p. 3.
30. Al'bom o Maloi zemle, see D. Rezaev, ‘Rasskazyvaiut veterany’, Novorossiiskii rabochii, 13 September 1974, p. 3.
31. Katerina Clark, The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual (Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 2000), pp. 237–8.
32. Nostal'giia, General'nyi sekretar’; and Igor’ V. Bessarabov, Povest’ o kommuniste (USSR: 1976).
33. Valerii Drannikov, ‘Zemlia byla malaia, no gonorary ochen’ bol'shie’, Kommersant’ Vlast’/12 (363), 28 March 2000, <http://kommersant.ru/doc/16688> [accessed 21 March 2013]; ‘“Memuary” za Brezhneva pisali literaturnye raby’, Argumenty i fakty, 31 March 2010, <http://www.aif.ru/politics/article/33698> [accessed 21 March 2013]; Roi Medvedev, ‘“Malaia zemlia”: istoriia literaturnogo podloga’, RIA “Novosti”, 8 October 2010, <http://ria.ru/online/282083202.html> [accessed 12 November 2011]; the documentary film ‘Malaia zemlia’ Leonida Brezhneva (Russia: Galakon Studio, 2010); and Nikolaus Katzer, ‘Dans la Matrice Discursive du Socialisme Tardif: Les “Mémoires” de Leonid Il'ič Brežnev’, Cahiers du Monde Russe/54 (2013), pp. 73–101.
34. ‘Malaia zemlia’ Leonida Brezhneva; and Leonid Mlechin, Brezhnev (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2011), pp. 592–3.
35. Tompson, The Soviet Union under Brezhnev, p. 115.
36. Notably T.I. Iurina, ‘Novorossiiskoe protivostoianie 1942–1943 gg.: Istoriografiia problemy’, in Istoricheskie zapiski: Issledovaniia i materialy, Vol. 4, eds S.G. Novikov and T.V. Raskatova (Novorossiisk: Kubanskoe knizhnoe izdalel'stvo, 2003), pp. 214–35, p. 220; Sergei Semanov, Dorogoi Leonid Il'ich (Moscow: Algoritm, 2007), pp. 69–70; ‘“Memuary” za Brezhneva pisali literaturnye raby’; Roi Medvedev, ‘“Malaia zemlia”: istoriia literaturnogo podloga’; and Aleksandr V. Filippov, ‘Zhivopistsy “Maloi zemli”: Kak sozdavalis’ vospominaniia L.I. Brezhneva’, lenta.ru, 7 February 2015, <http://m.lenta.ru/articles/2015/02/07/brezhnev> [accessed 10 February 2015].
37. Mlechin, Brezhnev, p. 593; and Taubman, Khrushchev, pp. 633–9.
38. Drannikov, ‘Zemlia byla malaia, no gonorary ochen’ bol'shie’.
39. Novyi mir, 2, February 1978; Literaturnaia gazeta, 8 February 1978, pp. 2–4; and NR, 7 and 8 February 1978.
40. The first was a volume of 48 pages: L.I. Brezhnev, Malaia zemlia (Moscow, Politizdat, 1978).
41. Leonid Il'ich Brezhnev, Malaia zemlia. Vozrozhdenie (Moscow: Prosveshchenie, 1979).
42. ‘“Memuary” za Brezhneva pisali literaturnye raby’; and Katzer, ‘Dans la Matrice Discursive du Socialisme Tardif’, p. 84.
43. Michael Binyon, ‘Mr Brezhnev Joins Ranks of the Military Great’, The Times, 21 February 1978, p. 6.
44. Leonid Il'ich Brezhnev, Malaia zemlia (Moscow and Krasnodar: Politizdat and Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1978).
45. Brezhnev, Malaia zemlia. Vozrozhdenie, pp. 20–1.
46. Sokolov, Malaia zemlia, 1967, p. 10.
47. Brezhnev, Malaia zemlia. Vozrozhdenie, p. 7.
48. Ibid., p. 21.
49. Sokolov, Malaia zemlia, 1967, p. 10.
50. Brezhnev, Malaia zemlia. Vozrozhdenie, p. 9.
51. Sokolov, Malaia zemlia, 1967, pp. 327–35.
52. Brezhnev cites Konstantin Simonov's poem, ‘Smert’ druga’ (1942): Brezhnev, Malaia zemlia. Vozrozhdenie, p. 34.
53. Mlechin, Brezhnev, p. 593.
54. ‘Geroi velikikh stroek nashego vremeni i sovetskaia literatura’, Literaturnaia gazeta, 7 February 1978, p. 5.
55. Anatolii Anan'ev, ‘Zemlia malaia i bol'shaia’, Pravda, 16 February 1978, p. 2; and ‘Knigi-boitsy, knigi-sozidateli’, LG, 17 May 1978, p. 3.
56. M.E. Teslia, N.I. Semeniuta and E.V. Malnach, eds, Ne pomerknet nikogda (Rostov-on-Don: Rostovskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1978).
57. Ibid., p. 3.
58. ‘Knigi-boitsy, knigi-sozidateli’, p. 3; A.S. Kliunenko, ‘Skarbnitsia lenins'kogo stiliu roboti (Do vikhodu knig L.I. Brezhneva “Mala zemlia” i “Vidrodzhennia”)’, Ukrainskii istorichnii zhurnal/8, 1978, pp. 5–13; O.M. Verbilo, ‘Itogi Vtoroi mirovoi voiny i ee uroki v proizvedeniikh L.I. Brezhneva’, Ukrainskii istorichnii zhurnal/10, 1979, pp. 7–16; and Mlechin, Brezhnev, p. 595.
59. Clark, The Soviet Novel, p. 237; Iain D. Thatcher, ‘Brezhnev as Leader’, in Brezhnev Reconsidered, eds Edwin Bacon and Mark Sandle (Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2002), pp. 22–37; Tompson, The Soviet Union under Brezhnev, p. xvi; and Khinshtein, Skazka o poteriannom vremeni, p. 630.
60. The Times, 5 November 1980, p. 7.
61. ‘Malaia zemlia’ Leonida Brezhneva.
62. Mlechin, Brezhnev, p. 595.
63. This is the joke most frequently heard in the context of Brezhnev's memoirs. Versions of this joke were related to me in Novorossiisk and Moscow. See also Maisurian, Drugoi Brezhnev, p. 499; and David Priestland, The Red Flag: A History of Communism (New York: Grove Press, 2009), p. 430.
64. Sokolov, Malaia zemlia, 1967, p. 10.
65. Roi Medvedev agrees: Roi Medvedev, ‘“Malaia zemlia”: istoriia literaturnogo podloga’.
66. Sokolov, Malaia zemlia, 1967, p. 384; and My s Maloi zemli, 1979, p. 366.
67. Mlechin, Brezhnev, p. 596.
68. Roi Medvedev, Lichnost’ i epokha: Politicheskii portret L.I. Brezhneva (kniga 1) (Moscow: Novosti, 1991), p. 41; and T.I. Iurina, Novorossiiskoe protivostoianie: 1942–1943 gg. (Krasnodar: Kniga, 2008), p. 270.
69. Brezhnev, Malaia zemlia. Vozrozhdenie, p. 21.
70. E.Ia. Savitskii, V nebe nad Maloi zemlei (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1980), p. 154.
Chapter 5 Beyond Brezhnev and Brezhnevism
1. James Young, The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 1993), p. 2.
2. Roi Medvedev, ‘“Malaia zemlia”: istoriia literaturnogo podloga’, RIA “Novosti”, 8 October 2010, <http://ria.ru/online/282083202.html> [accessed 12 November 2011].
3. ‘Ob izuchenii v obshcheobrazovatel'nykh shkolakh knig general'nogo sekretaria TsK KPSS, predsedatelia prezidiuma verkhovnogo soveta SSSR tovarishcha L.I. Brezhneva “Malaia zemlia” i “Vozrozhdenie”’, Prepodavanie istorii v shkole/5 (1978), pp. 17–23; and A.F. Vovchik and M.O. Nemchenko, ‘Vikoristannia prats’ tovarisha L.I. Brezhneva “Mala zemlia”, “Vidrodzhennia” i “Tselina” u vuzivs'komy kursy istorii KPRS’, Ukrainskii istorichnii zhurnal/7 (1979), pp. 113–25.
4. M.E. Teslia, N.I. Semeniuta, and E.V. Malnach, eds, Ne pomerknet nikogda (Rostov-on-Don: Rostovskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1978).
5. According to two retired teachers.
6. Roi Medvedev, ‘“Malaia zemlia”: istoriia literaturnogo podloga’.
7. Michael Schudson, ‘The Past in the Present versus the Present in the Past’, in The Collective Memory Reader, eds Jeffrey K. Olick, Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi and Daniel Levy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 287–90, p. 288.
8. Dmitrii Aleksandrovich, Malaia zemlia (USSR: 1979); Leonid Mlechin, Brezhnev (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2011), p. 594; and Jutta Scherrer, Sowjetunion/Rußland: Siegesmythos versus Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung’, in Mythen der Nationen, Vol. 2. 1945: Arena der Erinnerung, ed. Monika Flacke (Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 2004), pp. 619–57, p. 645.
9. Notably ‘Malaia zemlia’ (1974), words by N. Dobronravev, music by A. Pakhmutova.
10. Malaia zemlia, composer Iurii Abramovich Levitin, lyricists E. Dolmatovskii and Iu. Miliutin, 1979. Levitin's musical score for Malaia zemlia is to be found in RGALI, f. 3313, op. 1, d. 96, with the libretto at d. 137.
11. Vera Ukharova, ‘Oratoriia o Maloi zemle’, Izvestiia, 20 December 1981, p. 6.
12. Konstantin Podyma, “Beskozyrka”: Cherez gody i stoletiia: Dokumental'naia povest’ (Novorossiisk and Moscow: 2008), p. 7.
13. Katerina Clark, The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual (Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 2000), p. 183.
14. Leonid Il'ich Brezhnev, Malaia zemlia. Vozrozhdenie (Moscow: Prosveshchenie, 1979), pp. 27–8; Mariia Pedenko, “Polundra, Krasnoflottsy!”: Povest’ (Kiev: Molod’, 1980), pp. 140–1; and N.N. Ivanova, ‘Obraz zhenshchiny v proizvedeniikh frontovykh khudozhnikov’, in Novorossiisk: Pamiat’ i Pravda o Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine (2005), pp. 91–4, p. 94.
15. Mariia Petrovna Pedenko, Frontovoi dnevnik (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1981) (first published in 1945; re-published in 1965 and 1979 in Kiev).
16. Georgii Sokolov, My s Maloi zemli (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1979), p. 159, repeated verbatim in Sokolov's afterword to Pedenko, Frontovoi dnevnik, p. 77.
17. Sokolov, My s Maloi zemli, 1979, pp. 149–59.
18. Ibid., pp. 8 and 379.
19. V.F. Mol'chenko, ‘Geroinia “Maloi zemli”’, Ukrainskii istorichnii zhurnal/6 (1980), pp. 118–23.
20. Mariia Pedenko, “Polundra, Krasnoflottsy!”.
21. Susanne Conze and Beate Fieseler, ‘Soviet Women as Comrades-in-Arms: A Blind Spot in the History of the War’, in The People's War: Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union, eds Robert W. Thurston and Bernd Bonwetsch (Urbana and Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2000), pp. 211–34, p. 227; Roger D. Markwick, ‘“A Sacred Duty”: Red Army Women Veterans Remembering the Great Fatherland War, 1941–45’, in Recalling the Past–(Re)constructing the Past: Collective and Individual Memory of World War II in Russia and Germany, eds Withold Bonner and Arja Rosenholm (Iyvaskyla, Finland: Gummerus, 2008), pp. 315–26, pp. 322–3; and Svetlana Alexievich, U voiny – ne zhenskoe litso (Moscow: Palmira, 1985). See also V.S. Murmantseva, ‘Zhenshchiny-voiny Maloi zemli’, Voprosy istorii/2 (1981), pp. 177–9, p. 179.
22. Boris Avksent'evich Privalov, Novorossiisk (Moscow: Planeta, 1978).
23. Rubezhi Velikoi Epokhi: Fotoal'bom po motivam proisvedenii L.I. Brezhneva. Malaia zemlia; Vozrozhdenie; Tselina (Moscow: Planeta, 1980).
24. A.P. Marfin, Geroicheskii shturm (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1985), p. 203.
25. A.F. Galatenko, Katera idut k Myskhako (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1979); V.I. Minakov, Pod krylom – Tsemesskaia bukhta: Zapiski morskogo letchika (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1979); V.N. Kaida, Atakuet morskaia pekhota (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1980); I.V. Zhernovoi, Dal'she vrag ne proshel (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1980); Pedenko, Frontovoi dnevnik; V.T. Protsenko, Ognennye mili (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1981); G.A. Pshenianik, Novorossiiskii istrebitel'nyi (Krasnodar: Krasnodarsko knizhnoe isdatel'stvo, 1981); G.P. Bondar’, Uroki muzhestva (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1982); V.I. Grezin, Narodnye mstiteli (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1982); S.T. Grigor'ev, Tak srazhalis’ kommunisty (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1982); N.M. Voronkin and K.G. Lavrent'ev, Artilleristy Maloi zemli (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1982); A.V. Raikunov, Rota, za mnoi! (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1984); and Marfin, Geroicheskii shturm.
26. Sergei Kudryashov, ‘Remembering and Researching the War: The Soviet and Russian Experience’, in Experience and Memory: The Second World War in Europe, ed. Jorg Echternkamp and Stefan Martens (New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2010), pp. 86–115, p. 104.
27. For example, Kaida, Atakuet morskaia pekhota, pp. 37–8; Bondar’, Uroki muzhestva, p. 11; and Grigor'ev, Tak srazhalis’ kommunisty, pp. 14, 25 and 30.
28. Bondar', Uroki muzhestva, pp. 23 and 31.
29. Ibid., p. 98.
30. Ibid., pp. 57–64.
31. Ibid., pp. 133–6.
32. Ibid., pp. 49–52.
33. Galatenko, Katera idut k Myskhako, pp. 20–30.
34. Kaida, Atakuet morskaia pekhota, p. 34.
35. Bondar', Uroki muzhestva, p. 133.
36. Ibid., pp. 130–1; and Galatenko, Katera idut k Myskhako, p. 66.
37. Bondar', Uroki muzhestva, pp. 104–5 and 124–32. See also Murmantseva, ‘Zhenshchiny-voiny Maloi zemli’, pp. 177–9.
38. Grigor'ev, Tak srazhalis’ kommunisty, p. 61.
39. Savitskii, V nebe nad Maloi zemlei, p. 154.
40. Vladimir Fomenko and Il'ia Khomenko, ‘Svideteli i sud'i’, Zerkolo nedeli, 13–19 June 2002, <http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/35385> [accessed 23 November 2014].
41. Galatenko, Katera idut k Myskhako, p. 79.
42. Kaida, Atakuet morskaia pekhota, p. 41.
43. Grigor'ev, Tak srazhalis’ kommunisty, pp. 50–1.
44. Bondar’, Uroki muzhestva, pp. 53–5; Grigor'ev, Tak srazhalis’ kommunisty, pp. 108–9; and Kaida, Atakuet morskaia pekhota, p. 60.
45. Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories and Monuments (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 185.
46. Malcolm Smith, Britain and 1940: History, Myth, and Popular Memory (New York: Routledge, 2000), pp. 85–6; and Mark Connelly, ‘“We Can Take It!” Britain and the Memory of the Home Front in the Second World War’, in Experience and Memory: The Second World War in Europe, ed. Jorg Echternkamp and Stefan Martens (New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2010), pp. 53–69, p. 59.
47. For example, Nina Tumarkin, Moscow's War Memorial: The Story of a National Symbol (Wellesley, MA: Wellesley College, 1988), p. 50.
48. Michael Ignatieff, ‘Soviet War Memorials’, History Workshop Journal/17 (1984), pp. 157–63, p. 158.
49. Zhores Medvedev, Andropov (Oxford: Blackwell, 1983), p. 101.
50. Roi Medvedev, ‘“Malaia zemlia”: istoriia literaturnogo podloga’; and Lazar Lazarev, ‘Russian Literature on the War and Historical Truth’, in World War 2 and the Soviet People, eds John Garrard and Carol Garrard (New York: St Martin's, 1993), pp. 28–37, p. 34.
51. Sergei Borzenko, ‘Malaia zemlia’, in Ot Sovetskogo informbiuro 1943–45, ed. L. Lazarev (Moscow: Agentstvo pechati Novosti, 1982), pp. 119–27.
52. Georgii Sokolov, Malaia zemlia: Rasskazy i ocherki (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1967), pp. 157–8.
53. This was on 15 September 1963 (Sokolov, Malaia zemlia, 1967, p. 386).
54. Georgii Sokolov, Malaia zemlia (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1971).
55. Georgii Sokolov, My s Maloi zemli (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1979), pp. 7–9.
56. Sokolov, My s Maloi zemli, 1979, pp. 369–70.
57. James V. Wertsch, Voices of Collective Remembering (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 35.
58. Ibid., pp. 14–5.
59. Raikunov, Rota, za mnoi!; and Marfin, Geroicheskii shturm.
60. Roi Medvedev, ‘“Malaia zemlia”: istoriia literaturnogo podloga’.
61. Philip Taubman, New York Times, 8 February 1988, <http://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/08/world/across-soviet-brezhnev-s-name-falls.html?src=pm> [accessed 29 January 2013]; ‘Minuta molchaniia’, TVmuseum.ru, <http://www.tvmuseum.ru/catalog.asp?ob_no=12899> [accessed 28 April 2013]; and documentary film ‘Malaia zemlia’ Leonida Brezhneva (Russia: Galakon Studio, 2010).
Part II Leonid Brezhnev: Local Legend or National Statesman?
1. Thomas Lahusen, How Life Writes the Book: Real Socialism and Socialist Realism in Stalin's Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), p. 2.
2. Alon Confino, The Nation as a Local Metaphor: Württemberg, Imperial Germany, and National Memory, 1871–1918 (London and Chapel Hill, NC: University of Carolina Press, 1997); and Alon Confino, Germany as a Culture of Remembrance: Promises and Limits of Writing History (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2006).
3. See, however, K. Qualls, From Ruins to Reconstruction: Urban Identity in Soviet Sevastopol after World War II (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009); Stephen Lovell, The Shadow of War: Russia and the USSR, 1941 to the Present (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), Chapter 6; and K. Qualls, ‘Who Makes Local Memories?: The Case of Sevastopol after World War II’, Soviet and Post-Soviet Review/38 (2011), pp. 130–48. See also Kirschenbaum's excellent case study of Leningrad, which substantially transcends the local in its scope (Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories and Monuments (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
4. ‘Those serving on Malaia zemlia fostered a cherished dream to unite the Small with the Large’ (Georgii Sokolov, Malaia zemlia: Rasskazy i ocherki (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1967), p. 10).
5. Alexander Etkind, ‘Mapping Memory Events in the East European Space’, East European Memory Studies (2010), pp. 4–5, p. 4.
6. On nostalgia in Russia, see Svetlana Boym, ‘From the Russian Soul to Post-Communist Nostalgia’, Representations/49 (1995), pp. 133–66; Svetlana Boym, The Future of Nostalgia (New York: BasicBooks, 2001); Maya Nadkarni and Olga Shevchenko, ‘The Death of Socialism and the Afterlife of its Monuments: Making and Marketing the Past in Budapest's Statue Park Museum’, in Contested Pasts: The Politics of Memory, eds Katharine Hodgkin and Susannah Radstone (London and New York: Routledge, 2003), pp. 193–207; Svetlana Boym, ‘Nostalgia and its Discontents’, Hedgehog Review/9 (2007), pp. 7–18; and Serguei A. Oushakine, ‘We're Nostalgic but We're not Crazy: Retrofitting the Past in Russia’, The Russian Review/66 (2007), pp. 451–82.
Chapter 6 Brezhnev Comes to Town
1. Georgii Sokolov, ‘O dniakh geroicheskikh, o liudiakh-geroiakh’, Novorossiiskii rabochii, 13 September 1973, p. 3; ‘Torzhestva v gorodakh-geroiakh’, Pravda, 16 September 1973, p. 1; Captain A. Basov and Colonel V. Morozov, ‘Nezabyvaemyi podvig: K 30-letiiu osvobozhdeniia goroda Novorossiiska’, Pravda, 16 September 1973, p. 3; and TASS, ‘Podvig i trud chernomortsev’, Izvestiia, 17 September 1973, p. 1.
2. Nina Tumarkin, Moscow's War Memorial: The Story of a National Symbol (Wellesley, MA: Wellesley College, 1988), p. 50.
3. ‘Torzhestva v gorodakh-geroiakh’.
4. Reprinted in Konstantin Podyma, ‘Viktor Golikov: “Ia veriu i nadeius’…”: poslednee interv'iu’, Novorossiiskie izvestiia, 3 May 2012, <http://novodar.ru/index.php/novohistory-punkt/5683-vgpi-05-2012> [accessed 22 March 2016].
5. Sokolov, ‘O dniakh geroicheskikh, o liudiakh-geroiakh’; and TASS, ‘Podvig i trud chernomortsev’.
6. S. Borzenko, ‘Vstrecha odnopolchan’, Ogonek, June 1970, pp. 4–5.
7. TASS, ‘Ot”ezd tovarishcha L.I. Brezhneva v Novorossiisk’, Izvestiia, 6 September 1974, p. 1. This was repeated in Pravda the following day: ‘Ot”ezd tovarishcha L.I. Brezhneva v Novorossiisk’, Pravda, 7 September 1974, p. 1.
8. Iu. Ponomarenko, ‘Bol'shaia slava Maloi zemli: Reportazh iz goroda-geroia Novorossiiska’, Izvestiia, 6 September 1974, p. 1.
9. V. Belov, ‘Novorossiisk, gorod-geroi’, Izvestiia, 5 September 1974, p. 4.
10. TASS, ‘Serdechnaia vstrecha v gorode-geroe: Pribytie tovarishcha L.I. Brezhneva v Novorossiisk’, Pravda, 7 September 1974, p. 1. See also Georgii Sokolov, My s Maloi zemli (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1979), p. 365.
11. TASS, ‘Serdechnaia vstrecha v gorode-geroe’; Iu. Alenchenko, ‘Slava Novorossiiska’, Pravda, 7 September 1974, p. 2; Ponomarenko, ‘Bol'shaia slava Maloi zemli’; and TASS, ‘Serdechnaia vstrecha’, Izvestiia, 7 September 1974, p. 2.
12. TASS, ‘Serdechnaia vstrecha’, also in NR, 7 September 1974, p. 1; and Konstantin Podyma, ‘Postoite u kamennykh listov’, NR, 7 September 1974, p. 4.
13. TASS, ‘Rodina slavit gorod-geroi!’, Izvestiia, 7 September 1974, p. 1; and B. Galatenko, ‘Zvezda Pobedy’, Literaturnaia gazeta, 11 September 1974, p. 1.
14. Brezhnev's speech is reported in full in TASS, ‘Rech’ tovarishcha L.I. Brezhneva’, Izvestiia, 7 September 1974, pp. 1–2.
15. Now available on the CD: L.I. Brezhnev: ‘Budet khleb, budet i pesnia’ (Russia: Kapel'meister, 2005).
16. TASS, ‘Rech’ tovarishcha L.I. Brezhneva’.
17. P. Kostin, ‘Rodina slavit gorod-geroi’, NR, 11 September 1974, p. 3; and D. Rezaev, ‘Fil'my o Novorossiiske’, NR, 11 September 1974, p. 2.
18. TASS, ‘Na zemle boevoi i trudovoi slavy’, Pravda, 8 September 1974, p. 3; ‘Na zemle, oveiannoi slavoi’, Izvestiia, 9 September 1974, pp. 1 and 3; Ponomarenko, ‘Bol'shaia slava Maloi zemli’; and Galatenko, ‘Zvezda Pobedy’.
19. ‘Znamenatel'naia data’, NR, 14 September 1974, p. 1.
20. P. Belen'kin, ‘Nash otvet – udarnyi trud’, NR, 13 September 1974, p. 3.
21. ‘Na zemle boevoi i trudovoi slavy’, NR, 10 September 1974, p. 1. See also Valerie Bunce, ‘The Political Economy of the Brezhnev Era: The Rise and Fall of Corporatism’, British Journal of Political Science/13 (1983), pp. 129–58, pp. 131, 145 and 148.
22. Tat'iana Besedina, ‘Brezhnev i Novorossiisk: o chem zhurnalisty “NR” ne napisali 25 let nazad’, NR, 3 February 1999, pp. 4–5.
23. N.V. Kolesov, V pamiati i v serdtse – navsegda (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1975).
24. Sokolov, My s Maloi zemli, 1979, pp. 365–6.
25. E.Ia. Savitskii, V nebe nad Maloi zemlei (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1980), p. 154; S.T. Grigor'ev, Tak srazhalis’ kommunisty (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1982), p. 108; and V.I. Grezin, Narodnye mstiteli (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1982), p. 107.
26. Grigor'ev, Tak srazhalis’ kommunisty, p. 108.
27. Sergei Kudryashov, ‘Remembering and Researching the War: The Soviet and Russian Experience’, in Experience and Memory: The Second World War in Europe, ed. Jorg Echternkamp and Stefan Martens (New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2010), pp. 86–115, p. 89.
28. G. Sokolov, My s Maloi zemli: Dokumental'nye rasskazy (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1985), p. 376.
Chapter 7 The Godfather
1. T.I. Iurina, Novorossiiskoe protivostoianie: 1942–1943 gg. (Krasnodar: Kniga, 2008).
2. ‘Malaia zemlia’, Izvestiia, 14 September 1995, p. 5.
3. Tat'iana Besedina, ‘Brezhnev i Novorossiisk: o chem zhurnalisty “NR” ne napisali 25 let nazad’, Novorossiiskii rabochii, 3 February 1999, pp. 4–5.
4. Sergei Kudryashov, ‘Remembering and Researching the War: The Soviet and Russian Experience’, in Experience and Memory: The Second World War in Europe, eds Jorg Echternkamp and Stefan Martens (New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2010), pp. 86–115, p. 89.
5. V.A. Golikov, ed., Novorossiisk (Moscow: Planeta, 1978), p. 54.
6. Marianne Hirsch, ‘Projected Memory: Holocaust Photographs in Personal and Public Fantasy’, in Acts of Memory: Cultural Recall in the Present, eds Mieke Bal, Jonathan Crewe and Leo Spitzer (Hanover, NH and London: University Press of New England, 1999), pp. 3–23, p. 8.
7. Maria Bucur, Heroes and Victims: Remembering War in Twentieth-Century Romania (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2009), p. 248.
8. E.D. Prialkina, ‘V zhizni est’ minuty, kotorye ne zabyvaiutsia …’, in Istoricheskie zapiski: Issledovaniia i materialy, vypusk 4, eds S.G. Novikov and T.V. Raskatova (Krasnodar: Kubanskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 2003), pp. 294–9, p. 296; Besedina, ‘Brezhnev i Novorossiisk’; and ‘Brezhnev v vospominaniiakh Novorossiitsev’, Kuban’ TV, 19 December 2012, <http://kubantv.ru/rossija/23512-leonid-ilich-brezhnev-v-vospominanijakh--novorossijjtsev/> [accessed 6 August 2013].
9. Novorostsement: 1882–2012 (Krasnodar: Hyppogrifon, 2012), p. 31.
10. A. Eremenko and K. Podyma, Imenem Rossii narechennyi (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1988), p. 269.
11. Bunce, ‘The Political Economy of the Brezhnev Era’, pp. 130 and 137; and M.V. Erokhin, Novorossiisk, ed. D.A. Vasil'evich (Krasnodar: RIO, 2012), pp. 72–3.
12. Ivo Mijnssen, Memorial Landscapes in the Postwar Generation: The Soviet Hero-Cities of Tula and Novorossiysk in the Brezhnev era, PhD thesis (University of Basel, Switzerland, 2015), pp. 300–1.
13. Ibid., p. 318.
14. Ibid., p. 290.
15. Yoram Gorlizki, ‘Too Much Trust: Regional Party Leaders and Local Political Networks under Brezhnev’, Slavic Review/69 (2010), pp. 676–700, p. 693.
16. See also Evgenii Lapin, ‘Vspomnim prezhnego Leonida Brezhneva’, NR, 19 December 2006, p. 4.
17. Evgenii Rozhanskii, ‘Bez dozhdia i vody ne budet’, NR, 19 June 2013, <http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Index/40> [accessed 19 June 2013]; and Ol'ga Ovcharnko, ‘Posledniaia kaplia?’, NR, 8 February 2013, pp. 1–2.
18. I.S. Shiian, Novorossiisk – gorod-geroi (Moscow: Voennoe izdatel'stvo Ministerstva oborony SSSR, 1982); Besedina, ‘Brezhnev i Novorossiisk’; Erokhin, Novorossiisk, p. 73; and Sergei Novikov, ‘Bol'shaia voda’, 28 January 2011, <http://novorosforum.ru/threads/antologija-gorodskoj-istorii-ot-sergeja-novikova.1421> [accessed 22 March 2016].
19. PepsiCo, 7 June 2009, <http://www.pepsico.com/PressRelease/PepsiCo-and-Pepsi-Bottling-Group-to-Invest-1-Billion-In-Russia-50-Years-After-Ru-07062009.html> [accessed 17 June 2013]; Leonid Mlechin, Brezhnev (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2011), p. 496; and Sergei Novikov, ‘Kak “Stolichnuiu” na “Pepsi” meniali …’, 7 February 2011, <http://novorosforum.ru/threads/antologija-gorodskoj-istorii-ot-sergeja-novikova.1421/page-2> [accessed 22 March 2016].
20. Georgii Sokolov, Malaia zemlia: Rasskazy i ocherki (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1967), pp. 104–11; TASS, ‘Serdechnaia vstrecha v gorode-geroe: Pribytie tovarishcha L.I. Brezhneva v Novorossiisk’, Pravda, 7 September 1974, p. 1; and Aleksandr Maisurian, Drugoi Brezhnev (Moscow: Vagrius, 2004), p. 84.
21. The Holy Bible: The Gospel according to John 4, vv. 4–26; and Evgenii Matveev, Sud'ba po-russki (Moscow: Vagrius, 2000), p. 197.
22. Sergei Novikov, Novorossiisk: Istoriia dlia vsekh (Stavropol’: Kniga, 2007), p. 38.
23. Tsentral'naia gorodskaia biblioteka im. Gor'kogo, <http://www.ballion.ru/skulptura_daryashhaya_vodu.html> [accessed 18 June 2013].
24. V.A. Golikov, Novorossiisk; Igor’ Platonov, ed., Novorossiisk: 1838–1998 (Tula: Lev Tolstoi, 1998); and Erokhin, Novorossiisk, pp. 74–5.
25. Prialkina, ‘V zhizni est’ minuty, kotorye ne zabyvaiutsia …’, p. 299.
Chapter 8 The Making of a Modern Legend
1. ‘Enough of talking and arguing,/And love of weary eyes … /Away on the pirate's sea/The brigantine unfurls her sails.’ From ‘Brigantina’ (1937) by Pavel Kogan, cited in T.I. Iurina, Novorossiiskoe protivostoianie: 1942–1943 gg. (Krasnodar: Kniga, 2008), p. 339.
2. Philip Taubman, New York Times, 8 February 1988, <http://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/08/world/across-soviet-brezhnev-s-name-falls.html?src=pm> [accessed 29 January 2013].
3. Otto Boele, ‘Remembering Brezhnev in the New Millennium: Post-Soviet Nostalgia and Local Identity in the City of Novorossiisk’, The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review/38 (2011), pp. 3–29, pp. 7–8.
4. See Maya Nadkarni, ‘The Death of Socialism and the Afterlife of its Monuments: Making and Marketing the Past in Budapest's Statue Park Museum’, in Contested Pasts: The Politics of Memory, ed. Katharine Hodgkin and Susannah Radstone (London and New York: Routledge, 2003), pp. 193–207, p. 195.
5. Evgenii Kharchenko, ‘Iz zhizni pamiatnikov: Brezhnev vernulsia na Maluiu zemliu’, Komsomol'skaia pravda, 18 September 2004, p. 3.
6. ‘Struktura Administratsii’, Ofitsial'nyi sait administratsii <www.admnvrsk.ru/administratsiya/struktura-administratsii> [accessed 22 February 2017].
7. Svetlana Tur'ialai, ‘Leonid Brezhnev vernetsia na Maluiu Zemliu’, Kommersant’, 26 August 2004, <http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/500605> [accessed 24 June 2013].
8. ‘Pamiatnik sovetskomu lideru 1964–1982 godov Leonidu Brezhnevu reshili ustanovit’ vlasti Novorossiiska’, Ural.ru, 25 August 2004, <www.ural.ru/news/life/news-42314> [accessed 23 June 2013].
9. Mikhail Prorok, ‘Ne trat'tes’ na Brezhneva!’, Novorossiiskii rabochii, 12 February 2004, p. 5.
10. ‘Brezhnev zhil. Brezhnev zhiv?’, NR, 26 February 2004, p. 5.
11. Sergei Karamaev, ‘I Brezhnev takoi molodoi’, lenta.ru, 17 September 2004, <http://lenta.ru/articles/2004/09/17/brezhnev> [accessed 3 September 2011].
12. Notably Evgenii Kozyrenov, see Mariia Anan'eva, ‘Svoi sredi svoikh’, NR, 17 September 2004, p. 1.
13. Mariia Anan'eva, ‘Brezhnev ostanetsia v gorode vechno molodym’, NR, 24 August 2003, p. 1.
14. Tur'ialai, ‘Leonid Brezhnev vernetsia na Maluiu Zemliu’; Mariia Aleksandrova, ‘Pamiat’ v bronze: Brezhnev vernulsia na Maluiu zemliu’, Gazeta, 17 September 2004, p. 4; Kharchenko, ‘Iz zhizni pamiatnikov’; and Anan'eva, ‘Brezhnev ostanetsia v gorode vechno molodym’.
15. Tur'ialai, ‘Leonid Brezhnev vernetsia na Maluiu Zemliu’.
16. ‘Svoi sredi svoikh’.
17. Anan'eva, ‘Brezhnev ostanetsia v gorode vechno molodym’. See also Aleksandrova, ‘Pamiat’ v bronze’; and Kharchenko, ‘Iz zhizni pamiatnikov’.
18. Evgenii Lapin, ‘Vspomnim prezhnego Leonida Brezhneva’, NR, 19 December 2006, p. 4.
19. ‘Il'icha perenesut, esli na to budet volia zhitelei Novorossiiska’, Munitsipal'naia novostnaia lenta, 26 February 2009, <http://nrnews.ru/33912.html> [accessed 23 June 2013].
20. See particularly Tur'ialai, ‘Leonid Brezhnev vernetsia na Maluiu Zemliu’.
21. Notably Sergei Borzenko, Na avanpostakh (Moscow: Voennoe izdatel'stvo Ministerstva oborony SSSR, 1964), p. 41; Sergei Borzenko, ‘225 dnei muzhestva i otvagi’, in Podvig Novorossiiska, ed. A.I. Makarenko (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1978), pp. 76–84, p. 82; R.Ia. Kirpichev, 225 dnei muzhestva: Novorossiiskii desant 1943 (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1978), p. 9; G. Sokolov, My s Maloi zemli (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1979), pp. 365–6; Mariia Pedenko, “Polundra, Krasnoflottsy!”: Povest’ (Kiev: Molod’, 1980), pp. 5–6; Mariia Petrovna Pedenko, Frontovoi dnevnik (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1981), p. 77; and S.T. Grigor'ev, Tak srazhalis’ kommunisty (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1982), p. 108.
22. William Tompson, The Soviet Union under Brezhnev (Harlow: Pearson Education, 2003), pp. 20–2; Edwin Bacon and Mark Sandle, ‘Brezhnev Reconsidered’, in Brezhnev Reconsidered, eds Edwin Bacon and Mark Sandle (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002), pp. 203–17, p. 208.
23. Sergei Semanov, ‘Leonid Neodnoznachnyi’, Literaturnaia gazeta/48 (2006), p. 3. For a portrait of the young Brezhnev, proving his organisational skills and leadership, see Aleksandr Kuznetsov, ‘I Brezhnev takoi molodoi …’, LG/50 (2006), p. 4.
24. See discussions in Literaturnaia gazeta, Nos. 39–40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48 and 50 (2006).
25. Zhores Medvedev, Andropov (Oxford: Blackwell, 1983); Roi Medvedev, Lichnost’ i epokha: Politicheskii portret L.I. Brezhneva (kniga 1) (Moscow: Novosti, 1991); Roi Medvedev, Politicheskie portrety (Moscow: Moskva, 2008); and Leonid Mlechin, Brezhnev (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2011).
26. For example, Aleksandr Maisurian, Drugoi Brezhnev (Moscow: Vagrius, 2004) with its Brezhnev jokes; and Sergei Semanov, Dorogoi Leonid Il'ich (Moscow: Algoritm, 2007).
27. A. Khinshtein, Skazka o poteriannom vremeni: Pochemu Brezhnev ne smog stat’ Putinym (Moscow: OLMA, 2011). See also Sergei Kara-Murza, ‘Zolotoi “zastoi”?’, LG/44 (2006), p. 4; Dimitrii Karalis, ‘Natsional'nyi geroi?’, LG/46 (2006), p. 4; Sergei Kurginian, LG/47 (2006), p. 4; and Semanov, ‘Leonid Neodnoznachnyi’.
28. Edwin Bacon, ‘Reconsidering Brezhnev’, in Brezhnev Reconsidered, eds Edwin Bacon and Mark Sandle (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002), pp. 1–21, pp. 4–6; Press Release No. 359, VTsIOM, 15 December 2005, <http://wciom.ru/index.php?id=268&uid=2113> [accessed 28 June 2013]; Kurginian, LG/47; and Boris Kagarlitskii, ‘Dorogaia stabil'nost’', LG/47 (2006), p. 4.
29. Press Release No. 359, VTsIOM.
30. Serafima Prorocheskaia, ‘Ia gorzhus’, chto zhila v SSSR’, NR, 26 February 2004, p. 5.
31. Boele, ‘Remembering Brezhnev in the New Millennium’.
32. Iurina, Novorossiiskoe protivostoianie, p. 272.
33. Jan Assmann, ‘Collective Memory and Cultural Identity’, New German Critique/65 (1995), pp. 125–33; and Mikhail Yampolsky, ‘In the Shadow of Monuments: Notes on Iconoclasm and Time’, in Soviet Hieroglyphics: Visual Culture in Late Twentieth-Century Russia, ed. Nancy Condee (Bloomington, IA and London: Indiana University Press and BFI, 1995), pp. 93–112.
34. Paul Connerton, How Modernity Forgets (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 122.
35. Ibid., pp. 99–131.
36. I. Krivosheina, ‘Ulitsa smotrit v budushchee’, NR, 11 October 1980.
37. ‘Il'icha perenesut, esli na to budet volia zhitelei Novorossiiska’, NR, 26 February 2009.
38. Katharine Hodgkin and Susannah Radstone, ‘Introduction: Contested Pasts’, in Contested Pasts: The Politics of Memory, eds Katharine Hodgkin and Susannah Radstone (London and New York: Routledge, 2003), pp. 1–21, pp. 1 and 11–12.
39. ‘Sud'bu pamiatnika reshat publichno’, NR, 28 February 2009, p. 2.
40. ‘Genseka podvinut’, NR, 19 February 2009, p. 5; and Boele, ‘Remembering Brezhnev in the New Millennium’.
41. ‘Genseka podvinut’.
42. Information from the former director of the Hotel Brigantina, Boris Timchenko, in Tat'iana Besedina, ‘Brezhnev i Novorossiisk: o chem zhurnalisty “NR” ne napisali 25 let nazad’, NR, 3 February 1999, pp. 4–5.
43. Besedina, ‘Brezhnev i Novorossiisk’; Sergei Novikov, ‘Chelovek proshel po gorodu’, Novorossiiskie vesti, 7 November 2009, p. 4.
44. Lapin, ‘Vspomnim prezhnego Leonida Brezhneva’.
45. Novikov, ‘Chelovek proshel po gorodu’.
46. Walter Scott, Ivanhoe (1820); and Bradford B. Broughton, The Legends of King Richard I, Coeur de Lion (The Hague and Paris: Mouton, 1966).
47. Jeffrey Olick, ‘Introduction’, in The Collective Memory Reader, eds Jeffrey K. Olick, Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi and Daniel Levy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 3–62.
48. Gillian Bennett and Paul Smith, ‘Introduction’, in Contemporary Legend: A Reader, eds Gillian Bennett and Paul Smith (New York and London: Garland, 1996), pp. xxi–xxxix, pp. xxii–xxiv.
49. Novikov, ‘Chelovek proshel po gorodu’; and Novikov, ‘Genseka podvinut’.
50. Eleonora Kivachitskaia, ‘Sprosite narod!’; Igor’ Sergeevich, ‘Vy kogo guliat’ ne puskaete?’; V. Vasil'ev, ‘Teper’ ochered’ Novorossiiska povoevat’ za Brezhneva’, and V. Rudik, ‘Zamakhnulis’ eshche na odnogo russkogo soldata’, NR, 19 February 2009, p. 5; Riazanovy Ivanenko, ‘Milosti prosim k nam!’; V.A. Rodchenko, ‘Uvidit vsia strana’; Irina Zinchuk, ‘“Propisku” pamiatnikam – podbirat’ ne naspekh’; and Sergei Novikov, ‘Ubezhat’ ot eklektiki’, NR, 21 February 2009, p. 2; Evgenii Kofman, Viktoriia Zhdanova, Tat'iana Kulakova, Anatolii Chernenko and El'vira Skliarova, ‘Pochemu liudi voiuiut s pamiatnikami?’, NR, 4 April 2009, p. 5.
51. Novikov, ‘Chelovek proshel po gorodu’.
52. Postanovlenie No. 3525 of 12 October 2009, NV, 20 October 2009, p. 7.
53. Postanovlenie No. 3920 of 13 November 2009. See ‘Leonida Il'icha v Novorossiiske resheno ostavit’ v pokoe’, MNL, 19 November 2009, <http://nrnews.ru/38470-.html> [accessed 23 June 2013].
54. Vitalii Chaika, ‘Brezhnev “poidet” k moriu’, NR, 29 June 2010.
55. Oksana Mashkarova, ‘K glave – kak v posledniuiu instantsiiu’, NR, 29 December 2010, <http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/1945/1> [accessed 5 September 2011].
56. The expression is from Ashplant, et al., ‘The Politics of War Memory and Commemoration: Contexts, Structures and Dynamics’, in The Politics of War, Memory and Commemoration, eds T.G. Ashplant, Graham Dawson and Michael Roper (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 3–85, p. 43.
57. ‘Leonid Il'ich obretet novuiu propisku’, MNL, 21 October 2009, <http://nrnews.ru/38024?.html> [accessed 23 June 2013]. See also ‘Leonida Il'icha v Novorossiiske resheno ostavit’ v pokoe’; V. Rudik, ‘Zamakhnulis’ eshche na odnogo russkogo soldata’, NR, 19 February 2009, p. 5; and Boele, ‘Remembering Brezhnev in the New Millennium’, p. 27.
58. Connerton, How Modernity Forgets, pp. 99–131.
59. ‘Leonid Il'ich obretet novuiu propisku’.
60. Cruise Manager at ‘Voyages of Discovery’.
61. ‘Leonid Brezhnev vernetsia na Maluiu Zemliu’.
Chapter 9 The State Comes to Town Again
1. ‘Na “Maloi zemle” Brezhneva postroiat elitnye kottedzhi i torgovye tsentry’, RBK Nedvizhimost’, 19 November 2012, <http://realty.rbc.ru/articles/19/11/2012/562949986403022.shtml> [accessed 22 March 2016].
2. See, for example, Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories and Monuments (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006); K. Qualls, From Ruins to Reconstruction: Urban Identity in Soviet Sevastopol after World War II (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009); and K. Qualls, ‘Who Makes Local Memories?: The Case of Sevastopol after World War II’, Soviet and Post-Soviet Review/38 (2011), pp. 130–48.
3. The Putin era war cult has been well documented in, for example, Scherrer, ‘Sowjetunion/Rußland: Siegesmythos versus Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung’, in Mythen der Nationen, Volume 2. 1945: Arena der Erinnerung, ed. Monika Flacke (Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 2004), pp. 619–57; I. Kurilla, ‘The Symbolic Politics of the Putin Administration’, in Identities and Politics during the Putin Presidency, eds Philipp Casula and Jeronim Perovic (Stuttgart: Ibidem, 2009), pp. 255–69; Stephen Lovell, The Shadow of War: Russia and the USSR, 1941 to the Present (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010); Ivo Mijnssen, ‘The Victory Myth and Russia's Identity’, Russian Analytical Digest/72 (2010), pp. 6–9; Myriam Désert, ‘Comment sont Regardés les Films sur la Grande Guerre Patriotique dans la Russie Actuelle?’, The Journal of Power Institutions in Post-Soviet Societies/12 (2011); Lisa Kirschenbaum, ‘World War II in Soviet and Post-Soviet Memory’, Soviet and Post-Soviet Review/38 (2011), pp. 97–103; N.E. Koposov, Pamiat' strogogo rezhima: istoriia politika v Rossii (Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2011); Olga Kucherenko, ‘That'll Teach'em to Love Their Motherland!: Russian Youth Revisit the Battles of World War II’, The Journal of Power Institutions in Post-Soviet Societies/12 (2011); Stephen M. Norris, ‘Memory for Sale: Victory Day 2010 and Russian Remembrance’, Soviet and Post-Soviet Review/38 (2011), pp. 201–29; and Elizabeth A. Wood, ‘Performing Memory: Vladimir Putin and the Celebration of World War II in Russia’, Soviet and Post-Soviet Review/38 (2011), pp. 172–200.
4. Bo Petersson, National Self-Images and Regional Identities in Russia (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), p. 60.
5. For example, Eric Hobsbawm, ‘Introduction: Inventing Traditions’, in The Invention of Tradition, eds Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 1–14; and John Bodnar, ‘Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century’, in The Collective Memory Reader, eds Jeffrey K. Olick, Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi and Daniel Levy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 265–8, p. 266.
6. Bacon and Sandle, ‘Brezhnev Reconsidered’, in Brezhnev Reconsidered, eds Edwin Bacon and Mark Sandle (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002), pp. 203–17, p. 206.
7. From Putin's annual address to parliament (25 April 2005).
8. Bacon and Sandle, ‘Brezhnev Reconsidered’, p. 205.
9. A. Khinshtein, Skazka o poteriannom vremeni: Pochemu Brezhnev ne smog stat’ Putinym (Moscow: OLMA, 2011).
10. Lina Gritsenko, ‘Vladimir Putin priznaet dvizhenie tol'ko vpered’, Novorossiiskii rabochii, 30 August 2011, <http://novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/3731> [accessed 30 August 2011]; and Tom Parfitt, ‘Putin's Outrider: “The Surgeon” Vows to Quell Anti-Kremlin Dissent’, The Telegraph, 24 March 2015, <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/11492898/Putins-outrider-The-Surgeon-vows-to-quell-anti-Kremlin-dissent.html> [accessed 13 April 2016].
11. Gritsenko, ‘Vladimir Putin priznaet dvizhenie tol'ko vpered’; and ‘Vladimir Putin pribyl v Novorossiisk, gde primet uchastie v mezhdunarodnom baik-shou’, Pervyi kanal, 29 August 2011, <http://www.1tv.ru/news/print/183762> [accessed 21 July 2013].
12. Kuz'mina, ‘V Novorossiiske prem'er-ministr vozglavil kolonnu baikerov’, 30 August 2011; and ‘Vladimir Putin pribyl v Novorossiisk’.
13. Marina Rybkina and Sergei Mukhtarov, ‘Putin v nov’ chaeval s frontovnikami’, NR, 8 May 2010, p. 1; and ‘VIP-vizit’, Novorossiiskie vesti, 11 May 2010, p. 2.
14. Dmitrii Medvedev, ‘Velikaia Otechestvennaia voina nikogda ne budet dlia nashego naroda istoricheskoi abstraktsiei’, Prezident Rossii, 08 May 2010, <http://www.kremlin.ru/news/7681> [accessed 20 May 2010].
15. <http://medvedev.kremlin.ru/biography> [accessed 20 May 2010].
16. ‘Presidentskii desant’, Rossiiskaia gazeta, 15 July 2009 <http://www.rg.ru/2009/07/15/medvedev.html> [accessed 26 July 2013].
17. Cynthia Simmons and Nina Perlina, Writing the Siege of Leningrad: Women's Diaries, Memoirs, and Documentary Prose (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2002), p. xviii; and Richard Sakwa, Putin: Russia's Choice (London and New York: Routledge, 2004), pp. 2–3. See also Wood, ‘Performing memory’, pp. 176 and 198.
Part III Respect for the Dead: Ritual and Monumental Remembrance
1. ‘In the silence everyone has stopped still:/The chimes beat regularly in the quiet air,/And the Eternal Flame burns up to heaven. // We lit it in memory of all those/Who gave their lives for the Motherland./These heroic deeds/Live on in our hearts.’ Text from the Shostakovich Museum by G. Bel'kind, Headmaster of School Number Three (1964), written as words for the ‘Novorossiisk Chimes’.
2. All dates pertaining to monuments are from records held in the Novorossiisk Museum archives.
3. ‘Novorossiiskie kuranty’, Shostakovich opus 111b; K. Mikhailov, ‘Dmitrii Shostakovich v Novorossiiske’, in Istoricheskie zapiski: Issledovaniia i materialy, vypusk 3 (Krasnodar: Severnyi Kavkaz, 1999), pp. 268–78.
4. Nina Tumarkin, The Living and the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia (New York: BasicBooks, 1994), p. 41; Geoffrey Hosking, Russia and the Russians: A History from Rus to the Russian Federation (London: Allen Lane, Penguin, 2001), p. 492.
Chapter 10 Hats off to Heroes: The Beskozyrka Ritual
1. G. Sokolov, My s Maloi zemli (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1979), pp. 367–8.
2. Discussed in Jonathan Brunstedt, ‘Building a Pan-Soviet Past: The Soviet War Cult and the Turn Away from Ethnic Particularism’, Soviet and Post-Soviet Review/38 (2011), pp. 149–71.
3. Eric Hobsbawm, ‘Introduction: Inventing Traditions’, in The Invention of Tradition, eds Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 1–14, p. 1.
4. Catherine Merridale, ‘War, death and remembrance in Soviet Russia’, in War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century, eds Jay Winter and Emmanuel Sivan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 61–83, pp. 62 and 77.
5. Captain M. Shiriamov, ‘Zavtra – Prazdnik Pobedy’, Novorossiiskii rabochii, 8 May 1963, p. 2; and NR, 9 May 1965.
6. ‘Operatsiia “Beskozyrka”’, NR, 12 January 1968, p. 4.
7. Konstantin Podyma, Vechnyi ogon’: ty gori, ne sgorai … (Moscow: Pilotnoe izdanie, 2008), p. 8.
8. Sergei I. Zhuk, ‘Religion, “Westernization”, and Youth in the “Closed City” of Soviet Ukraine, 1964–84’, Russian Review/67 (2008), pp. 661–79, p. 672.
9. L. Lysenko, ‘Schastlivogo plavaniia, “Seskor”’, Iunost’/3 (1966), p. 142.
10. Konstantin Podyma, Schastlivogo plavaniia, ‘Shkhuna Rovesnikov’! (Moscow: Detskaia literatura, 1975), pp. 5–6.
11. Raisa Sokolova, Beskozyrka (Novorossiisk: Departament kul'tury Krasnodarskogo kraia, c. 2005), pp. 8–9.
12. Gleb Tsipursky, ‘Conformism and Agency: Model Young Communists and the Komsomol Press in the Later Khrushchev Years’, Europe-Asia Studies/7 (2013), pp. 1396–416; and Jeffrey Brooks, Thank You, Comrade Stalin! Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 241.
13. Konstantin Podyma,… chtob ikh ne zabyvali my: Dokumental'nye ocherki (Novorossiisk and Moscow: 2009), p. 28; and T.I. Iurina, Novorossiiskoe protivostoianie: 1942–1943 gg. (Krasnodar: Kniga, 2008), p. 163.
14. Inna Sokolova, ‘Bardic Song: From Exotica to Utopia’, Russian Studies in Literature/41 (2005), pp. 83–100, pp. 84–5.
15. Ludmilla Alexeyeva, and Paul Goldberg, The Thaw Generation: Coming of Age in the Post-Stalin Era (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1990), p. 30.
16. Nikolai Mitrokhin, Russkaia partiia: dvizhenie russkikh natsionalistov v SSSR, 1953–1985 gody (Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2003), pp. 114–6 and 277; A. Yurchak, Everything was Forever Until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation (Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006), ch. 3; and Brunstedt, ‘Building a Pan-Soviet Past’, pp. 163–6.
17. Podyma, Vechnyi ogon’, p. 19; and ‘Mify – ne rify, no v farvatere “Beskozyrki” – ni k chemu!’, Novorossiiskie izvestiia, 16 February 2011, <http://novodar.ru/index.php/novohistory-punkt/2148-mnrnvfbnkch-02-2011> [accessed 21 December 2011].
18. V. Saloshenko, Obiazan skazat’ (Krasnodar: Severnyi Kavkaz, 1998), p. 11.
19. Mark Edele, ‘Collective Action in Soviet Society: The Case of War Veterans’, in Writing the Stalin Era: Sheila Fitzpatrick and Soviet Historiography, eds Golfo Alexopoulos, Julie Hessler and Kiril Tomoff (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), pp. 117–32, pp. 117, and 124–8.
20. ‘Mify – ne rify!’.
21. A. Eremenko and K. Podyma, Imenem Rossii narechennyi (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1988), p. 349.
22. V.D. Starikova, ‘Veteranskoe dvizhenie v Novorossiiske’, in Istoricheskie zapiski: Issledovanniia i materialy, vypusk 4, eds S.G. Novikov and T.V. Raskatova (Krasnodar: Kubanskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 2003), pp. 261–73.
23. Ibid.; and Konstantin Podyma, “Beskozyrka”: Cherez gody i stoletiia: Dokumental'naia povest’ (Novorossiisk and Moscow: 2008), pp. 41–2.
24. ‘Mify – ne rify!’.
25. Podyma, “Beskozyrka”, pp. 41 and 47; and Konstantin Podyma, ‘Plyvi, beskozyrka’, NR, 7 February 1973, p. 3.
26. Sokolov, My s Maloi zemli, 1979, pp. 367–8.
27. Podyma, “Beskozyrka”, pp. 11–34.
28. Brunstedt, ‘Building a Pan-Soviet Past’, p. 163; and Polly Jones, ‘The Fire Burns On? The “Fiery Revolutionaries” Biographical Series and the Rethinking of Propaganda in the Brezhnev Era’, Slavic Review/74 (2015), pp. 32–56.
29. Hobsbawm, ‘Introduction: Inventing Traditions’.
30. Edward Shils, Tradition (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1981), p. 25.
31. Paul Connerton, How Societies Remember (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 23.
32. Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, trans. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 1992) (originally published 1925).
33. Connerton, How Societies Remember, p. 23.
34. Sokolova, Beskozyrka, pp. 16–7.
35. Georgii Sokolov, Malaia zemlia: Rasskazy i ocherki (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1967), p. 10; and V.S. Murmantseva, ‘Zhenshchiny-voiny Maloi zemli’, Voprosy istorii/2 (1981), pp. 177–9, p. 177.
36. Ibid., p. 8, reproduced in A.A. Grechko, Bitva za Kavkaz (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1967), pp. 279–80.
37. Sokolova, Beskozyrka, pp. 16–7; and leaflet held in the archives of Novorossiiskii istoricheskii muzei-zapovednik: ‘Operatsiia “Beskozyrka–80”’, 21 January 1980, MA 15049, Novorossiiskoe PPO, zak. No. 334.
38. Merridale, ‘War, Death and Remembrance in Soviet Russia’, p. 79; and Stephen Lovell, The Shadow of War: Russia and the USSR, 1941 to the Present (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), pp. 9–10.
39. Starikova, ‘Veteranskoe dvizhenie v Novorossiiske’, p. 268; and ‘… Beskozyrka na volne’, NR, 4 February 1998, p. 1.
40. See also Stephen Norris, ‘Memory for Sale: Victory Day 2010 and Russian Remembrance’, Soviet and Post-Soviet Review/38 (2011), pp. 201–29; and Elizabeth A. Wood, ‘Performing Memory: Vladimir Putin and the Celebration of World War II in Russia’, Soviet and Post-Soviet Review/38 (2011), pp. 172–200.
41. Oksana Mashkarova, ‘Vakhtu pamiati budut nesti i deti’, NR, 18 January 2013, p. 2; Lina Gritsenko, ‘Detiam pokazali, kto nastoiashchii supergeroi’, NR, 5 February 2013), p. 2.
42. ‘“Belye chaiki” vzmyli nad Maloi zemlei’, Ofitsial'nyi sait administratsii i Dumy munitsipal'nogo obrazovaniia gorod-geroi Novorossiisk, 3 February 2017, <http://admnvrsk.ru/o?gorode/novosti/glavnye?novosti/news?20170203145257?234523/> [accessed 8 February 2017].
43. Norris, ‘Memory for Sale’, p. 217; and Julie Buckler, ‘Taking and Retaking the Field: Borodino as a Site of Collective Memory’, in Rites of Place: Public Commemoration in Russia and Eastern Europe, eds Julie Buckler and Emily D. Johnson (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2013), pp. 203–23, p. 218.
44. Ol'ga Gailesh, ‘Novorossiisk “Beskozyrka 2011”’, Munitsipal'naia novostnaia lenta, 4 February 2011, <http://www.nrnews.ru/news/?id=42581> [accessed 9 February 2011].
45. Ibid., online responses.
46. Evgeniia Simanovich, ‘“Svechu v okne” mozhet zazhech’ kazhdyi’, NR, 23 January 2012, <http://www.novorab.ru/> [accessed 23 January 2012].
47. Sokolova, Beskozyrka, pp. 17–9.
48. Podyma, Vechnyi ogon’, p. 5. Other works on memory by Podyma include: Na volne pamiati (Moscow and Novorossiisk: Sentiabr’, 2008); ‘Beskozyrka’; and … chtob ikh ne zabyvali my.
49. Podyma, Vechnyi ogon’, p. 5.
50. Sokolova, Beskozyrka; and Tamara Iurina, Teleurok grazhdanstvennosti, posviashchennyi 40-letiiu operatsii ‘Beskozyrka’ (Russia: Novaia Rossiia, 3 February 2008).
51. Catherine Merridale, ‘Russia’, in Glennys Howarth and Oliver Leaman, eds, Encyclopedia of Death and Dying (London: Routledge, 2001), pp. 390–1.
52. Barbara Misztal, ‘Durkheim on Collective Memory’, Journal of Classical Sociology/3 (2003), pp. 123–43, p. 139; Catherine Merridale, Ivan's War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939–1945 (New York: Picador, 2006), p. 378; and Evgenii Rozhanskii, ‘Zashchitnikam tvoim, podvigu tvoemu, Novorossiisk’, NR, 5 February 2014, <http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/11327> [accessed 7 February 2014].
53. Merridale, Ivan's War, pp. 378–9.
54. ‘Soldaty obreli pokoi’, NR, 17 September 2012, <http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/6564/3> [accessed 7 October 2012].
55. John Bodnar, ‘Public Memory in an American City: Commemoration in Cleveland’, in Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity, ed. J.R. Gillis (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), pp. 74–89, p. 75.
56. ‘Fevral'skii poryv’, NR, 29 January 2011, p. 3; and Tat'iana Staroverova, ‘Galina Krympokha: Snova rvu na sebe tel'niashku’, NR, 30 November 2010, <http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/1733> [accessed 2 September 2011].
57. Shils, Tradition, p. 236.
58. ‘V Novorossiiske proshla Vserossiiskaia vakhta pamiati “Beskozyrka–2011”’, OSA, 4 February 2011, <http://www.admnvrsk.ru/index.php/2010?02?26?12?44?41/4277??l?2011r> [accessed 9 February 2011]; and Gailesh, ‘Novorossiisk “Beskozyrka 2011”’.
59. ‘Segodnia v Tsemesskoi bukhte gremeli vzryvy snariadov i avtomatnye ocheredi’, OSA, 3 February 2017, <http://admnvrsk.ru/o-gorode/novosti/glavnye-novosti/news-20170203231527-728465/> [accessed 7 February 2017].
60. Podyma, ‘Beskozyrka’, p. 47; and Oksana Mashkarova, ‘Novorossiisk pomnit!’, NR, 5 February 2013, p. 1.
61. ‘Novosti’, Pervyi kanal, 0900, 4 February 2011), <http://www.1tv.ru/newsvideoarchive/pd=04.02.2011> [accessed 8 July 2012].
62. ‘Community of memory’ is the term adopted in Robert Bellah, Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler and Steven M. Tipton, Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985).
63. John E. Bodnar, Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992).
64. Thomas C. Wolfe, ‘Past as Present, Myth, or History? Discourses of Time and the Great Fatherland War’, in The Politics of Memory in Postwar Europe, ed. Richard Ned Lebow, Wulf Kansteiner and Claudio Fogu (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2006), pp. 249–83, p. 266.
65. Mikhail Yampolsky, ‘In the Shadow of Monuments: Notes on Iconoclasm and Time’, in Soviet Hieroglyphics: Visual Culture in Late Twentieth-Century Russia, ed. Nancy Condee (Bloomington, IA and London: Indiana University Press and BFI, 1995), pp. 93–112, p. 96.
66. Katerina Clark, The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual (Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 2000), p. 40.
67. Sokolov, My s Maloi zemli, 1979, p. 368.
68. Sokolova, Beskozyrka, p. 14.
69. ‘Fevral'skii poryv’.
70. Viktoriia Nikolaenko, ‘“Beskozyrka” vskolykhnula volny nashei pamiati’, NR, 4 February 2011, p. 1.
71. Evgenii Rozhanskii, ‘Zashchitnikam tvoim, podvigu tvoemu, Novorossiisk’, NR, 5 February 2014, <http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/11327> [accessed 7 February 2014].
72. Podyma, Schastlivogo plavaniia, ‘Shkhuna Rovesnikov’!, pp. 67–8.
73. ‘V Novorossiiske sostoialas’ sorok chetvertaia operatsiia “Beskozyrka”’, NR, 3 February 2012, <http://www.nrnews.ru/news/?id=47939> [accessed 4 February 2012].
74. E. Zerubavel, Hidden Rhythms: Schedules and Calendars in Social Life (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1981).
75. ‘Kalendar’ znamenatel'nykh i pamiatnykh dat goroda-geroia Novorossiiska na 2012 god: A u nas vse daty – kruglye’, NR, 25 January 2012, <http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/4847> [accessed 26 January 2012].
76. Sokolova, Beskozyrka, p. 15.
77. ‘Galina Krympokha prochitala lektsiiu o vysadke desanta na Maluiu zemliu starsheklassnikam shkoly No. 30’, MNL, 1 February 2007, <http://nrnews.ru/news/?id=2729> [accessed 2 September 2011].
78. Jan Assmann, ‘Collective Memory and Cultural Identity’, New German Critique/65 (1995), pp. 125–33, p. 128; Eviatar Zerubavel, ‘Calendars and History: A Comparative Study of the Social Organization of National Memory’, in States of Memory: Continuities, Conflicts, and Transformations in National Retrospection, ed. Jeffrey K. Olick (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2003), pp. 315–37; and M. Christine Boyer, ‘The City of Collective Memory: Its Historical Imagery and Architectural Entertainments’, in The Collective Memory Reader, ed. Jeffrey K. Olick, Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi and Daniel Levy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 378–81, p. 381.
Chapter 11 Myth and Monuments: The Place of the Dead
1. ‘We were as big as time./We were as alive as time./Now we are found in legends of those renowned days./Now we are found in epic poems and prose./Now we are found in granite and bronze./Now we are found in the silence of gravestones.’ Robert Rozhdestvenskii, ‘Pesnia pavshikh v boiu’ (1971), Robert Rozhdestvenskii: Sobranie sochinenii v trekh tomakh, Vol. 2 (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1985), p. 496.
2. Leonid Il'ich Brezhnev, ‘Malaia zemlia’, in Malaia zemlia. Vozrozhdenie (Moscow: Prosveshchenie, 1979), pp. 1–45, p. 12.
3. More scientifically, entropy, S, is equated to klnW, where k is the Boltzmann constant, and W the number of possible molecular arrangements.
4. This is one implication of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
5. A. Eremenko and K. Podyma, Imenem Rossii narechennyi (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1988), p. 269.
6. M.V. Erokhin, Novorossiisk, ed. D.A. Vasil'evich (Krasnodar: RIO, 2012), pp. 70–1.
7. Evgenii Lapin, ‘Na chertezhakh Iofana Novorossiisk predstaval grandioznym’, Novorossiiskii rabochii, 20 February 2012, <http://novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/4993> [accessed 9 June 2016].
8. Eremenko and Podyma, Imenem Rossii narechennyi, p. 270.
9. V.N. Kaida, Atakuet morskaia pekhota (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1980), p. 59.
10. All dates pertaining to monuments are from records held in the Novorossiisk Museum archives.
11. Ivo Mijnssen, Memorial Landscapes in the Postwar Generation: The Soviet Hero-Cities of Tula and Novorossiysk in the Brezhnev era, PhD thesis (University of Basel, Switzerland, 2015), p. 256.
12. Ibid., p. 266; and information from the regional manager in charge of maintenance and planning of monuments in Novorossiisk.
13. ‘Monument to Mark Brezhnev Battle Site’, The Times, 5 November 1980, p. 7.
14. Nina Tumarkin, ‘Story of a War Memorial’, in World War 2 and the Soviet People, eds John Garrard and Carol Garrard (New York: St Martin's, 1993), pp. 125–46, p. 126; Scott W. Palmer, ‘How Memory was Made: The Construction of the Memorial to the Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad’, The Russian Review/68 (2009), pp. 373–407, p. 378; and Jutta Scherrer, ‘Sowjetunion/Rußland: Siegesmythos versus Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung’, in Mythen der Nationen, Volume 2. 1945: Arena der Erinnerung, ed. Monika Flacke (Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 2004), pp. 619–57, p. 643.
15. Evgenii Rozhanskii, ‘Zashchitnikam tvoim, podvigu tvoemu, Novorossiisk’, NR, 5 February 2014, <http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/11327> [accessed 7 February 2014].
16. Viktoriia Nikolaenko, ‘Nemetskie iaseni budut derzhat’ oboronu na Maloi zemle’, NR, 5 November 2010.
17. Catherine Merridale, ‘Russia’, in Glennys Howarth and Oliver Leaman, eds, Encyclopedia of Death and Dying (London: Routledge, 2001), pp. 390–1, p. 390.
18. Jennifer Iles, ‘Recalling the Ghosts of War: Performing Tourism on the Battlefields of the Western Front’, Text and Performance Quarterly/26 (2006), pp. 162–180, p. 170.
19. C. Winter, ‘Tourism, Social Memory and the Great War’, Annals of Tourism Research/36 (2009), pp. 607–26, p. 611.
20. Georgii Sokolov, Malaia zemlia: Rasskazy i ocherki (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1967), pp. 348 and 354.
21. A. Pakhmutova and N. Dobronravov, ‘Malaia zemlia’ (1974); and E.D. Prialkina, ‘Novorossiitsy chtiat i pomniat’, in Novorossiisk: Pamiat’ i Pravda o Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine (2005), pp. 150–3, p. 150.
22. I.S. Shiian, Novorossiisk – gorod-geroi (Moscow: Voennoe izdatel'stvo Ministerstva oborony SSSR, 1982), p. 170.
23. ‘V Novorossiiske zhiteli zapisali videoobrashchenie V.V. Putinu protiv stroitel'stva khrama’, YouTube, 8 January 2016, <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wMe-ursBqNI> [accessed 14 August 2016].
24. Paul Connerton, How Modernity Forgets (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 29.
25. E.D. Prialkina, ‘Novorossiitsy chtiat i pomniat’, p. 151; also the constantly updated collection of newspaper articles in the Novorossiisk Central Library: Ikh imenami nazvany ulitsy.
26. P.B. Shelley, Percy Bysshe Shelley: The Major Works, ed. Zachary Leader and Michael O'Neill (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 198.
27. A. Gorognichenko, ‘Zdanie-pamiatnik’, NR, 13 September 1973, p. 3.
28. See Evgeniia Simanovich, ‘Pamiatniki – v pochinku’, NR, 31 August 2011, <http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/3753> [accessed 5 September 2011]; and ‘V Novorossiiske prodolzhaetsia konkurs na luchshee soderzhanie pamiatnikov i monumentov’, Munitsipal'naia novostnaia lenta, 11 August 2009, <http://nrnews.ru/news/?id=37149> [accessed 4 September 2011].
29. Matvei Prokorenko, ‘Initsiativa nakazuema?’, Nash Novorossiisk, 25 September 2008, <http://www.nnvrsk.ru/?article=1891&fullarticle=print> [accessed 16 November 2011]; and Matvei Prokorenko, ‘Kampera ne tol'ko zametili, no i priznali’, NN, 23 April 2009, <http://www.nnvrsk.ru/?article=2519&fullarticle=print> [accessed 16 November 2011].
30. Simon Richmond, Russia (China: Lonely Planet, 2012), p. 414.
31. ‘Inostrannye turisty spliasali pod “dubinushku”’, NR, 20 September 2012, <http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/6594> [accessed 14 October 2014]; Voyages of Discovery, <http://www.voyagesofdiscovery.co.uk/excursion_calendar.php?port_id=18474&cruise_id=18561&date_port=2012-10-24> [accessed 9 October 2012]; Sea Dream Yacht Club, <http://www.seadream.com/voyages/11322> [accessed 14 October 2014].
32. Karen Oganesian, Marafon (Russia: 2013).
33. Liudmila Shalagina, ‘Granitnyi dozor Novorossiiska’, NR, 10 May 2012, <http://novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/5589> [accessed 22 March 2016].
34. A. Svetov and B. Miliavskii, ‘I pesnia i stikh – eto bomba’, Znamia Rodiny, 12 July 1943.
Chapter 12 People on the Periphery
1. ‘No monuments stand above Babii Iar./The steep precipice is like a crude headstone./I am horrified.’ Evgenii Evtushenko, ‘Babii Iar’ (1961), Proza.ru, <https://www.proza.ru/2012/08/17/363> [accessed 17 February 2017].
2. Evgenii Aleksandrov, ‘Bratskaia mogila’, Novorossiiskii rabochii, 24 September 2010.
3. ‘Otkryt dlia poseshcheniia monument na Myskhakskom shosse’, Novorossiiskie vesti, 11 May 2010, p. 2.
4. Matvei Prokorenko, ‘Plity – na lom?’, Nash Novorossiisk, 8 October 2008.
5. Karen Petrone, The Great War in Russian Memory (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2011), pp. 41–2. See also Catherine Merridale, ‘War, death and remembrance in Soviet Russia’, in War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century, ed. Jay Winter and Emmanuel Sivan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 61–83; and Catherine Merridale, ‘Russia’, in Glennys Howarth and Oliver Leaman, eds, Encyclopedia of Death and Dying (London: Routledge, 2001), pp. 390–1, p. 390.
6. Evgenii Lapin, ‘Novorossiisk pomnit’, NR, 18 September 2013, <http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/10115> [accessed 13 December 2013].
7. Denis Kurov, ‘Nikto ne zabyt? … ’, 7 dnei Kubani, 18 May 2003, p. 2.
8. Evgenii Rozhanskii, ‘Bratskaia mogila imen ne sokhranila’, NR, 3 October 2013, <http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/10267> [accessed 13 December 2013].
9. Thomas C. Wolfe, ‘Past as Present, Myth, or History? Discourses of Time and the Great Fatherland War’, in The Politics of Memory in Postwar Europe, ed. Richard Ned Lebow, Wulf Kansteiner and Claudio Fogu (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2006), pp. 249–83, p. 267.
10. Voprosy uvekovecheniia pamiati pogibshikh pri zashchite Otechestva, 2006; Zakon Krasnodarskogo kraia o poiskovoi rabote, 1997; and Protokol eksgumatsii odinochnogo zakhoroneniia.
11. L. Ash, Russia: Digging up the Dead (United Kingdom: BBC Radio 4, 13 January 2014).
12. E.V. Romanov, ‘Krovotochashchie rany voiny’, in Novorossiisk: Pamiat’ i Pravda o Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine (2005), pp. 158–61, p. 160.
13. Aleksandrov, ‘Bratskaia mogila’; ‘Soldaty obreli pokoi’, NR, 17 September 2012, <http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/6564/3> [accessed 7 October 2012]; and Lapin, ‘Novorossiisk pomnit’.
14. Raisa Sokolova, Memorial'nyi kompleks v gorode-geroe Novorossiiske (Novorossiisk: KADO, 2006), pp. 8–9.
15. ‘Iubilei pamiatnika otmenili ritualom “Pamiat’”’, NR, 18 September 2012, <http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/6565/2> [accessed 7 October 2012]; and Evgenii Lapin, ‘Kapsula pamiati popolnilas? imenami pavshikh’, NR, 4 May 2017, [accessed 10 May 2017].
16. ‘V Rossii otmechaiut Den’ Neizvestnogo soldata’, Argumenty i fakty, 3 December 2014, <http://www.aif.ru/society/history/1396958> [accessed 5 December 2014].
17. Robert Gold, Du Sollst Nicht Töten! (Germany: 2010).
18. Volksbund, <http://www.volksbund.de> [accessed 25 February 2012].
19. <http://www.volksbund.de/kriegsgraeberstaetten.html> [accessed 9 July 2016]. See also Anna Lebedeva, ‘Krasnodarskii krai. V Apsheronske ofitsial'no otkryto nemetskoe kladbishche’, Novaia gazeta, 8 September 2008, <http://www.novayagazeta.ru/news/38745.html> [accessed 25 February 2012].
20. Mark Donskoi, Nepokorennye (Kiev: Kiev Studios, 1945).
21. ‘Pis'mo drugu’, NR, 15 September 1963, p. 1; ‘Nepokorennye’, NR, 24 September 1963, p. 2; and ‘Vechnaia pamiat’ geroiam’, NR, 24 September 1963, p. 2.
22. ‘Zhertvam massovogo rasstrelia’, in ‘Nepokorennye’.
23. Nina Tumarkin, The Living and the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia (New York: BasicBooks, 1994), p. 124; and Zvi Gitelman, ‘Politics and Historiography of the Holocaust in the Soviet Union’, in Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR, ed. Zvi Gitelman (Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 1997), pp. 14–42, p. 20.
24. A. Eremenko and K. Podyma, Imenem Rossii narechennyi (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1988), p. 219.
25. Scholarship relevant to the situation of Jewish citizens in the Soviet Union includes: Petr Vail' and Aleksandr Genis, 60-e: Mir sovetskogo cheloveka (Ann Arbor, MI: Ardis, 1988), pp. 269–79; Ludmilla Alexeyeva and Paul Goldberg, The Thaw Generation: Coming of Age in the Post-Stalin Era (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1990), pp. 43–67; Gitelman, ‘Politics and Historiography of the Holocaust in the Soviet Union’, p. 18; Jeffrey Brooks, Thank You, Comrade Stalin! Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 215; Zvi Gitelman, ‘Remembrance of Things Past: Soviet Histories and Jewish Memories’, in Recalling the Past–(Re)constructing the Past: Collective and Individual Memory of World War II in Russia and Germany, eds Withold Bonner and Arja Rosenholm (Iyvaskyla, Finland: Gummerus, 2008), pp. 289–302; Jeremy Hicks, ‘Confronting the Holocaust: Mark Donskoi's “The Unvanquished”’, Studies in Russian and Soviet Cinema/3 (2009), pp. 33–51, pp. 35 and 45; Olga Gershenson and David Shneer, ‘Soviet Jewishness and Cultural Studies’, Journal of Jewish Identities/1 (2011); Karel C. Berkhoff, Motherland in Danger: Soviet Propaganda during World War II (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012), Chapters 6–8; and Anika Walke, Pioneers and Partisans: An Oral History of Nazi Genocide in Belorussia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).
26. Elie Wiesel, The Jews of Silence: A Personal Report on Soviet Jewry, trans. Neal Kozodoy (Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1967), pp. 12–4; Gershenson and Shneer, ‘Soviet Jewishness and Cultural Studies’; and Arkadi Zeltser, ‘Differing Views among Red Army Personnel about the Nazi Mass Murder of Jews’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History/15 (2014), pp. 563–90.
27. See Alexander Yanov, The Russian New Right: Right-Wing Ideologies in the Contemporary USSR (Berkeley, CA: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1978); Nikolai Mitrokhin, Russkaia partiia: dvizhenie russkikh natsionalistov v SSSR, 1953–1985 gody (Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2003); and Charles Clover, Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016).
28. David Shneer, ‘Picturing Grief: Soviet Holocaust Photography at the Intersection of History and Memory’, American Historical Review/115 (2010), pp. 28–52.
29. ‘Uroki Kholokosta v Novorossiiske’, Federatsiia evreiskikh obshchin Rossii, 18 January 2006, <http://www.feor.ru/news/index.php?newsid=1861> [accessed 15 January 2014].
30. Il'ia Altman, Kholokost na territorii SSSR: Entsiklopediia (Moscow: Rosspen, 2009), pp. 474–5 and 661; and ‘Krasnodarskii krai’, Bab'i Iary Rossii, <http://www.holomemory.ru/?region=35> [accessed 18 February 2017].
31. Ilya Ehrenburg and Vasily Grossman, The Black Book: The Ruthless Murder of Jews by German-Fascist Invaders Throughout the Temporarily-Occupied Regions of the Soviet Union and in the Death Camps of Poland During the War of 1941–1945, trans. John Glad and James S. Levine (New York: Holocaust Library, 1981); I.S. Shiian, Novorossiisk – gorod-geroi (Moscow: Voennoe izdatel'stvo Ministerstva oborony SSSR, 1982); A. Eremenko and K. Podyma, Imenem Rossii narechennyi (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1988); T.I. Iurina, Novorossiiskoe protivostoianie: 1942–1943 gg. (Krasnodar: Kniga, 2008); and M.V. Erokhin, Novorossiisk, ed. D.A. Vasil'evich (Krasnodar: RIO, 2012).
32. ‘Pamiatnik “Nepokorennye”’, Tsentral'naia gorodskaia biblioteka im. Gor'kogo, <http://www.ballion.ru/pamyatnik_nepokorennye.html> [accessed 15 January 2014]; and ‘Krasnodarskii krai’, Bab'i Iary Rossii: Memorialy zhertv kholokost, <http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:8fsudwzl1qUJ:www.holomemory.ru/place/89%3Fregion%3D35+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk> [accessed 15 January 2014].
33. Erokhin, Novorossiisk, p. 55.
34. ‘Krasnodarskii krai’, Bab'i Iary Rossii: Memorialy zhertv kholokost.
35. ‘Nepokorennye’, NR, 14 September 2013, p. 9.
36. Evgenii Rozhanskii, ‘Nepokorennye’, Vol'naia Kuban’, 22 January 2005, p. 6.
37. Mark Connelly, ‘“We Can Take It!” Britain and the Memory of the Home Front in the Second World War’, in Experience and Memory: The Second World War in Europe, ed. Jorg Echternkamp and Stefan Martens (New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2010), pp. 53–69, p. 61.
38. ‘Dve vystavki v Novorossiiske’, Federatsiia Evreiskikh Obshchin Rossii, 15 September 2005, <http://www.feor.ru/news/index.php?newsid=833> [accessed 8 March 2014]; and ‘Vystavka evreiskoi obshchiny v Novorossiiske’, Federatsiia Evreiskikh Obshchin Rossii, 26 September 2008, <http://www.feor.ru/news/index.php?newsid=6414> [accessed 8 March 2014].
39. ‘V Novorossiiske antisemity oskvernili pamiatnik, ustanovlennyi na meste rasstrela natsistami evreev’, Sem40: Tsentral'nyi evreiskii resurs, 30 July 2003, <http://www.sem40.ru/index.php?newsid=53590>, [accessed 15 January 2014].
40. ‘Nepokorennye’.
41. Stephen Lovell, The Shadow of War: Russia and the USSR, 1941 to the Present (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), p. 321.
42. See, for example, Martin Dean, Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941–44 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000); Amir Weiner, Making Sense of War: The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); Karel C. Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule (Cambridge, MA and London: Belknap, Harvard University Press, 2004), p. 77; Jeffrey W. Jones, ‘“Every Family Has Its Freak”: Perceptions of Collaboration in Occupied Soviet Russia, 1943–1948’, Slavic Review/64 (2005), pp. 747–70; Wendy Lower, Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine (USA: University of North Carolina Press, 2005); Olga Baranova, ‘Collaboration by the Soviet Citizens with the Nazi Occupation Authorities during the Great Patriotic War: How the Issue was Represented and Treated in Soviet, Western and Post-Soviet Russian and Belarusian Historiography’, in Recalling the Past–(Re)constructing the Past: Collective and Individual Memory of World War II in Russia and Germany, ed. Withold Bonner and Arja Rosenholm (Iyvaskyla, Finland: Gummerus, 2008), pp. 267–76; Ray Brandon and Wendy Lower, eds, The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialisation (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2008); and Berkhoff, Motherland in Danger, pp. 223–43. See also Gitelman, ‘Politics and Historiography of the Holocaust in the Soviet Union’, pp. 33–4.
43. Arieh J. Kochavi, Prelude to Nuremberg: Allied War Crimes Policy and the Question of Punishment (Chapel Hill, NC and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1998); and Ilya Bourtman, ‘“Blood for Blood, Death for Death”: The Soviet Military Tribunal in Krasnodar, 1943’, Holocaust and Genocide Studies/22 (2008), pp. 246–65.
44. Evgenii Lapin, ‘Byl li predan otchaiannyi desant?’, NR, 3 February 2001, p. 3; and Petr Iliushkin, ‘Poisk vedet pogranichnik’, Stavropol'skie gubernskie Vedomosti, 11–18 July 2007, <http://www.guberniya.ru> [accessed 19 November 2014].
45. On the negative aspects of Kubanocentrism, see S.G. Novikov, ‘Istoricheskoe kraevedenie v svete kontseptual'nogo osmysleniia mestnoi istorii’, in Istoricheskie zapiski: Issledovanniia i materialy, vypusk 4, eds S.G. Novikov and T.V. Raskatova (Krasnodar: Kubanskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 2003), pp. 300–9, p. 307. See also Barbara Skinner, ‘Identity Formation in the Russian Cossack Revival’, Europe-Asia Studies/46 (1994), pp. 1017–37; Georgi M. Derluguian and Serge Cipko, ‘The Politics of Identity in a Russian Borderland Province: The Kuban Neo-Cossack Movement, 1989–1996’, Europe-Asia Studies/49 (1997), pp. 1485–500; Hege Toje, ‘Cossack Identity in the New Russia: Kuban Cossack Revival and Local Politics’, Europe-Asia Studies/58 (2006), pp. 1057–77; Marie Jego, ‘Cossack Cadets Fill a Gap in Russia's Sense of Security and Patriotism’, Guardian Weekly, 26 February 2013, <http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/26/russia-cossacks-cadets-volgograd> [accessed 19 January 2015]; and Courtney Weaver, ‘Cossacks Ride Again as Russia Seeks to Fill Ideological Void’, Financial Times, 4 August 2013, <https://www.ft.com/search?q=Cossacks+Ride+Again> [accessed 20 November 2013].
46. Online response to Ol'ga Gailesh, ‘Novorossiisk “Beskozyrka 2011”’, Munitsipal'naia novostnaia lenta, 4 February 2011, <http://www.nrnews.ru/news/?id=42581> [accessed 9 February 2011].
47. Marina Rybkina, ‘Kuda vedet ulitsa Generala Shkuro?’, NR, 5 December 2015, <www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/13959> [accessed 22 March 2016]; and Marina Rybkina, ‘Ulitse naidut drugoe imia’, NR, 16 December 2015, <www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/13982> [accessed 22 March 2016].
48. See further Julie Buckler and Emily D. Johnson, ‘Introduction’, in Rites of Place: Public Commemoration in Russia and Eastern Europe, eds Julie Buckler and Emily D. Johnson (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2013), pp. 3–12, p. 6.
Part IV Meetings of Generations: Teaching the Young to Remember
1. ‘Remember!/Across the centuries, across the years, –/remember!/About those who will never return, –/remember!’ From Robert Rozhdestvenskii's ‘Rekviem’ (1960): Robert Rozhdestvenskii: Sobranie sochinenii v trekh tomakh, Vol. 2 (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1985), pp. 205–18.
2. Andrei Maliukov, My iz budushchego (Russia: 2008), the first of a trilogy of films.
3. I. Irwin-Zarecka, Frames of Remembrance: The Dynamics of Collective Memory (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1994); T.G. Ashplant, et al., ‘The Politics of War Memory and Commemoration: Contexts, Structures and Dynamics’, in The Politics of War, Memory and Commemoration, eds T.G. Ashplant, Graham Dawson and Michael Roper (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 3–85; and Peter Carrier, ‘Political and Ethical Contexts of Collective Memories of the Second World War’, in Recalling the Past–(Re)constructing the Past: Collective and Individual Memory of World War II in Russia and Germany, eds Withold Bonner and Arja Rosenholm (Iyvaskyla, Finland: Gummerus, 2008), pp. 245–55.
4. For example Maurice Halbachs: ‘Often we deem ourselves the originators of thoughts and ideas, feelings and passions, actually inspired by some group.’ (Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, trans. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 1992) (originally published 1925), cited in Jeffrey K. Olick, Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi and Daniel Levy, eds, The Collective Memory Reader (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 139.
5. See Emile Durkheim, Moral Education, trans. E.K. Wilson (New York: Free Press, 1961) (first published 1925); Marc Bloch, ‘Mémoire Collective, Tradition et Coutume: A propos d'un Livre Récent’, Revue de Synthèse Historique/40 (1925), pp. 73–83; Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, 1992; and Edward Shils, Tradition (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1981).
6. Nina Tumarkin, The Living and the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia (New York: BasicBooks, 1994), p. 133.
Chapter 13 Genes and Generations: Informal Transmission of Memory in the Family
1. George Steiner, In Bluebeard's Castle: Some Notes towards the Re-definition of Culture (London: Faber and Faber, 1971), p. 13.
2. A. Eremenko and K. Podyma, Imenem Rossii narechennyi (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1988), pp. 352–8; V. Saloshenko, Obiazan skazat’ (Krasnodar: Severnyi Kavkaz, 1998), p. 16; and Raisa Sokolova, Beskozyrka (Novorossiisk: Departament kul'tury Krasnodarskogo kraia, c. 2005), p. 10.
3. Evgenii Lapin, ‘Novorossiisk pomnit’, NR, 18 September 2013, <http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/10115> [accessed 13 December 2013].
4. ‘“Belye chaiki” vzmyli nad Maloi zemlei’, Ofitsial'nyi sait administratsii i Dumy munitsipal'nogo obrazovaniia gorod-geroi Novorossiisk, 3 February 2017, <http://admnvrsk.ru/o-gorode/novosti/glavnye-novosti/news-20170203145257-234523/> [accessed 8 February 2017].
5. From the final stanza of Lermontov's ‘Borodino’ (1837) in M.Iu Lermontov: Stikhotvoreniia, Vol. 1 (Moscow: Russkaia kniga, 1996), pp. 9–12.
6. ‘Putin Hails Russian Military’, BBC News, 9 May 2000, <news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/741415.stm> [accessed 30 May 2016].
7. ‘Miting v podderzhku kandidata v Prezidenty RF Vladimir Putina sobral 130 tysiach chelovek’, Pervyi kanal, 23 December 12, <www.1tv.ru/news/election/199798> [accessed 21 March 2014].
8. Serguei Oushakine, The Patriotism of Despair: Nation, War and Loss in Russia (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2009), p. 6.
9. ‘The harsh weather reminded their descendants of the conditions in which Kunikov's troops landed in the icy waves of the Black Sea': Evgenii Rozhanskii, ‘Zashchitnikam tvoim, podvigu tvoemu, Novorossiisk’, NR, 5 February 2014, <http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/11327> [accessed 7 February 2014].
10. Katharine Hodgkin and Susannah Radstone, eds, Contested Pasts: The Politics of Memory (London: Routledge, 2003), pp. 135 and 153.
11. See Nina Tumarkin, The Living and the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia (New York: BasicBooks, 1994), p. 144.
12. Prialkina, ‘Novorossiitsy chtiat i pomniat’, in Novorossiisk: Pamiat’ i Pravda o Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine (2005), pp. 150–3.
13. Tumarkin, The Living and the Dead, p. 144.
14. Prialkina, ‘Novorossiitsy chtiat i pomniat’, p. 151.
15. J.M. Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 94 and 98.
16. Alec Luhn, ‘Three Jailed in Russia for Dance Video Filmed at Novorossiysk War Memorial’, Guardian, 26 April 2015, <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/26/three-jailed-in-russia-dance-video-novorossiysk> [accessed 13 July 2016]; and ‘Gruppu devushek, stantsevavshikh tverk na fone memorial Malaia zemlia v Novorossiiske mogut privlech’ za khuliganstvo’, Pravda, 25 April 2015, <http://www.pravda.ru/news/society/fashion/25-04-2015/1257920-0/> [accessed 13 July 2016].
17. Harald Welzer, ‘Re-narrations: How Pasts Change in Conversational Remembering’, Memory Studies/3 (2010), p. 15.
18. Raphael Samuel and Paul Thompson, ‘Introduction’, in The Myths We Live By, eds R. Samuel and P. Thompson (London and New York: Routledge, 1990), pp. 1–22.
19. Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories and Monuments (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 5.
20. Welzer, ‘Re-narrations’, p. 15.
21. Jerome Bruner and Carol Fleischer Feldman, ‘Group Narrative as a Cultural Context of Autobiography’, in Remembering Our Past: Studies in Autobiographical Memory, ed. David C. Rubin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 291–317.
22. Catherine Merridale, Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Russia (London: Granta Books, 2000). For a non-Russian examination of the meaning of oppressive popular memory for individuals, see Roy Rosenzweig and David Thelen, ‘The Presence of the Past: Popular Uses of History in American Life’, in The Collective Memory Reader, eds Jeffrey K. Olick, Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi and Daniel Levy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 269–70.
23. Tumarkin, The Living and the Dead. The ‘complicated interweaving of the political and the personal’ is also recognised in Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, p. 5.
24. G. Sokolov, My s Maloi zemli (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1979), p. 157.
25. Alistair Thomson, Anzac Memories: Living with the Legend (Clayton, Australia: Monash University Publishing, 2013), pp. 11–2.
26. Michael Schudson, ‘Dynamics of Distortion in Collective Memory’, in Memory Distortion: How Minds, Brains, and Societies Reconstruct the Past, ed. Daniel Schacter (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 346–64, pp. 59–71.
27. Tumarkin, The Living and the Dead; Merridale, Night of Stone; and Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, p. 5.
28. Thomson, Anzac Memories.
29. Graham Carr, ‘War, History, and the Education of (Canadian) Memory’, in Contested Pasts: The Politics of Memory, eds Katharine Hodgkin and Susannah Radstone (London and New York: Routledge, 2003), pp. 57–78.
30. The necessity for the active role of key generations in the transmission of the past is discussed in Elizabeth Jelin and Susana G. Kaufman, ‘Layers of Memories: Twenty Years After in Argentina’, in The Politics of War, Memory and Commemoration, ed. T.G. Ashplant, Graham Dawson and Michael Roper (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 89–110.
31. Nikolai Kambulov, Gorod-geroi Novorossiisk (Moscow: Malysh, 1979).
32. J. Fentress and C. Wickham, Social Memory (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), pp. 140–2.
33. Catherine Merridale, ‘War, death and remembrance in Soviet Russia’, in War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century, eds Jay Winter and Emmanuel Sivan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 61–83.
34. Artemi Romanov, ‘Russian Grandparent–Grandchild Communications: Stories about the Past and Current Events’, Russian Journal of Communication/5 (2013), pp. 141–60.
35. Rozhanskii, ‘Zashchitnikam tvoim, podvigu tvoemu, Novorossiisk’; and Oksana Mashkarova ‘Lentochka Pobedy’, Novorossiiskii rabochii, 5 May 2011, <www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/2779> [accessed 9 May 2011].
36. Barbie Zelizer, ‘Why Memory's Work on Journalism does not Reflect Journalism's Work on Memory’, Memory Studies/1 (2008), pp. 79–87; and Carolyn Kitch, ‘Placing Journalism inside Memory – and Memory Studies’, Memory Studies/1 (2008), pp. 311–20.
37. See also Stephen M. Norris, ‘Memory for Sale: Victory Day 2010 and Russian Remembrance’, Soviet and Post-Soviet Review/38 (2011), pp. 201–29, pp. 215–9.
38. NR, 10 May 2013, pp. 5–12.
39. Steven Spielberg, Saving Private Ryan (USA: 1998).
40. Stephen M. Norris, Blockbuster History in the New Russia: Movies, Memory and Patriotism (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2012).
41. Olga Kucherenko, ‘That'll Teach'em to Love Their Motherland!: Russian Youth Revisit the Battles of World War II’, The Journal of Power Institutions in Post-Soviet Societies/12 (2011), paragraph 16.
42. Alison Landsberg, The Transformation of American Remembrance in the Age of Mass Culture (New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2004), pp. 2, 19 and 24.
43. Bessmertnyi polk, <http://www.moypolk.ru/novorossiysk> [accessed 27 April 2016]; and Igor’ Zakharov, ‘Zapisat’ dedushku v “Bessmertnyi polk”’, NR, 8 May 2013, <http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/8665> [accessed 27 April 2016].
44. V.I. Kondrat'ev, ‘S prazdnikom, s Dnem Pobedy!’, NR, 8 May 2016, <http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/14328> [accessed 9 May 2016].
Chapter 14 The Educational Role of Veterans
1. John McCrae, ‘In Flanders Fields’ (1915), in In Flanders Fields and Other Poems of the First World War (London: Arcturus, 2009), p. 128.
2. Marina Rybkina and Sergei Mukhtarov, ‘Putin v Novorossiiske chaevnichal s frontovnikami’, Novorossiiskii rabochii, 8 May 2010, p. 1.
3. G. Sokolov, My s Maloi zemli (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1979), p. 365.
4. V.A. Golikov, ed., Novorossiisk (Moscow: Planeta, 1978), p. 88.
5. Natalia Danilova, ‘Veterans’ Policy in Russia: A Puzzle of Creation’, in The Journal of Power Institutions in Post-Soviet Societies (2007), p. 3.
6. Mark Edele, ‘Collective Action in Soviet Society: The Case of War Veterans’, in Writing the Stalin Era: Sheila Fitzpatrick and Soviet Historiography, eds Golfo Alexopoulos, Julie Hessler and Kiril Tomoff (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), pp. 117–32, pp. 123–4.
7. V.D. Starikova, ‘Veteranskoe dvizhenie v Novorossiiske’, in Istoricheskie zapiski: Issledovanniia i materialy, vypusk 4, eds S.G. Novikov and T.V. Raskatova (Krasnodar: Kubanskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 2003), pp. 261–73, pp. 266–7.
8. Danilova, ‘Veterans' Policy in Russia’; and Serguei Oushakine, The Patriotism of Despair: Nation, War and Loss in Russia (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2009).
9. Starikova, ‘Veteranskoe dvizhenie v Novorossiiske’, pp. 269–70. See also Svetlana Aleksievich, U voiny – ne zhenskoe litso (Moscow: Palmira, 1985); and Roger D. Markwick, ‘“A Sacred Duty”: Red Army Women Veterans Remembering the Great Fatherland War, 1941–45’, in Recalling the Past–(Re)constructing the Past: Collective and Individual Memory of World War II in Russia and Germany, eds Withold Bonner and Arja Rosenholm (Iyvaskyla, Finland: Gummerus, 2008), pp. 315–26, pp. 315–16.
10. Danilova, ‘Veterans' Policy in Russia’, pp. 6–7; and Starikova, ‘Veteranskoe dvizhenie v Novorossiiske’, p. 271.
11. Pochta Rossii, <http://www.russianpost.ru/rp/company/ru/home/creativ/arhive/thank_fellow> [accessed 13 April 2014].
12. Danilova, ‘Veterans' Policy in Russia’, p. 7.
13. Oushakine, The Patriotism of Despair, p. 165.
14. Interviews with the Krasnodar veterans' councils representative and Councillor Andrievskii.
15. J.M. Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 40–54; and Jay Winter, Remembering War: The Great War between Memory and History in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 136.
16. In 2010 a poster advertised the following old favourites: In August 1944; The Ballad of the Soldier; The Second Front; The Cranes are Flying; Romance in the Field; and The Fall of the Third Reich.
17. Catherine Merridale, Ivan's War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939–1945 (New York: Picador, 2006), pp. 374–5.
18. See Stephen M. Norris, ‘Memory for Sale: Victory Day 2010 and Russian Remembrance’, Soviet and Post-Soviet Review/38 (2011), pp. 201–29.
19. Clément Marcel, ‘Pourquoi les Français Portent-ils des Bleuets le 11 Novembre et les Britanniques des Coquelicots?’, Le Monde, 11 November 2014, <http://www.lemonde.fr/les?decodeurs/article/2014/11/11/pourquoi?les?francais?portent?ils?des?bleuets?le?11?novembre?et?les?britanniques?des?coquelicots_4521931_4355770.html> [accessed 23 May 2016].
20. ‘Georgievskaia lentochka’, 9may.ru, <http://gl.9may.ru> [accessed 26 June 2012]; and Jennifer Iles, ‘In Remembrance: The Flanders Poppy’, Mortality/13 (2008), pp. 201–21.
21. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 1983).
22. 9may.ru, <http://gl.9may.ru> [accessed 26 June 2012]. On commercialisation, see Norris, ‘Memory for Sale’.
23. Norris, ‘Memory for Sale’, pp. 225–6.
24. Oksana Mashkarova ‘Lentochka Pobedy’, Novorossiiskii rabochii, 5 May 2011, <www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/2779> [accessed 9 May 2011].
25. Katherine Verdery, The Political Lives of Dead Bodies (Columbia University Press: New York, 1999), p. 29.
Chapter 15 Formal Education of the Younger Generation
1. ‘Tell your children about them [the war heroes],/so that they remember!/Tell your children's children about them,/so that they also remember!’ From Robert Rozhdestvenskii's ‘Rekviem’ (1960): Robert Rozhdestvenskii: Sobranie sochinenii v trekh tomakh, Vol. 2 (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1985), pp. 205–18.
2. For a nuanced study of patriotism amongst the young, comparing state and non-official values, see Anne Le Huérou, ‘Where Does the Motherland Begin? Private and Public Dimensions of Contemporary Russian Patriotism in Schools and Youth Organisations: A View from the Field’, Europe-Asia Studies/67 (2015), pp. 28–48.
3. All references are from the 55-page Bekar School syllabus for patriotic work in the academic year 2010–11 (Patrioticheskaia rabota: rabota s uchashchimsia, 2010–2011 uchebnyi god).
4. Catherine Merridale, ‘Amnesiac Nation’, Index on Censorship/34 (2005), pp. 76–82.
5. Anna Colin Lebedev, Le Coeur Politique des Mères: Analyse du Mouvement des Mères de Soldats en Russie (Paris: EHESS, 2013).
6. For a study of the fragmentation and collapse of the intergenerational chain of memory, see Danièle Hervieu-Leger, Religion as a Chain of Memory (Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000).
7. The role of the school in the transmission of memory is explored in J. Fentress and C. Wickham, Social Memory (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992). The transmission of war memory in Canadian schools, linking public history to private memory through the use of ‘retrospective identification’ of successive generations is discussed in Graham Carr, ‘War, History, and the Education of (Canadian) Memory’, in Contested Pasts: The Politics of Memory, eds Katharine Hodgkin and Susannah Radstone (London and New York: Routledge, 2003), pp. 57–78. Narrated through the prism of the family, idealised memory may cause tension in cases where the original event may have been ethically controversial, see Harald Welzer, ‘Re-narrations: How Pasts Change in Conversational Remembering’, Memory Studies/3 (2010). A new syllabus for Soviet history in Georgia is treated by Jay Winter, ‘Thinking about Silence’, in Shadows of War: A Social History of Silence in the Twentieth Century, eds E. Ben?Ze'ev, R. Ginio and J. Winter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 3–31, p. 29. For an analysis of reforms in school and university teaching of history in Russia, see Catherine Merridale, ‘Redesigning History in Contemporary Russia’, Journal of Contemporary History/38 (2003), pp. 13–28. For a thorough analysis of the school history curriculum, see Thomas Sherlock, Historical Narratives in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia: Destroying the Settled Past, Creating an Uncertain Future (New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), pp. 168–73. For recent history texts see David Wedgwood Benn, ‘The Teaching of History in Putin's Russia’, International Affairs/84 (2008), pp. 365–70.
8. M. Gallagher, The Soviet History of World War II: Myths, Memories and Realities (New York: Praeger, 1963).
9. Graham Lyons, ed., The Russian Version of the Second World War (London: Leo Cooper, 1976), p. 52.
10. R.W. Davies, Soviet History in the Gorbachev Revolution (London: Macmillan, 1989), pp. 34, 37 and 229.
11. Stephen F. Jones, ‘Old Ghosts and New Chains: Ethnicity and Memory in the Georgian Republic’, in Memory, History, and Opposition under State Socialism, ed. Rubie S. Watson (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research, 1994), pp. 149–65, p. 153. The place of the individual with respect to history is also discussed in Merridale, ‘Redesigning History in Contemporary Russia’. For the case with respect to the Vietnam War, see Marita Sturken, Tangled Memories: The Vietnam War, the AIDS Epidemic and the Politics of Remembering (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997).
12. Davies, Soviet History in the Gorbachev Revolution, pp. 9–10; Merridale, ‘Redesigning History in Contemporary Russia’, p. 16; and Sherlock, Historical Narratives in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia, pp. 2, 17 and 22.
13. Pravda, 13 January 1988, p. 3.
14. Sherlock, Historical Narratives in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia, pp. 168–74.
15. N.V. Zagladin, S.I. Kozlenko, S.T. Minakov and Iu.A. Petrov, Istoriia Rossii. XX–nachalo XXI veka (Moscow: Russkoe slovo, 2007). Novorossiisk is mentioned on page 243.
16. A.V. Veka, Istoriia Rossii (Minsk and Moscow: Kharvest, 2003).
17. Ibid., pp. 872 and 890.
18. Ibid., pp. 891–2 and 928.
19. Stephen M. Norris, Blockbuster History in the New Russia: Movies, Memory and Patriotism (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2012), p. 116.
20. Roland Oliphant, ‘Russian Region Bans British Historians’ Books on Second World War’, The Telegraph, 5 August 2015, ˂http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/11786024/Russian?region?bans?British?historians?books?on?Second?World?War.html˃ [accessed 11 October 2016].
21. Oksana Mashkarova ‘Lentochka Pobedy’, Novorossiiskii rabochii, 5 May 2011, ˂www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/2779˃ [accessed 9 May 2011].
22. Marina Rybkina, NR, ‘Novorossiisk nikogda ne snimet beskozyrku’, 2 February 2017, ˂http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/14884˃ [accessed 7 February 2017].
23. James V. Wertsch, Voices of Collective Remembering (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
24. Merridale, ‘Amnesiac Nation’, pp. 79–81.
25. For an examination of the relationship between myth and history in the Soviet Union and modern Russia, with an analysis of Putin's exploitation of myth for political expediency, see Sherlock, Historical Narratives in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia.
26. For example: In Memory of the Heroic Landings; Novorossiisk: History and Modernity; The Strategy for Victory; and Georgii Zhukov: Military Leader.
27. ‘Vneklassnoe meropriiatie “V pamiati i serdtse navsegda”’, Munitsipal'naia novostnaia lenta, 4 February 2011, ˂http://www.nrnews.ru/news/?id=42580˃ [accessed 9 February 2011].
28. However, Thomas Wolfe points to ‘hypocrisy and bad faith’ around the deployment of veterans in schools: Thomas C. Wolfe, ‘Past as Present, Myth, or History? Discourses of Time and the Great Fatherland War’, in The Politics of Memory in Postwar Europe, eds Richard Ned Lebow, Wulf Kansteiner and Claudio Fogu (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2006), pp. 249–83, p. 266.
29. For example, Tamara Iurina, Teleurok grazhdanstvennosti, posviashchennyi 40-letiiu operatsii ‘Beskozyrka’ (Russia: Novaia Rossiia, 3 February 2008).
30. Merridale, ‘Redesigning History in Contemporary Russia’, p. 27.
31. For example, <http://www.pobediteli.ru>; <http://www.battlefield.ru>; and <http://.iremember.ru>. See Stephen M. Norris, ‘Memory for Sale: Victory Day 2010 and Russian Remembrance’, Soviet and Post-Soviet Review/38 (2011), pp. 201–29, pp. 201–21.
32. Tat'iana Staroverova, ‘Novorossiiskii kraeved Galina Krympokha: Snova rvu na sebe tel'niashku’, Zhivaia Kuban’, 1 December 2010, ˂http://www.livekuban.ru/node/216972˃ [accessed 28 January 2011].
33. ‘Urok muzhestva “Spasibo im, geroiam, v bitvakh pavshim …”’, MNL, 7 February 2011, ˂http://www.nrnews.ru/news/?id=42589˃ [accessed 4 January 2015]; and ‘Bibliotechnye uroki “Vstretimsia u Vechnogo ognia”’, MNL, 1 February 2011, ˂http://www.nrnews.ru/news/?id=42540˃ [accessed 1 February 2012].
34. Tsentralizovannaia sistema detskikh bibliotek goroda Novorossiiska, ˂http://www.bibldetky.ru/vystavka/1801-vystavka.html˃ [accessed 23 April 2014].
35. On the concept of kraevedenie, see S.G. Novikov, ‘Istoricheskoe kraevedenie v svete kontseptual'nogo osmysleniia mestnoi istorii’, in Istoricheskie zapiski: Issledovanniia i materialy, vypusk 4, eds S.G. Novikov and T.V. Raskatova (Krasnodar: Kubanskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 2003), pp. 300–9; and Emily D. Johnson, How St. Petersburg Learned to Study Itself: The Russian Idea of Kraevedenie (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006).
36. Nina Tumarkin, The Living and the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia (New York: BasicBooks, 1994), p. 134; and Elena Trubina, ‘“You Can See Now Just How Small All of You Are”: Rhetorical Spaces of Volgograd’, in Recalling the Past–(Re)constructing the Past: Collective and Individual Memory of World War II in Russia and Germany, eds Withold Bonner and Arja Rosenholm, Iyvaskyla (Finland: Gummerus, 2008), pp. 21–9.
37. V.D. Starikova, ‘Veteranskoe dvizhenie v Novorossiiske’, in Istoricheskie zapiski: Issledovanniia i materialy, vypusk 4, eds S.G. Novikov and T.V. Raskatova (Krasnodar: Kubanskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 2003), pp. 261–73, p. 268.
38. Novorossiiskii iunarmeiskii Post No. 1: 35 let (Novorossiisk: Munitsipal'noe obrazovanie gorod-geroi Novorossiisk, 2010), p. 1.
39. A. Karavaev, ‘Post odin na ploshchadi geroev’, in Iubileinyi sbornik, ed. Galina V. Utiugina (Novorossiisk: Poeticheskii klub ‘Daktil’’, 2010), p. 19.
40. J. Lennon and M. Foley, Dark Tourism: The Attraction of Death and Disaster (London: Continuum, 2000).
41. Tumarkin, The Living and The Dead, pp. 14–5 and 152–3.
42. On patriotic youth clubs in other towns, see Marlene Laruelle, ‘Patriotic Youth Clubs in Russia: Professional Niches, Cultural Capital and Narratives of Social Engagement’, Europe-Asia Studies/67 (2015), pp. 8–27.
43. Andrew Wilson, Virtual Politics: Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005).
44. Ivo Mijnssen, The Quest for an Ideal Youth in Putin's Russia I: Back To Our Future! History, Modernity, and Patriotism According to Nashi, 2005–2013 (Stuttgart: Ibidem, 2014).
45. ‘Rosmolodezh’ otkazalas’ ot Foruma “Seliger”’, Interfax, 15 March 2015, ˂http://www.interfax.ru/russia/430983˃ [accessed 19 February 2017].
Conclusion Looking Back to the Future
1. G.P. Bondar’, Uroki muzhestva (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1982), p. 98.
2. Andrei Shal'opa, 28 panfilovtsev (St Petersburg: Libyan Palette Studios, 2016).
3. Mazhit Begalin, Za nami Moskva (USSR: Kazakhfil'm, 1967).
4. Vasilii Koroteev, ‘Zaveshchanie 28 pavshikh geroev’, Krasnaia zvezda, 28 November 1941, p. 1.
5. ‘Russian Archives Cast Doubt on Legends of Soviet War Heroes’, The Moscow Times, 9 July 2015, <https://themoscowtimes.com/news/russian-archives-cast-doubt-on-legends-of-soviet-war-heroes-48026> [accessed 15 November 2016]; Shaun Walker, ‘Russian War Film Set to Open amid Controversy over Accuracy of Events’, Guardian, 23 November 2016, <https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/nov/23/russian-war-film-set-to-open-against-controversy-over-accuracy-of-events> [accessed 23 November 2016]; and ‘Panfilov's 28 Men: Is Russian War Movie the Whole Story?’, BBC, 24 November 2016,<http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-38083603> [accessed 27 November 2016].
6. Andrew Pulver, ‘Russian Film about Disputed Wartime Action Wins Putin's Support’, 11 October 2016, Guardian, <https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/oct/11/vladimir-putin-panfilovs-28-men-film-screening-astana-kazakhstan> [accessed 11 October 2016].
7. Elena Kostomarova, ‘Rezhisser fil'ma “28 panfilovtsev”: “otstupat’ nekuda”’, 16 November 2014, Argumenty i fakty, <http://www.aif.ru/culture/movie/1382520> [accessed 11 October 2016].
8. Shal'opa, 28 panfilovtsev, <http://28panfilovcev.com> [accessed 11 October 2016]; Harry Bone, ‘Putin Backs WW2 Myth in New Russian Film’, BBC, 11 October 2016, <www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-37595972> [accessed 11 October 2106].
9. Shaun Walker, ‘From one Vladimir to Another: Putin Unveils Huge Statue in Moscow’, Guardian, 4 November 2016, <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/04/vladimir-great-statue-unveiled-putin-moscow> [accessed 15 November 2016].
10. See, for example, Putin's state of the nation address to parliament, ‘Ezhegodnoe poslanie Prezidenta RF Vladimira Putina Federal'nomu Sobraniiu’, Pervyi kanal, 4 December 2014, <http://www.1tv.ru/news/polit/273180> [accessed 4 December 2014].
11. Tat'iana Staroverova, ‘V Novorossiiske glava gosudarstva skorrektiroval plany portokivov’, Novorossiiskii rabochii, 26 September 2014, <http://www.novorab.ru/ArticleSection/Details/12606> [accessed 20 October 2014].
12. Bondar’, Uroki muzhestva, p. 58; and I.S. Shiian, Novorossiisk – gorod-geroi (Moscow: Voennoe izdatel'stvo Ministerstva oborony SSSR, 1982), p. 70.
Appendix I Some Comments from Citizens of Novorossiisk
1. ‘Mify – ne rify, no v farvatere “Beskozyrki” – ni k chemu!’, Novorossiiskie izvestiia, 16 February 2011, <http://novodar.ru/index.php/novohistory-punkt/2148-mnrnvfbnkch-02-2011> [accessed 21 December 2011].