Introduction
1 Denkschrift: uber die russische: Landbefestigung, published by the German army in 1942.
2 P. Chamberlain, H. Doyle and T. Jentz, Encyclopaedia of German Tanks of World War Two, (Arms and Armour Press, London, 1978).
Chapter 1
1 Q. Hughes, ‘Some Thoughts on the Rotating Gun Platform’, Fort, Vol. 19 (1991), pp.59–72.
2 A. Lecomte, ‘The Séré de Rivière Fortifications 1873–1914’, Fort, Vol. 17 (1989), pp.43–56.
3 H. Jäger, ‘The Model Fort of Kaiser Wilhelm II in the Sanssouci Park’, Fort, Vol. 22 (1994), pp.39–56.
4 W. Lacoste, ‘Die Festung Neubreisach und die Rheinbrückenköpfe im System der deutschen Oberrheinbefestigungen 1871–1916’, DAWA Nachrichten, Sonderheft 29 (1997), pp.37–40
5 D. Crow and R. Icks, Encyclopedia of Armoured Cars and Half Tracks (Barrie and Jenkins Ltd, London, 1976), p.61.
Chapter 2
1 E. Hitriak, e–mail to author dated 8 June 2004.
2 S. Zaloga, ‘Tank Archeology in Poland’, Journal of Military Ordnance (March 1999), pp.26–28.
3 E. Coenen and F. Vernier, La Position Fortifiee De Liege, Tome 2, Les Abris de la PFL 1 (De Krijger, Erpe), p.41.
4 J–Y. Mary and A. Hohnadel, Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome Deux (Histoire & Collections, Paris, 2001), p.148.
5 C. Tavard, Bellona Military Vehicle Prints Series 24 (Model and Allied Publications Ltd, Hemel Hempstead, 1970), p.11.
Chapter 3 – Part 1
1 Bundesarchiv, RH11 III/143.
2 BA, RH11 III/128.
3 Ibid.
4 Unless otherwise stated the turret details are taken from original German records, principally BA, RH11 III/128. The data on Availability is taken from a report dated 5 May 1944 in T. Jentz, ‘Panzerstellung – Part Three’, AFV News, Vol. 9, No. 5 (September 1974), pp.10–11 and details on locations from a report dated 26 March 1945 in T. Jentz, ‘Panzerstellung – Part Four – Type and Location’, AFV News, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Jan.–Apr. 1988), p.20.
5 D. Fletcher, Librarian, Bovington Tank Museum letter to author dated 28 November 2000.
6 B. Perrett, The Churchill. Armour in Action 4 (Ian Allan Ltd, London,1974), p.14.
7 T. Jentz, ‘Panzerstellung – Part Three’, AFV News, Vol. 9, No.5 (September 1974), pp.10–11.
8 BA, RH11 III/143.
9 P. Chamberlain, H. L. Doyle and T. L. Jentz, Encyclopedia of German Tanks of World War Two (Arms and Armour Press, London, 1978), p.213.
10 S. Zaloga, The Renault FT Light Tank, Osprey Vanguard 46 (Osprey Publishing Ltd, London, 1988), p.42.
11 W. Regenberg and H. Scheibert, Beutepanzer unterm Balkenpanzer, Französische Kampfpanzer, Waffen Arsenal 121 (Podzun–Pallas–Verlag, Friedberg, 1990), p.6.
12 Report dated 5 May 1944 in T. Jentz, ‘Panzerstellung – Part Three’, AFV News, Vol. 9, No. 5 (September 1974), pp.10–11.
13 L. Bertelsen, e–mail to author dated 25 February 2004.
14 W. J. Spielberger, Beute–Kraftfahrzeuge und Panzer der deutschen Wehrmacht (Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart, 1989), p.147.
15 P. Chamberlain, H. L. Doyle and T. L. Jentz, op.cit., p.220.
16 Ibid., p.218.
17 W. Regenberg and H. Scheibert, Captured Tanks Under the German Flag (Schiffer Publishing Ltd, Pennsylvania, 1990), p.26.
18 W. J. Spielberger, op.cit., p.185.
19 P. Chamberlain, H. L. Doyle and T. L. Jentz, op.cit., p.215.
20 W. Fleischer, ‘Festungs Panzerturm 38(t)’, KIT, 3 (1992), pp.76–78.
21 J. Stahlmann, ‘Felmäßigen Anlagen in Stahlbetonbauweise Bauformen’, IBA Informationen, Sonderheft 9 (1985), pp.3–103.
22 P. Chamberlain, H. L. Doyle and T. L. Jentz, op.cit., p.226.
23 Der Oberbefehlshaber Südwest (Oberkommando Heeresgruppe C) Ia Nr.7391/45 dated 13 January 1945.
24 Ibid., p.228.
25 P. Chamberlain, H. L. Doyle and T. L. Jentz, op.cit., p.229.
26 BA, RH11 III 147 K3.
27 BA, RH11 III 147 K9.
28 BA, RH11 III 147 K2 and K4.
29 Der Oberbefehlshaber Südwest (Oberkommando Heeresgruppe C) Ia Nr.7391/45 dated 13 January 1945.
30 P. Chamberlain, H. L. Doyle and T. L. Jentz, op.cit, p.229.
31 T. L. Jentz and H. L. Doyle, Panzer Tracts No.21–1 Stände mit Pz.Kpfw. Türmen (Panzer Tracts, Boyd MD, 2004), pp.21–44.
32 W. Regenberg and H. Scheibert, op.cit., p.11.
33 J. Milsom, AFV/Weapons Profiles No 37 Russian BT Series (Profile Publications Ltd, Windsor, 1971).
34 F. Hahn, Waffen und Geheimwaffen des deutschen Heeres 1933–45 (Bernard & Graefe Verlag, Koblenz, 1986), p.174.
35 M. Gross, Der Westwall zwischen Niederrhein und Schnee– Eifel (Rheinland–Verlag GMBH, Köln, 1989), p.382.
36 Anonymous, ‘Bildheft Neuzeitlicher Stellungbau’, Merkblatt 57/5,15 September 1942. Reprinted as German Fieldworks of World War II (Bellona Publications Limited, Bracknell, 1969).
37 BA, RH11 III/143.
38 W. Regenberg and H. Scheibert, op.cit., p.7.
39 P. Chamberlain, H. L. Doyle and T. L. Jentz, op.cit., p.27.
40 T. L. Jentz and H. L. Doyle, op.cit., p.21–4.
41 BA, RH11 III/143.
42 Anonymous, ‘Gepanzerte Kampfstande’, Waffen Revue, 23 (1976), pp.3,721–3,737.
43 T. L. Jentz and H. L. Doyle, op.cit., p.21–6.
44 BA, RH12–20/45, p.79 and p.83.
45 P. Chamberlain, H. L. Doyle and T. L. Jentz, op.cit., p.34.
46 BA, RH11 III/143.
47 T. L. Jentz and H. L. Doyle, op.cit., p.21–14.
48 BA, RH11 III/143.
49 T. L. Jentz and H. L. Doyle, op.cit, p.21–14.
50 BA, RH11 III/143.
51 T. L. Jentz and H. L. Doyle, op.cit, p.21–17.
52 T. Basarabowicz, ‘German Strongpoint Still in Poland’, Tankette, 28/1 (1993), p.2.
53 M. Gross, op.cit., p.353.
54 T. L. Jentz and H. L. Doyle, op.cit., pp.21–22.
55 BA, RH11 III/143.
56 P. Chamberlain, H. L. Doyle and T. L. Jentz, op.cit., p.67.
57 T. L. Jentz and H. L. Doyle, op.cit., pp.21–32.
58 BA, RH11 III/149 dated 10 February 1945.
59 W. Fleischer, ‘Festungs Panzerturm 38(t)’, KIT, 3 (1992), pp.76–78.
60 T. L. Jentz and H. L. Doyle, Panzer Tracts No.6 Schwere Panzerkampfwagen (Panzer Tracts, Boyd MD), p.6–2.
61 BA, RH11 III/143.
62 M. Gross, op.cit., p.353.
63 BA, RH11 III/143.
64 T. L. Jentz and H. L. Doyle, Panzer Tracts No. 6 Schwere Panzerkampfwagen (Panzer Tracts, Boyd MD), p.6–8.
65 T. L. Jentz and H. L. Doyle, Panzer Tracts No.21–1 Stände mit Pz.Kpfw. Türmen (Panzer Tracts, Boyd MD, 2004), pp.21–35.
66 BA, RH11 III/143.
67 T. L. Jentz and H. L. Doyle, Panzer Tracts No.21–1 Stände mit Pz.Kpfw. Türmen (Panzer Tracts, Boyd MD, 2004), p.21–29.
68 W. Fleischer, ‘Festungs Panzerturm 38(t)’, KIT, 3 (1992), p.76–78.
69 V. Francev and C. K. Kliment, Praga LT vz.38 (MBI, Prague, Czechsolovakia, 1997), p.33.
70 T. L. Jentz and H. L. Doyle, Panzer Tracts No.21–1 Stände mit Pz.Kpfw. Türmen (Panzer Tracts, Boyd MD, 2004), p.21–29.
71 BA, RH11 III/143.
72 W. Fleischer, Feldbefestigungen des deutschen Heeres 1939–1945 (Podzun–Pallas, 1998), p.57.
73 W. Fleischer, ‘Festungs Panzerturm 38(t)’, KIT, 3 (1992), pp.76–78.
74 Anonymous, ‘Gepanzerte Kampfstande’ Waffen Revue, 23 (1976),pp.3,721–3,737.
75 T. L. Jentz and H. L. Doyle, Panzer Tracts No.21–1 Stände mit Pz.Kpfw. Türmen (Panzer Tracts, Boyd MD, 2004), p.21–28.
76 Ibid., p.21–28.
77 T. L. Jentz and H. L. Doyle, Panzer Tracts No.21–1 Stände mit Pz.Kpfw. Türmen (Panzer Tracts, Boyd MD, 2004), p.21–28.
78 T. Gander and P. Chamberlain, Small Arms, Artillery and Special Weapons of the Third Reich (MacDonald and Jane’s, London, 1978), p.277.
79 BA, RH11 III/144.
80 BA, RH11 III/144.
81 BA, RH11 III/128 from original document dated Nov. 1944.
82 Anonymous, ‘Gepanzerte Kampfstande’ Waffen Revue, 23 (1976), pp.3,721–3,737.
83 D. Bettinger and M. Büren, Der Westwall Vol.1 (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1990), p.564.
84 BA, RH11 III/149 K2.
85 BA, RH11 III/149.
86 P. Chamberlain, H. L. Doyle and T. L. Jentz, op.cit., p.202.
87 J. Stahlmann, ‘Felmäßigen Anlagen in Stahlbetonbauweise Bauformen’, IBA Informationen, Sonderheft 9 (1985), p.102.
88 W. Fleischer, ‘Die Bergung einer 75mm KwK 51 L/24 aus der Festung Frankfurt/Oder’, IBA Informationen, Heft 18 (1991), pp.25–33.
89 P. Chamberlain, H. L. Doyle and T. L. Jentz, op.cit., p.192.
90 Report dated 5 May 1944 in T. Jentz, ‘Panzerstellung – Part Three’, AFV News, Vol. 9, No. 5 (September 1974), pp.10–11.
91 Report dated 26 March 1945 in T. Jentz, ‘Panzerstellung – Part Four – Type and Location’, AFV News, Vol. 23 No.1 (Jan.–Apr. 1988), p.20.
92 W. Fleischer, ‘Die Bergung einer 75mm KwK 51 L/24 aus der Festung Frankfurt/Oder’, IBA Informationen, Heft 18 (1991), pp.25–33.
Chapter 3 – Part 2
1 T. Davenport, Festung Alderney – The German Defences of Alderney (Barnes Publishing Limited, 2003).
2 R. Heaume, ‘Panzers in Guernsey’, Channel Islands Occupation Review (1979), pp.38–42.
3 Much of the information for this section was taken from L. Bertelsen, ‘Ringstände in Dänemark – Die Bauformen 58c–69 (201–260)’, IBA Informationen, Heft 39 (2003), pp.3–16 and subsequent communication with the author.
4 A. Johansen, e–mail to author dated 1 October 2000.
5 A. Chazette, Atlantikwall Südwall – Sur les Traces du Temps (Les Editions Histoire et Fortifications, Paris), p.296.
6 Imperial War Museum, M114/264(G).
7 J. E. Kaufmann and H. W. Kaufmann, Fortress Third Reich – German Fortifications and Defence Systems in World War II (Greenhill Books, London, 2003), p.328.
8 J. Miniewicza et al., ‘Niemieckie Fortyfikacje Doliny Rudawy’, Fortyfikacja, Tom III (1995), pp.119–136.
9 J. Miniewicz and B. Perzyk, Miedzyrzecki Rejon Umocniony 1934–1945 (MEGI, Warsaw, 1993), p.70.
10 R. Riccio, Italian Tanks and Fighting Vehicles of World War 2 (Pique Publications, Watford, 1975), p.16.
11 P. Chamberlain, H. L. Doyle and T. L. Jentz, Encyclopedia of German Tanks of World War Two (Arms and Armour Press, London, 1978) p.229.
12 Bundesarchiv, RH20–10/170b.
13 Note from Armee Oberkommando Der Chef des Generalstabes to OB Sudwest Gen d. Pi. On 3 September 1944. See BA, RH20–10/170a.
14 W. Jackson, The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol.VI, Victory in the Mediterranean, Part II, June to October 1944 (HMSO, London, 1987), p.104.
15 M. Sledzinski, e–mail to author dated 16 July 2003.
16 W. Jackson, The Battle for North Africa 1940–43 (Mason Charter, New York, 1975), p.121.
17 Ibid., p.130.
18 Ibid., p.200.
19 BA, RH12–20/45, p.84.
20 BA, RH12–20/45, p.83 and p.89.
21 D. Bettinger and M. Büren, Der Westwall Vol. 1 (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1990), p.551 and p.564.
22 BA, RH11 III/159 p.9.
23 BA, RH12 20/45 p.79 and p.89.
24 M. Gross, Der Westwall zwischen Niederrhein und Schnee–Eifel (Rheinland–Verlag GMBH, Köln, 1989), p.353.
25 J. E. Kaufmann and H.W. Kaufmann, Fortress Third Reich – German Fortifications and Defence Systems in World War II(Greenhill Books, London, 2003), p.273.
26 G. L. Rottman, Japanese Pacific Island Defenses 1941–45 – Fortress 1 (Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2003), p.56.
27 G. L. Rottman, The Marshall Islands 1944 – Campaign 146 (Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2004), p.35 and p.76.
28 W. Fleischer, ‘Die Bergung einer 75mm KwK 51 L/24 aus der Festung Frankfurt/Oder’, IBA Informationen, Heft 18 (1991), pp.25–33.
29 D. Bettinger and M. Büren, Der Westwall Vol. 2 (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1990), p.213.
30 BA, RH11 III/159, p.164.
31 D. Bettinger and M. Büren, Der Westwall Vol. 1 (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1990), p.580.
32 BA, RH11 III/189 K5, p.132.
33 P. Chamberlain, H. L. Doyle and T. L. Jentz, op.cit., p.113.
34 P. Malmassari, Les Trains Blindés 1826–1989 (Editions Heimdal, Bayeux Cedex, 1989), p.54.
35 W. Sawodny, German Armoured Trains in World War II Volume II (Schiffer Publishing Ltd, Pennsylvania, 1990), p.24.
36 R. Hadler, ‘Floating German Armour, or, River Monitors During WW2’, Tankette, 31/1 (1996), p.5.
Chapter 3 – Part 3
1 Canadian National Archives, RG24 Vol. 10755 Technical Intelligence Summary No. 30.
2 Bundesarchiv, RH11III/150.
3 D. Bettinger and M. Büren, Der Westwall Vol. 2 (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1990), p.219.
4 CNA, RG24 Vol. 10755 Technical Intelligence Summary No. 30.
5 Ibid.
6 BA, RH12–20/44 p.174.
7 CNA, RG24 Vol. 10755 Technical Intelligence Summary No. 30.
8 T. L. Jentz and H. L. Doyle, Panzer Tracts No.21–2 Pantherturm I und II (Panther Turrets on Steel, Concrete and Wood Stands (Panzer Tracts, Boyd MD, 2005), p.21–54.
9 CNA, RG24 Vol. 10755 Technical Intelligence Summary No. 30.
10 BA, RH11 III/150 Drawing WA Pruf Fest IV No 827.
11 BA, RH12–20/44.
12 BA, RH12 20/45, p.128.
13 BA, RH11 III/150.
14 BA, RH12–20/44, p.265–268.
15 BA, RH12–20/44, p.174.
16 Ibid.
17 BA, RH11 III/105, p.66.
18 T. L. Jentz and H. L. Doyle, Panzer Tracts No.21–2 Pantherturm I und II (Panther Turrets on Steel, Concrete and Wood Stands (Panzer Tracts, Boyd MD, 2005), p.21–64.
19 BA, RH12–20/44, p.200.
20 BA, RH 12–20/44, p.198.
21 C. Molony, The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol.VI, Victory in the Mediterranean, Part I, 1st April to 4th June 1944 (HMSO, London, 1986), p.185.
22 Ibid., p.124
23 J–Y. Nasse, Green Devils! – German Paratroopers 1939–1945 (Histoire & Collections, Paris, 1997), p.112.
24 CNA, RG24 Vol. 6933, The Italian Campaign, 4 January 1944–4 June 1944, p.83.
25 BA, RH20–14/48.
26 Letter from OKH Group C dated 19 December 1944.
27 G. Tessin, Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939–1945 (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1976), p.331.
28 G. F. Nafziger, The German Order of Battle: Panzers and Artillery in World War II (Greenhill Books, 1999), p.353.
29 BA, RH20–14/48.
30 BA, RH11 III/159, p.147.
31 Report dated 26 March 1945 in T. Jentz, ‘Panzerstellung – Part Four – Type and Location’, AFV News, Vol. 23 No.1 (Jan.–Apr. 1988), p.20.
32 BA, RH20–10/170b.
33 BA, RH20–10/170a.
34 D. Guglielmi, Panzer in Italy (Publimodel, Taranto, 2001), p.211.
35 Maj L. Smith (ex RTR) letter to author dated 24 January 1991.
36 Maj L. Smith (ex RTR) letter to author dated 24 January 1991 and E. Thomas (ex 12 RTR) letter to author dated 19 Nov 1992.
37 D. Amicarella, ‘Anti–tank emplacements on the hills above Pistoia’ Storia & Battaglie, 10 (September 2001).
38 BA, RH20–14/48, p.43
39 Der Oberbefehlshaber Südwest (Oberkommando Heeresgruppe C) Ia Nr.7391/45 dated 13 January 1945.
40 BA, RH12–20/44.
41 AOK 1 War Diary dated 5 July 1944.
42 BA, RH12–20/45, pp.87–127 and BA, RH11 III/159.
43 BA, RH11 III/159, p.172
44 BA, RH12–20/45, p.48 and BA, RH11 III/205.
45 BA, RH12–20/44, p.265 and RH12–20/45 p.141.
46 BA, RH12–20/44, p.181.
47 BA, RH12–20/45, p.9.
48 BA, RH12–20/45, p.127.
49 BA, RH11 III/159, p.147.
50 T. L. Jentz and H. L. Doyle, Panzer Tracts No.21–2 Pantherturm I und II (Panther Turrets on Steel, Concrete and Wood Stands (Panzer Tracts, Boyd MD, 2005), p.21–82.
51 BA, RH12–20/45, pp.79–89.
52 BA, RH12–20/45, p.84.
53 M. Gross, Der Westwall zwischen Niederrhein und Schnee–Eifel (Rheinland–Verlag GMBH, Köln, 1989), p.354.
54 T. L. Jentz and H. L. Doyle, Panzer Tracts No.21–2 Pantherturm I und II (Panther Turrets on Steel, Concrete and Wood Stands (Panzer Tracts, Boyd MD, 2005), p.21–80.
55 BA, RH11 III/159, p.169.
56 F. Hahn, Waffen und Geheimwaffen des deutschen Heeres 1933–45 (Bernard & Graefe Verlag, Koblenz, 1986), p.174.
57 CNA, RG24, Vol. 1920, Operations of the 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade in Italy May 1944 to February 1945.
58 J. Ellis, Cassino. The Hollow Victory: The Battle For Rome January–June 1944 (Andre Deutsch, London, 1984), p.388.
59 Col W. N. Nicholson, The Suffolk Regiment 1928–1946 (The East Anglian Magazine Ltd, Ipswich), p.278.
60 Anonymous, North Irish Horse Battle Report North Africa – Italy 1943–1945 (W. & G. Baird, Belfast, 1946), p.35.
61 Col W. N. Nicholson, op.cit., p.279.
62 Maj W. H. Hare (C Squadron 51 RTR) telecon with author 31 January 1991.
63 CNA, RG24, Vol. 1920, Operations of the 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade in Italy May 1944 to February 1945.
64 G. Nicholson, The Canadians in Italy, Vol. II, Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War (Queen’s Printer, Ottawa, 1956), p.396.
65 W. D. Dawson, 18 Battalion and Armoured Regiment (War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington, New Zealand, 1961), p.544.
66 Ibid., pp.545–548.
67 J. Plowman, Rampant Dragons – New Zealanders in Armour in World War II (Kiwi Armour, Christchurch, New Zealand, 2002), pp.177–179.
68 New Zealand National Archives, WAII 1 401.28/3 Campaign Narrative compiled by AG Protheroe War History Branch, pp.29–57 and WA II 1 48/1/57 Appx 9, War Diary, 18th NZ Armoured Regiment.
69 R. Kay, Italy Volume II From Cassino to Trieste (Historical Publications Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington, New Zealand, 1967), p.232.
70 Ibid., p.232.
Chapter 4
1 R. M. Urrisk, Die Bewaffnung des österreichischen Bundesheeres 1918–1990 (H Weishaupt Verlag, Graz, 1990), p.131.
2 H. Jäger, ‘Kampfpanzer und Befestigungen Achtzig Jahre einer Symbiose’, Fortifikation, 10 (1996), pp.24–30.
3 R. Urrisk, e–mail to author dated 7 May 2004.
4 The International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance (Oxford University Press, London, 1988/89).
5 P. Blume, ‘The T34–85 in Austrian Army Service’, The Tankograd Gazette, No. 11 (January 2001), pp.04–07.
6 The International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance (Oxford University Press, London, 1990/91).
7 C. Vermeulen, e–mail to author dated 22 April 2003.
8 The International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance (Oxford University Press, London, 1997/98).
9 The International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance (Oxford University Press, London, 1991/92 and 2000/01).
10 M. Sledzinski, e–mail to author dated 24 Sept 2003.
11 The International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance (Oxford University Press, London, 1988/89).
12 The International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance (Oxford University Press, London, 1990/91).
13 M. Dubánek, ‘Ceskoslovensky zkusebni object s vezi z tanku PzKpfw IV’, Novodobe Fortifikace, No. 9 (2002), pp.49–54.
14 M. Dubánek, ‘Pevnostni object KZ–3 pro vez tanku T– 34’, Novodobe Fortifikace, No. 8 (2001), pp.55–60.
15 The International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance (Oxford University Press, London, 1988/89).
16 C. Foss, Jane’s Armour and Artillery (Jane’s Information Group, Coulsdon, Surrey, 2000/01).
17 The International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance (Oxford University Press, London, 2001/02).
18 D. Seguin, ‘Panzerstellung – Part Two’, AFV News, Vol. 9, No. 1 (January 1974), pp.4–5.
19 S. Zaloga, ‘Char Léger 1935R (Renault 35) R–35’, AFV News, Vol. 7, No. 4 (July 1972), pp.6–8.
20 Y. Delefosse, ‘Quand le Panzer devient Stellung’, Fortifications & Patrimoine, No.8 (1998), pp.2–8.
21 D. O’Hara, e–mail to author dated 30 November 2000.
22 T. Tsiplakos, letter to author dated 16 December 1992.
23 M. Truttmann, e–mail to author dated 21 July 2004.
24 T. Gannon, Israeli Sherman – Tracing the history of the Sherman tank in Israeli service (Darlington Productions Inc., Darlington, USA, 2001), pp.115–128.
25 Ibid., p.126.
26 Svein Wiiger Olsen, letter to author dated 10 May 2000.
27 C. Clerici, G. Muran and S. Poli, ‘Le Fortificazioni di Frontiera Italiana de Secondo Dopoguerra’, Notizie Ai Soc i– Gruppo di Studio Delle Fortificazioni Moderne, (Jan–Feb 1995), pp.13–22.
28 M. Milanese and E. Celotti, ‘La Fortezza va in Pensione’, Panorama Difesa, pp.59–63.
29 C. Vermeulen, e–mail to author dated 22 April 2003.
30 C. Clerici, G. Muran and S. Poli, ‘Le Fortificazioni di Frontiera Italiana de Secondo Dopoguerra’, Notizie Ai Soci – Gruppo di Studio Delle Fortificazioni Moderne, (Jan.–Feb. 1995), pp.13–22.
31 M. Milanese and E. Celotti, ‘La Fortezza va in Pensione’, Panorama Difesa, pp.59–63.
32 P. van Kerkum Brig. Gen. (rtd), letter to author dated 22 July 1997.
33 J. Beekmans and C. Schilt Drijvende stuwen voor de landsverdediging – Een geschiedenis van de IJssellinie (Uitgeverij Walburg Pers i.s.m. Stichting Menno van Coehoorn, Utrecht, 1997), p.146.
34 C. Vermeulen, e–mail to author dated 27 April 2003.
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid.
38 Svein Wiiger Olsen, E–mail to author dated 21 October 2001.
39 V. Kalinin, e–mail to author dated 1 May 2003.
40 Jane’s, International Defence Review, Vol. 13 (1980) No.1.
41 V. Kalinin, e–mail to author dated 1 May 2003.
42 V. Suvorov, Inside the Soviet Army (Hamish Hamilton Ltd, London, 1982), p.78.
43 S. J. Zaloga and J. Grandsen, Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two (Arms and Armour Press, London, 1989), p.184.
44 Ibid., p.175.
45 Ibid., p.176.
46 E. Hitriak, e–mail to author dated 4 June 2004.
47 B. Perzyk, ‘Karelski Rejon Umocniony – fortyfikacje nieznane’, Nowa Technika Wojskowa, (May 2002), pp.27–33.
48 S. J. Zaloga and J. Grandsen, op.cit., p.176.
49 Fuglewicz, ‘Uniwersalne stanowisko ogniowe Gorczak’, Nowa Technika Wojskowa, (October 2000), pp.23–26.
50 Jane’s, International Defence Review, Vol. 13 (1980) No. 1.
51 T. Roth (Head of Research Dept Armémuseum Stockholm), e–mail to author dated 10 September 2001.
52 C. Foss, Jane’s Armour and Artillery (Jane’s Information Group, Coulsdon, Surrey, 1994/95), p.749.
53 T. Roth (Head of Research Dept Armémuseum Stockholm), e–mail to author dated 10 September 2001.
54 G. Reiss, ‘Fortifications in Switzerland from 1860 to 1945’, Fort, Vol. 21 (1993), pp.19–54.
55 O. Schwitter, Swiss Revolving Armoured Turrets (PzT 10,5cm 1939 L 52) (Internet site, 2003).
56 S. Dunstan, Modern Combat Vehicles 2 – Centurion (Ian Allan Ltd, Surrey, 1980), p.119.
57 C. Vermeulen, e–mail to author dated 27 April 2003.
58 Ibid.
59 The International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance (Oxford University Press, London, 1986/87–2001/02).
60 B. Lowry (FSG), letter to M. Pinsent (FSG) dated 9 January 1998.
61 File 470.4 14 May 1945 courtesy of B. Smith, e–mail to author dated 6 November 2000.
62 Memorandum from director, Planning Divisions ASF to Assistant Chief of Staff G4 and General Staff dated 15 May 1945, courtesy of B. Smith, e–mail to author dated 6 November 2000.