CHAPTER ONE
1. A. Bullock, Hitler, London, 1952, p. 79
2. M. Gilbert, The Holocaust, London, 1987, p. 17
3. Personal Visits
4. J. Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning, Cambridge, 1995, pp. 92–3
5. G. Ward and E. Gibson, Courage Remembered, London, 1989, pp. 89–90
6. R. Whalen, Bitter Wounds, German Victims of the Great War, Ithaca, 1984, p. 33
7. V. Ackermann, ‘La vision allemande du soldat inconnu’, in J-J Becker et al, Guerres et cultures, 1914–18, Paris, 1994, pp. 390–1
8. F. Thébaud, ‘La guerre et le deuil chez les femmes françaises’, in Becker, Guerres, pp. 114–15
9. Whalen, p. 41
10. B. Jelavich, History of the Balkans, 2, Cambridge, 1985, p. 121
11. M. Brock in R. Evans and H.P. von Strandmann, The Coming of the First World War, Oxford, 1988, p. 169
12. K. Baedeker, Austria, Leipzig, 1900, pp. 432–4
13. G. Best, Humanity in Warfare, London, 1980, p. 140
14. see M. Howard, ‘Men Against Fire’, in P. Paret, Makers of Modern Strategy, Princeton, 1986, pp. 510–26
15. see German, French and Russian military district maps, Times History of the War, I, London, 1914
16. J. Lucas, Fighting Troops of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, N.Y., 1987, p. 84
17. A. Gordon, The Rules of the Game, London, 1996, pp. 354–5
CHAPTER TWO
1. J. Keegan, The Mask of Command, London, 1987, pp. 40–2
2. see especially G. Parker, Chapter 5, in W. Murray, M. Knox and A. Bernstein, The Making of Strategy, Cambridge, 1994
3. P. Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, Oxford, 1984, p. 26
4. J. Thompson, The Lifeblood of War, London, 1991, Chapter 2.
5. M. Howard, The Franco-Prussian War, London, 1981, pp. 26–7
6. J. Hittle, The Military Staff, Harrisburg, 1961, Chapter 2
7. C. Hibbert, The Destruction of Lord Raglan, London, 1984, pp. 15–16
8. D. Porch, The March to the Marne, Cambridge, 1981, p. 331
9. H. Nicolson, The Evolution of Diplomatic Method, London, 1954, p. 75
10. S. Kern, The Culture of Time and Space, Cambridge, Mass., 1983, pp. 270–3
11. B. Sullivan, ‘The Strategy of the Decisive Weight: Italy, 1882–1922’ in Murray, Knox and Bernstein, p. 332
12. N. Stone, ‘Moltke and Conrad’ in P. Kennedy, The War Plans of the Great Powers, London, 1979, p. 234
13. J. McDermot, ‘The Revolution in British Military Thinking from the Boer War to the Moroccan Crisis’ in Kennedy, p. 105
14. L. Turner, ‘The Significance of the Schlieffen Plan’ in Kennedy, p. 200
15. A. J. P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, Oxford, 1954, p. 317
16. G. Ritter, The Schlieffen Plan, London, 1958, p. 71
17. Ritter, pp. 22–5, 27–48, Maps 1, 2, 3, 6
18. G. Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, Princeton, 1955, pp. 278–9
19. H. Herwig, ‘Strategic Uncertainties of a nation state: Prussia-Germany, 1871–1918’, in Murray, Knox and Bernstein, p. 259
20. Herwig in Murray, Knox and Bernstein, p. 260
21. Ritter, p. 173
22. Ritter, p. 180
23. Ritter, p. 139
24. Ritter, p. 141
25. Ritter, p. 142
26. Ritter, p. 174
27. Ritter, p. 144
28. Ritter, p. 145
29. Ritter, p. 143
30. J. Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1914, I, London, 1928, Appendix 31
31. Edmonds, 1914, I, Sketch 5
32. Ritter, pp. 141, 178
33. A. Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen and Prussian War Planning, N.Y., 1991, p. 267
34. A. Gat, The Development of Military Thought, 2, Oxford, 1992, pp. 153–7
35. Etat-major de L’armée, Les armées françaises dans la grande guerre, Paris, 1922, 1, i, annexes, p. 21
36. S. Williamson, ‘Joffre Reshapes French Strategy’ in Kennedy, p. 145
37. Gat, p. 155
38. Williamson in Kennedy, p. 147
39. Williamson in Kennedy, p. 147
40. Williamson in Kennedy, p. 135
41. L. Sayder, The Ideology of the Offensive, Ithaca, 1984, p. 182
42. B. Menning, Bayonets Before Bullets: The Russian Imperial Army, 1861–1914, Bloomington, 1992, p. 245
43. Menning, pp. 247–8
44. quoted N. Stone in Kennedy, p. 224
45. Stone in Kennedy, p. 228
46. Stone in Kennedy, p. 223
47. G. Tunstall, Planning For War Against Russia and Serbia: Austro-Hungarian and German Military Strategies, 1871–1914, N.Y., 1993, p. 138
48. D. Herrmann, The Arming of Europe and the Making of the First World War, Princeton, 1996, p. 156
49. J. Gooch, ‘Italy During the First World War’ in A. Millett and W. Murray, Military Effectiveness, I, Boston, 1988, p. 294
50. Herrmann, p. 176
51. Bucholz, p. 309
52. Bucholz, p. 285
CHAPTER THREE
1. C. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire 1790–1918, London, 1968, p. 806
2. V. Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo, N.Y., 1996, pp. 374–5
3. Macartney p. 806
4. B. Jelavich, History of the Balkans, II, Cambridge, 1983, pp. 111–12
5. Macartney, p. 807
6. W. Jannon, The Lions of July, Novato, 1995, pp. 18–19
7. Jannon, p. 31
8. The Annual Register, 1914, London, 1915, p. 312
9. B. Tuchman, August 1914, London, 1962, p. 115
10. L. Albertini, The Origins of the War of 1914, II, London, 1953, p. 456
11. G. Tunstall, Planning for War Against Russia and Serbia: Austro-Hungarian and German Military Strategies, 1871–1914, N.Y., 1993, p. 83
12. Tunstall, p. 122
13. Albertini, II, p. 308
14. Turner in Kennedy, pp. 263–4
15. Turner in Kennedy, p. 264
16. Albertini, II, p. 538
17. Turner in Kennedy, p. 264
18. Turner in Kennedy, p. 265
19. J. Edmonds, A Short History of World War One, Oxford, 1951, pp. 130–3
20. Albertini, II, p. 491
21. Albertini, II, p. 555
22. Albertini, II, p. 557
23. Jannon, p. 220
24. Albertini, II, p. 674
25. Jannon, p. 239
26. Albertini, II, p. 572
27. Albertini, III, p. 31
28. Albertini, III, p. 40
29. Albertini, III, pp. 73–4
30. Albertini, III, pp. 69–70
31. Albertini, III, p. 183
CHAPTER FOUR
1. M. Paléologue, An Ambassador’s Memoirs, I, London, 1923, p. 52
2. Bullock, Hitler, p. 45
3. L. Moyer, Victory Must Be Ours, London, 1995, pp. 72–3
4. A. Grasser, Vingt jours de guerre aux temps héroïques, Paris, 1918, pp. 35–6
5. R. Cobb, ‘France and the Coming of War’ in Evans and Strandmann, p. 133
6. F. Nagel, Fritz, Huntington, 1981, pp. 15–19
7. Bucholz, p. 163
8. Bucholz, p. 278
9. Cobb in Evans and Strandmann, p. 136
10. P. Vansittart, Voices from the Great War, London, 1981, p. 25
11. L. Macdonald, 1914: The Days of Hope, London, 1987, p. 54
12. Macdonald, p. 55
13. E. Spears, Liaison 1914, London, 1968, p. 14
14. Je serais soldat, Paris, 1900
15. W. Bloem, The Advance from Mons, London, 1930, p. 56
16. E. Rommel, Infantry Attacks, London, 1990, p. 11
17. P. Haythornthwaite, The World War One Sourcebook, London, 1996, pp. 100–1
18. B. Tuchman, August 1914, London, 1962, pp. 166–7
19. R. Keyes, Outrageous Fortune, London, 1984, p. 7
20. S. Williamson, ‘Joffre Reshapes French Strategy, 1911–13’ in P. Kennedy, The War Plans of the Great Powers, 1880–1914, London, 1979, p. 137
21. Williamson in Kennedy, pp. 143–4
22. Albertini, III, p. 462
23. Albertini, III, p. 469
24. Tuchman, p. 105
25. M. Howard et al, The Laws of War, New Haven, 1994, p. 10
26. H. Gibson, A Journal from Our Legation in Belgium, N.Y.,1917, p. 91
27. Haythornthwaite, p. 150.
28. quoted Tuchman, p. 173
29. Intelligence Staff, American Expeditionary Force, Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One German Divisions Which Participated in the War, 1914–18, Washington, 1920, p. 23
30. M. Derez, ‘The Flames of Louvain’, in H. Cecil and P. Liddle, Facing Armageddon, London, 1996, pp. 619–20
31. M. Eksteins, Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age, London, 1989, p. 93
32. Derez in Cecil and Liddle, p. 622
33. Derez in Cecil and Liddle, p. 622
34. 251 Divisions, pp. 280–290
35. S. Tyng, The Campaign of the Marne, Oxford, 1935, p. 53
36. Quoted Tuchman, p. 173
37. Tyng, p. 54
38. D. Goodspeed, Ludendorff, London, 1966, p. 45
39. C. Duffy, in Purnell’s History of the First World War, I, London, 1970, p. 137
40. quoted Duffy, Purnell’s, p. 138
41. Duffy, Purnell’s, p. 138
42. Goodspeed, p. 47
43. C. Duffy, Frederick the Great, London, 1985, p. 154
44. Etat-major de l’armée, Les armées françaises dans la grande guerre, Paris, 1922–39, I, i, annexes, 8
45. D. Johnson, Battlefields of the World War, N.Y., 1921, pp. 425–9
46. D. Porch, The March to the Marne, Cambridge, 1981, p. 178
47. Les armées, 10, ii, passim.
48. Porch, March, p. 177
49. Les armées, I, i, pp. 156–7
50. Tyng, pp. 68–9
51. Tyng, pp. 72–3
52. Tyng, p. 79
53. Les armées, I, i, p. 357
54. Reichsarchiv, Der Weltkrieg, Berlin, 1925–39, I, p. 310
55. Weltkrieg, I, pp. 303–4
56. Weltkrieg, I, p. 314
57. Tyng, p. 86
58. Les armées, 1, i, p. 425
59. Tyng, p. 101
60. Tyng, p. 102–3
61. see A. Horne, To Lose a Battle, London, 1969, p. 57
62. Tyng, p. 108
63. H. Contamine, La revanche, 1871–1914, Paris, 1957, p. 261
64. Tyng, p. 117
65. Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium 1914, I, London, 1928, pp. 65–6
66. J. Terraine, Mons, London, 1960, p. 90
67. R. Kipling, ‘On Greenhow Hill’ in Life’s Handicap, London, 1987, pp. 79–96
68. Bloem, p. 56
69. Bloem, p. 80
70. Bloem, p. 58
71. Weltkrieg, I, p. 500
72. Tyng, p. 117
73. Spears, Liaison, p. 192
74. quoted Spears, Liaison, pp. 526–7
75. Bloem, p. 110
76. Edmonds, 1914, I, p. 494
77. Tyng, pp. 144–5
78. Edmonds, 1914, I, p. 163
79. Spears, Liaison, pp. 228–32
80. Tyng, p. 156
81. Ritter, p. 141
82. D. Showalter, Tannenberg, Hamden, 1991, pp. 294–5
83. Tyng, p. 172
84. General von Kuhl, Der Marnefeldzug, Berlin, 1921, p. 121
85. R. Van Emden, Tickled to Death to Go, Staplehurst, 1996, pp. 59–60
86. Van Emden, pp. 60–61
87. Tuchman, p. 375
88. Tyng, p. 172
89. Contamine, Revanche, p. 261
90. Les armées, 10, ii, pp. 608 ff
91. Tuchman, pp. 339–43
92. Edmonds, 1914, I, pp. 473–7
93. Spears, Liaison, pp. 366–7
94. Weltkrieg II, p. 279
95. Ritter, p. 189; Bucholz, p. 210
96. quoted Tyng, pp. 381–3
97. Tyng, p. 219
98. Tyng, p. 239
99. R. Holmes, The Little Field Marshal, London, 1981, p. 230
100. Holmes, p. 229
101. Spears, Liaison, p. 415
102. Tyng, p. 241
103. Edmonds, 1914, I, p. 272
104. G. Aston, Foch, London, 1929, p. 122
105. W. Müller, Die Sendung von Oberstleutnants Hentsch, Berlin, 1922, p. 13
106. Müller, p. 14
107. Müller, p. 19
108. Müller, p. 22
109. Müller, p. 21
110. Tyng, p. 327
111. Porch, March, p. 202
112. Herrmann, p. 90
113. Terraine, Mons, p. 217
114. Johnson, pp. 292–3
115. Edmonds, 1914, I, p. 326
116. Edmonds, 1914, I, p. 378
117. quoted D. Mason, Purnell’s, I, p. 296
118. Duffy, Purnell’s, I, pp. 377–8
119. Edmonds, 1914, I, p. 404
120. Duffy, Purnell’s, I, pp. 380–1
121. Duffy, Purnell’s, I, p. 380
122. Edmonds, 1914, I, p. 380
123. L. Sellers, The Hood Battalion, London, 1995, pp. 24–5
124. C. Cruttwell, A. History of the Great War, Oxford, 1936, p. 100
125. S. Menezes, Fidelity and Honour, New Delhi, 1993, p. 247
126. Edmonds, 1914, II, p. 268
127. M. Geyer, Deutsche Rüstungspolitik, Frankfurt, 1984, pp. 83 ff
128. T. Nevin, Ernst Jünger and Germany, London, 1997, p. 43
129. Bullock, p. 48
130. Edmonds, 1914, II, p. 124
131. Edmonds, 1914, II, p. 259
132. Reichsarchiv, Ypern, Oldenburg, 1922, p. 133
133. Several personal visits
134. Nevin, p. 44
135. Macdonald, p. 418
136. Ypern, p. 204
137. Ypern, p. 206
138. Edmonds, 1914, II, p. 324
139. Ypern, p. 216
140. J. Edmonds, A Short History of World War I, London, 1951, p. 75; G. Petrocini, Histoire Militaire de la France, III, Paris, 1991, p. 289; R. Wall and J. Winter, The Upheaval of War, London, 1988, pp. 16–18
141. Wall and Winter, p. 27
142. Wall and Winter, p. 25
143. Edmonds, 1914, II, p. 223
144. P. Mason, A Matter of Honour, London, 1974, p. 417
145. Edmonds, 1914, II, p. 406
CHAPTER FIVE
1. Wellington’s Despatches, 30th June 1800
2. see Tunstall, Chapter 4; Bucholz, pp. 167, 176
3. Edmonds, Short History, map 2
4. N. Stone, The Eastern Front 1914–17, London, 1975, p. 48
5. Showalter, p. 536
6. Stone, p. 49
7. Stone, p. 44
8. D. Jones, ‘Imperial Russia’s Forces at War’ in A. Millett and W. Murray, Military Effectiveness, I, Boston, 1988, p. 275
9. V. Buldakov et al, ‘A Nation at War: the Russian Experience’ in Cecil and Liddle, p. 542
10. Menning, p. 228
11. Jones in Millet and Murray, p. 273
12. Stone, p. 55
13. Stone, pp. 58–9
14. Stone, p. 59
15. Showalter, p. 147
16. Jones in Millett and Murray, p. 261; Showalter, p. 170
17. Showalter, p. 153
18. R. Asprey, The German High Command at War, London, 1991, p. 63
19. Stone, p. 62
20. Showalter, p. 170
21. Showalter, p. 230
22. Showalter, p. 289
23. Showalter, p. 324
24. Personal visit
25. Asprey, p. 80
26. Tunstall, pp. 95–6
27. J. Clinton Adams, Flight in the Winter, Princeton, 1942, pp. 13–14
28. Adams, p. 19
29. Adams, p. 27
30. G. Wawro, ‘Morale in the Austro-Hungarian Army’, in Cecil and Liddle, p. 400
31. Lucas, passim
32. Menning, p. 230
33. E. Glaise-Horstenau, Österreich-Ungarns Letzter Krieg 1914–18, Vienna, 1930, I, p. 74
34. Relation de l’état-major russe, La Grande Guerre, Paris, 1926, (tr. E. Chapouilly), p. 139
35. Letzter Krieg, I, Beilage 10.
36. Letzter Krieg, I, pp. 71–3
37. Stone, p. 88
38. Stone, p. 88
39. M. von Piettrich, 1914, Vienna, 1934, p. 208
40. Relation de l’état-major russe (cited as Relation), p. 249
41. Stone, p. 90
42. G. Rothenburg, The Army of Franz Joseph, West Lafayette, 1976, p. 176
43. Letzter Krieg, I, p. 74
44. Stone, p. 90
45. Buldakov in Cecil and Liddle, p. 540
46. H. Dollinger, Der Erste Weltkrieg, Munich, 1924, pp. 98–9
47. Menning, pp. 228, 260
48. Rothenburg, p. 143
49. M. Howard, ‘Men Against Fire’, in Paret, p. 519
50. Menning, pp. 264–5
51. Menning, p. 250
52. Goodspeed, p. 99–102
53. Relation, 290
54. Letzter Krieg, I, Beilage 15
55. Relation, 436
56. Relation, 446–7
57. Relation, 462
58. Relation, 463
59. Stone, 104
60. Stone, 107
61. Personal visit, 1989
62. Letzter Krieg, I, 595–8
63. Jones in Millett and Murray, pp. 278–9
64. Letzter Krieg, I, Beilage 1
65. Rothenburg, p. 84
66. Letzter Krieg, I, pp. 141–2
67. Stone, p. 114
68. Rothenburg, p. 185
69. Illustrated London News, April 21, 1915
70. 251 Divisions, p. 541 ff
71. Stone, p. 118
72. Stone, p. 117
73. S. Schama, Landscape and Memory, N.Y., 1996, pp. 65–6
74. Letzter Krieg, II, pp. 270–1
CHAPTER SIX
1. Stone, p. 135
2. C. Duffy, The Fortress in the Age of Vauban, London, 1985, p. 42
3. J. Keegan, The Face of Battle, London, 1976, p. 208
4. E. Solano, Field Entrenchments, London, 1915, p. 209
5. J. Dunn, The War the Infantry Knew, London, 1987, p. 77
6. Dunn, pp. 97–8
7. Dunn, pp. 111–12
8. Keegan, Purnell’s, II, London, 1970, p. 579
9. G. C. Wynne, If Germany Attacks, London, 1940, p. 15
10. Wynne, p. 17
11. Keegan, Purnell’s, II, p. 584
12. C. Messenger, Trench Fighting, London, 1972, p. 37
13. Johnson, p. 470
14. Keegan, Purnell’s, II, pp. 576–87
15. Keegan, Purnell’s, II, p. 583
16. Bucholz, pp. 285–6
17. Asprey, pp. 151–5
18. Holmes, p. 264
19. Edmonds, 1915, I, p. 15
20. Edmonds, 1915, I, pp. 59–65
21. Edmonds, 1915, I, pp. 68–9
22. Edmonds, 1915, I, p. 74
23. Wynne, p. 29
24. Wynne, p. 28
25. Wynne, pp. 30–31
26. Wynne, p. 40
27. D. Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj, London, 1994, pp. 117–18
28. I. Hogg, Purnell’s, II, pp. 609–11
29. W. Aggett, The Bloody Eleventh, III, London, 1995, p. 121
30. Edmonds, 1915, I, p. 289
31. A. Bristow, A Serious Disappointment, 1995, p. 163
32. Wynne, p. 63
33. Wynne, p. 64
34. F. Forstner, Das Reserve Infanterie Regiment 15, Berlin, 1929, pp. 226–32
35. E. Spiers, ‘The Scottish Soldier at War’, in Cecil and Liddle, p. 326
36. Edmonds, 1915, I, p. 143
CHAPTER SEVEN
1. G. Craig, Germany 1866–1945, Oxford, 1981, p. 119
2. T. Wise, Purnell’s, I, pp. 321–9
3. L. Gann and P. Duignan, The Rulers of German Africa, London, 1977, p. 217
4. B. Farwell, The Great War in Africa, London, 1987, p. 71
5. Farwell, pp. 81–4
6. Farwell, p. 102
7. Gann and Duignan, p. 105
8. Farwell, p. 204
9. P. Halpern, A Naval History of World War I, Annapolis, 1994, p. 76
10. Halpern, p. 91
11. Halpern, pp. 94–5
12. J. Moore (ed), Jane’s Fighting Ships of World War I, London, 1990, p. 237
13. R. Hough, The Great War at Sea, London, 1983, pp. 147–8
14. Halpern, p. 230
15. Jelavich, 2, p. 127
16. Halpern, p. 63
17. P. Mason, A Matter of Honour, London, 1974, p. 425
18. Omissi, p. 148
19. Menezes, p. 278
20. Imperial Gazetteer of India, IV, Oxford, 1907, pp. 109–11
21. M. Gilbert, Winston Churchill, II, London, 1967, p. 611
22. A. Palmer, The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire, London, 1992, p. 226
23. Palmer, Decline, p. 230
24. M. Broxup (ed.), The North Caucasus Barrier, London, 1992, pp. 45 ff
25. B. Menning, ‘The Army and Frontier in Russia’ in Transformations in Russian and Soviet Military History, Colorado Springs, 1986, p. 34
26. K. Ahmed, Kurdistan in the First World War, London, 1994, pp. 88–9
27. Ahmed, p. 91
28. D. Muhlis, Ottoman Military Organisation, Istanbul, 1986, pp. 11–15
29. Halpern, p. 29
30. Taylor, Struggle, p. 532
31. J. Whittam, The Politics of the Italian Army, London, 1977, pp. 186–9
32. J. Edmonds, Military Operations, Italy, London, 1949, pp. 11–12
33. Ministerio della Guerra, L’Escercito Italiano nella Grande Guerra, I, Rome, 1927, pp. 168–70
34. Whittam, p. 194
35. Edmonds, Italy, p. 12
36. Edmonds, Italy, pp. 13–14
37. Stone, p. 145
38. Stone, p. 317, n.5
39. Edmonds, France and Belgium, 1915, I, p. 56
40. S. Bidwell and D. Graham, Fire-Power, London, 1982, p. 96
41. Stone, p. 145
42. Asprey, pp. 184–5
43. D. von Kalm, Gorlice, Berlin, 1930, p. 33
44. Goodspeed, pp. 132–3
45. Stone, p. 188
46. Stone, p. 187
47. Jones in Millett and Murray, pp. 278–9
48. G. Cassar, The French and the Dardanelles, London, 1971, pp. 35–40
49. First Report of the Dardanelles Committee, p. 15
50. R. Rhodes James, Gallipoli, London, 1965, p. 13
51. Rhodes James, p. 28
52. Rhodes James, p. 38
53. Rhodes James, p. 53
54. Cassar, p. 114
55. Rhodes James, p. 64
56. C. Pugsley, Gallipoli. The New Zealand Story, London, 1984, p. 30
57. Pugsley, p. 34
58. C. Aspinall-Oglander, Gallipoli, 2, London, 1929, p. 114
59. A. Livesey, An Atlas of World War I, London, 1994, p. 61
60. Aspinall-Oglander, Sketch 5A
61. Rhodes James, p. 61
62. Pugsley, p. 360
63. Adams, pp. 42–4
64. Adams, pp. 45–6
65. Cassar, p. 35
66. Cassar, pp. 226–35
67. A. Palmer, The Gardeners of Salonika, London, 1965, p. 55
68. Palmer, Gardeners, p. 62
CHAPTER EIGHT
1. M. Lewis, The Navy of Britain, London, 1948, pp. 112–39
2. J. Moore (ed.), Jane’s Fighting Ships of World War I, London, 1990, pp. 35–49
3. A. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, II, Oxford, 1965, pp. 238–9
4. Gordon, 355
5. Gordon, 355 and n.69, p. 664
6. P. Halpern, A Naval History of World War I, Annapolis, 1994, pp. 30–2
7. Halpern, pp. 36–7
8. J. Campbell, Jutland, London, 1986, pp. 373–4
9. Halpern, p. 299
10. Gordon, p. 21
11. Halpern, pp. 289–90
12. P. Kennedy, ‘The Development of the German Naval Operations Plans against England, 1896–1914’, in Kennedy, p. 171
13. Halpern, p. 38
14. Marder, II, p. 437
15. Halpern, p. 288
16. Halpern, p. 315
17. Halpern, p. 316
18. Marder, II, 445
19. J. Keegan, Battle at Sea, London, 1993, p. 129
20. Marder, III, pp. 175–6
21. Halpern, p. 327
22. Halpern, pp. 419–20
23. G. Rochet and G. Massobrio, Breve Storia dell’Esercito Italiano, 1861–1943, Turin, 1978, pp. 184–5
24. Stone, pp. 209–11
25. J. J. Becker, The Great War and the French People, London, 1985, pp. 22–3
26. Les armées, X, i, passim
27. C. Hughes, ‘The New Armies’, in I. Beckett and K. Simpson, A Nation in Arms, London, 1990, p. 105
28. Beckett and Simpson, appendix I, pp. 235–6
29. Asprey, pp. 218–19
30. I. Clarke, Rumours of War, Oxford, 1996, pp. 117–18
31. A. Horne, The Price of Victory, London, 1993, p. 43
32. Horne, Price, p. 97
33. Horne, Price, p. 149
34. Horne, Price, pp. 168–9
35. Cruttwell, p. 249
36. Horne, Price, pp. 252–66
37. Horne, Price, p. 284
38. 251 Divisions, pp. 8–11
39. Asprey, pp. 111–12
40. Holmes, p. 256
41. Holmes, p. 314
42. Holmes, p. 308
43. G. De Groot, Douglas Haig, London, 1988, pp. 117–18
44. De Groot, p. 44
45. 251 Divisions, passim
46. Beckett and Simpson, pp. 235–6
47. P. Griffith, Battle Tactics of the Western Front, London, 1994, p. 56
48. T. Travers, The Killing Ground, London, 1987, p. 144
49. M. Farndale, A History of the Royal Artillery: The Western Front, 1914–18, London, 1986, p. 144
50. Travers, p. 140
51. Travers, p. 140
52. Travers, p. 139
53. see, for example, the bibliographical references to T. Travers, P. Griffith and G. Sheffield in Cecil and Liddle, pp. 413 ff.
54. M. Browne, The Imperial War Museum Book of the Somme, London, 1996, p. 67
55. Keegan, Face, p. 245
56. Fourth Army Records, Public Record Office, WO158/233–6, July 2.
57. Wynne, p. 118
58. Wynne, p. 120
59. Clarke, p. 93
60. K. Macksey and J. Batchelor, Tank, London, 1971, pp. 14–25
61. Personal visit 1996; The Daily Telegraph, 29/6/96
62. Farwell, p. 293
63. see G. Robertson, Chitral, The Story of a Minor Siege, London, 1897
64. Asprey, pp. 207–8
65. Stone, pp. 229–30
66. Stone, p. 231
67. Asprey, p. 67
68. Stone, p. 68
CHAPTER NINE
1. R. Cobb, French and Germans, Germans and French, Oxford, 1983, pp. 3–35
2. J. Glubb, Into Battle, London, 1978, p. 153
3. see, passim, A. Clark, The Donkeys, London, 1961; L. Wolff, In Flanders Fields, London, 1958; N. Dixon, On the Psychology of Military Incompetence, London, 1976
4. J. Terraine, Haig, The Educated Soldier, London, 1963
5. quoted F. Davies and G. Maddocks, Bloody Red Tabs, London, 1995, p. 26
6. Davies and Maddocks, p. 23
7. P. Griffith, Battle Tactics of the Western Front, London, 1994, p. 171
8. Wynne, p. 125
9. Public Records Office, WO95/2366, 95/820, 153, 167/256/11
10. S. Bidwell and T. Graham, Fire-Power, London, 1982, pp. 141–3
11. Thébaud in J. J. Becker, Guerres et Cultures, p. 113
12. J. J. Becker, The Great War and the French People, Leamington Spa, 1985, p. 21
13. Becker, Great War, p. 227
14. R. Wall and J. Winter, The Upheaval of War, Cambridge, 1988, p. 30
15. L. Moyer, Victory Must Be Ours, London, 1995, p. 164
16. Wall and Winter, p. 117
17. Cruttwell, pp. 363–4
18. Moyer, pp. 165–71
19. T. Wilson, The Myriad Faces of War, London, 1986, p. 407
20. Becker, Great War, p. 324
21. Stone, p. 282
22. E. Spears, Prelude to Victory, London, 1939, p. 42
23. Wynne, p. 134
24. Wynne, pp. 166–7
25. Spears, Prelude, pp. 40–1
26. Wynne, p. 180
27. Wynne, p. 174
28. A. McKee, Vimy Ridge, London, 1966, p. 102
29. McKee, p. 116
30. Spears, Prelude, p. 331
31. Spears, Prelude, p. 41
32. Spears, Prelude, pp. 489–90
33. Spears, Prelude, p. 492
34. Spears, Prelude, p. 493
35. Spears, Prelude, p. 509
36. L. Smith, Between Mutiny and Obedience: The Case of the French Fifth Infantry Division during World War I, Princeton, 1994, p. 185
37. Becker, Great War, pp. 217–22
38. Becker, Great War, p. 219
39. M. Pedrocini, Les mutineries de 1917, Paris, 1967, Chapter 4
40. Smith, pp. 218–19
41. Smith, p. 197
42. Smith, p. 206–7
43. T. Ashworth, Trench Warfare 1914–18: The Live and Let Live System, London, 1980, pp. 15–16
44. Smith, pp. 225–6
45. Stone, p. 282
46. Becker, Great War, pp. 220–1
47. A. Wildman, The End of the Russian Imperial Army, N.Y., 1980, p. 109
48. Stone, pp. 284–5
49. Stone, pp. 299–300
50. O. Figes, A People’s Tragedy, London, 1996, p. 378
51. Wildman, p. 128
52. Wildman, p. 149
53. quoted Figes, p. 315
54. R. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, London, 1990, p. 258
55. Pipes, pp. 321–2
56. Pipes, p. 329
57. Pipes, p. 328
58. Wildman, p. 335
59. Pipes, p. 393
60. Wynne, p. 294
61. Figes, p. 445
62. Pipes, p. 477
63. Pipes, p. 583
64. Buldakov in Cecil and Liddle, p. 542
65. Pipes, pp. 418–19
66. Buldakov in Cecil and Liddle, p. 542
67. J. Gooch, ‘Italy During the First World War’ in Millett and Williamson, p. 181
68. Whittam, p. 197
69. J. Gooch, ‘Morale and Discipline in the Italian Army 1915–18’ in Cecil and Liddle, p. 437
70. Gooch in Cecil and Liddle, p. 440
71. J. Keegan, ‘An Army Downs Tools’ (review of L. Smith, Between Mutiny and Obedience), The Times Literary Supplement, May 13 1994, pp. 3–4
72. Rochet and Massobrio, p. 185
73. C. Falls, Caporetto, London, 1966, p. 26
74. Falls, pp. 36–7
75. Falls, p. 40
76. Rommel, p. 177
77. Rommel, p. 221
78. Falls, p. 49
79. Gooch in Cecil and Liddle, p. 442
80. J. Pratt, A History of United States Foreign Policy, N.Y., 1959, pp. 477–82
81. Halpern, pp. 337–9
82. Asprey, p. 293
83. Halpern, p. 404
84. Halpern, p. 84
85. J. Terraine, Business in Great Waters, London, 1989, pp. 52–3
86. Terraine, Great Waters, p. 54
87. Terraine, Great Waters, p. 148
88. R. Blake, The Private Papers of Douglas Haig, London, 1952, p. 236
89. Woolf, p. 77
90. J. Terraine, The Road to Passchendaele, London, 1977, p. 156
91. Terraine, Passchendaele, p. 166
92. P. Oldham, Pillboxes on the Western Front, London, 1995, Chapter 6.
93. Wynne, pp. 288–9
94. Wynne, pp. 295–6
95. J. Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1917, II, London, 1948, p. 134
96. J. Morrow, The Great War in the Air, London, 1993, p. 202
97. Morrow, pp. 186–7
98. N. Steel and P. Hart, Tumult in the Clouds, London, 1997, pp. 25, 214
99. A. Kernan, Crossing the Line, N.Y., 1994, p. 108
100. Farndale, p. 203
101. Farndale, p. 204
102. Edmonds, 1917, II, p. 148
103. E. Vaughan, Some Desperate Glory, London, 1981, pp. 219–32
104. Woolf, pp. 165–7
105. Wynne, pp. 307–8
106. Wynne, pp. 303–10
107. P. Griffith, The British Army’s Art of Attack 1916–18, London, 1994, p. 89
108. De Groot, p. 341
109. De Groot, p. 343
110. D. Morton, A Military History of Canada, Toronto, 1992, p. 149
111. D. Morton, When Your Number’s Up, London, 1993, p. 171
112. Edmonds, Short History, p. 252
113. Farndale, pp. 216–17
114. 251 Divisions, p. 224
115. Farndale, p. 224
116. Travers, p. 22
117. Farndale, p. 223
118. Farndale, p. 224
CHAPTER TEN
1. M. Kitchen, The Silent Dictatorship, London, 1976, p. 123
2. M. E. S. Harries, The Last Days of Innocence, London, 1997, p. 89
3. Harries, p. 324
4. 251 Divisions, p. 97
5. M. Middlebrook, The Kaiser’s Battle, London, 1978, pp. 380–4
6. Middlebrook, Kaiser, p. 52
7. Middlebrook, Kaiser, p. 53
8. C. Falls, The Great War, London, 1959, p. 285
9. F. Fischer, Germany’s Aims in the First World War, N.Y., 1967, p. 609
10. Fischer, p. 610
11. Kitchen, p. 248
12. Fischer, p. 450
13. Fischer, pp. 460–9
14. R. Luckett, The White Generals, N.Y., 1971, pp. 126–30
15. Luckett, p. 142
16. G. Mannerheim, Memoirs, N.Y., 1953, p. 176
17. Kitchen, p. 220
18. Fischer, p. 515
19. E. Mawdsley, The Russian Civil War, N.Y., 1989, p. 27
20. Mawdsley, pp. 286–7
21. Pipes, Revolution, p. 581
22. Pipes, Revolution, p. 581
23. Pipes, Revolution, p. 584
24. Mawdsley, p. 34
25. Pipes, Revolution, p. 584
26. Mawdsley, p. 26
27. Mawdsley, pp. 225–9
28. C. Ellis, The British Intervention in Transcaspia, 1918–19, London, 1963, p. 12
29. G. Uloth, Riding to War, privately printed, 1993, pp. 8–9
30. G. Bayliss, Operations in Persia, 1914–19, London, 1987, pp. 210–11
31. Ellis, p. 12
32. Ellis, pp. 57–65
33. Ellis, p. 12
34. Luckett, p. 196
35. Luckett, p. 197
36. Pipes, Revolution, p. 610
37. Mawdsley, p. 59
38. J. Bradley, Allied Intervention in Russia, London, 1968, p. 2
39. Bradley, pp. 11–14
40. Bradley, p. 181
41. Mawdsley, p. 20
42. Mawdsley, p. 21
43. Bradley, p. 18
44. Luckett, p. 163
45. Bradley, pp. 94–5
46. Mawdsley, p. 97
47. Luckett, pp. 198–208
48. N. Nicolson, Alex, London, 1963, pp. 57–66
49. G. Bennet, Cowan’s War, London, 1964, p. 157
50. P. Kencz, Civil War in South Russia, N.Y., 1977, pp. 182–91
51. Bradley, pp. 106–31
52. Pipes, Revolution, p. 657
53. M. Carley, Revolution and Intervention, N.Y., 1983, p. 38
54. Pipes, Revolution, p. 657
55. Pipes, Revolution, p. 634
56. H. Herwig, The First World War, N.Y., 1997, pp. 400–1
57. Middlebrook, Kaiser, p. 382
58. J. Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1918, I, London, 1935, p. 139
59. Herwig, pp. 399–400
60. Edmonds, 1918, I, p. 156
61. Herwig, p. 302
62. Edmonds, 1918, I, p. 51
63. Edmonds, 1918, I, p. 99
64. Edmonds, 1918, I, p. 123
65. Middlebrook, Kaiser, p. 152
66. Middlebrook, Kaiser, p. 162
67. Middlebrook, Kaiser, p. 189
68. Middlebrook, Kaiser, pp. 191–2
69. Middlebrook, Kaiser, p. 192
70. Middlebrook, Kaiser, p. 238
71. Edmonds, Short History, p. 286
72. Edmonds, Short History, p. 542
73. Herwig, pp. 406–7
74. Herwig, p. 410
75. Herwig, p. 408
76. Hewig, p. 409
77. Edmonds, Short History, p. 305
78. Herwig, p. 404
79. Herwig, p. 415
80. Harries, p. 251
81. Edmonds, Short History, p. 323
82. Fischer, p. 622
83. Herwig, p. 416
84. Herwig, pp. 421–2
85. Kitchen, pp. 247–9
86. Herwig, p. 421
87. Harries, p. 345
88. Goodspeed, p. 208
89. Goodspeed, p. 211
90. Goodspeed, p. 211
91. R. Watt, The Kings Depart, London, 1968, p. 149
92. Goodspeed, p. 215
93. Goodspeed, pp. 216–17
94. Macartney, pp. 829–33
95. Macartney, p. 833
96. Watt, pp. 164–5
97. Watt, p. 195
98. Watt, p. 187
99. Cruttwell, pp. 595–6
100. Watt, p. 199
101. F. Carsten, The Reichswehr and Politics, 1918–33, Oxford, 1966, p. 8
102. Watt, p. 191
103. N. Jones, Hitler’s Heralds, London, 1987, Appendix 4.
104. Ward and Gibson, p. 281
105. Winter, Sites of Memory, p. 108
106. Herwig, p. 439; Whalen, p. 40
107. J. Winter, Upheaval, pp. 16–27
108. Whalen, p. 41