Chapter One
1 Letter reproduced in Charles H. Hapgood FRGS, Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings, Chilton Books, Philadelphia and New York, 1966, p. 243.
2 Ibid., pp. 93–98, 235. The period lasted from about 13000 BC to 4000 BC according, for example, to the findings of Dr Jack Hough of Illinois University, supported by experts at the Carnegie Institution, Washington DC. John G. Weiphaupt, a University of Colorado specialist in seismology and gravity and planetary geology, is another who supports the view of a relatively late ice-free period in at least parts of Antarctica. Together with a number of other geologists, he places that period in a narrower band than Hough et al. – from 7000 BC to 4000 BC.
3 Ibid., preface, pp. 1, 209–211.
4 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, I:440.
5 Maps of The Ancient Sea Kings, p. 235.
6 Ibid.
7 Historians recognize no ‘civilizations’ as such prior to 4000 BC.
8 Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings, pp. 220–4.
9 Ibid., p. 222.
10 Ibid., p. 193
11 Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings (revised edition), Turnstone Books, London, 1979, preface.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid., foreword. See also F. N. Earll, foreword to C. H. Hapgood, Path of the Pole, Chilton Books, New York, 1970, p. viii.
14 From Einstein’s foreword (written in 1953) to Charles H. Hapgood, Earth’s Shifting Crust: A Key to Some Basic Problems of Earth Science, Pantheon Books, New York, 1958, pp. 1–2.
15 Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings, 1966 edn., p. 189.
16 Ibid., p. 187.
17 Ibid., p. 189.
18 Einstein’s foreword to Earth’s Shifting Crust, p. 1
19 Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings, pp. 209–11.
20 Ibid., p. 1.
21 Ibid., pp. 76–7 and 231–2.
Chapter Two
1 Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings (henceforth Maps), p. 79.
2 Ibid., p. 233.
3 Ibid., p. 89.
4 Ibid., p. 90. These maps were made in 1958, International Geophysical Year, by survey teams from several different nations.
5 Ibid., p. 149.
6 Ibid., p. 93–6.
7 Ibid., p. 97.
8 For a detailed description of the process see Maps, P. 96.
9 Ibid., page 98.
10 He left his graffito there. See Peter Tompkins, Secrets of the Great Pyramid, Harper & Row Publishers, New York, p. 38, 285.
11 Maps, p. 102.
12 Ibid., pp. 103–4.
13 Ibid., p. 93.
14 For a fuller discussion of the evidence behind this theory see Part VIII of this book and Hapgood’s Earth’s Shifting Crust.
15 Maps, p. 68.
16 Ibid., p. 222.
17 Ibid., pp. 64–5.
18 Ibid., p. 64.
19 Ibid., p. 65.
20 Ibid., p. 69.
21 Ibid., p. 72.
22 Ibid., p. 65.
23 Ibid., p. 99.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid., p. 164.
26 Ibid., p. 159.
27 See Luciano Canfora, The Vanished Library, Hutchinson Radius, London, 1989
28 Maps, p. 159.
29 Ibid., p. 164.
30 Ibid., p. 171
31 Ibid., pp. 171–2.
32 Ibid.
33 Ibid., pp. 176–7.
Chapter Three
1 Maps, p. 107.
2 Ibid.
3 Simon Bethon and Andrew Robinson, The Shape of the World: The Mapping and Discovery of the Earth, Guild Publishing, London, 1991, p. 117.
4 Ibid., p. 121.
5 Ibid., p. 120.
6 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, 3:289.
7 Shape of the World, pp. 123–4.
8 Ibid., p. 125.
9 Ibid., p. 131.
10 Ibid.
11 Maps, pp. 1, 41.
12 Ibid., p. 116.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid., pp. 149–58.
15 Ibid, p. 152.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid., p. 98.
18 Ibid., p. 170.
19 Ibid., p. 173.
20 Ibid., p. 225ff.
21 Ibid., p. 228.
22 Ibid., pp. 244–5.
23 Ibid., p. 135.
24 Ibid., p. 139.
25 Ibid., pp. 139, 145.
Chapter Four
1 Tony Morrison with Professor Gerald S. Hawkins, Pathways to the Gods, Book Club Associates, London, 1979, p. 21. See also The Atlas of Mysterious Places, (ed. Jennifer Westwood), Guild Publishing, London, 1987, p. 100.
2 Pathways to the Gods, p. 21.
3 Personal communications with Dr Pitluga.
4 Firm identification of the Nazca spider with Ricinulei was first made by Professor Gerald S. Hawkins. See Gerald S. Hawkins, Beyond Stonehenge, Arrow Books, London, 1977, p. 143–4.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid., p. 144.
7 Maria Reiche, Mystery on the Desert, Nazca, Peru, 1989, p. 58.
8 Luis de Monzon was the corregidor, or magistrate, of Rucanas and Soras, near Nazca, in 1586. Pathways to the Gods, p. 36; Atlas of Mysterious Places, p. 100.
Chapter Five
1 See, for example, Father Pablo Joseph, The Extirpation of Idolatry in Peru (translated from the Spanish by L. Clark Keating), University of Kentucky Press, 1968.
2 This is the view of Fernando Montesinos, expressed in his Memorias Antiguas Historiales del Peru (written in the seventeenth century). English edition translated and edited by P. A. Means, Hakluyt Society, London, 1920.
3 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, 6:276–7.
4 Paul Devereux, Secrets of Ancient and Sacred Places, Blandford Books, London, 1992, p. 76. See also Peru, Lonely Planet Publications, Hawthorne, Australia, 1991, p. 168.
5 The Facts on File Encyclopaedia of World Mythology and Legend, London and Oxford, 1988, p. 657.
6 Macrobius, cited in Giorgio de Santillana and Hertha von Dechend, Hamlet’s Mill, David R. Godine, Publisher, Boston, 1992, p. 134. See also A. R. Hope Moncreiff, The Illustrated Guide to Classical Mythology, BCA, London, 1992, p. 153.
7 Peru, p. 181.
8 Tan. Terumah, XI; also, with slight variations, Yoma 39b. Cited in The Jewish Encyclopaedia, Funk and Wagnell, New York, 1925, vol. II, p. 105.
9 Peru, p. 182.
10 The Facts on File Encyclopaedia …, p. 658.
11 See, for example, H. Osborne, South American Mythology, Paul Hamlyn, London, 1968, p. 81.
12 For further evidence and argument in this regard, see Constance Irwin, Fair Gods and Stone Faces, W. H. Allen, London, 1964, pp. 31–2.
13 J. Alden Mason, The Ancient Civilizations of Peru, Penguin Books, London, 1991, p. 135. See also Garcilaso de la Vega, The Royal Commentaries of the Incas, Orion Press, New York, 1961, pp. 132–3, 147–8.
Chapter Six
1 South American Mythology, p. 74.
2 Ibid.
3 Arthur Cotterell, The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Myths and Legends, Guild Publishing, London, 1989, p. 174. See also South American Mythology, p. 69–88.
4 Francisco de Avila, ‘A Narrative of the Errors, False Gods, and Other Superstitions and Diabolical Rites in Which the Indians of the Province of Huarochiri Lived in Ancient Times’, in Narratives of the Rites and Laws of the Yncas (trans. and ed. Clemens R. Markhem), Hakluyt Society, London, 1873, vol. XLVIII, p. 124.
5 South American Mythology, p. 74.
6 Ibid., p. 74–6.
7 Ibid., p. 78.
8 Ibid., p. 81.
9 John Hemming, The Conquest of the Incas, Macmillan, London, 1993, p. 97.
10 South American Mythology, p. 87.
11 Ibid., p. 72.
12 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, 26:42.
13 Ignatius Donnelly, Atlantis: The Antediluvian World, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1882, p. 394.
14 From the ‘Relacion anonyma de los costumbres antiquos de los naturales del Piru’, reported in The Facts on File Encyclopaedia …, p. 657.
15 Pears Encyclopaedia of Myths and Legends: Oceania, Australia and the Americas, (ed. Sheila Savill), Pelham Books, London, 1978, pp. 179–80.
16 South American Mythology, p. 76.
17 Ibid.
18 The Conquest of the Incas, p. 191.
19 Royal Commentaries of the Incas, p. 233.
20 Ibid., p. 237.
Chapter Seven
1 José de Acosta, The Natural and Moral History of the Indies, Book I, Chapter four, in South American Mythology, p. 61.
2 Ibid., p. 82.
3 D. Gifford and J. Sibbick, Warriors, Gods and Spirits from South American Mythology, Eurobook Limited, 1983, p. 54.
4 Genesis 6:4.
5 Fr Molina, ‘Relacion de las fabulas y ritos de los Yngas’, in South American Mythology, p. 61.
6 Royal Commentaries of the Incas.
7 The Ancient Civilizations of Peru, p. 237.
8 Juan de Batanzos, ‘Suma y Narracion de los Incas’, in South American Mythology, p. 79.
9 The Ancient Civilizations of Peru, p. 163.
10 Cited in Zecharia Sitchin, The Lost Realms, Avon Books, New York, 1990, p. 164.
11 Another scholar, Maria Schulten de D’Ebneth, also worked with mathematical methods (as opposed to historical methods which are heavily speculative and interpretive). Her objective was to rediscover the ancient grid used to determine Machu Picchu’s layout in relation to the cardinal points. She did this after first establishing the existence of a central 45° line. In the process she stumbled across something else: ‘The sub-angles that she calculated between the central 45° line and sites located away from it … indicated to her that the earth’s tilt (“obliquity”) at the time this grid was laid out was clsoe to 24° 0’. This means that the grid was planned (according to her) 5125 years before her measurements were done in 1953; in other words in 3172 BC.’ The Last Realms, pp. 204–5.
Chapter Eight
1 Professor Arthur Posnansky, Tiahuanacu: The Cradle of American Man, Ministry of Education, La Paz, Bolivia, 1957, volume III p. 192. See also Immanuel Velikovsky, Earth in Upheaval, Pocket Books, New York, 1977, pp. 77–8: ‘Investigation into the topography of the Andes and the fauna of Lake Titicaca, together with a chemical analysis of this lake and others on the same plateau, has established that the plateau was at one time at sea level, 12,500 feet lower than it is today … and that its lakes were originally part of a sea-gulf … Sometime in the past the entire Altiplano, with its lakes, rose from the bottom of the ocean …’
2 Personal communication with Richard Ellison of the British Geological Survey, 17 September 1993. Ellison is the author of the BGS Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources Paper (No. 65) entitled The Geology of the Western Corriera and Altiplano.
3 Tiahuanacu, III, p. 192.
4 Tiahuanacu, J. J. Augustin, New York, 1945, volume I, p. 28.
5 Ibid.
6 See, for example, H.S. Bellamy, Built Before the Flood: The Problem of the Tiahuanaco Ruins, Faber & Faber, London, 1943, p. 57.
7 Ibid., p. 59.
8 Tiahuanacu, III, pp. 192–6. See also Bolivia, Lonely Planet Publications, Hawthorne, Australia, 1992, p. 156.
9 Ibid. See also Harold Osborne, Indians of the Andes: Aymaras and Quechuas, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1952, p. 55.
10 Earth In Upheaval, p. 76: ‘The conservative view among evolutionists and geologists is that mountain-making is a slow process, observable in minute changes, and that because it is a continuous process there never could have been spontaneous upliftings on a large scale. In the case of Tiahuanaco, however, the change in altitude apparently occurred after the city was built, and this could not have been the result of a slow process …’
11 See, for example, Ian Cameron, Kingdom of the Sun God: A History of the Andes and Their People, Guild Publishing, London, 1990, pp. 48–9.
12 Tiahuanacu II, p. 91 and I, p. 39.
Chapter Nine
1 South American Mythology, p. 87.
2 Ibid., p. 44.
3 Antonio de la Calancha, Cronica Moralizada del Orden de San Augustin en el Peru, 1638, in South American Mythology, p. 87.
4 Good summaries of the Plutarch account are given in M. V. Seton-Williams, Egyptian Legends and Stories, Rubicon Press, London, 1990, pp. 24–9; and in E. A. Wallis Budge, From Fetish to God in Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press, 1934, pp. 178–83.
5 From Fetish to God in Ancient Egypt, p. 180.
6 Thor Heyerdahl, The Ra Expeditions, Book Club Associates, London, 1972, pp. 43, 295.
7 Ibid., p. 43.
8 Ibid., p. 295.
Chapter Ten
1 Pedro Cieza de Leon, Chronicle of Peru, Hakluyt Society, London, 1864 and 1883, Part I, Chapter 87.
2 Indians of the Andes: Aymaras and Quechuas, p. 64. See also Feats and Wisdom of the Ancients, Time-Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia, 1990, p. 55.
3 Royal Commentaries of the Incas, Book Three, Chapter one. See, for example, version published by Orion Press, New York, 1961 (translated by Maria Jolas from the critical annotated French edition of Alain Gheerbrant), pp. 49–50.
4 Bolivia, p. 156 (map).
5 H. S. Bellamy and P. Allan, The Calendar of Tiahuanaco: The Measuring System of the Oldest Civilization, Faber & Faber, London, 1956, p. 16.
6 For a detailed discussion of the hydraulic system of the Akapana see Tiahuanacu: II, pp. 69–79.
7 Ibid., I, p. 78.
8 The Lost Realms, p. 215.
9 Tiahuanacu, II, pp. 44–105.
10 The Calendar of Tiahuanaco, pp. 17–18.
Chapter Eleven
1 Tiahuanacu, II, p. 89.
2 Collins English Dictionary, London, 1982, p. 1015. In addition, Dr John Mason of the British Astronomical Association defined obliquity of the ecliptic in a telephone interview on 7 October 1993: ‘The earth spins about an axis which goes through its centre and its north and south poles. This axis is inclined to the plane of the earth’s orbit around the sun. This tilt is called the obliquity of the ecliptic. The current value for the obliquity of the ecliptic is 23.44 degrees.’
3 J. D. Hays, John Imbrie, N. J. Shackleton, ‘Variations in the Earth’s Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages’, in Science, vol. 194, No. 4270, 10 December 1976, p. 1125.
4 Anthony F. Aveni, Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico, University of Texas Press, Iago, p. 103.
5 Tiahuanacu, II, p. 90–1.
6 Tiahuanacu, II, p. 47.
7 Ibid., p. 91.
8 Ibid., I, p. 119.
9 Ibid., II, p. 183.
10 Myths from Mesopotamia, (trans. and ed. Stephanie Dalley), Oxford University Press, 1990, p. 326.
11 Fragments of Berossus, from Alexander Polyhistor, reprinted as Appendix 2 in Robert K. G. Temple, The Sirius Mystery, Destiny Books, Rochester, Vermont, 1987, pp. 250–1.
12 Ibid.
13 Jeremy Black and Anthony Green, Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, British Museum Press, 1992, pp. 46, 82–3.
14 Figures and measurements from The Ancient Civilizations of Peru, p. 92.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid.
17 See Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Paladin Books, London, 1988, p. 145.
18 Ibid., p. 146.
19 The calendrical function of the Gateway of the Sun is fully described and analysed by Posnansky in Tiahuanacu: The Cradle of American Man, volumes I–IV.
20 Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution, Paul S. Martin, Richard G. Klein, eds. The University of Arizona Press, 1984, p. 85.
21 Ibid.
22 See The Calendar of Tiahuanaco, p. 47. Posnansky’s work is also replete with references to Toxodon.
23 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, 11:878.
24 Ibid., 9:516. See also Quaternary Extinctions, pp. 64–5.
25 The Calendar of Tiahuanaco, pp. 47–8.
26 Tiahuanacu, III, p. 57, 133–4, and plate XCII.
27 Ibid., I, pp. 137–9; Quaternary Extinctions, pp. 64–5.
28 Tiahuanacu, II, p. 4.
Chapter Twelve
1 Tiahuanacu, II, p. 156ff; III, p. 196.
2 Ibid., I, p. 39: ‘An extensive series of canals and hydraulic works, dry at present, but which are all in communication with the former lake bed, are just so many more proofs of the extension of the lake as far as Tiahuanacu in this period.’
3 Ibid., II, p. 156.
4 Bolivia, p. 158.
5 The Ancient Civilizations of Peru, p. 93.
6 Ibid.
7 For example on the paving blocks above the Nilometer at Elepantine Island, Aswan. I am indebted to US film maker Robert Gardner for pointing this similarity out to me.
8 The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt ed. Margaret Burson), Facts on File, New York and Oxford, 1991, p. 23.
9 Tiahuanacu, I, p. 55.
10 Ibid., I, p. 39.
11 Ibid., III, pp. 142–3.
12 Ibid., I, p. 57.
13 Ibid., I, p. 56, and II, p. 96.
14 Quoted in Earth in Upheaval, citing Sir Clemens Markham, pp. 75–6.
15 Tiahuanacu, III, p. 147.
16 Ibid.
17 David L. Browman, ‘New Light on Andean Tiahuanaco’, in American Scientist, volume 69, 1981, pp. 410–12.
18 Ibid., p. 410. According to Browman: ‘Plant domestication in the Altiplano required the simultaneous development of detoxifying techniques. The majority of the plants [which were in regular use in ancient Tiahuanaco] contain significant levels of toxins in an untreated state. For example, the potato species that are most resistant to frost and that grow best at high altitudes also contain the highest levels of glycoalkaloid solanine. In addition, the potato contains an inhibitor for a wide range of digestive enzymes necessary for breaking down proteins – a particularly unfortunate trait at high altitudes where differential partial oxygen pressure already impairs the chemistry of protein breakdown …’
The detoxification technique developed at Tiahuanaco to make these potatoes edible also had a preservative effect. Indeed, each of these two important qualities was a by-product of the other. ‘Altiplano farmers’, explains Browman, ‘have, for several thousand years produced the freeze-dried potato, or ch’uno, by a process of freezing, leaching, and sun drying. The initial explanation for this process was that it produced a food product that could be stored for long periods of time … six years or more … But we can now suggest another rationale. Leaching and sun-drying are necessary to remove the majority of the solanine and to lower excessive nitrate levels, and the subsequent cooking of freeze-dried products destroys the inhibitors of digestive enzymes. Rather than arguing that freeze-drying was motivated only by a desire to produce a secure food base, one could hold that this technology was mandatory to make the potato available as a usable nutritive source. Both factors are clearly present.
‘The other plants identified as early domesticates at the Titicaca sites have similar levels of toxins, and all require the use of various detoxification techniques to make them suitable for human consumption. Oca has significant amounts of oxalates; quinoaandcanihua have high levels of hydrocyanic acid and the alkaloid saponin; amaranth is a nitrate accumulator and has high levels of oxalates; tarwi contains the poisonous alkaloid lupinine; beans contain varying levels of the cyanogenetic glycoside phaseolunatin; and so on … In some cases the detoxifying procedures serendipitously result in an end-product that has excellent storage features, multiplying the beneficial effects of the technology. Where the detoxification technology does not have this added effect – for example, in the case of quinoa, amaranth and tarwi – the plants generally already have excellent natural storage characteristics. There is as yet no satisfactory explanation for the development of these detoxification processes …’ ‘New Light on Andean Tiahuanaco’.
19 At the heart of the system were ’the earthen platforms about 3 feet high, 30–300 feet long and 10–30 feet wide. These elevated earthworks are separated by canals of similar dimensions and built out of the excavated soil. Over time the platforms were periodically fertilized with organic silt and nitrogen-rich algae scooped from the bottom of the canals during the dry season. Even today … the sediment in the old canals is much richer in nutrients than the soil of the surrounding plains.
‘But the platform-canal system was not merely a way of enriching infertile ground. It also appears to have created a climate that both extended the high-altitude growing season and helped crops survive hard times. During the area’s frequent periods of drought, for example, the canals provided vital moisture, while the higher level of the platforms raised plants above the worst effects of the region’s frequent floods. Moreover the canal water may have acted as a kind of thermal storage battery absorbing the sun’s heat during the day and radiating it back into the freezing night, to create a blanket of relatively warm air over the growing plants.’ Feats and Wisdom of the Ancients, pp. 56–7.
20 Ibid.
21 Evan Hadingham, Lines to the Mountain Gods, Harrap, London, 1987, p. 34.
22 ‘Aymara is rigorous and simple – which means that its syntactical rules always apply, and can be written out concisely in the sort of algebraic shorthand that computers understand. Indeed, such is its purity that some historians think it did not just evolve, like other languages, but was actually constructed from scratch.’ Sunday Times, London, 4 November 1984.
23 M. Betts, ‘Ancient Language may Prove Key to Translation System’, Computerworld, vol IX, No. 8, 25 February 1985, p. 30.
Chapter Thirteen
1 Mexico, Lonely Planet Publications, Hawthorne, Australia, 1992, pp. 839.
2 Ronald Wright, Time Among the Maya, Futura Publications, London, 1991, pp. 343.
3 Friar Diego de Landa, Yucatan before and after the Conquest (trans. with notes by William Gates), Producción Editorial Dante, Merida, Mexico, 1990, p. 71.
4 Joyce Milton, Robert A. Orsi and Norman Harrison, The Feathered Serpent and the Cross: The Pre-Colombian God-Kings and the Papal States, Cassell, London, 1980, p. 64.
5 Reported in Aztecs: Reign of Blood and Splendour, Time-Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia, 1992, p. 105.
6 Ibid., p. 103.
7 The Feathered Serpent and the Cross, p. 55.
8 Mary Miller and Karl Taube, The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya, Thames & Hudson, London, 1993, pp. 96.
9 From the Vaticano-Latin Codex 3738, cited in Adela Fernandez, Pre-Hispanic Gods of Mexico, Panorama Editorial, Mexico City, 1992, pp. 21–2.
10 Eric S. Thompson, Maya History and Religion, University of Oklahoma Press, 1990, p. 332. See also Aztec Calendar: History and Symbolism, Garcia y Valades Editores, Mexico City, 1992.
11 Ibid.
12 Pre-Hispanic Gods of Mexico, p. 24.
13 Peter Tompkins, Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, Thames & Hudson, London, 1987, p. 286.
14 John Bierhorst, The Mythology of Mexico and Central America, William Morrow & Co., New York, 1990, p. 134.
15 World Mythology, (ed. Roy Willis, BCA, London, 1993, p. 243.
16 Stuart J. Fiedel, The Prehistory of the Americas, (second edition), Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 312–13.
17 Professor Michael D. Coe, Breaking the Maya Code, Thames & Hudson, London, 1992, pp. 275–6. Herbert Joseph Spinden’s correlation gives a slightly earlier date of 24 December, AD 2011. See Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 286.
18 Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 286.
19 World Mythology, p. 240. See also Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, 9:855, and Lewis Spence, The Magic and Mysteries of Mexico, Rider, London, 1922, pp. 49–50.
Chapter Fourteen
1 Juan de Torquemada, Monarchichia indiana, volume I, cited in Fair Gods and Stone Faces, pp. 37–8.
2 North America of Antiquity, p. 268, cited in Atlantis: The Antediluvian World, p. 165.
3 The Mythology of Mexico and Central America, p. 161.
4 See Nigel Davis, The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico, Penguin Books, London, 1990, p. 152; The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya, pp. 141–2.
5 Fair Gods and Stone Faces, pp. 98–9.
6 Ibid, p. 100.
7 Sylvanus Griswold Morley, An Introduction to the Study of Maya Hieroglyphs (introduction by Eric S. Thompson), Dover Publications Inc., New York, 1975, pp. 16–17.
8 New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, Paul Hamlyn, London, 1989, pp. 437, 439.
9 Ibid., p. 437.
10 Fair Gods and Stone Faces, p. 62.
11 Not only obviously related but specifically related. Votan, for example, was often referred to as the grandson of Quetzalcoatl. Itzamana and Kukulkan were sometimes confused by the Indians who transmitted their legends to Spanish chroniclers shortly after the conquest. See Fair Gods and Stone Faces, p. 100.
12 Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 347.
13 New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, p. 439.
14 James Bailey, The God-Kings and the Titans, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1972, p. 206.
15 Fair Gods and Stone Faces, pp. 37–8.
16 According to the sixteenth century chronicler Bernardino de Sahagun: ‘Quetzalcoatl was a great civilizing agent who entered Mexico at the head of a band of strangers. He imported the arts into the country and especially fostered agriculture. In his time maize was so large in the head that a man might not carry more than one stalk at a time and cotton grew in all colours without having to be dyed. He built spacious and elegant houses, and inculcated a type of religion which fostered peace.’
17 The God-Kings and the Titans, p. 57.
18 Mexico, pp. 194–5.
19 The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya, pp. 185, 188–9.
20 Ibid.
21 New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, p. 437.
22 The Feathered Serpent and the Cross, pp. 52–3.
23 New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, p. 436.
24 The Magic and Mysteries of Mexico, p. 51.
25 World Mythology, p. 237.
26 New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, p. 437.
27 Ibid.
28 Fair Gods and Stone Faces, pp. 139–40.
29 The Feathered Serpent and the Cross, pp. 35, 66.
Chapter Fifteen
1 Figures from Fair Gods and Stone Faces, p. 56.
2 Ibid., p. 12.
3 Ibid., pp. 3–4.
4 Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 6.
5 Mexico, p. 224.
6 Contemporary account cited in Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 6.
7 The Magic and Mysteries of Mexico, pp. 228–9.
8 Ibid.
9 Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 7.
10 Yucatan before and after the Conquest, p. 9. See also Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 20.
11 Yucatan before and after the Conquest, p. 104.
12 Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 21.
13 Fair Gods and Stone Faces, p. 34.
14 Ibid.
15 Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 23.
16 Yucatan before and after the Conquest.
17 Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 24.
18 Diego de Duran, ‘Historia antiqua de la Nueve Espana’, (1585), in Ignatius Donelly, Atlantis: The Antediluvian World, p. 200.
19 Genesis 11:1–9.
20 Reported in Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings, p. 199. See also The God-Kings and the Titans, p. 54, and Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 207.
21 Byron S. Cummings, ‘Cuicuilco and the Archaic Culture of Mexico’, University of Arizona Bulletin, volume IV:8, 15 November 1933.
22 Mexico, p. 223. See also Kurt Mendelssohn, The Riddle of the Pyramids, Thames & Hudson, London, 1986, p. 190.
23 The Riddle of the Pyramids, p. 190.
24 Ibid.
Chapter Sixteen
1 The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya, p. 126.
2 Aztecs: Reign of Blood and Splendour, p. 50.
3 Fair Gods and Stone Faces, pp. 139–40.
4 Ibid., p. 125.
5 Mexico, p. 637. See also The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico, p. 24.
6 Ibid.
7 Mexico, p. 638.
8 Matthew W. Stirling, ‘Discovering the New World’s Oldest Dated Work of Man’, National Geographic Magazine, volume 76, August 1939, pp. 183–218 passim
9 Matthew W. Stirling, ‘Great Stone Faces of the Mexican Jungle’, National Geographic Magazine, volume 78, September 1940, pp. 314, 310.
Chapter Seventeen
1 The Prehistory of the Americas, pp. 268–71. See also Jeremy A. Sabloff, The Cities of Ancient Mexico: Reconstructing a Lost World, Thames and Hudson, London, 1990, p. 35. Breaking the Maya Code, p. 61.
2 The Prehistory of the Americas, p. 268.
3 Aztecs: Reign of Blood and Splendour, p. 158.
4 ‘Olmec stone sculpture achieved a high, naturalistic plasticity, yet it has no surviving prototypes, as if this powerful ability to represent both nature and abstract concepts was a native invention of this early civilization.’ The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya, p. 15; The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico, p. 55: ‘The proto-Olmec phase remains an enigma … it is not really known at what time, or in what place, Olmec culture took on its very distinctive form.’
5 The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico, p. 36.
6 The Prehistory of the Americas, p. 268.
7 Ibid., pp. 267–8. The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico, p. 55.
8 The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico, p. 30.
9 Ibid., p. 31.
10 The Prehistory of the Americas, pp. 268–9.
11 Ibid., p. 269.
12 The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico, p. 28.
13 The Cities of Ancient Mexico, p. 37.
14 The Prehistory of the Americas, p. 270.
Chapter Eighteen
1 Fair Gods and Stone Faces, p. 144.
2 Ibid., p. 141–42.
3 Fair Gods and Store Faces, passim. See also Cyrus H. Gordon, Before Columbus: Links Between the Old World and Ancient America, Crown Publishers Inc, New York, 1971.
4 See, for example, (a) Maria Eugenia Aubet, The Phoenicians and the West, Cambridge University Press, 1993; (b) Gerhard Herm, The Phoenicians, BCA, London, 1975; (c) Sabatino Moscati, The World of the Phoenicians, Cardinal, London, 1973.
5 This can be confirmed in any of the works cited in note 4.
6 W. B. Emery, Archaic Egypt, Penguin Books, London, 1987, p. 192.
7 Ibid., p. 38. See also The Egyptian Book of the Dead (trans. E.A. Wallis Budge), British Museum, 1895, Introduction, pp. xii, xiii.
8 John Anthony West, Serpent in the Sky, Harper and Row, New York, 1979, p. 13.
9 Archaic Egypt, p. 38.
10 Ibid., pp. 175–91.
11 Ibid., pp. 31, 177.
12 Ibid., p. 126.
13 E. A. Wallis Budge, From Fetish to God in Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press, 1934, p. 155.
Chapter Nineteen
1 See, for example, The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egypt, pp. 69–70; also Jean-Pierre Hallet, Pygmy Kitabu, BCA, London, 1974, pp. 84–106.
2 The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya, p. 82.
3 Ibid., The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egypt, pp. 69–70, and Pygmy Kitabu, pp. 84–106.
4 Ibid.
5 The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egypt, p. 85.
6 The Mythology of Mexico and Central America, p. 148.
7 Popol Vuh: The Sacred Book of the Ancient Quiche Maya, (English version by Delia Goetz and Sylvanus G. Morley from the translation by Adrian Recinos), University of Oklahoma Press, 1991, p. 163.
8 Ibid., 164.
9 Ibid., p. 181; The Mythology of Mexico and Central America, p. 147.
10 The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, (trans. R. O. Faulkner), Oxford University Press, 1969. Numerous Utterances refer directly to the stellar rebirth of the King, e.g. 248, 264, 265, 268, and 570 (‘I am a star which illumines the sky’), etc.
11 Ibid., Utt. 466, p. 155.
12 The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead, (trans. R. O. Faulkner), British Museum Publications, 1989.
13 Pre-Hispanic Gods of Mexico, p. 37.
14 The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya, pp. 128–9.
15 Reproduced in National Geographic Magazine, volume 176, Number 4, Washington DC, October 1989, p. 468: ‘Double Comb is being taken to the underworld in a canoe guided by the “paddler twins”, gods who appear prominently in Maya mythology. Other figures – an iguana, a monkey, a parrot, and a dog – accompany the dead ruler.’ We learn more of the mythological significance of dogs in Part V of this book.
16 Details are reproduced in John Romer, Valley of the Kings, Michael O’Mara Books Limited, London, 1988, p. 167, and in J. A. West, The Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, Harrap Columbus, London, 1989, pp. 282–97.
17 In the case of Ancient Egypt the dog represents Upuaut, ‘the Opener of the Ways’, the bird (a hawk) represents Horus, and the ape, Thoth. See The Traveller’s Key To Ancient Egypt, p. 284, and The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead, pp. 116–30. For Ancient Central America see note 15.
18 Pre-Hispanic Gods of Mexico, p. 40.
19 The Egyptian Book of the Dead (trans. E. A. Wallis Budge), Arkana, London and New York, 1986, p. 21.
20 See, for example, R. T. Rundle-Clark, Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson, London, 1991, p. 29.
21 Henri Frankfort, Kingship and the Gods, University of Chicago Press, 1978, p. 134. The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, e. g. Utts. 20, 21.
22 Robert Bauval and Adrian Gilbert, The Orion Mystery, Wm. Heinemann, London, 1994, pp. 208–10, 270.
23 The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya, pp. 40, 177.
24 Maya History and Religion, p. 175.
25 Stephanie Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia, Oxford University Press, 1990, p. 326; Jeremy Black and Anthony Green, Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, British Museum Press, 1992, pp. 163–4.
26 Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, p. 41.
27 Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 169; The God-Kings and the Titans, p. 234.
28 New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, pp. 53–4.
29 Ibid., p. 54.
30 Ibid. See also Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, p. 177.
31 Pre-Hispanic Gods of Mexico, p. 59; Inga Glendinnen, Aztecs, Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 177. See also The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya, p. 144.
32 Mexico, p. 669.
33 The Cities of Ancient Mexico, p. 53.
34 The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico, p. 53; Mexico, p. 671.
35 The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico, pp. 53–4; The Cities of Ancient Mexico, p. 50.
36 The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico, pp. 54.
37 Mexico, pp. 669–71.
38 For further details, see The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya, p. 17: ‘These buildings probably confirm knowledge of a large body of star lore.’
39 The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico, p. 53.
40 Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 350.
41 The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico, pp. 44–5.
42 J. Eric Thompson, Maya Hieroglyphic Writing, Carnegie Institution, Washington DC, 1950, p. 155.
Chapter Twenty
1 The Atlas of Mysterious Places (ed. Jennifer Westwood), Guild Publishing, London, 1987, p. 70.
2 The Times, London, 4 June 1994.
3 Quoted in The Atlas of Mysterious Places, pp. 68–9.
4 Ibid. Michael D. Coe, The Maya, Thames and Hudson, London, 1991, pp. 108–9.
5 Fair Gods and Stone Faces, pp. 94–5.
6 The Atlas of Mysterious Places, p. 70.
7 Time Among the Maya, p. 298.
8 Fair Gods and Stone Faces, pp. 95–6.
9 Mexico: Rough Guide, Harrap-Columbus, London, 1989, p. 354.
10 The Mythology of Mexico and Central America, p. 8. Maya History and Religion, p. 340.
11 See Chapter Ten.
12 E. A. Wallis Budge, Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection, The Medici Society Ltd., 1911, volume II, p. 180.
13 John. L. Stephens, Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan, Harper and Brothers, New York, 1841, vol II, p. 422.
14 See Chapter Twelve.
Chapter Twenty-One
1 Popol Vuh, p. 167.
2 Ibid., pp. 168–9.
3 Ibid., p. 169.
4 Ibid.
5 Genesis, 4:22–4
6 Popol Vuh, Introduction, p. 16. See also The Magic and Mysteries of Mexico, p. 250ff.
7 Popol Vuh, pp. 168–9.
8 Ibid.
9 J. Eric Thompson, The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization, Pimlico, London, 1993, p. 13.
10 William Gates’s notes (p. 81) to Diego de Landa’s Yucatan before and after the Conquest.
11 This is evident from the Dresden Codex. See, for example, An Introduction to the Study of Maya Hieroglyphs, p. 32.
12 The Maya, p. 176; Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 291; The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization, p. 173.
13 Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 287.
14 The Maya, p. 173.
15 The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization, pp. 178–9.
16 Cited in The Maya, p. 173.
17 World Mythology, p. 241.
18 The Maya, p. 176.
19 The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization, p. 170; Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 290.
20 The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization, p. 170.
21 Ibid., 170–1.
22 Ibid., 169.
23 Breaking The Maya Code, p. 275.
24 Ibid., pp. 9, 275.
25 José Arguelles, The Mayan Factor: Path Beyond Technology, Bear and Co., Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1987, pp. 26; The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya, p. 50.
26 The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization, pp. 13–14, 165.
27 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 12:214.
28 The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization, p. 168.
Chapter Twenty-Two
1 Pre-Hispanic Gods of Mexico, pp. 25–6.
2 Ibid., pp. 26–7.
3 Ancient America, Time-Life International, 1970, p. 45; Aztecs: Reign of Blood and Splendour, p. 54; Pre-Hispanic Gods of Mexico, p. 24.
4 The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico, p. 67.
5 Beyond Stonehenge, pp. 187–8.
6 Cited in Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, pp. 220–1.
7 Ibid.
8 Hugh Harleston Jr, ‘A Mathematical Analysis of Teotihuacan’, XLI International Congress of Americanists, 3 October 1974.
9 Richard Bloomgarden, The Pyramids of Teotihuacan, Editur S. A. Mexico, 1993, p. 14.
10 Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 215.
11 Ibid., pp. 266–9.
12 The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico, p. 67.
13 Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 221.
14 The Orion Mystery.
15 Ibid.
16 Bernardino de Sahagun, cited in Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 23.
17 Mexico: Rough Guide, p. 216.
18 The Atlas of Mysterious Places, p. 158.
19 Pre-Hispanic Gods of Mexico, p. 24.
20 The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, Utt. 667A, p. 281.
21 The Ancient Kingdoms Of Mexico, p. 74; The Traveller’s Key To Ancient Egypt, pp. 110–35.
22 See, for example, Ahmed Fakhry, The Pyramids, University of Chicago Press, 1969.
23 Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, pp. 230–3.
24 Ibid.
25 The Prehistory of the Americas, p. 282.
26 Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, pp. 11–12.
27 Ibid.
28 Ibid., p. 213.
29 Ibid.
30 The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico, p. 72.
31 Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, pp. 271–2.
32 Ibid., p. 232.
33 Ibid., p. 272.
34 Ibid.
Chapter Twenty-Three
1 Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 202.
2 Ibid. The Pyramids of Teotihuacan, p. 16.
3 The Pyramids of Teotihuacan, p. 16.
4 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 8:90, and The Lost Realms, p. 53.
5 The Pyramids of Teotihuacan, p. 16.
6 Mexico: Rough Guide, p. 217.
7 Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 252.
8 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9:415.
9 I. E. S. Edwards, The Pyramids of Egypt, Penguin, London, 1949, p. 87.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid., p. 219.
12 Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 55.
13 The Pyramids of Egypt, pp. 87, 219.
14 The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico, p. 74.
15 Mexico, p. 201; The Atlas of Mysterious Places, p. 156.
16 The most accessible presentation of Stecchini’s work is in the appendix he wrote for Peter Tompkins, Secrets of the Great Pyramid, pp. 287–382.
17 See The Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, p. 95.
18 Stecchini, in appendix to Secrets of the Great Pyramid, p. 378. The perimeter of the Great Pyramid equals exactly one-half minute of arc – see Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, p. 279.
19 The Pyramids of Teotihuacan, p. 20.
20 Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, pp. 335–9.
21 Ibid.
22 The Riddle of the Pyramids, pp. 188–93.
23 The Prehistory of the Americas, p. 281. See also The Cities of Ancient Mexico, p. 178 and Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, pp. 226–36.
Chapter Twenty-Four
1 The Epic of Gilgamesh, Penguin Classics, London, 1988, p. 61.
2 Ibid., p. 108.
3 Ibid., and Myths from Mesopotamia, p. no.
4 Myths from Mesopotamia, pp. 112–13; Gilgamesh, pp. 109–11; Edmund Sollberger, The Babylonian Legend of the Flood, British Museum Publications, 1984, p. 26.
5 Gilgamesh, p. 111.
6 Ibid.
7 Extracts from the Book of Genesis, Chapters Six, Seven and Eight:
God saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. And it repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart … And God said, The end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth is filled with violence … And behold I, even I, do bring a flood of waters upon the earth to destroy all flesh wherein is the breath of life from under heaven; and everything that is in the earth shall die.
Saving only Noah and his family (whom he instructed to build a great survival ship 450 feet long × 75 feet wide × 45 feet high), and ordering the Hebrew patriarch to gather together breeding pairs of every living creature so that they too might be saved, the Lord then sent the flood:
In the selfsame day entered Noah and Ham and Japheth, the sons of Noah, and Noah’s wife, and the wives of his sons with them, into the Ark – they and every beast after his kind, and all the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind, and every fowl after his kind, every bird of every sort. And they went in unto Noah into the Ark, two and two of all flesh wherein is the breath of life. And they that went in, went in male and female of all flesh, as God had commanded, and the Lord shut them in.
And the flood was upon the earth; and the waters increased and bare up the ark, and it was lifted up above the earth. And the waters prevailed, and were increased greatly upon the earth; and the ark went upon the face of the waters. And the high hills that were under the whole heaven were covered … And every man was destroyed, all in whose nostrils was the breath of life, and Noah only remained alive, and they that were with him in the ark.
In due course, ‘in the seventh month in the seventeenth day of the month, the Ark came to rest upon the mountains of Ararat. And the waters decreased continually until the tenth month’:
And it came to pass at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made: And he sent forth a raven, which went forth to and fro until the waters were dried up from the earth. Also he sent forth a dove from him, to see if the waters were abated from off the face of the ground; but the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot, and she returned unto him into the ark, for the waters were on the face of the whole earth.
And he stayed yet another seven days; and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark. And the dove came in to him in the evening; and, lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf plucked off; so Noah knew that the waters were abated from off the earth … And Noah went forth … and builded an altar unto the Lord, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. And the Lord smelled the sweet savour …
8 Maya History and Religion, p. 332.
9 Sir J. G. Frazer, Folklore in the Old Testament: Studies in Comparative Religion, Legend and Law (Abridged Edition), Macmillan, London, 1923, p. 107.
10 Lenormant, writing in Contemporary Review, cited in Atlantis: The Antediluvian World, p. 99.
11 Popol Vuh, p. 90.
12 Ibid., p. 93.
13 New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, p. 440; Atlantis: the Antediluvian World, p. 105.
14 Folklore in the Old Testament, p. 104.
15 New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, p. 445.
16 Folklore in the Old Testament, p. 105.
17 Ibid., p. 101.
18 John Bierhorst, The Mythology of South America, William Morrow & Co., New York, 1988, p. 165.
19 Ibid., pp. 165–6.
20 New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, p. 426.
21 Folklore in the Old Testament, pp. 111–12.
22 New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, p. 431.
23 Ibid., pp. 428–9; Folklore in the Old Testament, p. 115. In this version the character of Michabo is called Messou.
24 From Lynd’s History of the Dakotas, cited in Atlantis: the Antediluvian World, p. 117.
25 Frederick A. Filby, The Flood Reconsidered: A Review of the Evidences of Geology, Archaeology, Ancient Literature and the Bible, Pickering and Inglis Ltd., London, 1970, p. 58. Andree was an eminent German geographer and anthropologist. His monograph on diluvial traditions is described by J. G. Frazer (in Folklore in the Old Testament, pp. 46–7) as ‘a model of sound learning and good sense set forth with the utmost clearness and conciseness …’
26 Reported in Charles Berlitz, The Lost Ship of Noah, W. H. Allen, London, 1989, p. 126.
27 World Mythology, pp. 26–7.
28 Ibid., p. 305.
29 Folklore in the Old Testament, p. 81.
30 Ibid.
31 World Mythology, p. 280.
32 E. Sykes, Dictionary Of Non-Classical Mythology, London, 1961, p. 119.
33 New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, pp. 460, 466.
34 C. Kerenyi, The Gods of the Greeks, Thames & Hudson, London, 1974, pp. 226–9.
35 Ibid.
36 World Mythology, pp. 130–1.
37 The Gods of the Greeks, pp. 226–9.
38 World Mythology, pp. 130–1.
39 New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, p. 362.
40 Ibid., Satapatha Brahmana, (trans. Max Muller), cited in Atlantis: the Antediluvian World, p. 87.
41 Ibid. See also Folklore in the Old Testament, pp. 78–9.
42 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, 7:798. The Rig Veda, Penguin Classics, London, 1981, pp. 100–1.
43 The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egypt, p. 48.
44 From the Theban Recension of The Egyptian Book of the Dead, quoted in From Fetish to God in Ancient Egypt, p. 198.
45 Genesis, 6:11–13.
46 2 Peter 3:3–10.
47 See H. Murray, J. Crawford et al., An Historical and Descriptive Account of China, 2nd edition, 1836, volume I, p. 40. See also G. Schlegel, Uranographie chinoise, 1875, p. 740.
48 Warren, Buddhism in Translations, p. 322.
49 Ibid.
50 Dixon, Oceanic Mythology, p. 178.
51 Worlds in Collision, p. 35.
52 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 6:53.
53 World Mythology, p. 26. Details of the Hopi world destruction myths are in Frank Waters, The Book of the Hopi, Penguin, London, 1977.
Chapter Twenty-Five
1 The Bundahish Chapters I, XXXI, XXXIV, cited in William F. Warren, Paradise Found: The Cradle of the Human Race at the North Pole, Houghton, Mifflin and Co., Boston, 1885, p. 282.
2 Vendidad, Fargard I, cited in Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, The Arctic Home in the Vedas, Tilak Publishers, Poona, 1956, pp. 340–1.
3 Vendidad, Fargard II, cited in The Arctic Home in the Vedas, pp. 300, 353–4.
4 New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, p. 320.
5 West, Pahlavi Texts Part I, p. 17, London, 1880.
6 Ibid.; Justi, Der Bundahish, Leipzig, 1868, p. 5.
7 The Arctic Home in the Vedas, p. 390ff.
8 The Mythology of South America, pp. 143–4
9 Ibid., p. 144.
10 Popol Vuh, p. 178.
11 Ibid., p. 93.
12 The Mythology of Mexico and Central America, p. 41.
13 Maya History and Religion, p. 333.
14 See Chapter Twenty-four.
15 Ibid.
16 National Geographic Magazine, June 1962, p. 87.
17 The Mythology of Mexico and Central America, p. 79
18 New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, p. 481.
19 The Mythology of all Races, Cooper Square Publishers Inc., New York, 1964, volume X, p. 222.
20 See particularly the writings of Hyginus, cited in Paradise Found, p. 195. See also The Gods of the Greeks, p. 195.
21 The Illustrated Guide to Classical Mythology, p. 15–17.
22 The Iranian Bundahish tells us that the planets ran against the sky and created confusion in the entire cosmos.
23 The Illustrated Guide to Classical Mythology, p. 17.
24 Folklore in the Old Testament, p. 101.
25 Maya History and Religion, p. 336.
26 The Mythology of South America, pp. 140–2.
27 New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, pp. 275–7.
28 Maya History and Religion, p. 332.
Chapter Twenty-Six
1 Roger Lewin, Human Evolution, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1984, p. 74.
2 Donald C. Johanson and Maitland C. Eddy, Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind, Paladin, London, 1982, in particular, pp. 28, 259–310.
3 Roger Lewin, Human Evolution, pp. 47–49, 53–6; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 6:27–8.
4 Human Evolution, p. 76.
5 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, 18:831.
6 Human Evolution, p. 76.
7 Ibid., p. 72.
8 Ibid., p. 73.
9 Ibid., p. 73, 77.
10 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, 12:712.
11 Path of the Pole, p. 146.
12 Ibid., p. 152; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 12:712.
13 John Imbrie and Katherine Palmer Imbrie, Ice Ages: Solving the Mystery, Enslow Publishers, New Jersey, 1979, p. 11.
14 Ibid., p. 120; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 12:783; Human Evolution, p. 73.
Chapter Twenty-Seven
1 Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, Penguin, London, 1985, p. 322.
2 Quaternary Extinctions, pp. 360–1, 394.
3 Charles Darwin, Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of Countries Visited during the Voyage of HMS Beagle Round the World; entry for 9 January 1834.
4 Quaternary Extinctions, pp. 360–1, 394.
5 Ibid., pp. 360–1; The Path of the Pole, p. 250.
6 Quaternary Extinctions, p. 360–1.
7 Ibid., p. 358.
8 Donald W. Patten, The Biblical Flood and the Ice Epoch: A Study in Scientific History, Pacific Meridian Publishing Co., Seattle, 1966, p. 194.
9 The Path of the Pole, p. 258.
10 David M. Hopkins et al., The Palaeoecology of Beringia, Academic Press, New York, 1982, p. 309.
11 Professor Frank C. Hibben, The Lost Americans, cited in The Path of the Pole, p. 275ff.
12 F. Rainey, ‘Archaeological Investigations in Central Alaska’, American Antiquity, volume V, 1940, page 307.
13 Path of the Pole, p. 275ff.
14 The Biblical Flood and the Ice Epoch, p. 107–8.
15 A. P. Okladnikov, ‘Excavations in the North’ in Vestiges of Ancient Cultures, Soviet Union, 1951.
16 The Path of the Pole, p. 255.
17 A. P. Okladnikov, Yakutia before its Incorporation into the Russian State, McGill-Queens University Press, Montreal, 1970.
18 The Path of the Pole, p. 250.
19 The Biblical Flood and the Ice Epoch, p. 107. Wragnell, the explorer, observed on Bear Island (Medvizhi Ostrova) that the soil consisted of only sand, ice and such a quantity of mammoth bones that they seemed to be the chief substance of the island. On the Siberian mainland he observed that the tundra was dotted with mammoth tusks rather than Arctic shrubbery.
20 Georges Cuvier, Revolutions and Catastrophes in the History of the Earth, 1829.
21 Cited in Path of the Pole, p. 256.
22 Ivan T. Sanderson, ‘Riddle of the Quick-Frozen Giants’, Saturday Evening Post, 16 January 1960, p. 82.
23 Path of the Pole, p. 256.
24 Ibid., p. 256. Winter temperatures fall to 56 degrees below zero.
25 Ibid., p. 277.
26 Ibid., p. 132.
27 R. S. Luss, Fossils, 1931, p. 28.
28 G. M. Price, The New Geology, 1923, p. 579.
29 Ibid.
30 Earth In Upheaval, p. 63
31 Path of the Pole, p. 133, 176.
32 The Evolving Earth, Guild Publishing, London, 1989, p. 30.
33 Ice Ages: Solving the Mystery, p. 64.
34 Path of the Pole, pp. 132–5.
35 Ibid., p. 137. A major change from glacial to post-glacial conditions occurred about 11,000 years ago. This temperature change was ‘sharp and abrupt’ (Polar Wandering and Continental Drift, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication No. 10, Tulsa, 1953, p. 159). Dramatic climate change around 12,000 years ago is also reported in C.C. Langway and B. Lyle Hansen, The Frozen Future: A Prophetic Report from Antarctica, Quadrangle, New York, 1973, p. 202. See also Ice Ages, pp. 129, 142; see also Quaternary Extinctions, p. 357: ‘The last 100,000 years of glacial expansion, as recorded by oxygen-isotope ratios in deep-sea cores from the Atlantic and the Equatorial Pacific, terminated ABRUPTLY around 12,000 years ago. A very rapid ice melt caused a rapid rise in sea level … Detailed land fossils show a major movement of plant and animal species at the time, especially into formerly glaciated terrain. American megafaunal extinctions occurred during a time of rapid climatic change as seen in fossil pollen and small animal records.’
36 Ice Ages, p. 129.
37 Path of the Pole, p. 137.
38 ‘The relative change is shown by the change in the relative abundance of cold and warm water planktonic foraminfera, and the absolute change is given by oxygen isotope ratio determinations on the fauna.’ Polar Wandering, p. 96.
39 The reader may recall that inexplicably warm conditions prevailed in the New Siberian Islands until this time, and it is worth noting that many other islands in the Arctic Ocean were also unaffected for a long while by the widespread glaciations elsewhere (e.g. on Baffin Island the remains of alder and birch trees preserved in peat indicate a relatively warm climate extending at least from 30,000 to 17,000 years ago. It is also certain that large parts of Greenland remained enigmatically ice-free during the Ice Age.Path of the Pole, p. 93, 96.
40 The Biblical Flood and the Ice Epoch, p. 114; Path of the Pole, pp. 47–8.
41 Ice Ages, p. 11. Biblical Flood and the Ice Epoch, p. 117; Path of the Pole, p. 47.
42 Ice Ages, p. 11; Biblical Flood and the Ice Epoch, p. 114.
43 Path of the Pole, p. 150.
44 Path of the Pole, pp. 148–9, 152, 162–3. In North America, where the ice reached its maximum extent between 17,000 and 16,500 years ago, geologists have made the following discoveries: ‘Leaves, needles and fruits’ that flourished around 15,300 years ago in Massachusetts; ‘A bog which developed over glacial material in New Jersey at least 16,280 years ago, immediately after the interruption of the ice advance.’; ‘In Ohio we have a postglacial sample dated about 14,000 years ago. And that was spruce wood, suggesting a forest that must have taken a few thousand years, by conservative estimate, to get established. What, indeed, does this mean? Does it not clearly suggest that the ice cap, estimated to have been at its maximum at least a mile thick in Ohio, disappeared from Delaware County in that state within only a few centuries?’
Likewise, ‘in the Soviet Union, in the Irkutsk area, deglaciation was complete and postglacial life fully established by 14,500 years ago. In Lithuania another bog developed as early as 15,620 years ago. These two dates taken together are rather suggestive. A bog can develop much faster than a forest. First, however, the ice must disappear. And let us not forget that there was a great deal of ice.’
45 Ice Ages, p. 11, Biblical Flood and the Ice Epoch, p. 117, Path of the Pole, p. 47.
46 R. F. Flint, Glacial Geology and the Pleistocene Epoch, 1947, pp. 294–5.
47 Ibid., p. 362.
48 Earth in Upheaval, p. 43; in general, pp. 42–4.
49 Ibid., p. 47. Joseph Prestwich, On Certain Phenomena Belonging to the Close of the Last Geological Period and on their Bearing upon the Tradition of the Flood, Macmillan, London, 1895, p. 36.
50 On Certain Phenomena, p. 48.
51 Ibid., p. 25–6.
52 Ibid., p. 50.
53 Ibid., p. 51–2.
54 J. S. Lee, The Geology of China, London, 1939, p. 370.
55 Polar Wandering, p. 165.
56 J. B. Delair and E.F. Oppe, ‘The Evidence of Violent Extinction in South America’, in Path of the Pole p. 292.
57 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1:141.
58 Warren Upham, The Glacial Lake Agassiz, 1895, p. 240.
59 Human Evolution, p. 92.
60 Ibid.; see also Quaternary Extinctions, p. 375.
61 Human Evolution, p. 92.
Chapter Twenty-eight
1 Hamlet’s Mill, pp. 57–8.
2 Figures from Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, 27:530.
3 Ibid.
4 J. D. Hays, John Imbrie, N.J. Shackleton, ‘Variations in the Earth’s Orbit, Pacemaker of the Ice Ages’, Science, volume 194, No. 4270, 10 December 1976, p. 1125.
5 The Biblical Flood and the Ice Epoch, pp. 288–9. Fifteen trillion miles is equivalent to fifteen thousand billion miles.
6 Ice Ages, pp. 80–1.
7 Earth in Upheaval, p. 266.
8 New York Times, 15 April 1951.
9 Berossus, Fragments.
10 Skyglobe 3.6.
11 Roberta S. Sklower, ‘Predicting Planetary Positions’, appendix to Frank Waters, Mexico Mystique, Sage Books, Chicago, 1975, p. 285ff.
12 Earth in Upheaval, p. 138.
13 Biblical Flood and the Ice Epoch, p. 49.
14 Figures from Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, 27:530.
15 Ibid.
16 Path of the Pole, p. 3.
17 Jane B. Sellers, The Death of Gods in Ancient Egypt, Penguin, London, 1992, p. 205.
18 Skyglobe 3.6.
19 Precise figure from The Death of Gods in Ancient Egypt, p. 205.
Chapter Twenty-Nine
1 Hamlet’s Mill, p. 59.
2 Ibid., p. 58.
3 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, 5:937–8. See also The Death of Gods in Ancient Egypt, p. 205, where the precise figure of 50.274 is given.
4 Hamlet’s Mill, p. 7.
5 Ibid.; Death of Gods in Ancient Egypt.
6 Hamlet’s Mill, p. 65.
7 Ibid., p. 345.
8 Ibid., p. 418.
9 Ibid., p. 245.
10 Ibid., p. 132.
11 Ibid., pp. 4–5, 348.
12 Ibid., p. 5.
Chapter Thirty
1 Livio Catullo Stecchini, ‘Notes on the Relation of Ancient Measures to the Great Pyramid’, in Secrets of the Great Pyramid, pp. 381–2.
2 Martin Bernal, Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization, Vintage Books, London, 1991, p. 276.
3 The reader will recall from Chapter Twenty-five how Yggdrasil, the world tree itself, was not destroyed and how the progenitors of future humanity managed to shelter within its trunk until a new earth emerged from the ruins of the old. How likely is it to be purecoincidence that exactly the same strategy was adopted by survivors of the universal deluge as described in certain Central American myths? Such links and crossovers in myth between the themes of precession and global catastrophe are extremely common.
4 Hamlet’s Mill, p. 7.
5 Grimnismol 23, the Poetic Edda, p. 93, cied in Death of Gods in Ancient Egypt, p. 199; Hamlet’s Mill, p. 162; Elsa Brita Titchenell, The Masks of Odin, Theosophical University Press, Pasadena, 1988, p. 168.
6 Hamlet’s Mill, p. 232–3.
7 Ibid., p. 231.
8 Yucatan before and after the Conquest, p. 82.
9 See, for example, The God-Kings and the Titans, p. 64. It may also be relevant that other versions of ‘the Bacabs’ myth tell us that ‘their slightest movement produces an earth tremor or even an earthquake’ (Maya History and Religion, p. 346).
10 Hamlet’s Mill, p. 2.
11 Ibid.
12 Grottasongr, ‘The Song of the Mill’, in The Masks of Odin, p. 198.
13 Ibid., p. 201.
14 Grottasongr, cited in Hamlet’s Mill, p. 89–90.
15 Ibid., p. 2.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid., p. 232.
18 Ibid., p. 204.
19 Odyssey (Rouse translation), 20:103–19.
20 Trimalcho in Petronius, cited in Hamlet’s Mill, p. 137.
21 John Milton, Samson Agonistes, 1:41.
22 Judges, 16:25–30.
23 In Japanese myth the Samson character is named Susanowo. See Post Wheeler, The Sacred Scriptures of the Japanese, New York, 1952, p. 44ff.
24 In slightly distorted form in the Popol Vuh’s account of the Twins and their 400 companions (see Chapter Nineteen). Zipcana, son of Vucub-Caquix sees the 400 youths dragging a huge log they want as a ridgepole for their house. Zipcana carries the tree without effort to the spot where a hole has been dug for the post to support the ridgepole. The youths try to kill Zipcana by crushing him in the hole, but he escapes and brings down the house on their heads, killing them all. Popol Vuh, pp. 99–101.
25 In Maori traditions the Samson character is known as Whakatu. See Sir George Grey, Polynesian Mythology, London, 1956 (1st ed. 1858), p. 97ff.
26 Cited in Hamlet’s Mill, pp. 104–8.
27 Ibid., p. 111.
28 Ibid., 233.
29 Ibid., 312.
30 James Mooney, ‘Myths of the Cherokee’, Washington, 1900, cited in Hamlet’s Mill, pp. 249, 389; Jean Guard Monroe and Ray A. Williamson, They Dance in the Sky: Native American Star Myths, Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1987, pp. 117–18.
31 The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya, p. 70.
32 Cited in Hamlet’s Mill, p. 33.
33 Homer, The Odyssey, Book 17.
34 Judges, 15:4.
35 Saxo Grammaticus, in Hamlet’s Mill, p. 13.
36 Ibid., p. 31.
37 Ibid., pp. 7, 31.
38 World Mythology, p. 139. It should also be noted that, like Samson, Orion was blind – the only blind figure in constellation mythology. See Hamlet’s Mill, pp. 177–8.
39 Mercer, The Religion of Ancient Egypt, London, 1946, pp. 25, 112.
40 Ibid. Death of Gods in Ancient Egypt, p. 39: ‘the ancient Egyptians are known to have identified Orion with Osiris’.
41 Also rendered Wapwewet and Ap-uaut. See, for example, E. A. Wallis Budge, Gods of the Egyptians, Methuen and Co., London, 1904, vol II, pp. 366–7.
42 The Egyptian Book of the Dead, Introduction, p. L.
43 Ibid. Though a mill, as such, is nowhere to be seen, many Ancient Egyptian reliefs depict two of the principal characters in the Osiris myth (Horus and Seth) jointly operating a giant drill, again a classic symbol of precession. Hamlet’s Mill, p. 162: ‘This feature is continuously mislabelled the “uniting of the two countries” whether Horus and Seth serve the churn or, as is more often the case, the so-called Nile Gods.’
Chapter Thirty-One
1 The Death of Gods in Ancient Egypt, author biography.
2 For example by Robert Bauval in The Orion Mystery, pp. 144–5.
3 The Death of Gods in Ancient Egypt, p. 174.
4 This phrase was coined by Jane Sellers, whom also detected the precessional calculations embedded in the Osiris myth.
5 The Egyptian Book of the Dead, Introduction, page XLIX.
6 Cited in The Death of Gods in Ancient Egypt, p. 204.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid., pp. 125–6ff; see also The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts.
9 Death of Gods in Ancient Egypt, p. 205.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid., p. 196.
13 Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico, p. 143.
14 Hamlet’s Mill, pp. 162–3; see also Atlas of Mysterious Places, pp. 168–70.
15 See, for example, Feats and Wisdom of the Ancients, Time-Life Books, 1990, p. 65.
16 Ananda K. Coomaraswamy and Sister Nivedita, Myths of the Hindus and Buddhists, George G. Harrap and Company, London, 1913, p. 384.
17 Hamlet’s Mill, p. 162.
18 Rig Veda, 1:164, cited in The Arctic Home in the Vedas, p. 168.
19 Frances A. Yates, Girodano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition, the University of Chicago Press, 1991, p. 93.
20 Personal communication from AMORC, San Jose, California, November 1994.
21 Leon Comber, The Traditional Mysteries of the Chinese Secret Societies in Malaya, Eastern Universities Press, Singapore, 1961, p. 52.
22 Ibid., p. 53.
23 Gustav Schlegel, The Hung League, Tynron Press, Scotland, 1991 (first published 1866), Introduction, p. XXXVII.
24 For fuller details see The Hung League and J. S. M. Ward, The Hung Society, Baskerville Press, London, 1925 (in three volumes).
25 W. J. Wilkins, Hindu Mythology: Vedic and Puranic, Heritage Publishers, New Delhi, 1991, p. 353.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid., pp. 353–4.
30 Ibid., p. 354.
31 Ibid., p. 247.
32 For details of these complicated family relationships, see Egyptian Book of the Dead, Introduction, p. XLVIIIff.
33 The Gods of the Egyptians, volume II, p. 366.
34 The Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, p. 71.
35 Gods of the Egyptians, II, p. 367.
36 Hamlet’s Mill, p. 2.
37 Egyptian Book of the Dead, Introduction, p. XLIX-LI.
38 Ibid.
39 Hamlet’s Mill, pp. 32–4.
40 Ibid., p. 33.
41 Ibid., p. 119.
Chapter Thirty-Two
1 See Chapter Twenty-four for details of flood myths. The same kind of convergence among supposedly unconnected myths also occurs with regard to precession of the equinoxes. The mills, the characters who work and own and eventually break them, the brothers and nephews and uncles, the theme of revenge, the theme of incest, the dogs that flit silently from story to story, and the exact numbers needed to calculate precessional motion – all crop up everywhere, from culture to culture and from age to age, propagating themselves effortlessly along the jet-stream of time.
2 Diodorus Siculus, Book I, 14:1–15, translated by C. H. Oldfather, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1989, pp. 47–9.
3 Galileo, cited in Hamlet’s Mill, p. 10.
4 Ice Ages; John Imbrie et al., ‘Variations in the Earth’s Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages’ in Science, volume 194, No. 4270, 10 December 1976.
5 Hamlet’s Mill, pp. 138–9.
6 ‘Variations in the Earth’s Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages’.
Chapter Thirty-Three
1 The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 208.
2 J. H. Cole, Survey of Egypt, paper no. 39: ‘The Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza’, Cairo, 1925.
3 The conventional explanations, as given in The Pyramids of Egypt, for example, are entirely unsatisfactory, as Edwards himself admits; see pp. 85–7, 206–41.
4 Ibid., p. 87.
5 See Lionel Casson, Ships and Seafaring in Ancient Times, University of Texas Press, 1994, p. 17; The Ra Expeditions, p. 15.
6 The Ra Expeditions, p. 17.
7 Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, pp. 132–3.
8 The Ra Expeditions, p. 16.
9 See, for example, Christine Desroches-Noblecourt, Tutankhamen, Penguin Books, London, 1989, pages 89, 108, 113, 283.
10 A.J. Spencer, The Great Pyramid Fact Sheet, P.J. Publications, 1989.
Chapter Thirty-Four
1 The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 8.
2 Peter Lemesurier, The Great Pyramid: Your Personal Guide, Element Books, Shaftesbury, 1987, p. 225.
3 Dr Joseph Davidovits and Margie Morris, The Pyramids: An Enigma Solved, Dorset Press, New York, 1988, pp. 39–40.
4 Ibid., p. 37.
5 John Baines and Jaromir Malek, Atlas of Ancient Egypt, Time-Life Books, Virginia, 1990, p. 160; The Pyramids of Egypt, pp. 229–30.
6 The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 229.
7 Ibid., p. 85.
8 Ibid., p. 220.
9 Atlas of Ancient Egypt, p. 139.
10 Peter Hodges and Julian Keable, How the Pyramids Were Built, Element Books, Shaftesbury, 1989, p. 123.
11 Ibid., p. 11.
12 Ibid., p. 13.
13 Ibid., p. 125–6. Failure to reach the top would be because spiral ramps and linked scaffolds overlap and exceed the space available long before arrival at the summit.
14 Ibid., p. 126.
15 See Chapter Twenty-three; The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 219; Atlas of Ancient Egypt, p. 139.
16 Piazzi Smyth, The Great Pyramid: Its Secrets and Mysteries Revealed, Bell Publishing Company, New York, 1990, p. 80.
17 The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 125.
18 Ibid., p. 87.
19 ‘One is irritated by the number of imbeciles’ names written everywhere,’ Gustave Flaubert commented in his Letters From Egypt. ‘On the top of the Great Pyramid there is a certain Buffard, 79 rue St Martin, wallpaper manufacturer, in black letters.’
20 Skyglobe 3.6.
21 How the Pyramids Were Built, p. 4–5.
22 Secrets of the Great Pyramid, pp. 232, 244.
23 Ibid., p. 17.
24 Cited in Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, p. 90.
25 Ibid., p. 40. Chompollion of course, deciphered the Rosetta Stone.
Chapter Thirty-Five
1 Herodotus, The History (translated by David Grene), University of Chicago Press, 1987, pp. 187–9.
2 The Riddle of the Pyramids, p. 54.
3 Ibid., p. 55.
4 George Hart, Pharaohs and Pyramids, Guild Publishing, London, 1991, p. 91.
5 Atlas of Ancient Egypt, p. 36.
6 The Pyramids of Egypt, pp. 94–5.
7 The Pyramids of Egypt by Professor I. E. S. Edwards is the standard text on the pyramids.
8 W. M. Flinders Petrie, The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh (New and Revised Edition), Histories and Mysteries of Man Ltd., London, 1990, p. 21.
9 John Greaves, Pyramidographia, cited in Serpent in the Sky, p. 230.
10 Secrets of the Great Pyramid, p. 11.
11 The Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, p. 120.
12 Secrets of the Great Pyramid, p. 58.
13 The Geography of Strabo, (trans. H. L. Jones), Wm. Heinemann, London, 1982, volume VIII, pp. 91–3.
14 Secrets of the Great Pyramid, p. 58.
15 In general, it is assumed to have been used as an escape route by workers sealed within the pyramid above the plugging blocks in the ascending passage.
16 Because, over a distance of several hundred feet through solid masonry, it joins two narrow corridors. This could not have been achieved by accident.
17 Secrets of the Great Pyramid, pp. 56–8.
18 See Nicholas Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun, Thames & Hudson, London, 1990.
19 See Valley of the Kings; for Saqqara (Fifth and Sixth Dynasties) see Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, pp. 163–7.
20 The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 211–12; The Great Pyramid: Your Personal Guide, p. 71.
21 Pyramids of Egypt, pp. 96.
22 Secrets of the Great Pyramid, p. 35–6.
23 Zecharia Sitchin, The Stairway To Heaven, Avon Books, New York, 1983, pp. 253–82.
24 Ibid.
25 James Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, reprinted by Histories and Mysteries of Man Ltd., London, 1988, pp. 83–5.
26 Ibid., p. 85.
27 Ibid., p. 84.
28 Ibid., and Travellers Key to Ancient Egypt, p. 139.
Chapter Thirty-Six
1 Atlas of Ancient Egypt, p. 36
2 The Orion Mystery.
3 Abdul Latif, The Eastern Key, cited in Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, p. 126.
4 Ibid.
5 Blue Guide: Egypt, A & C Black, London, 1988, p. 433.
6 The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 127.
7 It was in this chamber that Vyse found the intrusive burial (of bones and a wooden coffin lid) referred to in Chapter Thirty-Five. The basalt coffin where he also found (later lost at sea) is believed to have been part of the same intrusive burial and to have not been older than the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. See, for example, Blue Guide, Egypt, p. 433.
8 The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 220.
9 See, for example, Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection, volume II, p. 180.
10 The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 117.
11 Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, p. 123.
12 The Riddle of the Pyramids, p. 49.
13 Ibid., pp. 36–9.
14 Ibid., p. 74.
15 Ibid., p. 42.
16 Ibid.
17 The Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, p. 123; The Pyramids Of Egypt, p. 118.
Chapter Thirty-Seven
1 Diodorus Siculus, Harvard University Press, 1989, p. 217.
2 The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 88; The Great Pyramid: Your Personal Guide, pp. 30–1.
3 In the isolated Valley of the Kings in Luxor in upper Egypt, for example.
4 The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, p. 19.
5 Discussed in Secrets of the Great Pyramid, p. 236ff.
6 Dimension from The Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, p. 114.
7 Secrets of the Great Pyramid, p. 236ff.
8 The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 91.
9 Ibid., p. 88.
10 Or 51° 50’ 35” to be exact, Ibid., page 87; Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, p. 112.
11 See Chapter Twenty-three.
12 Ibid.
13 The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 93.
14 Dimensions from Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, p. 121, and The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 93.
15 The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, p. 24.
16 The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 92.
17 The Great Pyramid: Its Secrets and Mysteries Revealed, p. 428.
18 Ibid.
19 Presentation at the British Museum, 22 November 1993, by Rudolf Gantenbrink, of footage shot in the shafts by the robot camera Upuaut.
20 The Pyramids of Egypt, pp. 92–3.
21 Ibid., p. 92; The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, p. 23.
22 The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 92.
23 Ibid., p. 93; Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, p. 115.
24 The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 93.
25 Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, p. 115.
26 The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, p. 281, Utt. 667A.
27 The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, p. 25.
Chapter Thirty-Eight
1 The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, p. 25.
2 The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 94.
3 The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, p. 36.
4 The Pyramids of Egypt, pp. 94–5; The Great Pyramid: Your Personal Guide, p. 64.
5 The Pyramids of Egypt, pp. 94–5.
6 The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, p. 30.
7 Ibid., p. 95.
8 Livio Catullo Stecchini in Secrets of the Great Pyramid, p. 322. Stecchini gives slightly more accurate measures than those of Petrie (quoted) for the internal and external dimensions of the pyramid.
9 Secrets of the Great Pyramid, p. 103.
10 The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, p. 74.
11 Ibid., p. 76.
12 Ibid., p. 78.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid., pp. 74–5.
15 The Pyramids: An Enigma Solved, p. 8.
16 The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, p. 75.
17 The Pyramids: An Enigma Solved, p. 118.
18 Egypt: Land of the Pharaohs, Time-Life Books, 1992, p. 51.
19 Atlas of Ancient Egypt, p. 36.
20 For example, see Cyril Aldred, Egypt to the End of the Old Kingdom, Thames & Hudson, London, 1988, p. 25.
21 Ibid., p. 57. The relevant artefacts are in the Cairo Museum.
22 Reported in P. W. Roberts, River in the Desert: Modern Travels in Ancient Egypt, Random House, New York and Toronto, 1993, p. 115.
23 Robert Bauval, Discussions in Egyptology No. 29, 1994.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid. See also The Orion Mystery, p. 172.
26 Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, p. 117; The Great Pyramid: Your Personal Guide, p. 64.
27 John Ivimy, The Sphinx and the Megaliths, Abacus, London, 1976, p. 118.
28 Ibid.
29 Secrets of the Great Pyramid, p. 191.
30 Ibid. See also Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, pp. 117–19.
31 The Great Pyramid: Your Personal Guide, p. 64.
32 The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, p. 93.
Chapter Thirty-Nine
1 Measurements from The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 106.
2 W. B. Yeats, ‘The Second Coming’.
3 The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, p. 48.
4 Ibid., p. 50.
5 Margaret A. Murray, The Splendour that was Egypt, Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1987, pp. 160–1.
6 See Part VII, for a full discussion of the ‘First Time’.
7 Discussed in Part VII; see also Part III for a comparison of the Osirian rebirth cult and of the rebirth beliefs of Ancient Mexico.
8 The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, p. 47.
9 Measurements from The Pyramids and Temples of Egypt, p. 48, and The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 108.
10 In addition to the three Giza pyramids, the Mortuary Temples of Khafre and Menkaure can be compared with the Valley Temple in terms of their absence of adornment and use of megaliths weighing 200 tons or more.
11 Serpent in the Sky, p. 211; also Mystery of the Sphinx, NBC-TV, 1993.
12 For block weights see The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 215; Serpent in the Sky, p. 242; The Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, p. 144; The Pyramids: An Enigma Solved, p. 51; Mystery of the Sphinx, NBC-TV, 1993.
13 Personal communication from John Anthony West. See also Mystery of the Sphinx, NBC-TV.
14 Ancient Records of Egypt, volume I, p. 85.
15 See, for example, Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, University of California Press, 1976, volume II, pp. 85–6.
16 Ancient Records of Egypt, volume I, p. 85.
17 A History of Egypt, 1902, volume 4, p. 80ff, ‘Stela of the Sphinx’.
18 Ibid.
19 Karl W. Butzer, Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt: A Study in Cultural Ecology, University of Chicago Press, 1976.
20 The Pyramids of Egypt, pp. 106–7.
21 Mark Lehner, 1992 AAAS Annual Meeting, Debate: How Old is the Sphinx?
22 Ibid.
23 Gaston Maspero, The Passing of Empires, New York, 1900.
24 See Chapter Thirty-five.
25 For a general summary of these views see John Ward, Pyramids and Progress, London, 1900, pp. 38–42.
26 The Gods of the Egyptians, volume I, pp. 471–2 and volume II, p. 361.
27 Interview in Mystery of the Sphinx, NBC-TV, 1993.
28 Cited in Serpent In The Sky, p. 230.
29 Ibid., pp. 230–2; Mystery of the Sphinx, NBC-TV.
30 At least one orthodox Egyptologist, Selim Hassan, has admitted that the jury is still out on this issue. After twenty years of excavations at Giza he wrote, ‘Except for the mutilated line on the Granite Stela of Thutmosis IV, which proves nothing, there is not one single ancient inscription which connects the Sphinx with Khafre. So, sound as it may appear, we must treat this evidence as circumstantial until such a time as a lucky turn of the spade will reveal to the world definite reference to the erection of this statue.’ Cited in Conde Nast Traveller, February 1993, pp. 168–9.
Chapter Forty
1 See, for example, Rosalie David, A Guide to Religious Ritual at Abydos, Aris and Phillips, Warminster, 1981, in particular p. 121.
2 The Gods of the Egyptians, volume II, pp. 262–6.
3 Lucy Lamy, Egyptian Mysteries, Thames & Hudson, London, 1986, p. 93.
4 Jean-Pierre Corteggiani, The Egypt of the Pharaohs at the Cairo Museum, Scala Publications, London, 1987, p. 118.
5 Ibid.; see also R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz, Sacred Science: The King of Pharaonic Theocracy, Inner Traditions International, Rochester, 1988, pp. 182–3.
6 The Orion Mystery.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 Serpent in the Sky, pp. 184–242.
10 Ibid., 186–7.
11 Ibid.
12 Mystery of the Sphinx, NBC-TV, 1993.
13 Conde Nast Traveller, February 1993, p. 176.
14 E.g, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Chicago, 1992, Debate: How Old is the Sphinx?
15 Mystery of the Sphinx.
16 John West and Robert Bauval worked in isolation, unaware of each other’s fiindings, until I introduced them.
17 The Gods of the Egyptians, volume II, p. 264.
18 Blue Guide, Egypt, p. 509; see also From Fetish to God in Ancient Egypt, pp. 211–15; Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection, volume I, p. 31ff; The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egypt, p. 197.
Chapter Forty-One
1 ‘Saqqara, Egypt: Archaeologists have discovered a green limestone obelisk, the world’s oldest-known complete obelisk, dedicated to Inty, a wife of Pharaoh Pepi I, Egypt’s ruler almost 4300 years ago, who was regarded as a goddess after her death.’ Times, London, 9 May 1992; see also Daily Telegraph, London, 9 May 1992.
2 Atlas of Ancient Egypt, pp. 173–4; Rosalie and Anthony E. David, A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, Seaby, London, 1992, pp. 133–4; Blue Guide, Egypt, p. 413.
3 The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egypt, p. 110.
4 George Hart, Egyptian Myths, British Museum Publications, 1990, p. 11.
5 The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egypt, p. 110; Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, p. 66; From Fetish to God in Ancient Egypt, p. 140.
6 Papyrus of Nesiamsu, cited in Sacred Science: The King of Pharaonic Theocracy, pp. 188–9; see also From Fetish to God in Ancient Egypt, pp. 141–3.
7 From Fetish to God in Ancient Egypt, p. 142. In other readings Shu and Tefnut were spat out by Ra-Atum.
8 New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, p. 27. The figure 3126 is given in some accounts.
9 The Pyramids: An Enigma Solved, p. 13; C. Jacq, Egyptian Magic, Aris and Phillips, Warminster, 1985, p. 8; The Death of Gods in Ancient Egypt, p. 36.
10 Kingship and the Gods, p. 153.
11 The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, p. 246.
12 For a more detailed discussion see The Orion Mystery, p. 17. Bauval suggests that the Benben may have been an oriented meteorite: ‘From depictions it would seem that this meteorite was from six to fifteen tons in mass … the frightful spectacle of its fiery fall would have been very impressive …’, p. 204.
13 The Penguin Dictionary of Religions, Penguin Books, London, 1988, p. 166.
14 E.g. The Egyptian Book of the Dead, Introduction, p. XLIX; Osiris And The Egyptian Resurrection, volume II, pp. 1–11.
15 Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, p. 159.
16 Ibid., p. 158.
17 Atlas of Ancient Egypt, p. 36.
18 From Fetish to God in Ancient Egypt, p. 147: ‘Judging by the Pyramid Texts, the priests of Heliopolis borrowed very largely from the religious beliefs of the predynastic Egyptians …’ See also The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead, p. 11.
19 The Orion Mystery, pp. 57–8.
20 Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, pp. 166; The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, p. V: ‘The Pyramid Texts … include very ancient texts … There are many mythological and other allusions of which the purport is obscure to the translator of today …’
21 The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts.
22 Ibid., p. v.
23 James Henry Breasted, The Dawn of Conscience, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1944, p. 69.
Chapter Forty-Two
1 The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, lines 882, 883; see also, inter alia, lines 2115 and 2116.
2 The Gods of the Egyptians, volume I, p. 117.
3 He did so on 28 February 1881; see The Orion Mystery, p. 59.
4 The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, p. v.
5 Ibid., p. 227, Utt. 572.
6 Ibid., p. 297, Utt. 688: ‘Atum has done what he said he would do for this King; he ties the rope-ladder for him.’
7 The Gods of the Egyptians, volume II, p. 241.
8 The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, p. 70, Utt. 261.
9 Ibid., p. 97.
10 Ibid., p. 107.
11 Ibid., p. 284.
12 Ibid., p. 249, Utt. 604.
13 Ibid., pp. 253–4, Utt. 610.
14 Ibid., p. 280, Utt. 667.
15 Ibid., p. 170, Utt. 483.
16 Ibid., p. 287, Utt. 673.
17 B. Scheel, Egyptian Metalworking and Tools, Shire Egyptology, Aylesbury, 1989; G. A. Wainwright, ‘Iron in Egypt’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, vol. 18, 1931.
18 The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, pp. 276, 105, 294, 311.
19 Egyptian Metalworking and Tools, p. 17; ‘Iron in Egypt’, p. 6ff.
20 Among the many mysterious aspects of the Pyramid Texts it is perhaps inevitable that a fully qualified Opener of the Ways should put in an appearance. ‘The doors of the sky are opened to you, the starry sky is thrown open for you, the jackal of upper Egypt comes down to you as Anubis at your side.’ (The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, pp. 288–9, Utt. 675.) Here, as in other contexts, the function of the canine figure seems to be to serve as a guide to secret hoards of esoteric information often linked to mathematics and astronomy.
21 See Part V for full details.
22 Ibid.
23 Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt, p. 181.
24 The pouring fire allusion is cited in Jean-Pierre Hallet, Pygmy Kitabu, p. 185.
25 Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt, p. 181–5.
26 Ibid., p. 184.
27 Ibid., p. 185.
28 The Gods of the Egyptians, volume II, p. 94.
29 Ibid., p. 92–4.
30 Ibid., p. 93.
31 Skyglobe 3.6.
32 See Part IV.
33 For a detailed discussion see Sacred Science: The King of Pharaonic Theocracy.
34 The issue of priestly secrecy and the oral tradition is discussed at length in From Fetish to God in Ancient Egypt, e.g. p. 43: ‘It is impossible to think that the highest order of the priests did not possess esoteric knowledge which they guarded with the greatest care. Each priesthood … possessed a “Gnosis”, a “superiority of knowledge”, which they never put into writing … It is therefore absurd to expect to find in Egyptian papyri descriptions of the secrets which formed the esoteric knowledge of the priests.’ See also page 27, and Sacred Science, pp. 273–4.
35 Pyramid Texts cited in The Gods of the Egyptians, volume I, p. 158.
36 Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection, volume I, p. 146.
37 Sacred Science, pp. 22–5, 29.
38 Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection, volume I, p. 93.
39 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, 10:845.
40 The Sirius Mystery.
41 Ibid., p. 3.
42 Ibid., p. 1.
43 See Part III.
44 The Egyptian Book of the Dead, p. cxi.
45 Ibid., p. cxviii. See also The Gods of the Egyptians, volume I, p. 400.
46 The Egyptian Book of the Dead, p. 8.
47 Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection, volume II, p. 248.
48 For a full discussion see Death of Gods in Ancient Egypt, particularly pp. 328–30.
49 Sacred Science, p. 27.
50 Death of Gods in Ancient Egypt, p. 27.
51 Sacred Science, p. 172.
52 Ibid., p. 26–7. For numbers of stars visible to the naked eye see Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion, Collins Guide to Stars and Planets, London, 1984, p. 4.
53 Sacred Science, p. 173.
54 The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, p. 165, line 964. Sacred Science, p. 287.
55 The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, pp. 165, 284; Sacred Science, in particular p. 287ff.
56 The established archaeological horizon of the calendar can indeed be pushed back even further because of the recent discovery, in a First Dynasty tomb in upper Egypt, of an inscription reading, ‘Sothis, herald of the New Year’ (reported in Death of Gods in Ancient Egypt, p. 40.)
57 Sacred Science, p. 290.
58 Ibid., p. 27.
59 E. A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, (2 volumes), John Murray, London, 1920.
60 From Fetish to God In Ancient Egypt, pp. 321–2.
61 Ibid., p. 322.
62 Atlas of Ancient Egypt, p. 36.
63 Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt, p. 263.
Chapter Forty-Three
1 Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt, pp. 263–4; see also Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell, Cambridge, 1992, p. 46.
2 New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, p. 16.
3 The Gods of the Egyptians, volume I, pp. 84, 161; The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, pp. 124, 308.
4 Osiris And The Egyptian Resurrection, volume I, p. 352.
5 Michael Hoffman, Egypt before the Pharaohs, Michael O’Mara Books, 1991, pp. 12–13; Archaic Egypt, pp. 21–3; The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egypt, pp. 138–9.
6 Egypt before the Pharaohs, pp. 12–13; The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egypt, pp. 200, 268.
7 Egypt before the Pharaohs, p. 12.
8 Archaic Egypt, p. 23; Manetho, (trans. W. G. Waddell), William Heinemann, London, 1940, Introduction pp. xvi-xvii.
9 Egypt before the Pharaohs, p. 11.
10 Ibid., p. 11–13; Archaic Egypt, pp. 5, 23.
11 See, for example, Egypt before the Pharaohs, pp. 11–13.
12 This is a particularly important point to remember in a discipline like Egyptology where so much of the record of the past has been lost through looting, the ravages of time, and the activities of archaeologists and treasure hunters. Besides, vast numbers of Ancient Egyptian sites have not been investigated at all, and many more may lie out of our reach beneath the millennial silt of the Nile Delta (or beneath the suburbs of Cairo for that matter), and even at well-studied locations such as the Giza necropolis there are huge areas – the bedrock beneath the Sphinx for example – which still await the attentions of the excavator.
13 Manetho, p. 3.
14 Ibid., pp. 3–5.
15 Ibid., p. 5.
16 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, 12:214–15.
17 Manetho, p. 5.
18 There is absolutely no evidence that the Ancient Egyptians ever confused years and months, or styled one as the other; ibid, p. 4, note 2.
19 Ibid., p. 7.
20 Ibid., p. 15.
21 Ibid., p. 231; see also The Splendour that was Egypt, p. 12.
22 Like the Maya, (see Part III), the Ancient Egyptians made use for administrative purposes of a civil calendar year (or vague year) of 365 days exactly. See Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico, p. 151, for further details on the Maya vague year. The Ancient Egyptian civil calendar year was geared to the Sothic year so that both would coincide on the same day/month position once every 1461 calendar years.
23 Diodorus Siculus, translated by C.H. Oldfather, Harvard University Press, 1989, jacket text.
24 Ibid., volume I, p. 157.
25 The History, pp. 193–4. In the first century AD a similar tradition was recorded by the Roman scholar Pomponious Mela: ‘The Egyptians pride themselves on being the most ancient people in the world. In their authentic annals one may read that since they have been in existence, the course of the stars has changed direction four times, and that the sun has set twice in the part of the sky where it rises today.’ (Pomponious Mela, De Situ Orbis.)
26 Sacred Science, p. 87
27 As the following table makes clear:
|
VERNAL EQUINOX |
SUNRISE |
IN OPPOSITION (DUE WEST) AT SUNRISE |
|
|
Fifth century BC (time of Herodotus) |
Aries |
Libra |
|
|
Approx 13,000 years before Herodotus |
Libra |
Aries |
|
|
Approx 26,000 years before Herodotus |
Aries |
Libra |
|
|
Approx 39,000 years before Herodotus |
Libra |
Aries |
28 See, for example, Sir A.H. Gardner, The Royal Cannon of Turin, Griffith Institute, Oxford.
29 Archaic Egypt, p. 4.
30 For further details, Sacred Science, p. 86.
31 Ibid., p. 86. See also Egyptian Mysteries, p. 68.
32 Archaic Egypt, p. 5; Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egypt, p. 200.
33 Archaic Egypt, p. 5; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, 9:81.
34 Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egypt, p. 200.
35 Archaic Egypt, p. 5.
36 Egypt to the End of the Old Kingdom, p. 12.
Chapter Forty-Four
1 Kingship and the Gods, pp. 181–2; The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egypt, pp. 209, 264; Egyptian Myths, pp. 18–22. See also T. G. H. James, An Introduction to Ancient Egypt, British Museum Publications, London, 1979, p. 145ff.
2 Cyril Aldred, Akhenaton, Abacus, London, 1968, p. 25: ‘It was believed that the gods had ruled in Egypt after first making it perfect.’
3 Kingship and the Gods, pp. 153–5; Egyptian Myths, pp. 18–22; Egyptian Mysteries, pp. 8–11; New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, pp. 10–28.
4 See Part IV.
5 Diodorus Siculus, volume I, p. 37.
6 Ibid.
7 Mystic Places, Time-Life Books, 1987, p. 62.
8 Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt, p. 13; Egypt before the Pharaohs, pp. 27, 261.
9 New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, p. 11.
10 Ibid., p. 13.
11 Ibid., pp. 14–15.
12 Ibid.
13 Hebrews 9:4. For details of the Ark’s baleful powers see Graham Hancock, The Sign and the Seal, Mandarin, London, 1993, Chapter 12, p. 273ff.
14 Cited in Egyptian Myths, p. 44.
15 Sir E. A. Wallis Budge, Egyptian Magic, Kegan Paul, Trench, London, 1901, p. 5; The Gods of the Egyptians, volume II, p. 214.
16 New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, p. 27. If Set’s usurpation is included as a reign, we have seven divine pharoahs up to and including Thoth (i. e., Ra, Shu, Geb, Osiris, Set, Horus, Thoth).
17 The Gods of the Egyptians, volume I, p. 400; Garth Fowden, The Egyptian Hermes, Cambridge University Press, 1987, pp. 22–3. see also From Fetish to God in Ancient Egypt, pp. 121–2; Egyptian Magic, pp. 128–9; New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, pp. 27–8.
18 Manetho, quoted by the neo-Platonist Iamblichus. See Peter Lemesurier, The Great Pyramid Decoded, Element Books, 1989, p. 15; The Egyptian Hermes, p. 33.
19 See, for example, Diodorus Siculus, volume I, p. 53, where Thoth (under his Greek name of Hermes) is described as being ‘endowed with unusual ingenuity for devising things capable of improving the social life of man’.
20 Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection, volume II, p. 307.
21 Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt, p. 179; New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, p. 16.
22 New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, pp. 9–10, 16; Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egypt, p. 44; The Gods of the Egyptians, volume II, pp. 130–1; From Fetish to God in Ancient Egypt, p. 190; Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt, p. 230.
23 Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection, volume I, p. 2.
24 Chapter CXXV, cited in ibid., volume II, p. 81.
25 See Parts II and III for Quetzalcoatl and Viracocha. A good summary of Osiris’s civilizing attributes is the New Larousse Encyclopaedia of Mythology, p. 16. See also Diodorus Siculus, pp. 47–9; Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection, volume I, pp. 1–12.
26 Diodorus Siculus, p. 53.
27 Ibid.; Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection, volume I, p. 2.
28 Diodorus Siculus, p. 55.
29 Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection, volume I, p. 11.
30 Ibid., p. 2.
31 Ibid., 2–11. For Quetzalcoatl and Viracocha see Parts II and III. Interestingly enough, Osiris was said to have been accompanied on his civilizing mission by two ‘openers of the way’: (Diodorus Siculus page 57), ‘Anubis and Macedo, Anubis wearing a dog’s skin and Macedo the fore-parts of a wolf …’
32 Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection, volume II, p. 273. See also in general, The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts.
33 Archaic Egypt, p. 122; Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt, p. 98.
34 See, in general, Kingship and the Gods; Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection; The Gods of the Egyptians.
35 Archaic Egypt, p. 38.
36 Manetho, p. 5.
Chapter Forty-Five
1 Atlas of Ancient Egypt, p. 36.
2 Dates from Atlas of Ancient Egypt. For further data on Ramesses II as the pharaoh of the exodus see Profuses K. A. Kitchen, Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, Aris and Phillips, Warminster, 1982, pp. 70–1.
3 See, for example, A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, pp. 135–7.
4 Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, p. 384.
5 The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, pp. 285, 253.
6 Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, p. 386.
7 The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egypt, p. 59.
8 Chapter 175 of the Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead, cited in Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt, p. 137.
9 See Henry Frankfort, The Cenotaph of Seti I at Abydos, 39th Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Society, London, 1933, p. 25.
10 The Geography of Strabo, volume VIII, pp. 111–13.
11 Margaret A. Murray, The Osireion at Abydos, Egyptian Research Account, ninth year (1903), Bernard Quaritch, London, 1904, p. 2.
12 Ibid.
13 The Times, London, 17 March 1914.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt, p. 391.
17 The Cenotaph of Seti I at Abydos, p. 18.
18 Ibid., p. 28–9.
19 E. Naville, ‘Excavations at Abydos: The Great Pool and the Tomb of Osiris’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, volume I, 1914, p. 160.
20 The Times, London, 17 March 1914.
21 Ibid.
22 The Cenotaph of Seti I at Abydos, pp. 4, 25, 68–80.
23 Ibid., in general.
24 ‘Excavations at Abydos’, pp. 164–5.
25 The Splendour that was Egypt, pp. 160–1.
26 The Cenotaph of Seti I at Abydos, p. 23.
27 Guardian, London, 21 December 1991.
28 David O’Connor, ‘Boat Graves and Pyramid Origins’, in Expedition, volume 33, No. 3, 1991, p. 7ff.
29 Ibid., pp. 9–10.
30 Sent to me by fax 27 January 1993.
31 David O’Connor, ‘Boat Graves and Pyramid Origins’, p. 12.
32 Ibid., p. 11–12.
33 Guardian, 21 December 1991.
34 See Cairo Museum, Gallery 54, wall-painting of ships from Badarian period c. 4500 BC.
35 The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, p. 192, Utt. 519: ‘O Morning Star, Horus of the Netherworld … you having a soul and appearing in front of your boat of 770 cubits … Take me with you in the cabin of your boat.’
Chapter Forty-Six
1 Egypt before the Pharaohs, pp. 29, 88.
2 To give yet another example, here is Diodorus Siculus (first century BC) passing on what he was told by Egyptian priests: ‘The number of years from Osiris and Isis, they say, to the reign of Alexander, who founded the city which bears his name in Egypt [fourth century BC], is over ten thousand …’ Diodorus Siculus, volume I, p. 73.
3 Egypt before The Pharaohs, p. 85.
4 Ibid., p. 90.
5 A History of Ancient Egypt, p. 21.
6 Egypt before The Pharaohs, p. 88.
7 Fred Wendorff and Romuald Schild, Prehistory of the Nile Valley, Academic Press, New York, 1976, p. 291.
8 Egypt before the Pharaohs, pp. 89–90.
9 Ibid., p. 86.
10 Ibid., pp. 97–8.
11 Ibid., p. 161.
12 See Chapter Twelve.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
15 AAAS Annual Meeting, 1992, Debate: How Old is the Sphinx?
Chapter Forty-Seven
1 Traveller’s Key to Ancient Egypt; Serpent in the Sky, p. 20.
2 Sacred Science, p. 96.
3 West’s detailed evidence is set out in Serpent in the Sky, pp. 184–20. Concerning the covering of the Sphinx by sand he arrives at the following table:
|
Sphinx buried |
||
|
Chephren–Tuthmosis IV c. 1300 years |
1000 years |
|
|
Thuthmosis IV–Ptolemies c. 1100 years |
800 years |
|
|
Ptolemies–Christianity c. 600 years |
0 years |
|
|
Christianity–Present day c. 1700 years |
1500 years |
|
|
Chephren–present day, c. 4700 years |
3300 years |
4 ‘An abstract of our team’s work was submitted to the Geological Society of America, and we were invited to present our findings at a poster session of at the GSA convention in San Diego – the geological Superbowl. Geologists from all over the world thronged to our booth, much intrigued. Dozens of experts in fields relevant to our research offered help and advice. Shown the evidence, some geologists just laughed, astounded [as Schoch had been initially] that in two centuries of research, no one, geologist or Egyptologist, had noticed that the Sphinx had been weathered by water.’ Serpent in the Sky, p. 229; Mystery of the Sphinx. NBC-TV, 1993. 275 geologists endorsed Schoch’s findings.
5 AAAS, Annual Meeting 1992, Debate: How Old is the Sphinx?
6 Mystery of the Sphinx.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 AAAS Annual Meeting 1992.
12 Ibid. The relevant geologists include Farouk El Baz, and Roth and Raffai.
13 Extracts from Mystery of the Sphinx and AAAS meeting.
14 Under the category of anomalies, West made specific reference to the bowls carved out of diorite and other hard stones described in Part VI.
15 ‘After reviewing my various drawings, schematics and measurements, my final conclusion concurs with my initial reaction: the two works represent two separate individuals. The proportions in the frontal view and especially the angles and facial protrusion in the lateral views, convinced me that the Sphinx is not Khafre. If the ancient Egyptians were skilled technicians and capable of duplicating images, then these two works cannot represent the same individual.’ Frank Domingo, cited in Serpent in the Sky, p. 232. See also AAAS 1992, for Schoch’s views on the recarving of the Sphinx’s head.
Chapter Forty-Eight
1 Collins English Dictionary, p. 608.
2 Secrets of the Great Pyramid, p. 38. Much of the material in this chapter is based directly on the work of Peter Tompkins and of Professor Livio Catullo Stecchini.
3 Ibid., p. 46.
4 Ibid., p. 181.
5 Ibid., p. 299.
6 Ibid., pp. 179–81.
7 Cited in Ibid., p. 333.
8 See Chapter Twenty-three, and Stecchini in Secrets of the Great Pyramid, p. 378.
9 See Chapter Twenty-three.
10 Accepted, for example, by Edwards, Petrie, Baines and Malek, and so on.
11 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, 27:530.
12 The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 87.
13 See Part V.
14 Secrets of the Great Pyramid, p. 189.
15 Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings, p. 17ff.
16 See, for example, The Shape of the World, p. 23.
17 The Gods of the Egyptians, volume I, p. 400.
18 Ibid., volume I, p. 443; volume II, pp. 7, 287.
19 Ibid., volume II, p. 7, where the deity Amen-Ra is addressed in a hymn: ‘The gods love the smell of thee when thou comest from Punt, thou eldest-born of the dew, who comest from the Divine Land (Ta-Neteru).’ See also volume II, p. 287. Punt is thought by many scholars to have been located on the Somali coast of East Africa where the trees that produce frankincense and myrrh (‘the food of the gods’) are still grown today.
20 Ibid.
21 Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection, volume I, p. 98; Pyramid Texts of Pepi I, Mer-en-Rah and Pepi II, translated in Ibid., volume II, p. 316, where the maritime connections of the land of the blessed are made clear.
22 Ibid., volume I, p. 97.
23 Ibid., pp. 97–8.
24 Ibid., volume II, p. 307.
25 Veronica Ions, Egyptian Mythology, Newnes Books, London, 1986, p. 84.
26 The Gods of the Egyptians, volume I, pp. 407–8.
27 Ibid., volume I, p. 414.
28 Egyptian Mythology, p. 85.
29 The Gods of the Egyptians, volume I, p. 414.
30 Ibid., pp 414–15.
31 The History, 2:4.
32 Reported in E. M. Antoniadi, L’Astronomie egyptienne, Paris, 1934, pp. 3–4; see also Schwaller, p. 279.
33 Diodorus Siculus, volume I, pp. 279–80.
34 The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, for example pp. 78, 170, 171, 290.
Chapter Forty-Nine
1 Robert Bauval’s The Orion Mystery (Heinemann, London; Crown, New York; Doubleday, Canada; List, Germany; Planeta, Spain; Pygmalion, France, etc.) was an international bestseller when it was published in 1994. Egyptologists closed ranks against its implications, which they refused to discuss, but many distinguished astronomers hailed Bauval’s findings as a breakthrough.
2 Virginia Trimble, cited in The Orion Mystery, p. 241.
3 Ibid., p. 172.
4 Personal communications/interviews, 1993–4.
5 Atlas of Ancient Egypt, p. 36.
6 Personal communications/interviews.
7 Skyglobe 3.6.
8 Personal communications/interviews.
9 Skyglobe 3.6
10 Personal communications/interviews.
11 See Chapters Forty-two to Forty-four.
12 ‘The Egyptians … believed that they were a divine nation, and that they were ruled by kings who were themselves gods incarnate; their earliest kings, they asserted, were actually gods, who did not disdain to live on earth, and to go about up and down through it, and to mingle with men.’ The Gods of the Egyptians, volume I, p. 3.
13 The Mortuary Temple was excavated by von Sieglin in 1910 and was found to consist of blocks of varying sizes weighing ‘between 100 and 300 tons’. Blue Guide: Egypt, p. 431.
14 Just as any great Christian cathedral, however modern (for example the twentieth-century gothic cathedral on Nob Hill in San Francisco), expresses the thinking, symbolism and iconography of the Judaeo-Christian ‘cult’ which has roots at least 4000 years old, it should not be impossible to imagine a cult enduring for 8000 years in Ancient Egypt and thus linking the epoch of 10450 BC to 2,450 BC. The completion of the pyramids at that time, like the completion of a cathedral today, would therefore have resulted in structures that expressed extremely old ideas. Plentiful evidence exists within Ancient Egyptian tradition which seems to attest to the existence and preservation of such ancient ideas. For example, ‘King Nefer-hetep [XIIIth Dynasty] was a loyal worshipper of Osiris and hearing that his Temple [at Abydos] was in ruins, and that a new statue of the god was required, he went to the temple of Ra-Atum at Heliopolis, and consulted the books in the library there, so that he might learn how to make a statue of Osiris which should be like that which had existed in the beginning of the world …’ (Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection, volume II, p. 14). Also Sacred Science; pp. 103–4, explains that the construction of temples in the Ptolemaic and late periods of Egyptian history continued to obey very ancient specifications: ‘All the plans always refer to a divine book; thus the temple of Edfu was rebuilt under the Ptolemies according to the book of foundation composed by Imhotep, a book descended from heaven to the north of Memphis. The temple of Dendera followed a plan recorded in ancient writings dating from the Companions of Horus.’
15 Hamlet’s Mill, p. 59.
16 Ibid.; Sacred Science, p. 179.
17 Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Oxford University Press, 1988, p. 514.
18 Sacred Science, p. 177.
19 Genesis: 22:13
20 Jerusalem Bible, chronological table, p. 343.
21 King James Bible, Franklin, Computerized First Edition.
22 The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egypt, p. 20.
23 Ibid., p. 133.
24 Sacred Science, p. 177.
25 As early as 3000 BC. See Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, 3:731.
26 Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egypt, pp. 27, 171.
27 Skyglobe 3.6.
Chapter Fifty
1 Galanopoulos and Bacon, Lost Atlantis, p. 75.
2 See, for example, Brian Inglis, Coincidence, Hutchinson, London, 1990, p. 48ff.
3 When the Sky Fell, with an Introduction by Colin Wilson and Afterword by John Anthony West, is published by Stoddart, Canada, 1995.
4 See Part I.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid. See Part I and Chapter Fifty-one for details.
Chapter Fifty-One
1 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, 3:584.
2 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, 1:440.
3 Discover The World Of Science, February 1993, p. 17. The fifteen mineralized tree stumps, presumably the remnant of a much larger forest, range from three and a half to seven inches in diameter. They were saplings of a well-known genus of seed fern,Glossopteris [found in much of the southern hemisphere’s coal]. Unlike true ferns, seed ferns had seeds instead of spores, were often treelike, and are now extinct … All around the Mount Achernar tree stumps, Taylor’s colleagues found the tongue-shaped imprints of fallen Glossopteris leaves.
Deciduous trees are an indicator of a warm climate, and so is the absence of ‘frost rings’. When Taylor analysed the growth rings in samples from the stumps she found none of the ice-swollen cells and gaps between cells that arise when the growth of a tree is disrupted by frost. That means there wasn’t any frost in the Antarctic at that time.
‘In our memory Antarctica has always been cold,’ says Taylor. ‘It’s only by looking at fossil floras that we can see what potential there is for plant communities. This fossil forest, growing at 85 degrees latitude, gives us some idea of what is possible with catastrophic climate change.’ N.B. The trees were killed by a flood or mudflow – another impossibility in Antarctica today.
4 The Path of the Pole, p. 61.
5 Ibid., pp. 62–3.
6 In Dolph Earl Hooker, Those Astounding Ice Ages, Exposition Press, New York, 1958, page 44, citing National Geographic Magazine, October 1935.
7 Path of the Pole, p. 62.
8 Rand Flem-Ath, Does the Earth’s Crust Shift? (MS.).
9 Daniel Grotta, ‘Antarctica: Whose Continent Is It Anyway?’, Popular Science, January 1992, p. 64.
10 Path of the Pole, p. 107.
11 See Part I.
12 Path of the Pole, p. 111ff.
13 See Part I for details.
14 The Biblical Flood and the Ice Epoch, pp. 109–10.
15 Path of the Pole, p. 66.
16 Ibid., pp. 93, 96.
17 Ibid., p. 99.
18 See Part IV.
19 Ibid.
20 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, I:440; John White, Pole Shift, A.R.E. Press, Virginia Beach, 1994, p. 65.
21 Pole Shift, p. 77: Twenty billion tons of ice are added each year at Antarctica.
22 H. A. Brown, Cataclysms of the Earth, pp. 10–11.
23 See Part IV.
24 Ibid.
25 Biblical Flood and the Ice Epoch, p. 228.
26 Thomas Huxley cited in Path of the Pole, p. 294.
27 Scientific American, December 1985.
28 Path of the Pole, pp. 47–9.
29 Ibid., p. 49.
30 Ibid., p. 58.
31 See Part IV.
32 The Mahabaratha, cited in The Arctic Home in the Vedas, pp. 64–5.
33 Ibid., pp. 66–7.
34 Cited in Paradise Found: The Cradle of the Human Race at the North Pole, p. 199.
35 Arctic Home in the Vedas, p. 81.
36 Ibid., p. 85.
37 Ibid., pp. 414, 417.
38 Ibid., p. 420.
39 Pole Shift, p. 9.
40 Ibid.
41 Ibid., p. 61.
42 Nature, volume 234, 27 December 1971, pp. 173–4; New Scientist, 6 January 1972, p. 7.
43 J. M. Harwood and S. C. R. Malin writing in Nature, 12 February 1976.
44 The Path of the Pole, op.cit., Appendix, pp. 325–6.
45 Ibid., p. 44.
46 USA Today, 23 November 1994, p. 9D.
Chapter Fifty-Two
1 Plato, Timaeus and Critias, Penguin Classics, 1977, p. 36.
2 The Bhagavata Purana, Motilal Banardass, Delhi, 1986, Part I, pp. 59, 95.
3 Ibid., p. 60.
4 Dileep Kumar Kanjilal, Vimana in Ancient India, Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar, Calcutta, 1985, p. 16.
5 Ibid., p. 17.
6 Ibid., p. 18.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid., p. 19.
10 The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, p. 70, Utt. 261.
11 The Complete Works Of Josephus, Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1991, p. 27.
12 Ibid.
13 John Greaves, Pyramidographia, cited in Serpent in the Sky, p. 230.
14 Popol Vuh, p. 168.
15 Ibid., p. 169.
16 Ibid., p. 79.
17 Ibid., p. 79–80.
18 The Bhagavata Purana, cited in Atlantis: The Antediluvian World, p. 88.
19 Berossus Fragments cited in The Sirius Mystery, p. 249.
20 Ibid.
21 2 Peter 3:10.
22 The Egyptian Hermes, p. 33.
23 By Robert Bauval, personal communication.
24 See Part VII.
25 1 Enoch, LXV, in The Apockryphal Old Testament (ed. H.F.D. Sparks), Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989, p. 247.
26 Pre-Hispanic Gods of Mexico, p. 24.
27 Breaking the Maya Code, p. 275.
28 Will The World Survive? Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1992.
29 Circulating File, Earth Changes, Extracts from the Edgar Cayce Readings, Edgar Cayce Foundation, Virginia Beach, 1994, p. 36.
30 See Part V.
31 Manetho, pp. 191–3.
32 The Chlorine-36 rock-exposure dating technique has been developed by Professor David Bowen of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Wales. In The Times of London, 1 December 1994, Brown observed:
‘One way of resolving the controversy of the ages of the Sphinx and the Pyramids may be through the application of Chlorine-36 rock-exposure dating. This provides an estimate of the time that has elapsed since a rock was first exposed to the atmosphere. In the case of the Sphinx and the Pyramids this would be when the rocks were first exposed by quarrying activity …’
In 1994 Bowen ran preliminary tests on the famous ‘bluestones’ of Stonehenge in England, hitherto believed to date to 2250 BC. What the tests showed was that these 123 four-ton monoliths could have been quarried during the the last Ice Age – perhaps as early as 12000 BC. See The Times, London, 5 December.
33 Mystery of the Sphinx, NBC-TV, 1993.
34 2 Peter 3:4.
35 2 Peter 3:3.
36 Community Profile: Hopi Indian Reservation, Arizona Department of Commerce.
37 Breaking the Maya Code, p. 275.
38 Book of the Hopi.
39 World Mythology, p. 26.
40 Matthew, 24: 38–39.
41 Matthew, 24: 27–41.