|
509 bc |
Overthrow of Etruscan supremacy at Rome. End of the early monarchy. The first consuls appointed |
|
343–341 |
First Samnite War |
|
326–304 |
Second Samnite War |
|
321 |
Caudine Forks |
|
298–290 |
War with Samnites, Etruscans and Gauls |
|
281–272 |
War with Tarentum and Pyrrhus |
|
264–241 |
First Punic War |
|
250 |
Roman naval disaster at Drepanum |
|
229–228 |
First Illyrian War |
|
218–201 |
Second Punic War |
|
217 |
Battle of Lake Trasimene |
|
216 |
Cannae |
|
215 |
Alliance of Hannibal and Philip V of Macedon |
|
204 |
Scipio invades Africa |
|
202 |
Battle of Zama |
|
197 |
Battle of Cynocephalae |
|
192–189 |
War with Antiochus the Great and Aetolians |
|
191 |
Antiochus defeated at Thermopylae |
|
168 |
Battle of Pydna |
|
149–146 |
Third Punic War |
|
136–132 |
Slave War in Sicily |
|
89 |
First Mithridatic War |
|
88 |
Massacre of Italians in Asia |
|
73–71 |
Revolt of the Gladiators |
|
60 |
Coalition of Pompey, Caesar and Crassus (First Triumvirate) |
|
55–56 |
Caesar’s subjugation of Gaul |
|
55–54 |
Caesar’s invasion of Britain |
|
53 |
Death of Crassus at Carrhae |
|
52–51 |
Revolt of Vercingetorix |
|
48 |
Pharsalus. Death of Pompey |
|
44 |
Assassination of Julius Caesar |
|
31 |
Battle of Actium |
|
30 |
Deaths of Antony and Cleopatra |
|
27 |
Octavian Princeps and Augustus |
|
ad 9 |
Revolt of Arminius |
|
14–37 |
Tiberius |
|
14–17 |
Campaigns of Germanicus |
|
31 |
Fall of Sejanus |
|
37–41 |
Gaius Caligula |
|
41–54 |
Claudius |
|
43 |
Invasion and annexation of Southern Britain |
|
54–68 |
Nero |
|
58–63 |
Parthian War |
|
59–60 |
Rebellion of Boudicca |
|
66 |
Rebellion of the Jews |
|
68–69 |
Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian |
|
69 |
Revolt of Civilis |
|
70 |
Destruction of Jerusalem. End of Jewish Rebellion |
|
81–96 |
Domitian |
|
85–89 |
Dacian Wars |
|
96–98 |
Nerva |
|
98–117 |
Trajan |
|
114–117 |
Parthian War |
|
114 |
Occupation of Armenia and Upper Mesopotamia |
|
116 |
Annexation of Assyria and Lower Mesopotamia. Revolt in Mesopotamia |
|
117–138 |
Hadrian |
|
117 |
Abandonment of Assyria and Mesopotamia. Armenia a client kingdom |
|
132–134 |
Revolt of Jews in the East |
|
138–161 |
Antoninus Pius |
|
161–180 |
Marcus Aurelius |
|
161–169 |
Lucius Verus |
|
161–166 |
Parthian War |
|
177–192 |
Commodus |
|
193 |
Pertinax |
|
193 |
Didius Julianus |
|
193–211 |
Septimius Severus |
|
195–196 |
Invasion of Parthia |
|
197–199 |
Parthian War renewed. Conquest of Upper Mesopotamia |
|
211–217 |
Caracalla |
|
214 |
Parthian War |
|
217–218 |
Macrinus |
|
218–222 |
Elagabalus |
|
222–235 |
Severus Alexander |
|
227 |
Establishment of Persian Sassanid Kingdom |
|
230–233 |
War with Persia |
|
235–238 |
Maximinus |
|
238 |
Gordian I and Gordian II |
|
238–244 |
Gordian III |
|
243–249 |
Philip the Arab |
|
249–251 |
Decius |
|
249 |
Persecution of the Christians |
|
251–253 |
Gallus and Volusianus |
|
253 |
Aemilianus |
|
253–260 |
Valerianus |
|
253–268 |
Gallienus |
|
258 |
Postumus establishes Roman Empire in Gaul |
|
268–270 |
Claudius Gothicus |
|
270 |
Quintillus |
|
270–275 |
Aurelian |
|
271 |
Revolt of Palmyra |
|
275–276 |
Tacitus |
|
276 |
Florian |
|
276–282 |
Probus |
|
282–283 |
Carus |
|
283–285 |
Carinus |
|
284–305 |
Diocletian |
Abbreviations
The following abbreviations have been used throughout this book.
ADAJ
Annual Jordan Department of Antiquities
AE
L’Année épigraphique. Paris, Presses Universitaires
AHR
American Historical Review. Washington, DC, American Historical Association
AIV
Atti dell’Istituto Veneto di Scienza Lettere ed Arti. Classe di Scienze morali e Lettere, Venezia, Palazzo Loredan
AJA
American Journal of Archaeology. Boston, Archaeological Institute of America
AJAH
American Journal of Ancient History. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press
AJPh
American Journal of Philology. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press
AncW
Ancient World. Chicago, Ares
ANRW
Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms in Spiegel der neueren Forschung, Berlin, de Gruyter
AntCl
L’Antiquité classique. Louvain-la-Neuve
Arch Ael
Archaeologia Aeliana. Society of Antiquaries of Newcastleupon-Tyne
ASGP
Annali del Seminario Giuridico di Palermo. Palermo, Università
Athenaeum
Studi periodici de Letteratura e Storia dell’Antichità. Università di Pavia
AW
Antike Welt. Zürich
BABesch
Bulletin Antieke Beschaving, Leiden
BAR
British Archaeological Reports, Oxford
BCH
Bulletin de correspondence hellénique. Paris, de Boccard
BG
Julius Caesar, Battle for Gaul
BJ
Bonner Jahrbücher des Rheinischen Landesmuseums in Bonn und des Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande, Cologne, Böhlau
Boreas
Boreas. Münstersche Beiträge zur Archaeologie. Münster, Archaeologischen Seminar der Universität
BSA
Annual of the British School at Athens. London
BSAF
Bulletin de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France. Paris, Klincksieck
ByzZeit
Byzantinische Zeitschrift. Munich, Beck
CAH
Cambridge Ancient History, Cambridge University Press
CB
Classical Bulletin. St. Louis, Missouri, Department of Classical Languages at Saint Louis University
Chiron
Mitteilungen der Kommission für alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts. Munich, Beck
CJ
Classical Journal. Athens, Georgia, University of Georgia Press
ClAnt
Classical Antiquity. Berkeley, University of California Press
C&M
Classica et Mediaevalia. Révue danoise d’Histoire et de Philologie, Copenhagen, Gyldendal
CIL
Corpus inscriptionum latinarum
CP
Classical Philology. Chicago, University of Chicago Press
CQ
Classical Quarterly. Oxford University Press
CR
Classical Review. Oxford University Press
CW
The Classical World. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Duquesne University Press
DA
Dissertation abstracts. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan
DArch
Dialoghi di Archeologia. Rome
DHA
Dialogues d’histoire ancienne. Paris
DOP
Dumbarton Oaks Papers. New York
Eranos
Eranos. Acta Philologica Suecana. Uppsala, Eranos Förlag
Germania
Germanis. Anzeiger der Röm-Germ. Kommission des Deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts, Mainz, von Zabern
G&R
Greece and Rome. Oxford, Clarendon Press
GRBS
Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. Durham, North Carolina, Duke University Press
Gnomon
Kritische Zeitschrift für die gesamte klassische Altertumswissenschaft. Munich, Beck
HA
Aristotle, Historia animalium
Hermes
Zeitschrift für klassische Philologie. Wiesbaden, Steiner
HSCPh
Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press
Historia
Historia. Révue d’histoire ancienne. Wiesbaden, Steiner
HN
Pliny the Elder, Natural History
ILS
Hermann Dessau, Inscriptiones latinae selectae
JARCE
Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
JHS
Journal of Hellenic Studies. London
JRS
Journal of Roman Studies. London
Klio
Beiträge zur alten Geschichte. Berlin, Akademie Verlag
Latomus
Révue d’études latines. Brussels
LCM
Liverpool Classical Monthly. University of Liverpool Press
MAAR
Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. Rome, American Academy
MEFR
Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire de l’école Française de Rome. Paris, de Boccard
Meta.
Ovid, The Metamorphoses
NYRB
New York Review of Books
OCD
Oxford Classical Dictionary
PACA
Proceedings of the African Classical Association. Harare, Zimbabwe
Phoenix
Journal of the Classical Association of Canada, Toronto, University of Toronto Press
PIR
Prosopographia imperii Romani. Ed. Bengt Thomasson, Goteborg, Radius, 1975
PP
La Parola del Passato. Rivista di Studi antichi, Napoli, Macchiaroli
P&P
Past and Present. A Journal of Historical Studies. Kendal, Wilson
PSAS
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
R-E
Pauly Wissowa, Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft. Stuttgart
REL
Révue des études latines, Paris, Les Belles Lettres
RhM
Rheinisches Museum. Frankfurt, Saverländer
RömMitt
Mitteilungen des deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts. Römische Abteilung
RSA
Rivista storica dell’Antichità. Bologna, Patron
SEHRE
Michael Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, Oxford University Press, 1967
SHA
Scriptores Historiae Augustae
Syria
Revue d’art oriental et d’archéologie. Paris, Geunther
TAPA
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
TCWAAS
Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmoreland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society
YCS
Yale Classical Studies. New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press
ZPE
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. Bonn, Habelt