INTRODUCTION: THE LAND WHERE JOSEPHUS WAS BORN
1 Tacitus, The Histories and The Annals, trans. C. H. Moore and J. Jackson (London: Loeb Classical Library, 1925-1931), V, 6.
2 Josephus, Complete Works, trans. H. St. J. Thackeray, R. Marcus, A. Wikgren, and L. H. Feldman (London: Loeb Classical Library, 1926-1965), 3, 41-43. See note in Bibliography.
3 S. Schwartz, “Josephus in Galilee: Rural Patronage and Social Breakdown,” in F. Parente and J. Sievers (eds.), Josephus and the History of the Greco-Roman Period: Essays in Memory of Morton Smith (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994), pp. 290-306.
4 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 47.
5 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 11, 341.
6 R. J. Coggins, “The Samaritans in Josephus,” in L. H. Feldman and G. Hata (eds.), Josephus, Judaism and Christianity (Detroit: E. J. Brill, 1987), pp. 257-273.
7 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 51-54.
8 Ibid., 5, 241.
9 S. Perowne, The Life and Times of Herod the Great (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1956), p. 131.
10 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 5, 222.
11 E. Renan, Jésus (Paris, 1864), p. 136.
12 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 5, 223.
1. A YOUNG NOBLEMAN
1 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 1.
2 Ibid., 2.
3 N. Avigad, Discovering Jerusalem (Oxford: Blackwell, 1984), pp. 97-120.
4 “Baba Bathra,” in Babylonian Talmud, translated by I. Epstein (London: Soncino Press, 1935-1952), 21, a.
5 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 8.
6 M. Goodman, Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilisations (London: Allen Lane, 2007), p. 174.
7 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 10.
8 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 18, 20.
9 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 159.
10 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 13, 171.
11 Ibid., 8, 419.
12 T. Rajak, “Josephus and the Essenes,” in Parente and Sievers (eds.), Josephus and the History of the Greco-Roman Period, p. 158.
13 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 11.
14 Ibid., 12.
15 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 162-163.
16 H. Daniel-Rops, La vie quotidienne en Palestine au temps de Jésus Christ (Paris, 1959), p. 386.
17 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 163.
18 Ibid., 2, 164-165.
19 S. Mason, Flavius Josephus on the Pharisees (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991), p. 370: G. Jossa, “Jews, Romans and Christians,” in J. Sievers and G. Lembi (eds.), Josephus and Jewish History in Flavian Rome and Beyond (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2005), p. 339.
20 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 433.
21 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 18, 4-10: Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 118, 433: T. Rajak, Josephus (London: Duckworth, 2002), pp. 86-87.
22 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 18, 9.
23 Renan, Jésus, p. 128.
2. AN OCCUPIED COUNTRY
1 Luke, III, 14.
2 Goodman, Rome and Jerusalem, pp. 376-378.
3 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 18, 177.
4 Ibid., 18, 63-64.
5 H. Schreckenberg, “The Works of Josephus and the Early Christian Church,” in Feldman and Hata (eds.), Josephus, Judaism and Christianity, pp. 315-321.
6 G. Jossa, “Jews, Romans and Christians,” in Sievers and Lembi (eds.), Josephus and Jewish History, p. 340.
7 E. M. Smallwood, The Jews under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1976), p. 257.
8 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 20, 97-99.
9 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 224.
10 Acts, XXIV, 24-27.
11 Tacitus, Annals, XII, 54.
12 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 20, 162-164.
13 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 257.
14 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 20, 165.
15 Acts, XXIII, 21.
16 Ibid., XXI, 38.
17 Tacitus, The Histories, V, 9.
18 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 265.
19 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 20, 200.
20 Z. Baras, “The Testimonium Flavianum and the Martyrdom of James,” in Feldman and Hata (eds.), Josephus, Judaism and Christianity, pp. 338-348.
21 The Cambridge History of Judaism, ed. W. Horbury, W. D. Davies, and J. Sturdy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 3, p.146.
22 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 272-277.
23 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 20, 214.
24 Talmud, Menahoth 13 and Pesahim 57.
25 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 276.
26 Ibid., 7, 261.
3. ROME AND POPPAEA
1 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 13-14.
2 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 20, 189-196.
3 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 14-16.
4 Josephus, Contra Apionem, in Complete Works, II, 282.
5 Cicero, Pro Flacco, 28. 69.
6 Smallwood, The Jews under Roman Rule, pp. 212-215.
7 Goodman, Rome and Jerusalem, p. 385.
8 Horace, Satires, 1.4, 140-143.
9 Augustine of Hippo, St. Augustine’s Confessions, trans. W. Watts (London: Loeb Classical Library, 1912), VI, 8.
10 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 16.
11 Tacitus, Annals, XIII, 45-46.
12 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 20, 195.
13 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 16.
14 Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, trans. J. C. Rolfe (London: Loeb Classical Library, 1914), VI, Nero, xxxv, 3.
15 Tacitus, Annals, XVI, 6.
16 Ibid., XV, 44.
17 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VI, Nero, li.
18 See G. Hata, “Imagining Some Dark Periods in Josephus’s Life,” in Parente and Sievers (eds.), Josephus and the History of the Greco-Roman Period.
19 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 20, 154-156.
20 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VI, Nero, xxxi, 2.
21 Tacitus, The Histories, I, 49.
22 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 73-87 and 94-97.
23 Ibid., 3,109.
24 E. Schürer, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, 175 bc-ad 135, rev. and ed. G. Vermes and F. Millar (Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1973), 1, p. 363.
25 Tacitus, Annals, XIII, 35.
4. THE JEW BAITER
1 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 20, 252.
2 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 278-279.
3 Smallwood, The Jews under Roman Rule, p. 272.
4 Tacitus, The Histories, V, 10.
5 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 20, 184.
6 Ibid., 20, 184.
7 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 308.
8 Ibid., 2, 335-341.
9 Ibid., 2, 345-401.
5. WAR
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 409.
2 Ibid., 2, 410.
3 Ibid., 2, 427.
4 Ibid., 2, 420.
5 Ibid., 2, 441.
6 Ibid., 2, 455-456.
7 Ibid., 2, 497-498.
8 Ibid., 2, 462-465.
9 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 17-19.
10 Ibid., 20-23.
11 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 531.
6. GOVERNOR OF GALILEE
1 Goodman, Rome and Jerusalem, p. 424.
2 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 556.
3 Eusebius, The Ecclesiastical History, trans. K. Lake and J. E. Oulton (London: Loeb Classical Library, 1914-1927), I, 171-177.
4 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 25.
5 Ibid., 27.
6 Rajak, Josephus, p. 154.
7 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 28-29.
8 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 569-571.
9 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 79.
10 Ibid., 79.
11 Ibid., 30-31.
12 Ibid., 40-42.
13 Ibid., 66.
14 Ibid., 134.
15 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 585-589.
16 M. Goodman, The Ruling Class of Judea: The Origins of the Jewish Revolt against Rome (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 201.
17 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 585-590.
18 Ibid., 2, 599-609; Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 132-141.
19 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 610-613; Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 145-148.
20 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 101.
21 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 624-625.
22 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 174.
23 Ibid., 175-178.
24 Ibid., 191.
25 Ibid., 225.
26 Ibid., 80.
27 Ibid., 84.
28 Ibid., 82.
29 Smallwood, The Jews under Roman Rule, pp. 305-306.
30 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 647.
7. THE RETURN OF THE LEGIONS
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 1-12.
2 Tacitus, The Histories, II, 5.
3 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VIII, Vespasian, iv, 1.
4 Ibid., VIII, 4.
5 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 9.
6 Ibid., 3, 63.
7 Ibid., 3, 115-126.
8. THE SIEGE OF JOTAPATA
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 144.
2 Ibid., 3, 143.
3 Ibid., 3, 193.
4 Ibid., 3, 195-196.
5 Ibid., 3, 197-201.
6 Ibid., 3, 204-205.
7 Ibid., 3, 221.
8 Ibid., 3, 229.
9 Ibid., 3, 261.
9. THE CAVE AND THE PROPHECY
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 341-343.
2 Ibid., 3, 351-352.
3 Ibid., 3, 354.
4 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VIII, Vespasian, iv, 5.
5 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 355-360.
6 Ibid., 3, 362-382.
7 Ibid., 3, 384-386.
8 Ibid., 3, 388-391.
9 Ibid., 3, 391.
10 Rajak, Josephus, p. 171, who cites M. Gardner, Aha! Insight (New York: Freeman, 1978), pp. 84 ff.
11 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VIII, Vespasian, iv, 5.
12 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 340.
13 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VIII, Vespasian, xx.
14 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 400-403.
15 Ibid., 3, 405.
16 Ibid., 3, 406.
17 Rajak, Josephus, p. 188.
18 Tacitus, The Histories, II, 78.
19 Schürer, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, I, p. 57.
20 M. Smith, “The Occult in Josephus,” in Feldman and Hata (eds.), Josephus, Judaism and Christianity, pp.236-256; S. Mason, “Josephus, Daniel and the Flavian House,” in Parente and Sievers (eds.), Josephus and the History of the Greco-Roman Period, pp. 161-191.
10. JOSEPHUS THE PRISONER
1 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 8, 46-49.
2 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 408.
3 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 414.
4 Ibid., 414-415.
5 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 432-442.
6 Rajak, Josephus, p. 154.
7 Josephus, Contra Apionem, in Complete Works, I, 48.
8 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VIII, Vespasian, xxi.
9 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 419-427.
10 Ibid., 3, 484.
11 Ibid., 3, 495-496.
12 Ibid., 3, 536-537.
13 Ibid., 4, 20.
14 Ibid., 4, 37-38.
15 Ibid., 4, 41-48.
16 Ibid., 4, 50.
17 Ibid., 4, 72.
11. JOHN OF GISCHALA COMES TO JERUSALEM
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 86.
2 Ibid., 4, 92-96.
3 Ibid., 4, 105.
4 Ibid., 4, 127.
5 M. Goodman, The Ruling Class of Judea, pp. 199-200.
6 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 145.
7 Ibid., 4, 155.
8 Rajak, Josephus, p. 133.
9 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 161.
10 Ibid., 4, 162-192.
11 Ibid., 4, 208.
12 Ibid., 4, 216-223.
12. THE ZEALOT REVOLUTION
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 233.
2 Ibid., 4, 241-243.
3 Ibid., 4, 271-282.
4 Ibid., 4, 310.
5 Ibid., 4, 318.
6 Ibid., 4, 326.
7 Ibid., 4, 328.
8 Goodman, The Ruling Class of Judea, p. 201; J. J. Price, Jerusalem under Siege (Leiden: E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1992).
9 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 335-344.
10 Ibid., 4, 357.
11 Rajak, Josephus, p. 134.
12 Josephus, The Jewish War, 4, 397.
13 Ibid., 4, 389-393.
13. THE RECONQUEST OF JUDEA
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 366-367.
2 Ibid., 4, 368-373.
3 Ibid., 4, 425.
4 Ibid., 4, 441-442.
5 Ibid., 4, 477.
6 J. Neusner, A Life of Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1962), pp. 113-121.
7 Rajak, Josephus, p. 188.
8 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VI, Nero, xlix, 3.
14. SIMON BAR GIORA
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 503.
2 Goodman, The Ruling Class of Judea, p. 203.
3 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 510.
4 Ibid., 4, 536.
5 Ibid., 4, 540.
6 Ibid., 4, 561-564.
7 Ibid., 4, 573.
8 Ibid., 4, 577.
9 Numbers, xxv, 8-11.
10 Rajak, Josephus, pp. 86-87.
15. THE YEAR OF THE FOUR EMPERORS
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 493.
2 Tacitus, The Histories, V, 10.
3 Ibid., II, 68.
4 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 501.
5 Tacitus, The Histories, II, 74.
6 Ibid., II, 76.
7 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 623-629.
8 Josephus, Contra Apionem, in Complete Works, II, 34.
9 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 1, 68-69.
10 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VII, Vitellius, iii-iv and xiii.
11 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 652.
12 Ibid., 4, 657.
13 Ibid., 4, 657.
14 Ibid., 1, 5.
15 M. Goodman, “Josephus as Roman Citizen,” in Parente and Sievers (eds.), Josephus and the History of the Greco-Roman Period, p. 335.
16. TITUS TAKES COMMAND
1 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 416.
2 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VIII, Titus, i.
3 Tacitus, The Histories, V, 1.
4 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 5, 45-46.
5 Ibid., 2, 220.
6 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, XX, 100.
7 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 5, 6-7.
8 Smallwood, The Jews under Roman Rule, p. 316.
9 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 5, 47-49.
10 Ibid., 3, 79-84.
11 Ibid., 5, 85.
12 Ibid., 5, 97.
13 Ibid., 5, 121-127.
17. THE SIEGE BEGINS
1 Tacitus, The Histories, V. 12.
2 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 5, 250.
3 Ibid., 5, 261.
4 Ibid., 5, 265.
5 Ibid., 5, 274.
6 Ibid., 5, 302.
7 Ibid., 5, 306.
8 Ibid., 5, 308.
9 Ibid., 5, 317-330.
10 Ibid., 5, 332-334.
11 Ibid., 5, 342-346.
12 G. Webster, The Roman Imperial Army of the First and Second Centuries ad (London: Adam Charles Black, 1969), pp. 132-135.
13 First Book of the Maccabees, vi, 39.
14 Ibid., iv, 8.
15 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 5, 355.
16 Dio Cassius, Dio’s Roman History with an English Translation, trans. E. Cary (London: Loeb Classical Library, 1914-1927), vol. 8, lxv, 5.
17 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 5, 363-374.
18 Ibid., 5, 376-419.
19 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 8, 418.
20 Mason, “Josephus, Daniel and the Flavian House,” in Parente and Sievers (eds.), Josephus and the History of the Greco-Roman Period, p. 168.
21 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 1, 69; C. Thoma, “John Hyrcanus I as Seen by Josephus and Other Early Jewish Sources,” in Parente and Sievers (eds.), Josephus and the History of the Greco-Roman Period, p. 136.
22 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 5, 393.
18. INSIDE JERUSALEM
1 Josephus, Contra Apionem, in Complete Works, I, 49.
2 Rajak, Josephus, p. 196.
3 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 435-437.
4 Ibid., 5, 441.
5 Ibid., 5, 442-446.
6 Ibid., 7, 268-270.
7 Ibid., 5, 455-456.
8 Ibid., 5, 460-65.
9 Ibid., 5, 474-477.
10 Ibid., 5, 485.
11 Ibid., 5, 486.
12 S. Perowne, The Later Herods (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1958), p. 174.
19. THE WOODEN WALL
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 5, 512-518.
2 Ibid., 5, 519.
3 Ibid., 5, 526.
4 Ibid., 5, 534-540.
5 Ibid., 5, 541-547.
6 Ibid., 5, 552.
7 Ibid., 5, 563-564.
8 Ibid., 5, 565.
9 Ibid., 5, 566.
10 Ibid., 6, 4.
11 Ibid., 6, 7.
12 Ibid., 6, 17.
13 Ibid., 6, 34-53.
14 Ibid., 6, 55.
15 Ibid., 6, 57-58.
16 Ibid., 6, 81.
17 Ibid., 6, 81-90.
20. THE DESTRUCTION OF THE TEMPLE
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 6, 93-95.
2 Ibid., 6, 98-110.
3 Ibid., 6, 124-128.
4 Ibid., 6, 144.
5 Ibid., 6, 132.
6 Ibid., 6, 148.
7 Ibid., 6, 167.
8 Ibid., 6, 169-176.
9 Ibid., 6, 188-189.
10 Ibid., 6, 196-198.
11 Ibid., 6, 201-213.
12 Ibid., 6, 229-231.
13 Ibid., 6, 252.
14 Tacitus, The Histories, V, 13.
15 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 6, 250.
16 Ibid., 6, 267.
17 Ibid., 6, 270.
18 B. Levick, Vespasian (London: Routledge, 1999), p. 118.
19 F. Parente, “The Impotence of Titus,” in Sievers and Lembi (eds.), Josephus and Jewish History in Flavian Rome and Beyond, p. 66.
20 Rajak, Josephus, p. 211.
21 F. M. Abel, Histoire de Palestine depuis la conquête d’Alexandre jusqu’à l’invasion arabe (Paris, 1952), I, p. 33. Tacitus, The Histories, II, 2.
22 Tacitus, The Histories, II, 2.
23 L. Feldman and G. Hata, “Editors’ Preface,” in L. Feldman and G. Hata (eds.), Josephus, Judaism and Christianity, p. 17.
21. A HOLOCAUST
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 6, 271-276.
2 Ibid., 6, 285.
3 Ibid., 6, 317.
4 Ibid., 6, 286.
5 Ibid., 6, 388.
6 Ibid., 6, 288.
7 Ibid., 6, 300-309.
8 Ibid., 6, 328-333.
9 Ibid., 6, 348-350.
10 Ibid., 6, 386.
11 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VIII, Titus, v, 2.
12 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 6, 395-399.
13 Ibid., 6, 435.
14 Ibid., 6, 442.
15 Ibid., 7, 4.
16 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 6, 419.
17 Ibid., 6, 420.
18 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 418.
19 Ibid., 419-421.
20 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 7, 38.
21 Ibid., 7, 119.
22 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 422.
23 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VIII, Titus, v, 3.
24 Ibid., VI, 1.
25 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 423.
26 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 7, 132-157.
22. THE PROPAGANDIST
1 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 422.
2 Z. Yavetz, “Reflections on Titus and Josephus,” Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 16 (1975): 431-432.
3 Levick, Vespasian, pp. 79-74.
4 B. W. Jones, The Emperor Titus (London: Croom Helm, 1984), p. 87.
5 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 425.
6 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 7, 453.
7 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 424.
8 Ibid., 427.
9 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 1, 6.
10 F. Parente, “The Impotence of Titus,” in Sievers and Lembi, Josephus and Jewish History in Flavian Rome and Beyond, p. 66.
11 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 1, 1-3.
12 Ibid., 1, 4.
13 Ibid., 20, 263.
14 Josephus, Contra Apionem, in Complete Works, I, 50.
15 Rajak, Josephus, pp. 234-236.
23. MASADA AND THE LAST ZEALOTS
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 7, 163.
2 Ibid., 7, 190-215.
3 Ibid., 7, 284.
4 Ibid., 7, 323-336.
5 Ibid., 7, 341-388.
6 Ibid., 7, 401.
7 Ibid., 7, 399-401.
8 Ibid., 7, 406.
9 Ibid., 7, 419.
10 Ibid., 7, 433-436.
24. A ROMAN CITIZEN
1 Eusebius, The Ecclesiastical History, I, p. 227.
2 Goodman, “Josephus as Roman Citizen,” in Parente and Sievers (eds.), Josephus and the History of the Greco-Roman Period, p. 332.
3 H. M. Cotton and W. Eck, “Josephus’s Roman Audience: Josephus and the Roman Elite,” in E. Edmondson, S. Mason, and J. Rives (eds.), Flavius Josephus and Flavian Rome (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 52.
4 P. Spilsbury, “Reading the Bible in Rome: Josephus and the Constraints of Empire,” in Sievers and Lembi (eds.), Josephus and Jewish History in Flavian Rome and Beyond, p. 240.
5 Rajak, “Josephus and the Diaspora,” in Edmondson, Mason, and Rives (eds.), Flavius Josephus and Flavian Rome, pp. 85-90.
6 Josephus, Contra Apionem, in Complete Works, 1, 51-52.
7 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 363.
8 Ibid., 366.
9 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 643.
10 Rajak, Josephus, p.195 n. 23.
11 Jones, The Emperor Titus, p. 93.
12 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VIII, Vespasian, xxiii.
13 Ibid., VIII, Titus, vii.
14 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 428.
15 Ibid., 429.
16 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 7, 85-88.
17 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VIII, Domitian, ii, 1.
18 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 7, 152; S. Mason, “Reading Josephus’s Bellum Judaicum in the Context of a Flavian Audience,” in Sievers and Lembi (eds.), Josephus and Jewish History in Flavian Rome and Beyond, p. 100.
19 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VIII, Domitian, x, 1.
20 Ibid., VIII, Domitian, xiv, 1.
21 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 429.
22 Dio Cassius, Roman History, LXVII, 14, 3.
23 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 429.
24 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VIII, Titus, x.
25 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 1, 8.
26 Spilsbury, “Reading the Bible in Rome,” p. 213.
27 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 18, 13.
28 Ibid., 13, 298.
29 Josephus, Contra Apionem, in Complete Works, I, 53.
30 S.J.D. Cohen, Josephus in Galilee and Rome: His Vita and Development as a Historian (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1979), p. 101.
31 Josephus, Contra Apionem, in Complete Works, II, 1.
32 Ibid., II, 143.
33 J.M.G. Barclay, “Judean Historiography in Rome: Josephus and History in Contra Apionem, Book I,” in Sievers and Lembi (eds.), Josephus and Jewish History in Flavian Rome and Beyond, p. 36.
34 M. Goodman, “The Fiscus Iudaicus and Attitudes to Judaism,” in Edmondson, Mason, and Rives (eds.), Flavius Josephus and Flavian Rome, p. 25.
25. HISTORY’S VERDICT
1 Schürer, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, I, p. 57.
2 Josephus, The Jewish War, trans. G. A. Williamson (New York: Penguin, 1959), p. 11.
3 Perowne, The Later Herods, p. 109.
4 Schürer, The History of the Jewish People, I, p. 57.
5 Josephus, The Works of Josephus, trans. R. Traill (London, 1847), p. 12.
6 R. Laqueur, Der jüdischer Histotiker Flavius Josephus (Giesen, 1920).
7 H. St. J. Thackeray, Josephus, the Man and the Historian (New York: Jewish Institute of Religion Press, 1929), pp. 18-22.
8 S.J.D. Cohen, Josephus in Galilee and Rome, p. 240.
9 A. Bunzel, La Trilogie de Josèphe de Lion Feuchtwanger, Bibliothèque d’études germanique et centre-européennes, vol. 8, University of Montpellier, 2006, pp. 31-32.
10 Rajak, Josephus, p. xiv.
11 F. Millar, “Empire, Community, and Culture in the Roman Near East: Greeks, Syrians, Jews, and Arabs,” Journal of Jewish Studies 38 (1987): 147.
12 Josephus, Contra Apionem, in Complete Works, II, 277.