INTRODUCTION
1. The exact date of Thomas and Phebe Cunningham’s marriage is uncertain, but this book will use an April 1780 date. All sources agree that the wedding took place at Prickett’s Fort in April. However, the year of the wedding is reported by some sources as 1775, while Phebe stated it was either 1776 or 1777 in her application for Thomas’s Revolutionary War pension. However, in the oral history she told her granddaughter, she indicated her marriage to Thomas took place in April 1780. This date makes the most sense, as all sources say their first child, Henry, was born in 1781.
2. Coldham, Emigrants from England, 86; Snider, “Genealogical Monogram #6,” 1; Phebe Tucker Cunningham’s story as she told it to her granddaughter, Leah Hardman Beall, in Lough’s Now and Long Ago, 609; “Lesson: Traditional Dance,” History Through the Arts, accessed September 30, 2012,http://www.historythrougharts.org/main/program/leisure/PF_TraditionalDance.pdf.
3. “Thomas Cunningham,” Find A Grave; U.S. and International Marriage Records, 1560–1900.
4. Bockstruck, Virginia’s Colonial Soldiers, 144, 146; National Archives, “Revolutionary War Pension 1800–1900.”
5. Haymond, History of Harrison County, 370.
CHAPTER 1
6. Core, Vegetation of West Virginia, 1–7.
7. Volo and Volo, Daily Life, 1.
8. Colonel Henry Bouquet quoted in Fort Ligonier Association et al., War for Empire, 7.
9. Doddridge, Notes on the Settlement, 70–75.
10. Ibid., 21.
11. Lewis, The Fairfax Line, 39.
12. Ambler and Summers, West Virginia, 22.
13. Callahan, History of West Virginia, 66–79.
14. Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 99.
15. Ibid., 100.
16. Nester, The Great Frontier War, 2–3.
17. Ibid., 2.
18. Ibid.
19. Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 80.
20. Nester, The Great Frontier War, 1.
21. Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 83.
22. Hening, The Statutes at Large, 3:204–8.
23. Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 84.
24. Ibid., 85.
25. Ibid., 85–86.
26. Greene, Religion and the State, 67.
27. Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 86.
28. Gipson, Great War for Empire, 8–11.
29. Willson, A History of England, 473.
30. Ibid., 477.
31. Thernstrom, History of the American People, 12.
32. Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 88–89.
33. Ibid., 91–92.
34. Ambler and Summers, West Virginia, 36; Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 67–68.
35. Ambler and Summers, West Virginia, 54–55.
36. Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 73–74.
37. Rice, The Allegheny Frontier, 65.
38. Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 97–98.
39. de Crevecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer, 67.
40. Wade, “Along the Wilderness Trail,” 289–90.
41. Haymond to Haymond, 18 March 1842. William Haymond Jr. Papers, cited in Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 121.
42. An adz is a heavy hand tool with a steel cutting blade attached at right angles to a wooden handle, used for dressing timber. World English Dictionary, s.v. “adz.”
43. A froe is a cutting tool with handle and blade at right angles, used for stripping young trees, etc. World English Dictionary, s.v. “froe.”
44. Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 117.
45. Ibid., 118.
46. Asbury, Letters of Francis Asbury.
47. Doddridge, Notes on the Settlement, 94.
48. Volo and Volo, Daily Life, 145.
49. Ibid.
50. Alice Morse Earle, Home Life in Colonial Days, 33.
51. Volo and Volo, Daily Life, 148.
52. McWhorter, Border Settlers of Northwest Virginia, 377.
53. Haymond, History of Harrison County, 272.
54. “Reminiscences of Luther Haymond, 1896,” William Haymond Jr. Papers, cited in Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 122–23.
55. Trigger, The Huron, 31.
56. Smyth, A Tour in the United States, 94.
57. Trigger, The Huron, 33.
58. Volo and Volo, Daily Life, 151.
59. de Crevecoeur, Sketches of Eighteenth-Century America, 104.
60. Ibid., 105.
61. Haymond, History of Harrison County, 272.
62. Doddridge, Notes on the Settlement, 82.
63. Whatcoat, “Journal of Bishop Richard Whatcoat,” 108; cited in Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 114.
64. David Crouch interview, Draper Manuscripts, cited in Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 114.
65. Fitzpatrick, Diaries of George Washington, 2:289; cited in Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 115.
CHAPTER 2
66. Fowler, “An Old Shawnee Town in West Virginia,” 24; cited in Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 20.
67. Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 65.
68. Barnes, Native American Power, 19.
69. Starkey, European and Native American Warfare, 17.
70. Thwaites, Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, 145; cited in Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 64.
71. Cronon, Changes in the Land, 94–95.
72. Hurt, Indian Agriculture in America, 65–66; cited in Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 34.
73. Black Hawk, Life of MA-KA-TAI-ME-SHE-KIA-KIAK, 88.
74. Williams to Winthrop, in Barlett’s Letters of Roger Williams, 104; cited in Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 35.
75. Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 37.
76. Seed, Ceremonies of Possession, 31–33.
77. Calloway, American Revolution in Indian Country, 166.
78. William Haymond Jr. to Luther Haymond, 13 April 1842, William Haymond Jr. Papers, cited in Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 54.
79. Doddridge, Notes on the Settlement, 57, 59.
80. Eckert, Sorrow in Our Heart, iv; cited in Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 53.
81. Smith, Scoouwa, 161.
82. Starkey, European and Native American Warfare, 18.
83. General John Armstrong to President Washington, 23 December 1791, in The St. Clair Papers, W.H. Smith (ed.) [2 vols] (Cincinnati, Ohio: Robert Clarke, 1882), II, 277.
84. Starkey, European and Native American Warfare, 18.
85. Mann, George Washington’s War, 7.
86. Peckham, “Thomas Gist’s Indian Captivity 1756–1759,” 299.
87. Mann, George Washington’s War, 6.
88. White, The Middle Ground, 80; cited in Starkey, European and Native American Warfare, 28.
89. Mann, George Washington’s War, xi.
90. Nelson, A Man of Distinction, 124.
91. Mann, George Washington’s War, 6.
92. Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 26.
93. Moxley, “The Orchard Site,” 32; cited in Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 26–27.
94. Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 28–29.
95. White, The Middle Ground, 240, 244; cited in Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 55.
96. Hazard, Pennsylvania Archives, 548.
97. Post, The Second Journal, 38–39.
98. Ibid., 54.
99. Hazard, Pennsylvania Archives, 572.
100. Starkey, European and Native American Warfare, 106.
101. Stevens and Kent, Papers of Henry Bouquet, 161.
102. Ibid., 215.
103. Jones, Journal of Two Visits, 49–50.
104. Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 152.
105. Ibid., 152–53.
106. Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 153–54; McConnell, A Country Between, 274–75.
107. McConnell, A Country Between, 274–80.
108. Mann, George Washington’s War, x.
CHAPTER 3
109. de Crevecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer, 284–85.
110. Johnson, Captivity of Mrs. Johnson, 22–23.
111. Perkins, Border Life, 73.
112. Ibid., 69.
113. Ibid., 69–70.
114. Volo and Volo, Daily Life, 233.
115. Calloway, North Country Captives, 32.
116. Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 156–57.
117. Crawford to Washington, 25 May 1774, Butterfield, Washington-Crawford Letters, 89; cited in Boback, “Indian Warfare,”161.
118. Eckert, Sorrow in Our Heart, 836; cited in Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 161.
119. National Archives, Revolutionary War Pension 1800–1900, “Michael Swope,” cited in Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 166.
120. Doddridge, Notes on the Settlement, 95.
121. Boback, Prickett’s Fort, 15.
122. Core, The Monongalia Story, 31; cited in Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 168.
123. Fort Pitt Pay Book, 4 October 1775, Virginia State Archives, Richmond, Virginia; cited in Boback, “Prickett’s Fort,” 9.
124. Watson, Marion County, 87.
125. J. Miles Prickett Papers, cited in Boback, Prickett’s Fort, 10.
126. Boback, Prickett’s Fort, 16.
127. Ibid., 22.
128. Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 140.
129. Haymond, History of Harrison County, 275.
130. Description of the Eagle District in Hardesty’s 1882 Biographical Atlas of Harrison County, Harrison County, WVGenWeb, accessed October 18, 2012, http://www.wvgenweb.org/harrison/eagle-dis.htm.
131. Haymond, History of Harrison County, 63–64; Withers, Chronicles of Border Warfare, 206; De Hass, History of Western Virginia, 167.
132. Haymond, History of Harrison County, 67–69; De Hass, History of Early Settlements, 180; Withers, Chronicles of Border Warfare, 224.
133. Ibid., 103–04.
134. Lough, Now and Long Ago, 610.
135. Ibid., 609.
136. Withers, Chronicles of Border Warfare, 331.
137. Lough, Now and Long Ago, 610.
138. Ibid., 610–11.
139. Haymond, History of Harrison County, 103.
140. McWhorter, Border Settlers, 377.
141. Haymond, History of Harrison County, 101.
142. Ibid., 104.
CHAPTER 4
143. Withers, Chronicles of Border Warfare, 334.
144. Ibid., 333.
145. Ibid.
146. Olmstead and Zeisberger, David Zeisberger, 319.
147. Lough, Now and Long Ago, 612.
148. Larry K. Hanks, “The Emigrant Tribes,” 1; Sioui, Huron Wendat, 3.
149. Sioui, Huron Wendat, 3, 207.
150. Seeman, Feast of the Dead, 18.
151. It is important one understand what is meant by saying “myth” or “mythology.” For many people, the use of the word myth means “untrue” or simply a fanciful legend and certainly nothing of any real cultural significance. However, here, the term is used more properly and actually refers to a sacred narrative explaining how the world or humanity came to be in its present form. As Dundes states in Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth, it follows, therefore, that mythology means a collection of stories expressing religious or idealized experience, which is used to establish behavioral models and to teach. As such, the myths of the Wyandot must be seen as being no different from the stories passed on in the Judeo-Christian world’s Old and New Testaments.
152. Ibid., 15–18.
153. Sioui, Huron Wendat, 16–19.
154. Seeman, Feast of the Dead, 20.
155. Ibid.
156. Sioui, Huron Wendat, 21.
157. Ibid., 22.
158. Ibid., 6.
159. Ibid.
160. Ibid., 6–7.
161. Trigger, The Huron, 20; Seeman, Feast of the Dead, 19; Sioui, Huron Wendat, 89–90.
162. Seeman, Feast of the Dead, 19.
163. Sioui, Huron Wendat, 84–6.
164. Trigger, The Huron, 65.
165. Sioui, Huron Wendat, 117; Trigger, The Huron, 65–6.
166. Sioui, Huron Wendat, 119; Trigger, The Huron, 66.
167. Sioui, Huron Wendat, 129; Trigger, The Huron, 66.
168. Sioui, Huron Wendat, 129; Trigger, The Huron, 85–6.
169. Trigger, The Huron, 87–9.
170. Sioui, Huron Wendat, 134–35.
171. Trigger, The Huron, 84.
172. Seeman, Feast of the Dead, 51.
173. Ibid., 51, 55.
174. Starkey, European and Native American Warfare, 8.
175. Thwaites, Jesuit Relations, 141; cited in Seeman, Feast of the Dead, 58.
176. Ibid.
177. Thwaites, Jesuit Relations, 291; cited in Jennings, The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire, 88.
178. Sioui, Huron Wendat, 84–85.
179. Hancks, “The Emigrant Tribes,” 7.
180. Ibid.; Seeman, Feast of the Dead, 137.
181. Swanton, Tribes of North America, 235–36.
182. Trigger, The Huron, 141–42; Sioui, Huron Wendat, 19.
183. Trigger, The Huron, 70–71; Seeman, Feast of the Dead, 19; Sioui, Huron Wendat, 94–95.
184. Lough, Now and Long Ago, 612.
185. Sioui, Huron Wendat, 172.
186. Boback, “Indian Warfare,” 58–59.
187. Ibid., 59.
188. Trigger, The Huron, 14.
189. Ibid., 59–60.
190. Trigger, The Huron, 33–34.
191. Ibid.
192. Seeman, Feast of the Dead, 19; Trigger, The Huron, 34.
193. Trigger, The Huron, 73.
194. Ibid., 74.
195. Ibid., 74–75.
196. Ibid.
197. Ibid., 75.
198. Ibid., 73.
199. Ibid.
200. Volo and Volo, Daily Life, 245–46.
201. de Crevecoeur, Letters, 306.
CHAPTER 5
202. Lough, Now and Long Ago, 613.
203. Nye, A Baker’s Dozen, 114.
204. Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 13.
205. Benet, The Devil and Daniel Webster, 10.
206. Nye, A Baker’s Dozen, 99.
207. Ibid., 111.
208. Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 156.
209. Ibid., 17–19.
210. Nye, A Baker’s Dozen, 99; Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 20–22.
211. Nye, A Baker’s Dozen, 99; Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 24–27.
212. Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 28–32.
213. Ibid., 34–37.
214. Nelson, A Man of Distinction, 26–29.
215. Ibid., 24.
216. Ibid., x.
217. Hoffman, Simon Girty: Turncoat Hero, 32.
218. Ibid., 35; Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 43.
219. Hoffman, Simon Girty: Turncoat Hero, 38.
220. Ibid., 39; Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 44–45.
221. Hoffman, Simon Girty: Turncoat Hero, 39.
222. Ibid., 42.
223. Ibid., 49.
224. Hoffman, Simon Girty: Turncoat Hero, 59; Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 51.
225. Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 52–53.
226. Nye, A Baker’s Dozen, 101.
227. Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 56–59.
228. “Colonel John Butler to Alexander McKee,” American Archives, 818–19.
229. “Proceedings of the Committee of Fort Pitt, (or West-Augusta) on Colonel John Butler’s Letter,” American Archives, 820.
230. Nelson, A Man of Distinction, 95.
231. Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 62–63.
232. Ibid., 63.
233. Butterfield, History of the Girtys, 41.
234. “Lord George Germain to Sir Guy Carleton, March 26, 1777,” Collections, 346–47.
235. Nelson, A Man of Distinction, 98.
236. Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 64–66; Butterfield, History of the Girtys, 45.
237. “General Edward Hand to Colonel William Crawford, December 28, 1777,” in Butterfield, The Washington-Crawford Letters, 66.
238. “General Edward Hand to Colonel William Crawford, February 5, 1778,” The Washington-Crawford Letters, 66–67.
239. Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 68–69.
240. Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 68–71; Butterfield, History of the Girtys, 47–48; Hoffman, Simon Girty: Turncoat Hero, 93–97.
241. Nye, A Baker’s Dozen, 101–104; Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 72–73; Butterfield, History of the Girtys, 50–52; “General Edward Hand to General Horatio Gates” in Thwaites and Kellogg, Frontier Defense, 250.
242. Heckewelder, Narrative of the Mission, 174–75.
243. “General Edward Hand to Colonel William Crawford, March 30, 1778” in Thwaites and Kellogg, Frontier Defense, 252–53.
244. Nye, A Baker’s Dozen, 109.
245. Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 78.
246. Nelson, A Man of Distinction, 117.
247. Nye, A Baker’s Dozen, 103–04.
248. Ibid., 105.
249. Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 97.
250. “Colonel Arthur Campbell to Colonel William Davies, October 3, 1782,” in Palmer, Calendar of Virginia State Papers, 337–38.
251. Nelson, A Man of Distinction, 129.
252. Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 160–62.
253. Nye, A Baker’s Dozen, 107–08.
254. Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 134.
255. Ibid., 136–39; Butterfield, History of the Girtys, 167–69.
256. Butterfield, History of the Girtys, 173–75; Nye, A Baker’s Dozen, 107.
257. Hoffman, Simon Girty: Turncoat Hero, 171; Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 141.
258. Heckewelder, Narrative of the Mission, 341.
259. Hoffman, Simon Girty: Turncoast Hero, 172–75; Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 142–43.
CHAPTER 6
260. Nye, A Baker’s Dozen, 109; Butts, Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior, 124, 138, 155, 163.
261. Withers, Chronicles of Border Warfare, 334; Haymond, History of Harrison County, 102; Butterfield, History of the Girtys, 241.
262. Haymond, History of Harrison County, 102.
263. Butterfield, History of the Girtys, 239–41.
264. Lough, Now and Long Ago, 614.
265. McWhorter, Border Settlers, 376–77.
266. Haymond, History of Harrison County, 102; Withers, Chronicles of Border Warfare, 334; Drake, et. al, Kentucky in Retrospect, 2,115–16.
267. Haymond, History of Harrison County, 102; Withers, Chronicles of Border Warfare, 334.
268. Kincaid, The Wilderness Road, xii.
269. Haymond, History of Harrison County, 102; Withers, 334; Lough, Now and Long Ago, 613.
270. Lough, Now and Long Ago, 612.
271. Ibid., 613–14; Haymond, History of Harrison County, 102; Withers, 334.
EPILOGUE
272. Snider, “Genealogical Monogram #7,” 3.
273. Ibid., 3–4.