CHAPTER 1: A SAINT IN NAME
1 M. Howell, Eleanor of Provence (Oxford, 1998), 1, 5, 14–16, 22–7; Powicke, Henry III, 751–4.
2 Paris, iii, 539–40; CLR, 1226–40, 406; Carpenter, Struggle, 340.
3 R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe (London, 1993), 271–3; D. A. Carpenter, ‘King Henry III and Saint Edward the Confessor: the Origins of the Cult’, EHR, 122 (2007), 865–91; Paris, iii, 539–40.
4The Royal Charter Witness Lists of Henry III, ed. M. Morris, vol. 1 (List and Index Society, 291, 2001), 172–3.
5KW, i, 120–30; ii, 864–9.
6 Carpenter, Struggle, 340; M. Prestwich, Edward I (London, 1988), 5–6; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 28, 76, 78, 100.
7 Ibid., 29, 35–7, 76, 99.
8 Ibid., 30, 35, 45; Prestwich, Edward I, 5.
9 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 27, 32; Prestwich, Edward I, 5.
10 Ibid.; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 24–6, 30–2; CR, 1237–42, 308 (with thanks to David Carpenter).
11 Paris, iv, 553; N. Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry (London, 1984), 5–7.
12 Ibid., 16; M. T Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record (2nd edn, Oxford, 1993), 2.
13 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 6; Carpenter, Struggle, 9; Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry, 124–5.
14 Carpenter, ‘King Henry III and Saint Edward the Confessor’, 885–6
15 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 7, 82–4.
16 M. Keen, Chivalry (New Haven and London, 1984), 2, 11, 37, 52, 99, 104, 158–9.
17 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 71–4, 76; Prestwich, Edward I, 6; Paris, iv, 639. See also CLR, 1240–45, 286.
18 Prestwich, Edward I, 6–7; DNB, xxvi, 470.
19 Carpenter, Struggle, 27–8, 31–4, 42–3; Davies, Empire, 120.
20 P. D. A. Harvey, Mappa Mundi: The Hereford World Map (London, 1996), passim; J. Gillingham, 1215: The Year of Magna Carta (London, 2003), 233–54.
21 Keen, Chivalry, 44–63; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 1095–1588 (Chicago and London, 1988), 8–14; S. Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 1216–1307 (Oxford, 1988), 9, 245.
22DNB, xlvi, 705; N. Denholm-Young, Richard of Cornwall (Oxford, 1947), 22, 39, 44; Paris, iv, 147, 166–7.
23 Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 111–17.
24 Carpenter, Struggle, 106–16, 137–8, 213–23.
25 Ibid., 191–5, 263–70, 307, 345.
26 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 9–14, 32–6, 38, 55–6, 61–2; Prestwich, Edward I, 7–8.
27 Maddicott, Montfort, 9–10, 21–9, 107–10.
28 Ibid., 29–31, 78–9, 105, 110–12, 348.
29 Ibid., 112–19.
30 Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 113; Maddicott, Montfort, 114–16.
31 Carpenter, Struggle, 310, 348–50; D. Crook, ‘The Sheriff of Nottingham and Robin Hood: the Genesis of the Legend?’, TCE, ii (1988), 59–68.
32 Carpenter, Struggle, 260, 272, 292; Kaeuper, Bankers, 259; J. R. Maddicott, ‘“An Infinite Multitude of Nobles”: Quality, Quantity and Politics in the Pre-Reform Parliaments of Henry III’, TCE, vii (1999), 17–46.
33 Paris, v, 335.
34 Ibid., 313–14; Powicke, Henry III, 231.
35 Maddicott, Montfort, 120; Paris, v, 383.
36 J. C. Parsons, Eleanor of Castile (New York, 1995), 12–14.
37 Ibid.; Prestwich, Edward I, 11; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 126.
38 Trabut-Cussac, L’Administration, 3–4; M. Howell, ‘Royal Women of England and France in the Mid-Thirteenth Century: A Gendered Perspective’, England and Europe in the Reign of Henry III (1216–1272), ed. B. K. U. Weiler and I. W. Rowlands (Aldershot, 2002), 167.
39 Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 9, 15–16.
40 Studd, Itinerary, 8; Trabut-Cussac, L’Administration, 8.
41 Ibid., 11.
42 Ibid., 8–11.
43 J. R. Studd, ‘The Lord Edward and King Henry III’, BIHR, 50 (1977), 4–19.
44 Trabut-Cussac, L’Administration, 12; CR, 1254–56, 219–20.
45CR, 1254–56, 128; J. C. Parsons, ‘The Year of Eleanor of Castile’s Birth and her Children by Edward I’, Mediaeval Studies, xlvi (1984), 257; RWH, 167–8 (nos. 1618–19).
46 Paris, v, 513–14; Rôles Gascons, éd. Francisque-Michel and C. Bémont (4 vols., Paris, 1885–1906), i (suppl), 38–9 (no. 4554).
47 E. L. G. Stones, Edward I (Oxford, 1968), 2 (a translation of Trivet, 281–2); J. Ayloffe, ‘An Account of the Body of King Edward the First’, Archaeologia, iii (1786), 385; EHD, iii, 236; Political Songs, 223; Commendatio, 5.
48 Studd, Itinerary, 27–9; Paris, v, 527.
49 Ibid., 538–9.
50 Ibid., 513–15.
51DNB, xxix, 418; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 54–5.
52 Ibid., 55, 57–8, 66–70, 141.
53 H. W. Ridgeway, ‘Foreign Favourites and Henry III’s Problems of Patronage, 1247–1258’, EHR 104 (1989), 601–2; idem, ‘The Lord Edward and the Provisions of Oxford (1258): A Study in Faction’, TCE, i (1986), 90.
54 Paris, v, 557, 609; N. Denholm-Young, ‘The Tournament in the Thirteenth Century’, Collected Papers (Cardiff, 1969), 95–120. In general, see D. Crouch, Tournament (London, 2005).
55 Studd, Itinerary, 30.
56 K. Staniland, ‘The Nuptials of Alexander III of Scotland and Margaret Plantagenet’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, 30 (1986), 20–45.
57 R. R. Davies, Domination and Conquest (Cambridge, 1990), 51; idem, Empire, 156–7 (cf. Duncan, Kingship, 173–4).
58 Studd, Itinerary, 30; R. R. Davies, The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063– 1415 (new edn, Oxford, 2000), 17; idem, ‘The Peoples of Britain and Ireland, 1100–1400: IV. Language and Historical Mythology’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, vii (1997), 1–24.
59 Davies, Age of Conquest, 58–9, 70–1, 120–1, 230–1, 267–8.
60 Carpenter, Struggle, 106–9; Davies, Age of Conquest, 12–15, 267–70.
61 King John, however, did marry his bastard daughter Joan to Llywelyn the Great. Ibid., 249.
62 Davies, Age of Conquest, 236–51 300–7; Smith, Llywelyn, 58–9, 77–84; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 145–6.
63 Studd, Itinerary, 30–1; Paris, v, 574–5.
64 Prestwich, Edward I, 15–16; Paris, v, 593–4, 598; Studd, Itinerary, 32.
65 R. C. Stacey, ‘Crusades, Crusaders and the Baronial Gravamina of 1263–1264’, TCE, iii (1991), 143–8; D. A. Carpenter, ‘The Gold Treasure of King Henry III’, The Reign of Henry III (London, 1996), 120; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 130–4, 138–45.
66 Ibid., 49–54, 140, 274–5.
CHAPTER 2: THE FAMILY FEUD
1 Smith, Llywelyn, 77–85.
2 Ibid., 56–77, 85–91.
3 Studd, Itinerary, 31–2; Smith, Llywelyn, 88; Paris, v, 592–4.
4 Ibid., 593, 613–14; DNB, xxvi, 462.
5 Smith, Llywelyn, 90–5.
6 Ibid., 97–101.
7 Ibid., 101–6.
8 Ibid., 108–9.
9 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 145–8.
10 R. R. Davies, Lordship and Society in the March of Wales, 1282–1400 (Oxford, 1978), passim, and esp. 3, 73–9, 217.
11 Smith, Llywelyn, 94–7, 102–3; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 146–7; DNB, xii, 109; Paris, v, 95; J. F. Lydon, ‘Three Exchequer Documents from the reign of Henry III’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 65 (1966–67), 26–7.
12 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 148.
13 Ibid., 148–9.
14 D. A. Carpenter, ‘What Happened in 1258?’, Reign of Henry III, 187–8, 194; Morris, Bigod Earls, 184–5; Maddicott, Montfort, 109.
15 Carpenter, ‘What Happened in 1258?’, 188; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 154; EHD, iii, 119.
16 Carpenter, ‘What Happened in 1258?’, 195–6; EHD, iii, 123; Morris, Bigod Earls, 73, 218–19.
17 Maddicott, Montfort, 156–8, 160; EHD, iii, 124, 155, 361–7.
18EHD, iii, 155–6; Ridgeway, ‘The Lord Edward and the Provisions of Oxford’, 89; Prestwich, Edward I, 25–6.
19 Maddicott, Montfort, 151, 158–9.
20EHD, iii, 156, 363.
21DNB, xxvi, 463; M. A. Hennings, England Under Henry III (London, 1924), 93.
22 Davies, Age of Conquest, 310; AM, i, 166; iv, 445; CPR, 1238–66, 5;CLR, 1231–60, 441; Studd, Itinerary, 43–4.
23 D. A. Carpenter, ‘The Lord Edward’s Oath to Aid and Counsel Simon de Montfort, 15 October 1259’, Reign of Henry III, 250–2.
24 Morris, Bigod Earls, 75–80.
25 Maddicott, Montfort, 50–3, 122–3, 129–51.
26EHD, iii, 157–8; T. F. Tout, ‘The “Communitas Bacheleriae Angliae’”, EHR, 17 (1902), 89–95.
27 Carpenter, ‘The Lord Edward’s Oath’, 242, 248, 251.
28 R. F. Treharne, The Baronial Plan of Reform, 1258–63 (Manchester, 1932) is the most complete expression of this view.
29 Maddicott, Montfort, 155–6, 181–8.
30 Ibid., 192–3; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 163–4, 170; Studd, Itinerary, 46–7.
31 Maddicott, Montfort, 193–4.
32Documents of the Baronial Movement of Reform and Rebellion, 1258–1267, ed. R. F. Treharne and I. J. Sanders (Oxford, 1973), 175–7; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 162, 166–70.
33EHD, iii, 160–1, 197; Flores, ii, 448–9; DNB, xxvi, 464.
34EHD, iii, 197–8; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 170–1; Treharne, Baronial Plan, 232–4. Reconciliation clearly occurred in mid-May: on 13 May Edward was still with Montfort, and on 15 May he was ordered to remove his castellans; not until 16 May did Henry III leave London for Westminster. Maddicott, Montfort, 197; CR, 1259–61, 42; EHD, iii, 161.
35 Maddicott, Montfort, 197–9.
36 Davies, Age of Conquest, 311; Smith, Llywelyn, 116–27; Prestwich, Edward I, 11.
37 Smith, Llywelyn, 127–31.
38 Maddicott, Montfort, 199; Morris, Bigod Earls, 83.
39 Maddicott, Montfort, 200–3.
40 Ibid.; Morris, Bigod Earls, 83.
41 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 175–6; The Historical Works of Gervase of Canterbury, ed. W. Stubbs (2 vols., Rolls Series, 1879–80), ii, 211; cf. EHD, iii, 198.
42 Studd, Itinerary, 56; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 177–9; D. A. Carpenter, ‘King Henry III and the Tower of London’, Reign of Henry III, 199–206; H. Ridgeway, ‘King Henry III’s Grievances against the Council in 1261: a New Version and a Letter describing Political Events’, Historical Research, 61 (1988), 229, 235–6, 240.
43DNB, lvi, 47; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 179–80; Maddicott, Montfort, 196, 200.
44 Ibid., 208.
45EHD, iii, 198 (where it is also stated that Edward did badly in the tournaments and sustained heavy losses); Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 180.
46 Maddicott, Montfort, 207, 209.
47Flores, ii, 466–7.
48 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 180–1; Morris, Bigod Earls, 84–5; Studd, Itinerary, 57–8.
49 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 183–4; Studd, Itinerary, 58–60.
50 Maddicott, Montfort, 213–14; EHD, iii, 199.
51 D. A. Carpenter, ‘Simon de Montfort: The First Leader of a Political Movement in English History’, Reign of Henry III, 232–3.
52 Ridgeway, ‘The Lord Edward’, 98; D. A. Carpenter, ‘King Henry III’s “Statute” against Aliens: July 1263’, Reign of Henry III, 271n.
53 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 181, 187–8; Prestwich, Edward I, 37.
54 Studd, Itinerary, 62, 64; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 186, 189; Prestwich, Edward I, 38.
55 Carpenter, ‘King Henry III’s “Statute”’,271; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 181
56EHD, iii, 199; Studd, Itinerary, 65; Maddicott, Montfort, 215–21; CCR, 1261–64, 272–3.
57 Davies, Age of Conquest, 312; Smith, Llywelyn, 137–48.
58 Ibid., 148; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 190–1; Studd, Itinerary, 66.
59 Maddicott, Montfort, 216–17; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 193–4.
60 Ibid., 188.
61 Maddicott, Montfort, 222–3.
62 Ibid., 225–7; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 193.
63 Studd, Itinerary, 69; Carpenter, ‘King Henry III and the Tower’, 206; EHD, iii, 201; G. A. Williams, Medieval London: From Commune to Capital (London, 1963), 218.
64EHD, iii, 167–8; Maddicott, Montfort, 228–9.
65EHD, iii, 201; Maddicott, Montfort, 230.
66 Ibid., 229–30, 234; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 196.
67 Ibid.
68 Maddicott, Montfort, 229; Studd, Itinerary, 70; Flores, ii, 482; EHD, iii, 170; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 197–8.
69 Maddicott, Montfort, 231–2, 239, 242–4.
70 Ibid., 237–8, 241–2; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 200–1.
71 Maddicott, Montfort, 244.
72 Ibid., 228; Smith, Llywelyn, 154; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 197.
73 Maddicott, Montfort, 237, 244–5; EHD, iii, 171, 203.
74 Maddicott, Montfort, 247–65; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 202–5.
75 D. A. Carpenter, ‘A Noble in Politics: Roger Mortimer in the Period of Baronial Reform and Rebellion, 1258–1265, Nobles and Nobility in Medieval Europe, ed. A. J. Duggan (Woodbridge, 2000), 183–203; Maddicott, Montfort, 263–4.
76 Ibid., 265–8.
77 Ibid., 269.
78 D. A. Carpenter, The Battles of Lewes and Evesham 1264/65 (Keele, 1987), 18, 20, 22–3; EHD, iii, 175.
79 Carpenter, Battles of Lewes and Evesham, 24–7, 30–1.
80 Ibid., 27, 30.
81 Ibid., 31–2; EHD, iii, 905.
82 Carpenter, Battles of Lewes and Evesham, 32–4; Political Songs, 69–70.
83EHD, iii, 900; Carpenter, Battles of Lewes and Evesham, 26–7.
84Ibid., 34–5; Carpenter, Struggle, 126–7.
85 Maddicott, Montfort, 272–3.
86 Ibid., 280–2; EHD, iii, 174, 207.
87 Maddicott, Montfort, 289–91, 306–8; Prestwich, Edward I, 47.
88 Maddicott, Montfort, 220, 264, 285, 288, 302–3, 307, 312.
89 Ibid., 318–22, 338, 364; EHD, iii, 180–1.
90 Maddicott, Montfort, 329–33.
91 Ibid., 333–4; Prestwich, Edward I, 49.
92 Maddicott, Montfort, 334–9.
93 Ibid., 339.
94 Ibid., 339–40; O. de Laborderie, J. R. Maddicott and D. A. Carpenter, ‘The Last Hours of Simon de Montfort: A New Account’, EHR, 115 (2000), 396.
95 Carpenter, Battles of Lewes and Evesham, 50–4.
96 Ibid., 58–9.
97 Laborderie, Maddicott and Carpenter, ‘Last Hours of Simon de Montfort’, 395–406 is the most accurate reconstruction of these events.
98 Ibid., 391, 400, 404; Carpenter, Battles of Lewes and Evesham, 59.
99 Ibid., 58, 63–4.
100 Ibid., 65–6; Laborderie, Maddicott and Carpenter, ‘Last Hours of Simon de Montfort’, 403, 405, 411.
101 Ibid., 406; Powicke, Henry III, 502; Carpenter, Battles of Lewes and Evesham, 64.
102 Laborderie, Maddicott and Carpenter, ‘Last Hours of Simon de Montfort’, 403, 411–12.
CHAPTER 3: CIVIL PEACE AND HOLY WAR
1 Maddicott, Montfort, 346–7, 367–8.
2 Ibid., 336–7, 342; Powicke, Henry III, 505; EHD, iii, 183.
3 Trivet, 266; Royal and Other Historical Letters Illustrative of the Reign of Henry III, ed. W. W. Shirley (2 vols., Rolls Series, 1862–66), ii, 291; CR, 1264–68, 131; Maddicott, Montfort, 67–8.
4 C. H. Knowles, ‘The Resettlement of England after the Barons’ War, 1264–67’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 32 (1982), 25–6.
5 Studd, Itinerary, 85–6; Royal and Other Historical Letters, ed. Shirley, ii, 289–90.
6 Powicke, Henry III, 505–8; Maddicott, Montfort, 335.
7The Chronicle of William de Rishanger of the Barons’ Wars, ed. J. O. Halliwell (Camden Society, 1st series, xv, 1840), 49; Knowles, ‘Resettlement of England’, 26.
8EHD, iii, 181n, 184.
9 Ibid., 184–5; Powicke, Henry III, 517–18; Prestwich, Edward I, 54.
10 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 199–205, 211–17, 232–4, 241.
11 Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 24–5; idem, ‘The Year of Eleanor of Castile’s Birth’, 258.
12 Powicke, Henry III, 518.
13 Ibid., 518, 526–7; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 229, 232.
14 Powicke, Henry III, 518–19, 529–30.
15EHD, iii, 904–5.
16 Powicke, Henry III, 519, 521.
17 Ibid., 521–2; EHD, iii, 186–8.
18 Ibid., 189; AM, iv, 187; Powicke, Henry III, 520–2, 531.
19 Ibid., 522–3; EHD, iii, 190–1; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 234–5.
20 Powicke, Henry III, 531.
21EHD, iii, 191; Studd, Itinerary, 97.
22 Ibid.; Powicke, Henry III, 532; EHD, iii, 193.
23 Powicke, Henry III, 532–8; EHD, iii, 192.
24 Powicke, Henry III, 538–9; EHD, iii, 193.
25 Powicke, Henry III, 539–41; Studd, Itinerary, 100.
26AM, iv, 197; DNB, lvi, 387.
27 Edward was at Pontefract on 21 March: Studd, Itinerary, 100. AM, iv, 197–8; DNB, lvi, 387.
28AM, iv, 196.
29EHD, iii, 193–4.
30Flores, iii, 15; Powicke, Henry III, 543–4; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 238–40.
31EHD, iii 194–6; Powicke, Henry III, 545–6.
32EHD, iii, 121–2, 194, 197; AM, iv, 211.
33 Prestwich, Edward I, 60; Smith, Llywelyn, 178.
34AM, iv, 212.
35 Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 144–51.
36 Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 113; Powicke, Henry III, 562.
37 Ibid., 541, 562. In general, the number of former Montfortians that took the cross was minimal. Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 126–32.
38 Ibid., 115, 201–7.
39 Ibid., 146–7, 232; Powicke, 562n.
40 H. A. Wait, ‘The Household and Resources of the Lord Edward’ (D. Phil. thesis, Oxford, 1988), ch. 8, v; Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 115.
41 Ibid., 114, 147; Powicke, Henry III, 557, 562.
42 Parsons, ‘Year of Eleanor of Castile’s Birth’, 259; Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 77–8.
43 J. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History (New Haven and London, 1987), 12–13.
44 Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 16–23.
45 R. Graham, ‘Letters of Cardinal Ottoboni’, EHR, 15 (1900), no. 26; F. M. Powicke, The Thirteenth Century, 1216–1307 (2nd edn, Oxford, 1962), 231.
46 J. R. Maddicott, ‘The Crusade Taxation of 1268–1270 and the Development of Parliament’, TCE, ii (1988), 93–5, 101–2.
47 R. Huscroft, Expulsion: England’s Jewish Solution (Stroud, 2006), 11, 63–5.
48 Ibid., 43–6, 68.
49 Ibid., 46–8, 54–6, 60.
50 Ibid., 83–5, 90.
51 R. C. Stacey, ‘1240–60: A Watershed in Anglo-Jewish Relations?’, Historical Research, 61 (1988), 135–150.
52 Huscroft, Expulsion, 91–2; Stacey, ‘Expulsion’, 93–4; idem, ‘1240–60: A Watershed’, 142–3.
53 R. C. Stacey, ‘The English Jews under Henry III’, The Jews in Medieval Britain: Historical, Literary and Archaeological Perspectives, ed. P. Skinner (Woodbridge, 2003), 51. Note, however, that Edward and Montfort are not themselves named in the evidence for the raid on the exchequer: NA E159/33, m. 10.
54 Maddicott, ‘Crusade Taxation’, 101–2, 109–10 and n.
55 Prestwich, Edward I, 62; DNB, xxvi, 468; Powicke, Henry III, 523– 5, 709; K. B. McFarlane, ‘Had Edward I a “Policy” towards the Earls?’, The Nobility of Later Medieval England (Oxford, 1973), 254–7.
56 Maddicott, ‘Crusade Taxation’, 103; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 127–9.
57KW, i, 130, 150; D. A. Carpenter, ‘Westminster Abbey in Politics, 1258–1269’, TCE, viii (2001), 54–5.
58 Powicke, Henry III, 575–6; AM, iv, 227; Maddicott, ‘Crusade Taxation’, 105–6 (only permission to assess was granted).
59 S. Lloyd, ‘Gilbert de Clare, Richard of Cornwall and the Lord Edward’s Crusade’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, xxx (1986), 46–53.
60EHD, iii, 204; J. R. Studd, ‘The Lord Edward’s Lordship of Chester, 1254–72’, Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 128 (1979), 16–17.
61 Powicke, Henry III, 579. But it seems unlikely, given the chronicler’s silence, that Edward also went to France.
62 Lloyd, ‘Gilbert de Clare’, 54; Maddicott, ‘Crusade Taxation’, 108–10.
63 Lloyd, ‘Gilbert de Clare’, 55–62.
64 Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 116–24; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 125.
65 R. Huscroft, ‘Should I Stay or Should I Go? Robert Burnell, the Lord Edward’s Crusade and the Canterbury Vacancy of 1270–3’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, xlv (2001), 97, 102–5; Powicke, Henry III, 582; Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 28.
66 Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 139, 142n; Studd, Itinerary, 130.
67 Powicke, Henry III, 597–8.
68 J. Dunbabin, Charles I of Anjou: Power, Kingship and State-Making in Thirteenth-Century Europe (Harlow, 1998), 3–5, 57, 194–7.
69 Studd, Itinerary, 131.
70 Ibid.; Prestwich, Edward I, 73–4.
71 Ibid., 74; A History of the Crusades, ed. K. M. Setton (6 vols., Philadelphia and Madison, 1955–89), ii, 517.
72Cron. Maior, 131; AM, iv, 239–40; Prestwich, Edward I, 74–5.
73 Riley-Smith, The Crusades, xvi, 40–5, 56–60, 61–4, 77–8.
74 Ibid., 84–7, 156–7; The Atlas of the Crusades, ed. J. Riley-Smith (London, 1991), 98–9, 102–3.
75 Riley-Smith, The Crusades 200–3; R. Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate, 1250–1382 (London, 1986), 42–56.
76AM, iv, 245. See also Political Songs, 132.
77 Ibn al-Fur
t, 150.
78 ‘Annales de Terre Sainte’, ed. R. Röhricht, Archives de l’Orient Latin, ii (1884), 455; Ibn al-Furt, 151–2; ‘Gestes des Chiprois’, Receuil des Historiens des Croisades: Documents Arméniens, ed. C. Kohler, vol. 2(Paris, 1906), 778.
79 D. Nicolle and A. McBride, The Mamluks, 1250–1517 (London, 1993), 15; ‘Gestes des Chiprois’, 778.
80 Ibid.; ‘L’Estoire de Eracles Empereur’, Receuil des Historiens des Croisades: Historiens Occidentaux, ed. A. Beugnot et al., vol. 2 (Paris, 1859), 461; Ibn al-Furt, 150.
81 ‘Gestes des Chiprois’, 777–8; Prestwich, Edward I, 76–7.
82Cron. Maior., 143.
83 D. Morgan, The Mongols (Oxford, 1986), provides a good short survey.
84 Powicke, Henry III, 600–1.
85Cron. Maior., 143; Powicke, Henry III, 600, 602.
86 ‘L’Estoire de Eracles Empereur’, 461; Ibn al-Furt, xi.
87 ‘L’Estoire de Eracles Empereur’, 461; ‘Gestes des Chiprois’, 778–9; Ibn al-Furt, 155. For a description of Qaqun, see H. Kennedy, Crusader Castles (Cambridge, 1994), 35–7, 99.
88 ‘L’Estoire de Eracles Empereur’, 461.
89 Ibn al-Furt, xi–xii, 156.
90 Prestwich, Edward I, 75–6; Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 29; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 125; Ibn al-Furt, 157–9.
91 Ibid., 159; ‘Gestes des Chiprois’, 779; Guisborough, 208–10.
92 Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 29–30.
93Foedera, I, i, 495; Guisborough, 209–10.
94 ‘L’Estoire de Eracles Empereur’, 462; J. H. Pryor, Commerce, Shipping and Naval Warfare in the Medieval Mediterranean (London, 1987), 378–83; Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 29–30.
CHAPTER 4: THE RETURN OF THE KING
1 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 252–3.
2 Ibid.; D. A. Carpenter, ‘The Burial of King Henry III, the Regalia and Royal Ideology’, Reign of Henry III, 429; AM, iv, 252.
3 Prestwich, Edward I, 74, but it took two months for messages to travel between England and Sicily. Cron. Maior., 158; Trivet, 284.
4 R. Bartlett, England under the Norman and Angevin Kings (Oxford, 2000), 123–7, provides an excellent short summary.
5Foedera, I, ii, 497; HBC, 30–1.
6Cron. Maior., 158.
7 Wait, ‘The Household and Resources of the Lord Edward’, 136–53.
8DNB, xlvi, 710; Cron. Maior., 158. The other conciliar casualty was Philip Basset. Powicke, Henry III, 532, 583, 586.
9AM, iv, 239–40.
10 Maddicott, Montfort, 370–1; R. Studd, ‘The Marriage of Henry of Almain and Constance of Béarn’, TCE, iii (1991), 176–7; Powicke, Henry III, 606–12.
11 L. F. Salzman, Edward I (London, 1968), 34–5 T. F. Tout, Edward the First (London, 1893), 86, Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 30–1; R. Huscroft, ‘Robert Burnell and the Government of England’, TCE, viii (2001), 66.
12 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 280.
13 Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 31; Maddicott, Montfort, 188; M. Bloch, Feudal Society (2nd edn, 1962), 145–7.
14 Carpenter, Struggle, 346. The assertion that Louis afterwards said to his barons, ‘He is my man now, and he was not before’ was not made until half a century later, by which time it looks like mere wish-fulfilment on the part of the French. Jean de Joinville, Histoire de St Louis, ed. N. de Wailly (Paris, 1874), 65.
15EHD, iii, 376–9.
16 Prestwich, Edward I, 314.
17Itinerary, i, 16–17; Trabut-Cussac, L’Administration, 42; M. W. Labarge, Gascony, England’s First Colony, 1204–1453 (London, 1980), 43, citing Receuil d’actes relatifs à l’administration des Rois d’Angleterre en Guyenne au XIIIe siècle: Recogniciones feodorum in Aquitania, ed. C. Bémont (Paris, 1914), 52 (no. 174); S. Raban, A Second Domesday? The Hundred Rolls of 1279–80 (Oxford, 2004), 28–33.
18 Trabut-Cussac, L’Administration, 42–4; J. B. Smith, ‘Adversaries of Edward I: Gaston de Béarn and Llywelyn ap Gruffudd’, Recognitions: essays presented to Edmund Fryde, ed. C. Richmond and I. M. W. Harvey (Aberystwyth, 1996), 68–70.
19 Raban, Second Domesday, 30–2; Trabut-Cussac, L’Administration, 46–7.
20 Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 31; Cron. Maior, 170.
21Itinerary, i, 31; Political Songs, 128.
22AM, iv, 259–60; NA SC1/7/46 (from KW, ii, 715). Cf. R. Strong, Coronation: A History of Kingship and the British Monarchy (London, 2005), 133.
23The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, vol. 1: 600–1540, ed. D. M. Palliser (Cambridge, 2000), 215.
24 P. Binski, The Painted Chamber at Westminster (London, 1986), 33–69; idem, Westminster Abbey and the Plantagenets: Kingship and the Representation of Power 1200–1400 (New Haven and London, 1995), 130.
25 Binski, Westminster Abbey, 130–2; KW, ii, 1044.
26 Binski, Westminster Abbey, 130, 134.
27 H. G. Richardson, ‘The Coronation in Medieval England’, Traditio, 16 (1960), 151–61, 171–3.
28 D. A. Carpenter, ‘King Henry III and the Cosmati Work at Westminster Abbey’, and idem, ‘Burial of King Henry III’, Reign of Henry III, 409–26, 435–7; Binski, Westminster Abbey, 130.
29 Strong, Coronation, 87–8; Carpenter, ‘Burial of King Henry III’, 443–54.
30 J. R. Maddicott, ‘Edward I and the Lessons of Baronial Reform’, TCE, i (1986), 10; W. Stubbs, The Constitutional History of England (3rd edn, Oxford, 1887), ii, 109n.
31 Prestwich, Edward I, 103–5; below, 366–7.
32 Guisborough, 216, exhibits a similar confusion reporting the baronial reaction.
33 D. A. Carpenter, ‘King, Magnates and Society: The Personal Rule of King Henry III, 1234–1258’, Reign of Henry III, 85–8, 99–106.
34 Maddicott, ‘Edward I and the Lessons of Baronial Reform’, 1–10. For a more positive assessment, cf. Huscroft, ‘Robert Burnell and the Government of England’, passim.
35DNB, viii, 898–900. For the fullest treatment, see R. Huscroft, ‘The Political and Personal Life of Robert Burnell, Chancellor of Edward I’ (Ph.D. thesis, London, 2000).
36 Huscroft, ‘Should I Stay or Should I Go?’, passim; idem, ‘Robert Burnell and the Government of England’, 65–6.
37 Carpenter, Struggle, 64–5, 199, 475, 479; HBC, 85, 228.
38 Maddicott, ‘Edward I and the Lessons of Baronial Reform’, 19; Carpenter, Struggle, 63–4, 92–3.
39EHD, iii, 392–6; Maddicott, ‘Edward I and the Lessons of Baronial Reform’, 19.
40Ibid., 12–14.
41 Ibid., 19.
42 Ibid., 11, 14; EHD, iii, 397–410.
43 Prestwich, Edward I, 96; Huscroft, ‘Robert Burnell and the Government of England’, 69–70.
44 Maddicott, ‘Edward I and the Lessons of Baronial Reform’, 14–16; EHD, iii, 397, 409–10.
45 Above, 16–17.
46 Maddicott, ‘Edward I and the Lessons of Baronial Reform’, 23–5; Carpenter, Struggle, 479.
47 Ibid., 31, 33–4, 37, 40, 42–3, 45–6.
48 Kaeuper, Bankers, 135 –51; EHD, iii, 410; Carpenter, Struggle, 40; Davies, Lordship and Society, 119.
49 Kaeuper, Bankers, 1–4, 75–86, 118–21, 164–5. Cf. Prestwich, Edward I, 240–1.
50 Ibid., 79–81; Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 144–7; Powicke, Henry III, 568–9; AM, iv, 265. Edward had also obtained £4,000 from the Jewry. His other debts, beyond those owed to the Riccardi, amounted to at least £14,000. Prestwich, Edward I, 80–1.
51 Stacey, ‘Expulsion’, 96–7.
52 Ibid., 95–6; Huscroft, Expulsion, 110–11.
53EHD, iii, 411–12; Maddicott, ‘Edward I and the Lessons of Baronial Reform’, 17; Prestwich, Edward I, 102.
54EHD, iii, 411–12. Huscroft, Expulsion, 119–21.
55 Maddicott, Montfort, 15–16, 268, 315; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 277–9, 299; Huscroft, Expulsion, 86, 102.
56EHD, iii, 411–12; Huscroft, Expulsion, 69, 84.
57EHD, iii, 412–13.
58Itinerary, i, 53; KW, ii, 715–23.
59 Ibid., i, 150.
60 Salzman, Edward I, 44; Flores, iii, 44–5.
61 Maddicott, ‘Edward I and the Lessons of Baronial Reform’, 16; The Brut, ed. F. W. D. Brie, Early English Text Society, 131 (1906), 179; Prestwich, Edward I, 89. Note, however, that the food orders were for a coronation on 8 April.
62DNB, xxxviii, 809; xlvi, 710; xlix, 136, 139.
63HBC, 456, 463, 465, 468, 470, 473, 476, 479, 484, 486.
64The Brut, ed. Brie, 179–80.
CHAPTER 5: THE DISOBEDIENT PRINCE
1AWR, 555–6.
2 Davies, Age of Conquest, 312.
3 Maddicott, Montfort, 212–13, 228, 263, 289, 307, 337–8. Llywelyn did, however, send some Welsh troops to fight at Evesham. Ibid., 340.
4AWR, 538, 541, 549; CACW, 11.
5AWR, 536–42; Smith, Llywelyn, 1–2, 177–86.
6AWR, 537, 539.
7 Smith, Llywelyn, 175–6, 340–3.
8 Ibid., 344–7; Lloyd, ‘Gilbert de Clare’, 53, 55–6.
9 Smith, Llywelyn, 351–4.
10 Ibid., 355–9; CACW, 57, 109–10.
11 Smith, Llywelyn, 360–3; AWR, 553–4.
12Oxford Book of Welsh Verse in English, ed. G. Jones (Oxford, 1977), 22.
13Gerald of Wales, The Journey through Wales and The Description of Wales, ed. L. Thorpe (London, 1978), 220.
14AWR, 627–8; Davies, Age of Conquest, 160–5; idem, Empire, 162; T. Jones-Pierce, ‘The Growth of Commutation in Gwynedd in the Thirteenth Century’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, 10 (1941), 329.
15AWR, 497–8, 506–7 (figures incorrectly given as marks), 536–42; Davies, Age of Conquest, 256, 267.
16 Smith, Llywelyn, 255–9, 363–6, 586; AWR, 557.
17CCR, 1272–79, 2; CACW, 57.
18 Morris, Bigod Earls, 114–16; Smith, Llywelyn, 367–9.
19 Ibid., 369–72.
20 Ibid., 72–3, 86–7, 154, 180–1.
21 Ibid., 372–3.
22AWR, 537–8, 540, 562–4.
23 Paris, iv, 324.
24 Smith, Llywelyn, 385.
25 Ibid., 388; AWR, 568–70.
26AWR, 568–70.
27Itinerary, i, 49 Brut y Tywysogyon, or The Chronicle of the Princes (Red Book of Hergest Version), ed. and trans. T. Jones (Cardiff, 1952), 263; Davies, Age of Conquest, 327.
28 Smith, Llywelyn, 388n.
29CPR, 1272–81, 126.
30 Maddicott, Montfort, 325; Smith, Llywelyn, 390.
31 Ibid., 391, 399–401, 403; AWR, 574; CCR, 1272–79, 266; CPR, 1272–81, 131.
32 Smith, Llywelyn, 389, 402.
33AWR, 568–70, 575–6; CACW, 53, 162.
34AWR, 574.
35 Smith, Llywelyn, 404, 406; PW, 5.
36AWR, 579–88; Smith, Llywelyn, 407–14.
37Itinerary, i, 71–2.
38 Prestwich, Edward I, 136.
39 Ibid., 147–8; Morris, Welsh Wars, 115.
40 Ibid., 115, 118–21; DNB, iv, 604; xii, 109; xxxii, 181; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 80.
41RCWL, 9; Itinerary, i, 72.
42 Smith, Llywelyn, 414–25.
43Itinerary, i, 74–5; Prestwich, Edward I, 177–9.
44 Smith, Llywelyn, 422–5; RCWL, 9–10. See also AWR, 231–4, 238–9 for the surrenders of Rhys ap Maredudd and Rhys Wyndod.
45Itinerary, i, 79; PW, 193–6.
46 Carpenter, Struggle, 84; M. Prestwich, Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience (New Haven and London, 1996), 68–71; Morris, Welsh Wars, 60.
47 Ibid., 60, 62–5.
48 Ibid., 126, 136 –7.
49 Ibid., 127, 137.
50 Ibid., 127–8.
51 Ibid., 88, 128; Prestwich, Armies and Warfare, 121–3.
52 Ibid., 123–4, 133–4.
53 Morris, Welsh Wars, 119; Prestwich, Edward I, 179; WPF, 119; D. S. Bachrach, ‘Military Logistics during the Reign of Edward I of England, 1272–1307’, War in History, 13 (2006), 423.
54 Morris, Welsh Wars, 38, 106, 128; Prestwich, Armies and Warfare, 62–3.
55Itinerary, i, 80.
56 Prestwich, Edward I, 180.
57 Paris, v, 639.
58Gerald of Wales, ed. Thorpe, 233–4.
59KW, i, 309; A. J. Taylor, ‘Castle-Building in the Later Thirteenth Century: the Prelude to Construction’, Studies in Castles and Castle-Building (London, 1985), 124–5n.
60KW, i, 309–10.
61 Ibid., 310; Itinerary, i, 80–1.
62KW, i, 299–300; Morris, Welsh Wars, 136 –8.
63KW, i, 310; Morris, Welsh Wars, 128.
64Itinerary, i, 80–1.
65 Powicke, Henry III, 722; KW, i, 248–57; The Ledger Book of Vale Royal Abbey, ed. J. Brownhill (Record Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 68, 1914), 4–5. The conventional foundation date is 13 August, but by then Edward was back in the Wirral:Itinerary, i, 81.
66KW, i, 310–11; Morris, Welsh Wars, 130, 138–9; EHD, iii, 461.
67Foedera, I, ii, 544; Smith, Llywelyn, 425–6.
68 Morris, Welsh Wars, 130–2; Smith, Llywelyn, 428; KW, i, 318–19.
69 Morris, Welsh Wars, 134.
70 Smith, Llywelyn, 104–5; Morris, Welsh Wars, 132.
71 Ibid., 134–5; Gerald of Wales, ed. Thorpe (London, 1978), 187, 230; Cotton, 155.
72Itinerary, i, 82; Morris, Welsh Wars, 136–8; Morris, Bigod Earls, 118.
73 Smith, Llywelyn, 434–6, 438–9, 443.
74 Ibid., 444–5; Itinerary, i, 86.
75AM, iv, 274; Smith, Llywelyn, 445.
CHAPTER 6: ARTHUR’S CROWN
1 Davies, Age of Conquest, 333, and 333–42 for this section.
2KW, i, 319.
3 Ibid., 295, 329; Smith, Llywelyn, 125–7, 421.
4 A. J. Taylor, ‘Master James of St George’, Studies in Castles and Castle-Building, 63–97.
5 Davies, Age of Conquest, 339–41.
6KW, i, 301–4, 310–11, 322; Davies, Age of Conquest, 371–2.
7AWR, 590. Smith, Llywelyn, 446–7.
8CCR, 1272–79, 493; Smith, Llywelyn, 448–50; Davies, Empire, 22–3.
9 Prestwich, Edward I, 120. Cf. Powicke, Henry III, 724.
10 For a comprehensive debunking of the Arthur myth, see N. J. Higham, King Arthur: Myth-Making and History (London, 2002), passim. For a good short treatment, see M. Wood, In Search of England: Journeys into the English Past (London, 1999), 23–42.
11Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of the Kings of Britain, ed. L. Thorpe (London, 1966), 9.
12 Ibid., 17; Davies, Empire, 39.
13King Arthur in Legend and History, ed. R. White (London, 1997), 517–19; Higham, King Arthur, 230.
14DNB, xlvi, 711; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 7; Crouch, Tournament, 116–21; R. S. Loomis, ‘Edward I, Arthurian Enthusiast’, Speculum, 28 (1953), 116–17. Pace Loomis, Edward himself does not appear to have attended Mortimer’s tournament: cf.Itinerary, i, 116.
15King Arthur in Legend and History, ed. White, 520–3.
16 Loomis, ‘Arthurian Enthusiast’, 115; Stevenson, Documents, ii, 468; Prestwich, Edward I, 118, 120–2.
17King Arthur in Legend and History, ed. White, 529; Loomis, ‘Arthurian Enthusiast’, 116; C. Shenton, ‘Royal Interest in Glastonbury and Cadbury: Two Arthurian Itineraries, 1278 and 1331’, EHR, 114 (1999), 1249–55. Cf. J. C. Parsons, ‘The Second Exhumation of King Arthur’s Remains at Glastonbury, 19 April 1278’, Arthurian Literature, 12 (1993), 173–7.
18Geoffrey of Monmouth, ed. Thorpe, 17.
19 See J. Gillingham, ‘The Context and Purposes of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of Britain’, and ‘The Beginnings of English Imperialism’, in idem, The English in the Twelfth Century (Woodbridge, 2000), 3–39, for this section.
20Geoffrey of Monmouth, ed. Thorpe, 54–5, 66, 72, 74–5, 80, 131, 207.
21Chrétien de Troyes, Arthurian Romances, ed. and trans. W. W. Kibler and C. W. Carroll (London, 1991), 384; AM, iv, 168; Paris, iii, 202; Smith, Llywelyn, 480–1.
22 Kaeuper, Bankers, 177–80; Davies, Age of Conquest, 339. The castles at Builth, Aberystwyth, Flint and Rhuddlan together came to £22,500: KW, i, 298, 307, 317, 324.
23PW, 214–16, 218, 220–1; EHD, iii, 413. Edward also imposed an old-fashioned levy called a scutage, but not until February 1279. H. M. Chew, ‘Scutage under Edward I’, EHR, 37 (1922), 326–7.
24 Prestwich, Edward I, 244–5; Huscroft, Expulsion, 124.
25 Prestwich, Edward I, 245; Huscroft, Expulsion, 124–8.
26 Ibid., 124–6, 140. Confiscated goods raised £11,000 and the remint a further £25,000: Prestwich, Edward I, 245, 247.
27 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 288; CCR, 1272–7, 493.
28 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 285–9; Smith, ‘Adversaries of Edward I’, 55–88.
29 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 289–93; H. Johnstone, ‘The County of Ponthieu, 1279–1307’, EHR, 29 (1914), 437; Crouch, Tournament, 37, 45–6, 77.
30 Maddicott, ‘Edward I and the Lessons of Baronial Reform’, 27–30.
31PROME, 32–40; Prestwich, Edward I, 238 (cf. 569), 249–55.
32 Ibid., 258–64; RCWL, 12–43.
33Itinerary, i, 93, 114–16, 121–2, 129–33, 136–8, 147–8; KW, i, 550–1; ii, 944, 984, 1002; AM, ii, 393; Prestwich, Edward I, 115–17.
34 Trivet, 281–2; Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 53–5; Itinerary, i, 127, 129, 133, 138, 142–4; KW, ii, 695–7, 970–1; J. Ashbee, ‘“The Chamber called Gloriette”: Living at Leisure in Thirteenth and Fourteenth-Century Castles’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 157 (2004), 17–40.
35 Parsons, ‘Year of Eleanor of Castile’s Birth’, 262–4.
36Itinerary, i, 90–1, 108, 123–4, 139–40, 155–6. The delights of this area appear to have been discovered in 1276. Ibid., 56.
37AWR, 600–1, 615–16, 622, 624; Davies, Age of Conquest, 344–7.
38AWR, 627–8.
39 Smith, Llywelyn, 455–7, 505–6.
40 Ibid., 460–3; AWR, 651–3.
41 Ibid., 240–1; 648–9.
42 Smith, Llywelyn, 451; KW, i, 329–30.
43 Ibid., 304, 322–3; PW, 222. That some burgesses escaped from Aberystwyth is suggested by the order to the earl of Gloucester in May to see to their resettlement. Morris, Welsh Wars, 165.
44 Smith, Llywelyn, 451–2.
45 Ibid., 465–7, 506–10.
46 Ibid., 460; PW, 222.
47 Ibid., 222–4; Morris, Welsh Wars, 155; KW, i, 323n, 331; Prestwich, Edward I, 189, 198.
48PW, 222–5; RCWL, 44; Morris, Welsh Wars, 155–8; Prestwich, Edward I, 196.
49Itinerary, i, 159; RCWL, 44; PW, 222.
50 Morris, Welsh Wars, 160.
51 Ibid., 160–2; KW, i, 331.
52 Morris, Welsh Wars, 165–6. Pace Morris, the date of the attack was 16 June. Annales Cambrie, ed. J. Williams ab Ithel (Rolls Series, 1860), 106.
53PW, 227; RCWL, 45.
54Itinerary, i, 159a; KW, i, 322–3; Morris, Welsh Wars, 173.
55 Ibid., 174.
56 Ibid., 176–7; KW, i, 355–6; Smith, Llywelyn, 526.
57Itinerary, i, 162–3; KW, i, 328; Morris, Welsh Wars,177–8.
58Itinerary, i, 163–4; Morris, Welsh Wars, 168–9, 178; KW, i, 333; Smith, Llywelyn, 527, 529–30.
59 Ibid., 530.
60AWR, 617–25; Smith, Llywelyn, 532–4.
61 Ibid., 534–5.
62 Ibid., 535–6, 542–3. It is inconceivable that this offer could have been made after 6 November.
63 Ibid., 233–4, 536–43; Guisborough, 219–20; AM, iv, 290.
64AWR, 626–8.
65Itinerary, i, 165; Morris, Welsh Wars, 180–1; PW, 10; CRV, 275–6.
66PW, 244–5; Morris, Welsh Wars, 181; Prestwich, Edward I, 238.
67 Morris, Welsh Wars, 181; Smith, Llywelyn, 550; DNB, xxxix, 394; CRV, 257; Prestwich, Edward I, 190–1.
68CACW, 83–4; Smith, Llywelyn, 550–68; Davies, Empire, 40, 45; Bury, 75–6; Flores, iii, 57; Ann. Lond., 90; AM, iv, 291.
69 Smith, Llywelyn, 570; AWR, 653–5; Prestwich, Edward I, 194.
70 Morris, Welsh Wars, 185–9; Morris, Bigod Earls, 126; PW, 244–5.
71 A. J. Taylor, ‘The Death of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd’, Studies in Castles and Castle-Building, 230; NA E101/351/9 (from November 1282).
72 Morris, Welsh Wars, 185, 190–1; KW, i, 336; Itinerary, i, 169.
73 Morris, Welsh Wars, 191; PW, 12–13.
74Itinerary, i, 170; KW, i, 337; PW, 246–8.
75 Morris, Welsh Wars, 192–5; Itinerary, i, 173–4.
76 Ibid., 174–8; KW, i, 323; PW, 15–16; Smith, Llywelyn, 576, 578; Prestwich, Edward I, 196.
77 Prestwich, Edward I, 200, 569; Kaeuper, Bankers, 182–91; Smith, Llywelyn, 529.
78 Smith, Llywelyn, 570. See also F.G. Cowley, The Monastic Order in South Wales, 1066–1349 (Cardiff, 1977), 214–15.
79AM, iv, 294; J. G. Bellamy, The Law of Treason in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1970), 23–6.
80Itinerary, i, 181–6; AM, iv, 488; A. J. Taylor, ‘Royal Alms and Oblations’, Studies in Castles and Castle-Building, 257–90.
81EHD, iii, 422–7.
82KW, i, 337–54, 357–65. Cf. N. Coldstream, ‘Architects, Advisers and Design at Edward I’s Castles in Wales’, Architectural History, 46 (2003), 19–36; R. K. Morris, ‘The Architecture of Arthurian Enthusiasm: Castle Symbolism in the Reigns of Edward I and his Successors’, Armies, Chivalry and Warfare in Medieval Britain and France: Proceedings of the 1995 Harlaxton Symposium, ed. M. Strickland (Stamford, 1998), 72–3.
83KW, i, 369–95, and specifically 370; Morris, ‘Architecture of Arthurian Enthusiasm’, 65–6. Cf. A. Wheatley, The Idea of the Castle in Medieval England (Woodbridge, 2004), 112–21.
84Itinerary, i, 188; KW, i, 372; AM, iv, 490; Ann. Lond., 91; D. Powel, The Historie of Cambria (London, 1584), 76–7. The birth of another daughter, Elizabeth, at Rhuddlan in August 1282 may represent an earlier attempt to the same end. Parsons, ‘Year of Eleanor of Castile’s Birth’, 265.
85 Davies, Empire, 27n, 32; Flores, iii, 59; NA E101/372/11, m. 1; Ann. Lond., 92.
86Itinerary, i, 190–4; J. G. Frazer, The Golden Bough (London, 1922), 76; see also Taylor, ‘Royal Alms’, 288–9; Davies, Empire, 31–2; Flores, iii, 62; AM, iii, 313; iv, 489.
CHAPTER 7: PEACEFUL ENDEAVOURS
1AM, iv, 298.
2KW, i, 202n; Salzman, Edward I, 78–9; Prestwich, Edward I, 127.
3AM, iv, 298; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 101–2 (cf. idem, ‘The Children of King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence’, TCE, iv (1992), 57–72); Prestwich, Edward I, 128–9; Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 38–9.
4 A. J. Taylor, ‘A Fragment of a Dona Account of 1284’, Studies in Castles and Castle-Building, 196–201; idem, ‘Royal Alms’, 281–2; Itinerary, i, 195–200; KW, i, 306; RCWL, 57–8.
5 Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 234.
6Calendar of Papal Registers, Papal Letters, 1198–1304 (London, 1893), 473–4.
7 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 264–5. About £110,000 of the £130,000 had been collected by 1283, of which Edward seized about £40,000. W. E. Lunt, Financial Relations of the Papacy with England to 1327 (Cambridge, Mass.,1939), 332–3; Kaeuper,Bankers, 200–1.
8 Dunbabin, Charles I of Anjou, 4–6, 90, 99–108.
9 Ibid., 113.
10 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 252–3.
11 J. R. Strayer, ‘The Crusade against Aragon’, Speculum, 28 (1953), 104–8.
12 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 241–3, 257–8, 271, 311n; Strayer, ‘Crusade against Aragon’, 105.
13AM, iv, 300. See also RCWL, 58–61.
14AM, iv, 300 (cf. Itinerary, i, 201); CPR, 1281–92, 149–52.
15Itinerary, i, 202–5; AM, iv, 301; P. Chaplais, ‘Le Duche-Pairie de Guyenne’, Essays in Medieval Diplomacy and Administration (London, 1981), iii, 22; Trivet, 310, is probably relying on the confused memories of his patron (Edward’s daughter), Mary, who was travelling with the court at this time (cf. Itinerary, i, 209–10; Bury, 83). See A. Gransden, Historical Writing in England c. 550 to c. 1307 (London, 1974), 504, and below, n. 24.
16 Cotton, 166; Ann. Lond., 93–4; Flores, iii, 63; AM, ii, 402; Chronica Johannis de Oxenedes, ed. H. Ellis (Rolls Series, 1859), 243; Taylor, ‘Royal Alms’, 283–4.
17 Chaplais, ‘Duche-Pairie de Guyenne’, 22–4.
18EHD, iii, 428–60; Cotton, 166.
19 Williams, Medieval London, 208, 232–5, 242.
20KW, i, 715–22.
21 Williams, Medieval London, 245–52. For more on Ruxley and Waleys, see DNB, xlviii, 427–8; lvi, 799–800.
22 Williams, Medieval London, 249–50, 252–4. For approximate population levels, see Carpenter, Struggle, 44.
23 Williams, Medieval London, 254–5; Prestwich, Edward I, 265.
24 A. J. Taylor, ‘Edward I and the Shrine of St Thomas of Canterbury’, Studies in Castles and Castle-Building, 291–7; Itinerary, i, 209–10; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 300.
25EHD, iii, 460–2; M. Morris, ‘King Edward I and the Knights of the Round Table’, Foundations of Medieval Scholarship: records edited in honour of David Crook, ed. P. Brand and S. Cunningham (York, 2008).
26 John de Vaux, one of the three ambassadors sent in May, was back with the king by 10 September: RCWL, 74; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 252; Chaplais, ‘Duche-Pairie de Guyenne’, 24.
27 Ibid., 24n; Strayer, ‘Crusade against Aragon’, 102; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 255.
28 Edward’s presence in Exeter was probably occasioned by the recent scandal there. D. Douie, Archbishop Pecham (Oxford, 1952), 302–4.
29AM, ii, 403; PROME, 46; Prestwich, Edward I, 323.
30 Ibid.; E. Gemmill, ‘The King’s Companions: The Evidence of Royal Charter Witness Lists from the Reign of Edward I’, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library, 83 (2001), 145.
31 J. R. Strayer, The Reign of Philip the Fair (Princeton, 1980), 3 5–6, 12.
32 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 255–6; Prestwich, Edward I, 323.
33 Ibid.; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 290–1. For ardua negocia, see PROME, 45; also Guisborough, 223 (quibusdam arduis corrigendis).
34 Strayer, Reign of Philip the Fair, 6, 10–11; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 256–7.
35 Ibid., 253.
36 Crouch, Tournament, 37, 45, 77; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 248.
37Foedera, I, ii, 668–70.
38 Ibid., 672–3; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 291.
39 Lunt, Financial Relations, 338.
40 J.-P. Trabut-Cussac, ‘Itinéraire d’édouard Ier en France, 1286–89’, BIHR, 25 (1952), 166–73.
41 Ibid., 174–5; Rôles Gascons, ed. Francisque-Michel and C. Bémont, iii, xlv; RWH, nos. 73, 853.
42 Ibid., nos. 575, 824–6.
43Chronica Johannis de Oxenedes, ed. Ellis, 246–7, gives the date as ‘the first week in Lent’, but Edward is too mobile down to Easter for this to have been the case. For the true date, see RWH, no. 255.
44 Unless 1287 was a bumper year for indoor near-death experiences, Trivet, 313, is probably describing the same incident. For other vague reports, see AM, ii, 404; Flores, iii, 65–6.
45RWH, nos. 827–9; Lunt, Financial Relations, 338.
46 Trabut-Cussac, ‘Itinéraire’, 177–9; For Blanquefort’s acquisition, see idem, L’Administration, 15, 38. Two English chroniclers say Edward took the cross there: Flores, iii, 65–6; Trivet, 314. Another says he recovered there and took the cross at Bordeaux:AM, ii, 404. See also R. R. Mundill, England’s Jewish Solution: Experiment and Expulsion, 1262–1290 (Cambridge, 1998), 85–6.
47 Lunt, Financial Relations, 338–9n; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 235.
48RWH, nos. 289, 341, 575.
49 Ibid., nos. 429, 958, 967–8, 979, 987.
50 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 259.
51 Ibid., 259–60.
52 Trabut-Cussac, ‘Itinéraire’, 181–4; RWH, no. 543, 1082; Prestwich, Edward I, 330.
53 Ibid., 324; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 259n; Trabut-Cussac, ‘Itinéraire’, 185.
54 Ibid., 187–9.
55 M. W. Beresford, New Towns of the Middle Ages: Town Plantation in England, Wales and Gascony (London, 1967), 351–9.
56 Ibid., 8–9, 149–50, 166–7, 584.
57 Ibid., 359–62.
58 Ibid., 191, 234–6.
59 Ibid., 30, 99–102, 362, 584.
60 Ibid., 29, 79, 83–5, 363–72.
61 Ibid., 35–51.
62 Ibid., 51, 58–60, 96, 427–8, 445–6. For Edward’s other unsuccessful urban initiatives, ibid., 83.
63 Ibid., 6, 14–15, 19, 28–9; EHD, iii, 799–800. For the fullest treatment, see D. and B. Martin, New Winchelsea, Sussex (2004).
64 Beresford, New Towns of the Middle Ages, 270, 338, 593–4, 597.
65 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 260.
66 Trabut-Cussac, ‘Itinéraire’, 191–3.
67 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 260, 282–3; Trabut-Cussac, ‘Itinéraire’, 193–4.
68 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 284. J.-L. Blanc and J.-F Massie, ‘Le Castera de Bonnegarde’, Extrait du Bulletin de la Société de Borda (1977), 1–22; Beresford, New Towns of the Middle Ages, 187.
69 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 284; RWH, nos. 1730, 1757–8, 1779, 2012, 2665–71, 2774, 3229.
70 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 261, 263, 298–304; Trabut-Cussac, ‘Itinéraire’, 201.
71 Davies, Age of Conquest, 380–1, Morris, Welsh Wars, 205–19; Kaeuper, Bankers, 195–9; RWH, 423–98.
72DNB, xlvi, 618.
73CCR, 1272–79, 493.
74 Prestwich, Edward I, 13.
75NHI, 67–141, 241–3, 441–4.
76 Ibid., 156–75.
77 Ibid., 179–84, 244–51.
78 S. Duffy, Ireland in the Middle Ages (Basingstoke, 1996), 129.
79 Powicke, Henry III, 700–1; Davies, Empire, 101–2, 146, 148.
80 Ibid., 108; NHI, 242, 271, 346, 394.
81DNB, xi, 768; R. Frame, ‘The Justiciar and the Murder of the MacMurroughs in 1282’, Irish Historical Studies, xviii (1972), 223–30.
82DNB, xi, 768; Duffy, Ireland in the Middle Ages, 129; NHI, 259.
83 Salzman, Edward I, 87.
84 Stacey, ‘Expulsion’, 78–9. The remainder of this chapter draws heavily on Prof. Stacey’s reconstruction of events.
85 Ibid., 79–80; CCR, 1279–88, 547.
86 In general, see D. W. Sutherland, Quo Warranto Proceedings in the Reign of Edward I, 1278–1294 (Oxford, 1963).
87 Guisborough, 216; Prestwich, Edward I, 262.
88 Stacey, ‘Expulsion’, 81.
89The Mirror of Justices, ed. W. J. Whittaker (Selden Society, vii, 1895), 6–8; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 520–1; Powicke, Henry III, 701–2; M. Morris, ‘The King’s Companions’, History Today, 55 (December 2005), 55; Guisborough, 216.
90 Stacey, ‘Expulsion’, 81–2; AM, iv, 316.
91 Stacey, ‘Expulsion’, 83–4; EHD, iii, 463; P. A. Brand, ‘Edward I and the Judges: the “State Trials” of 1289–93’, TCE, i (1986), 31–40.
92 Stacey, ‘Expulsion’, 86–7; EHD, iii, 464–6.
93 Salzman, Edward I, 92; below, 234.
94 Stacey, ‘Expulsion’, 88, 90.
95 Ibid., 95–9; cf. Mundill, England’s Jewish Solution, passim.
96 Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 61, 119–20, 176, 252.
97 Ibid., 120–1.
98 Huscroft, Expulsion, 131–2, 154.
99 Ibid., 133, 144–7.
100 Ibid., 146.
101 Stacey, ‘Expulsion’, 89–90.
102 Huscroft, Expulsion, 147–8; Mundill, England’s Jewish Solution, 299–301.
103 Stacey, ‘Expulsion’, 90–1.
104 Ibid., 91–3.
105 Huscroft, Expulsion, 151–2, 155–7.
106DNB, xxxii, 497; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 236–8; Powicke, Henry III, 733; idem, Thirteenth Century, 261–3, 266–8; Lunt, Financial Relations, 339–40.
CHAPTER 8: THE GREAT CAUSE
1 D. Crook, ‘The Last Days of Eleanor of Castile’, Transactions of the Thoroton Society of Nottinghamshire, xciv (1990), 17–28.
2 Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 4–5, 58–60, 64, 102–13, 120, 122.
3 N. Coldstream, ‘The Commissioning and Design of the Eleanor Crosses’, Eleanor of Castile 1290–1990, ed. D. Parsons (Stamford, 1991), 55–67; P. Lindley, ‘Romanticizing Reality: The Sculptural Memorials of Queen Eleanor and their Context’, ibid., 69–92; Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 60, 209. Henry III had been quietly translated to a new tomb earlier in 1290. Carpenter, ‘King Henry III and the Cosmati Work’, 423–4.
4 Prestwich, Edward I, 131–2; Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 50; Powicke, Henry III, 734–5.
5 Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 237–8.
6DNB, i, 653–5; M. Morris, Castle: A History of the Buildings that Shaped Medieval Britain (London, 2003), 203.
7DNB, i, 655; Barrow, Bruce, 1–2; Duncan, Kingship, 171.
8 Ibid., 175–7.
9 Ibid., 178–9.
10Eleanor of Provence, 293–300, 305.
11 Powicke, Henry III, 732–3, 788–90.
12 Duncan, Kingship, 165–6, 169–70, 175–9.
13 Ibid., 171, 179–82.
14 Ibid., 182–4.
15 Ibid., 185, 187–91, 196.
16 Ibid., 156–8, 191–3, 196; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 592–3.
17 Duncan, Kingship, 190, 192, 194; EHD, iii, 467–8.
18 Duncan, Kingship, 195–7.
19DNB, xxx, 170.
20DNB, iii, 605–6; xxx, 170.
21DNB, xii, 904.
22DNB, viii, 373–4.
23 Duncan, Kingship, 178, 197–9.
24 Ibid., 199, 202, 208; AM, ii, 409.
25 G. W. S. Barrow, Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000–1306 (London, 1981), 3, 10–14.
26 Ibid., 25, 33, 105–21; Carpenter, Struggle, 13–14; Duncan, Kingship, 336.
27 Carpenter, Struggle, 11–14.
28 Bartlett, Making of Europe, 274–7.
29 Ibid., 78–81; Barrow, Bruce, 20–1; Carpenter, Struggle, 142–3, 178–82.
30 Davies, Domination and Conquest, 13–14; idem, Empire, 151–2, 156–8, 160–6; Carpenter, Struggle, 179–80; J. Campbell, ‘The United Kingdom of England’, Uniting the Kingdom?, ed. A. Grant and K. J. Stringer (London, 1995), 47.
31 J. Gillingham, ‘Conquering the Barbarians: War and Chivalry in Twelfth-Century Britain and Ireland’, The English in the Twelfth Century, 41–58; Davies, Domination and Conquest, 51.
32 Morris, Bigod Earls, 5, 13n, 48; Barrow, Bruce, 23, 26.
33 Davies, Empire, 11–14, 64–5.
34 Duncan, Kingship, 154–5.
35Geoffrey of Monmouth, ed. Thorpe, 90, 218–21, 227–8.
36 Davies, Empire, 47.
37 Duncan, Kingship, 127–53; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 593–4.
38 Above, 25; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 102–3; Lanercost, 81 (the summer of 1268 is the likeliest context: see Maddicott, ‘Crusade Taxation’, 96, and cf. Studd, Itinerary, 111); A. A. M. Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom (Edinburgh, 1975), 577; M. Penman, The Scottish Civil War: The Bruces and the Balliols and the War for Control of Scotland (Stroud, 2002), 26.
39 Duncan, Kingship, 159; cf. Prestwich, Edward I, 90n.
40 Duncan, Kingship, 160.
41 Ibid., 161–4.
42 Ibid., 205–9.
43 Ibid., 213–15.
44 Ibid., 215–16.
45 Ibid., 206, 211–13, 216.
46 Ibid., 199–203, 218–19, 232.
47 Ibid., 179, 237–8.
48 Ibid., 245–6.
49 Ibid., 218; RCWL, 100; Prestwich, Edward I, 365.
50 Duncan, Kingship, 245–54.
51Edward I and the Throne of Scotland, 1290–1296: an Edition of the Record Sources for the Great Cause, ed. E. L. G. Stones and G. G. Simpson (2 vols., Oxford, 1977), i, 1; Duncan, Kingship, 259, 261, 264; Itinerary, ii, 10; Prestwich, Edward I, 366.
52 Duncan, Kingship, 257–61.
53 Ibid., 265.
54 Ibid., 346–7.
55 Ibid., 184–5, 240, 265–6.
56 Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 307–12.
57 Morris, Welsh Wars, 224–30.
58 Ibid., 231–5; PROME, 57.
59 Morris, Welsh Wars, 235–7; DNB, xlvi, 618–19.
60Itinerary, ii, 24; Duncan, Kingship, 267.
61 Ibid., 267–9.
62 Ibid., 270, 346.
63 Ibid., 269.
64 Ibid., 272–4, 277–8.
65Itinerary, ii, 26–30; Duncan, Kingship, 309–10.
66 Ibid., 274–5, 277, 284, 291.
67 Ibid., 268, 297–9.
68 Ibid., 300–6.
69 Ibid., 306–7.
70 Ibid., 316–20; Barrow, Bruce, 50–2.
CHAPTER 9: THE STRUGGLE FOR MASTERY
1 Riley-Smith, The Crusades, 206–7; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 235–40.
2 Prestwich, Edward I, 313, 331; CPR, 1281–92, 435; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 235.
3KW, i, 252, 510; Binski, Painted Chamber, 1–7; M. Reeve, ‘The Painted Chamber at Westminster, Edward I, and the Crusade’, Viator, 37 (2006), 189–221. Some surviving fragments of the Chamber can be seen in the British Museum.
4 Lunt, Financial Relations, 340–1; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 236, 240; Itinerary, ii, 34–9.
5 Guisborough, 240; CPR, 1292–1301, 15 (the writ is vacated because the embassy was cancelled: see Trabut-Cussac, L’Administration, 108n).
6 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 644; Guisborough, 241.
7 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 645–6; P. Chaplais, ‘Réglement des Conflits Internationaux Franco-Anglais au 14e Siècle, 1293–1377’, Essays in Medieval Diplomacy, ix, 271–2; idem, English Medieval Diplomatic Practice, Part I (2 vols., HMSO, 1982), i, 394–5, Itinerary, ii, 43–6; AM, iv, 513.
8 M. Vale, The Angevin Legacy and the Hundred Years War, 1230–1340 (Oxford, 1990), 183; Chaplais, ‘Réglement des Conflits’, 272–3.
9 Duncan, Kingship, 320–1; Barrow, Bruce, 58–9, 62.
10 Vale, Angevin Legacy, 184–7, 196; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 136–7.
11DNB, xvii, 759.
12CPR, 1292–1301, 33. The failure of the legal ambassadors by November is inferred from the reappearance of one of their number (Roger Brabazon) in England. RCWL, 117.
13Foedera, I, ii, 794; Chaplais, English Medieval Diplomatic Practice, ii, 428n.
14 Ibid.
15 Vale, Angevin Legacy, 196–7; Strayer, Reign of Philip the Fair, 369.
16 Vale, Angevin Legacy, 179, 196–200.
17DNB, viii, 901; xxxii, 512; AM, iv, 515; Cotton, 232.
18Foedera, I, ii, 794; Vale, Angevin Legacy, 190.
19Itinerary, ii, 52–4; Cotton, 233.
20 Salzman, Edward I, 111; Evesham, 573.
21 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 648; Chaplais, English Medieval Diplomatic Practice, ii, 428n; Foedera, I, ii, 800.
22Bury, 118; W. M. Ormrod, ‘Love and War in 1294’, TCE, viii (2001), 148–50.
23Evesham, 573; Guisborough, 243; Langtoft, ii, 202–3.
24 J. R. Strayer, ‘The Costs and Profits of War: The Anglo-French Conflict of 1294–1303’, The Medieval City, ed. H. A. Miskimin, D. Herlihy and A. J. Udovich (New Haven and London, 1977), 273; Trabut-Cussac, L’Administration, 108.
25 Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 236.
26 Kaeuper, Bankers, 209, 218–21 (although 12 June given wrongly as 2 June); Denton, Winchelsey, 61, 63.
27 Morris, Bigod Earls, 118, 125–6, 155; PW, 259–62.
28Itinerary, ii, 58; J. Gillingham, ‘Richard I, Galley Warfare and Portsmouth: The Beginnings of a Royal Navy’, TCE, vi (1997), 1–15; M. K. Vaughn, ‘“Mount the War-Horses, Take your Lance in your Grip…”: Logistics Preparations for the Gascon Campaign of 1294’, TCE, viii (2001), 97–111.
29PW, 25; Evesham, 573–4; Rôles Gascons, ed. Francisque-Michel and Bémont, iii, no. 2934.
30NHI, 260; Bury, 123.
31AM, iv, 515–17; Evesham, 574; PW, 262–3.
32 Prestwich, Edward I, 402–3; EHD, iii, 469; PW, 25–6.
33PW, 263–4.
34Itinerary, ii, 62; Evesham, 574; Guisborough, 244.
35 Carpenter, Struggle, 268; Select Pleas in Manorial and Other Seignorial Courts, ed. F. W. Maitland (Selden Society, ii, 1889), 76–9; Morris, Welsh Wars, 241–2.
36 Denton, Winchelsey, 67–75; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 484.
37 Morris, Welsh Wars, 242; PW, 26–7.
38 Morris, Welsh Wars, 242; Prests, xxvii–xxviii; KW, i, 364, 377.
39 Guisborough, 251; Davies, Age of Conquest, 382–3; Prestwich, Edward I, 219.
40 Langtoft, ii, 220–1; Morris, Welsh Wars, 242, 244; Guisborough, 244, says the delayed fleet left around 9 October.
41EHD, iii, 469; Prestwich, Edward I, 404; Itinerary, ii, 64–5.
42 Davies, Age of Conquest, 383; Prests, xxix–xxx.
43KW, i, 348–50, 364; Prests, xxx.
44 Ibid., xxxii–xxxiv.
45Bury, 125; Cotton, 256; Guisborough, 251–2.
46 Robert Winchelsea had reached the king and sworn fealty before 4 February: Prests, xxxii, n.
47 Ibid., xxxiv; R. F. Walker, ‘The Hagnaby Chronicle and the Battle of Maes Moydog’, Welsh History Review, 8 (1976), 127.
48 Ibid., 127–38; Prests, xxxviii; Prestwich, Edward I, 223.
49Prests, xxviii, xxxix–xl; Beresford, New Towns of the Middle Ages, 49–50.
50Prests, xxxv, xxxix–xliv.
51 On his journey south in May he had travelled via Llanrug: Itinerary, ii, 72.
52Prests, xliv–xlvi.
53 Prestwich, Edward I, 382–3.
54Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, 1293–1301 (HMSO, 1881), 88 (no. 204); AM, iv, 521; PW, i. 28–9.
55Flores, iii, 94; Itinerary, ii, 64; R. C. Anderson, ‘English Galleys in 1295’, Mariners’ Mirror, 14 (1928), 221; PROME, 77.
56PW, 226, 267; Cotton, 299; above, 178–9.
57 NA E159/68, mm. 73–5. Cf. F. J. Willard, Parliamentary Taxes on Personal Property, 1290 to 1334 (Cambridge Mass., 1934), 111–12.
58 Denton, Winchelsey, 72; HBC, 104; CCR, 1288–96, 422.
59 E. B. Fryde, ‘Magnate Debts to Edward I and Edward III: A Study of Common Problems and Contrasting Royal Reactions to Them’, National Library of Wales Journal, 27 (1992), 263–7.
60 Ibid., 262–3; Prests, xlviii; WPF, 236n.
61 Fryde, ‘Magnate Debts’, 262.
62 A. Z. Freeman, ‘A Moat Defensive: The Coast Defense Scheme of 1295’, Speculum, 42 (1967), 442–62; R. J. Whitwell and C. Johnson, ‘The “Newcastle” Galley, A.D. 1294’, Archaeologia Aeliana, 4th series, 2 (1926), 143; HBC, 135.
63Prests, xlvii; Select Cases in the Court of King’s Bench, vol. 3, ed. G. O. Sayles (Selden Society, lviii, 1939), xlv, 50–1; J. G. Edwards, ‘The Treason of Thomas Turbeville’, Studies in Medieval History Presented to F. M. Powicke (Oxford, 1948), 296–309;EHD, iii, 918–19.
64RCWL, 125; PW, 391–2. These pardons were not simultaneous, but spread over several weeks: NA E159/68, m. 76.
65 NA E159/68, m. 46v (Fryde, ‘Magnate Debts’, 263). The four pardoned their tax were Arundel, William de Vescy, Henry de Grey and Peter de Mauley: PW, 391–2.
66PW, 29–31; D. A. Carpenter, ‘The Beginnings of Parliament’, Reign of Henry III, 381, 406–8.
67PW, 32–3, 45–6; Cotton, 299; DNB, xi, 749.
68 Denton, Winchelsey, 7–12, 86–8.
67 Barrow, Bruce, 63–4.
70 Edwards, ‘Treason of Thomas Turbeville’, 298–9. Cf. Duncan, Kingship, 321–4.
71 Prestwich, Edward I, 373–4; Barrow, Bruce, 59, 68; Duncan, Kingship, 321.
72 Prestwich, Edward I, 470.
73NHI, 169, 268–70; Duffy, Ireland in the Middle Ages, 126–7; DNB, viii, 786.
74 S. Duffy, ‘The Problem of Degeneracy’, Law and Disorder in Thirteenth-Century Ireland, ed. J. Lydon (Dublin, 1997), 98; idem, Ireland in the Middle Ages, 127.
75DNB, xix, 827; NHI, 260; PW, 262; J. Lydon, ‘Ireland in 1297: “At Peace after its manner”’, Law and Disorder in Thirteenth-Century Ireland, ed. Lydon, 21–2; idem, ‘An Irish Army in Scotland, 1296’, Irish Sword, 5 (1961–62), 184–9.
76Itinerary, ii, 85–6; Prestwich, Edward I, 469–70; Duncan, Kingship, 322.
77 M. Strickland, ‘A Law of Arms or a Law of Treason? Conduct in War in Edward I’s Campaigns in Scotland, 1296–1307’, Violence in Medieval Society, ed. R. W. Kaeuper (Woodbridge, 2000), 64–6; Guisborough, 274–5.
78 Strickland, ‘Law of Arms’, 64, 67.
79KW, ii, 563; Duncan, Kingship, 323; Prestwich, Edward I, 471–2; Barrow, Bruce, 71–2.
80Itinerary, ii, 88–90; Barrow, Bruce, 73; Lydon, ‘Irish Army in Scotland’, 186 (cf. Guisborough, 279–80).
81 E. L. G. Stones and M. N. Blount, ‘The Surrender of King John of Scotland to Edward I in 1296: some new evidence’, BIHR, 48 (1975), 94–106; Prestwich, Edward I, 473–4.
82Itinerary, ii, 90–3; D. B. Tyson, ‘A Royal Itinerary: the Journey of Edward I to Scotland in 1296’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, 45 (2001), 127–44; Barrow, Bruce, 75–7.
83DNB, viii, 375–6.
84 Binski, Westminster Abbey, 135–40. Guisborough, 281, says the Stone was seized on the way back from Elgin.
85 Watson, Hammer, 30–7; Scalacronica, ed. J. Stevenson (Edinburgh, 1836), 123.
86 Prestwich, Edward I, 474–5; Davies, Empire, 33, 43; EHD, iii, 230–1. See similar comments in Bury, 133, and Lanercost, 182.
87 Guisborough, 261–2 (cf. AM, iv, 525–6); DNB, xvii, 759.
88Foedera, I, ii, 842; PW, 47–8; EHD, iii, 220.
89Prests, lii; KW, i, 379–80.
90EHD, iii, 469; Prestwich, Edward I, 402.
91WPF, 118–21; D. Crook, ‘“Thieves and Plunderers”: an Anti-Ministerial Protest of 1296’, Historical Research, 67 (1994), 327–36.
92PROME, 83; Flores, iii, 98.
93PW, 47–8; DNB, lvi, 48.
94 Denton, Winchelsey, 89–92, 95–6.
95EHD, iii, 233; Prests, l; Prestwich, Edward I, 386–91; Documents 1297, 34; Foedera, I, ii, 850–1.
96 Denton, Winchelsey, 101–7.
97 Ibid., 107–12; EHD, iii, 232.
98Evesham, 568; PW, 51–2.
99 Prestwich, Edward I, 385; EHD, iii, 212, 235–6.
100WPF, 121, 128.
101 Morris, Bigod Earls, 162–3.
102 Ibid., 163–4; EHD, iii, 226–7. The whereabouts of the earl of Cornwall, who would almost certainly have supported Edward, is unknown. Pace Prestwich, Edward I, 413, he was not in Gascony.
103EHD, iii, 227; Denton, Winchelsey, 116; G. O. Sayles, ‘The Seizure of Wool at Easter 1297’, EHR, 67 (1952), 543–7; Morris, Bigod Earls, 164.
104Documents 1297, 4; EHD, iii, 213, 227.
105 Denton, Winchelsey, 118, 126–30.
106Evesham, 576; Davies, Lordship, 261; Documents 1297, 14.
107PROME, 85; PW, 282; EHD, iii, 214; Itinerary, ii, 105–6; Denton, Winchelsey, 131.
108Flores, iii, 101; RCWL, 131.
109 Morris, Bigod Earls, 165.
110 Ibid., 165–6; Evesham, 576; Documents 1297, 105–6, 141–2.
111 Denton, Winchelsey, 132; EHD, iii, 237; Morris, Bigod Earls, 166.
112 Ibid.; Evesham, 577; EHD, iii, 469, 472.
113Itinerary, ii, 109; Documents 1297, 5, 8; EHD, iii, 473–6.
114Itinerary, ii, 109; EHD, iii, 216, 228, 480–1; Denton, Winchelsey, 144–7; Morris, Bigod Earls, 166–7.
115EHD, iii, 218, 223, 483; Denton, Winchelsey, 154–5; PW, 55–6, 297; CACW, 101 (for true date see Davies, Lordship and Society, 269).
116Political Songs, 169–70.
CHAPTER 10: UNITING THE KINGDOM?
1DNB, lvii, 395–8.
2 Watson, Hammer, 31, 39–41.
3 Prestwich, Edward I, 476–7.
4 Guisborough, 295–6; cf. Barrow, Bruce, 332, n. 30.
5 Watson, Hammer, 45, 48; Stevenson, Documents, ii, 204–5.
6 Ibid., 200–3, 206–7.
7 A. Fisher, William Wallace (2nd edn, Edinburgh, 2002), 68–70.
8DNB, lvi, 947–8.
9 Stevenson, Documents, ii, 216–17; Watson, Hammer, 45–6.
10 e.g. Stevenson, Documents, ii, 202.
11 Guisborough, 298–303.
12PW, 55–6; EHD, iii, 223, 228–9.
13CDS, ii, 244 (no. 950); EHD, iii, 229.
14 Carpenter, Struggle, 269–73.
15 Ibid., 301–2, 307–9, 348; above, 92.
16EHD, iii, 469, 472, 474; Denton, Winchelsey, 136.
17EHD, iii, 472; Flores, iii, 296.
18EHD, iii, 229, 485–6 (cf. the demands in De Tallagio, ibid., 486–7); PW, 62–3.
19 Prestwich, Edward I, 392; EHD, iii, 218, 223 (where ‘Portuguese’ should read ‘men of the Cinque Ports’), 238–9; Bury, 143–4; Foedera, I, ii, 878–80.
20Documents 1297, 162–4 (no. 159); M. Prestwich, ‘Edward I and Adolf of Nassau’, TCE, iii (1991), 132–3; EHD, iii, 230, 486.
21 C. J. McNamee, ‘William Wallace’s Invasion of Northern England in 1297’, Northern History, 26 (1990), 40–58; Guisborough, 304; Lanercost, 190; Barrow, Bruce, 98–9.
22EHD, iii, 219–20, 242; Documents 1297, 33, 174–5 (no. 176).
23CDS, ii, 267 (no. 1044); PW, 306–7.
24Foedera, I, ii, 885–6; Documents 1297, 183–4 (no. 193).
25 Watson, Hammer, 53, 56; Itinerary, ii, 119.
26 Morris, Bigod Earls, 168; PW, 65; Prestwich, Edward I, 431–2; Guisborough, 324.
27 Prestwich, Edward I, 479; AM, iv, 536; RCWL, 133; EHD, iii, 244.
28 Fisher, William Wallace, 119, 126; Guisborough, 324–6.
29 Guisborough, 326–7.
30 Ibid., 327–8. Barrow, Bruce, 101, 345n.
31 Trivet, 281–2, 372; Guisborough, 327–8.
32 Ibid., 327–8.
33 Ibid., 328. Barrow, Bruce, 102. The myth of noble treachery began with Fordun in the fourteenth century, and was, of course, massively reinforced by Braveheart.
34 Watson, Hammer, 67.
35 Ibid.; Barrow, Bruce, 101–3; Guisborough, 328–9; Itinerary, ii, 126.
36 Prestwich, Edward I, 191, 204; Guisborough, 329 (cf. Watson, Hammer, 68, 95 and NHI, 199).
37 Watson, Hammer, 68; Guisborough, 329; PW, 317; EHD, iii, 248.
38 Watson, Hammer, 69–70, 77; Guisborough, 329; Itinerary, ii, 127–30.
39 Carpenter, Struggle, 92, 197–8.
40EHD, iii, 338, 347.
41PROME, 87; Guisborough, 324; PW, 397.
42 D. A. Carpenter, The Minority of Henry III (London, 1990), 384–5, 392–3.
43PW, 78–9; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 650–2; DNB, vi, 444. Guisborough, 329, thought that the earl of Hereford supported the opposition in 1299, but was probably as confused as Langtoft (EHD, iii, 245–6). Cf. below, 375.
44 Guisborough, 329–30; Bury, 151; Itinerary, ii, 135.
45EHD, 491–4; Guisborough, 330; CPR, 1292–1301, 403.
46PW, 80; Williams, Medieval London, 260–2; PROME, 92.
47Bury, 152 (cf. Guisborough, 330); Itinerary, ii, 138; Foedera, I, ii, 904–5; RCWL, 137; NA SC6/922/6; Chepstow Castle: Its History and Buildings, ed. R. Turner and A. Johnson (Logaston, 2006), 168, 285.
48CPR, 1292–1301, 424; AM, iv, 541.
49 Salzman, Edward I, 147; Foedera, I, ii, 906–7; E. H. Hallam, English Royal Marriages: The French Marriages of Edward I and Edward II: 1299 and 1307 (HMSO, 1982).
50Bury, 153 (Bigod had returned to East Anglia in August: NA SC6/1000/20); Prestwich, Edward I, 521.
51HBC, 465, 468, 477, 486.
52PW, 321–4.
53 Barrow, Bruce, 103–4, 145.
54CDS, ii, 279 (no. 1101); Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 651.
55Foedera, I, ii, 906; DNB, xxx, 172; Barrow, Bruce, 107.
56 Watson, Hammer, 80–90.
57 Guisborough, 332.
58 Watson, Hammer, 88–9; RCWL, 138–9; Bury, 154.
59PW, 325–6; Prestwich, Edward I, 530–1.
60 Ibid., 483–4.
61PROME, 93; EHD, iii, 246, 248. See also Guisborough, 332. Rishanger, 402–3, is rendered suspect by idem, 445–6, and vice versa (see below, n. 77).
62PW, 82–4; Watson, 92–3.
63 Rishanger, 404–5; Prestwich, Edward I, 522–3.
64Bury, 154; EHD, iii, 495–501.
65PW, 397; CPR, 1292–1301, 506; AM, iv, 544.
66PW, 327–8.
67PW, 330–9, 341–2; Prestwich, Edward I, 523.
68PW, 326, 329; C. M. Fraser, A History of Antony Bek (Oxford, 1957), 139–40; Bury, 156; EHD, iii, 247; Documents and Records illustrating the History of Scotland, ed. F. Palgrave (HMSO, 1837), 218–19.
69 Watson, Hammer, 104 (extrapolated from Prestwich, Edward I, 484–5); Prestwich, Edward I, 479, 485–6; PW, 343; CPR, 1292–1301, 526, 534; Davies, Age of Conquest, 386, says the subsidy was £2,400.
70Roll of Arms… Caerlaverock, ed. T. Wright (London, 1864), 1.
71 Watson, Hammer, 68, 74, 81, 87, 107–8; D. Grove, Caerlaverock Castle (2nd edn, Edinburgh, 2004), 18–19, 23–5; Strickland, ‘Law of Arms’, 71.
72PW, 344–5; Prestwich, Edward I, 486, 489; Itinerary, ii, 160.
73 Ibid., 160–1; J. S. Richardson, Sweetheart Abbey (2nd edn, Edinburgh, 1995), 2–4, 8; Prestwich, Edward I, 491.
74 Ibid., 332, 395; EHD, iii, 504.
75 Denton, Winchelsey, 179; Barrow, Bruce, 116; Anglo-Scottish Relations, 1174–1328, ed. E. L. G. Stones (2nd edn, Oxford, 1970), 162–75.
76AM, iv, 547; WPF, 96; Prestwich, Edward I, 490; Itinerary, ii, 161. For a much later report of Edward’s reaction to the pope’s letter, see Thomae Walsingham, quondam monachi Sancti Albani, Historia Anglicana, ed. H. T. Riley (2 vols., Rolls Series, 1863–66), i, 82.
77CDS, v, 162 (no. 226); AM, iv, 547; cf. Rishanger, 445–6, dubious because repeated from idem, 402–3 (see above, n. 61).
78PW, 88–91.
79 K. Staniland, ‘Welcome, Royal Babe! The Birth of Thomas of Brotherton in 1300’, Costume, 19, (1985), 1–13; Barrow, Bruce, 114; Foedera, I, ii, 924–5.
80EHD, iii, 249; Prestwich, Edward I, 525.
81 Ibid., 527.
82CCR, 1296–1302, 410; Prestwich, Edward I, 527; EHD, iii, 347.
83PROME, 98.
84EHD, iii, 249–50, 510–12.
85 Rishanger, 460; J. R. Maddicott, ‘“1258” and “1297”: Some Comparisons and Contrasts’, TCE, ix (2003), 1–14.
86 Ibid., 13.
87EHD, iii, 250; Watson, Hammer, 114–15.
88 Ibid.; PW, 347–8; Itinerary, ii, 170–2; DNB, xvii, 772.
89RCWL, 147; Foedera, I, ii, 922, 928 (for more details see M. C. L. Salt, ‘List of English Embassies to France, 1272–1307’, EHR, 44 (1929), 274); T. S. R. Boase, Boniface VIII (London, 1933), 211, 271; Denton, Winchelsey, 200–1.
90 H. Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon, 1284–1307 (Manchester, 1946), 13, 51, 55–63, 73; Salzman, Edward I, 157–8; CDS, ii, 305 (no. 1191).
91PW, 347–8; CDS, v, 168–9 (no. 262).
92PW, 347–56; WPF, 96–7; J. F. Lydon, ‘Irish Levies in the Scottish Wars, 1296–1302’, Irish Sword, 5 (1961–62), 214. Some troops from Ireland had been used in 1298 and 1300. NHI, 199.
93 Prestwich, Edward I, 494; Barrow, Bruce, 26.
94 Ibid., 96, 120; Itinerary, ii, 178; Prestwich, Edward I, 494.
95 Watson, Hammer, 123–5.
96 Ibid., 98, 126; WPF, 97.
97 Prestwich, Edward I, 493; Watson, Hammer, 129–31; CDS, v, 168–9 (nos. 260–2).
98 Ibid., no. 260; PW, 106.
99 Watson, Hammer, 129, 132, 138–9; CDS, v, 168 (no. 259).
100 R. J. Goldstein, ‘The Scottish Mission to Boniface VIII in 1301’, Scottish Historical Review, 70 (1991), 1–15; E. L. G. Stones, ‘The Mission of Thomas Wale and Thomas Delisle from Edward I to Pope Boniface VIII in 1301’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, 26 (1982), 8–28 and esp. 18–19; Anglo-Scottish Relations, ed. Stones, 192–219.
101EHD, iii, 251; CDS, v, 168 (no. 259).
102 Watson, Hammer, 151–2; Itinerary, ii, 180; PW, 400–1; Salt, ‘English Embassies’, 274.
103Treaty Rolls, i, 149–52. The truce, drawn up at Asnières-sur-Oise on an unknown date, was ratified by Philip IV at St Benoît-sur-Loire on 25 December 1301.
104 Barrow, Bruce, 109–12, 121–4.
105 Guisborough, 351; Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon, 80; Salzman, Edward I, 158; Ann. Lond., 104.
106KW, i, 412–13.
107 Salt, ‘English Embassies’, 274–5.
108EHD, iii, 252; J. F. Verbruggen, The Battle of the Golden Spurs (Courtrai, 11 July 1302), trans. D. R. Fergusson, ed. K. DeVries (Woodbridge, 2002), passim.
109PROME, 107; Political Songs, 193; Strayer, Reign of Philip the Fair, 260–79.
110Foedera, I, ii, 942; CDS, v, 173 (nos. 286–7).
111 Salt, ‘English Embassies’, 275; Flores, iii, 111; Watson, Hammer, 168.
112 Prestwich, Edward I, 529.
113 Watson, Hammer, 172–3; KW, i, 400, 413–16.
114 Watson, Hammer, 169–71.
115 Ibid., 167; EHD, iii, 515–18; Prestwich, Edward I, 529.
116PW, 370–1, 406; J. F. Lydon, ‘Edward I, Ireland and the War in Scotland, 1303–1304’, England and Ireland in the Later Middle Ages, ed. idem (Dublin, 1981), 46, 48, 52; NHI, 200.
117 Stevenson, Documents, ii, 178–9 (misdated to 1297); CDS, ii, 348–9 (no. 1356); PW, 366–7.
118KW, i, 416–17; M. Haskell, ‘Breaking the Stalemate: The Scottish Campaign of Edward I, 1303–4’, TCE, vii (1999), 226.
119EHD, iii, 254; Itinerary, ii, 209–10.
120 Watson, Hammer, 175–6.
121 Ibid., 180; EHD, iii, 255; Guisborough, 357.
122Itinerary, ii, 210–14; Watson, Hammer, 174–5, 178–9; WPF, 97–8.
123 Lydon, ‘Edward I, Ireland and the War in Scotland’, 48–9; Watson, Hammer, 177, 180.
124 Ibid., 179–80; Guisborough, 357; Itinerary, ii, 214–16.
125 Barrow, Bruce, 127; Watson, Hammer, 180–1.
126 Ibid., 181–2.
127DNB, xxxvi, 635; Barrow, Bruce, 127–8.
128 Watson, Hammer, 182, 185–7.
129 Ibid., 187–9.
130 Prestwich, Edward I, 501; KW, i, 417–18.
131 Haskell, ‘Breaking the Stalemate’, 235–7; Strickland, ‘Law of Arms’, 71–4; Watson, Hammer, 191.
132 Strickland, ‘Law of Arms’, 64; Barrow, Bruce, 136–7; Itinerary, ii, 250.
CHAPTER 11: A LASTING VENGEANCE
1Itinerary, ii, 230–7; EHD, iii, 258; KW, ii, 903–4; Flores, iii, 120–1; Davies, Empire, 172.
2 Vale, Angevin Legacy, 224.
3 Prestwich, Edward I, 400, 570.
4 T. F. Tout, ‘A Medieval Burglary’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 2 (1915), 348–69; EHD, iii, 258; Prestwich, Edward I, 283–6.
5 Lydon, ‘Ireland in 1297’, and P. Connolly, ‘The Enactments of the 1297 Parliament’, Law and Disorder in Thirteenth-Century Ireland, ed. Lydon, 17–20, 23–4, 149–61.
6 Vale, Angevin Legacy, 224–5; J. Gardelles, Les Châteaux du Moyen Age dans la France du Sud-ouest: la Gascogne Anglaise de 1216 à 1327 (Geneva, 1972), 34–6.
7 Watson, Hammer, 197–200; M. Prestwich, ‘Colonial Scotland: The English in Scotland under Edward I’, Scotland and England 1286–1815, ed. R. A. Mason (Edinburgh, 1987), 9–10.
8PW, 407–8; EHD, iii, 519–22, 919–21.
9PROME, 114; Flores, iii, 120–1.
10 Watson, Hammer, 187, 214.
11 Davies, Empire, 28, 172–3.
12 Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon, 63–4, 97; J. Given, ‘The Economic Consequences of the English Conquest of Gwynedd’, Speculum, 64 (1989), 28, 39, 41.
13 Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon, 64, 86.
14 Ibid., 97–100; Itinerary, ii, 246–8.
15Ann. Lond., 138–9, 142; PW, 161–3; Davies, Empire, 173; Watson, Hammer, 214–18; Barrow, Bruce, 134–5.
16 Watson, Hammer, 218–19; Flores, iii, 124; Ann. Lond., 143.
17 Morris, Bigod Earls, 171–83.
18 Denton, Winchelsey, 170, 201–6.
19 Ibid., 212–13, 218–27.
20 Ibid., 229–32; Trivet, 408; Salzman, Edward I, 169–70.
21 C. W. Hollister, Henry I (New Haven and London, 2001), 31; Commendatio, xiv, 5–6; Itinerary, ii, 248.
22CCR, 1302–7, 208; CPR 1301–7, 387; Prestwich, Edward I, 532–3; Denton, Winchelsey, 220; cf. Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon, 104: ‘Edward I’s crusading zeal may well have been both warm and sincere’.
23 Barrow, Bruce, 131, 142–3, 145–8, 150; Prestwich, Edward I, 505.
24 Barrow, Bruce, 148–51.
25 Strickland, ‘Law of Arms’, 40; Itinerary, ii, 259–65; Trivet, 408.
26Ann. Lond., 133; Morris, Bigod Earls, 182; PW, 374.
27CCR, 1302–7, 438; Prestwich, Edward I, 553; PW, 374–5.
28PW, 164; Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon, 106–9; Loomis, ‘Arthurian Enthusiast’, 122–5; Geoffrey of Monmouth, ed. Thorpe, 225–30; EHD, iii, 260–1; Trivet, 408; C. Bullock-Davies, Menestrellorum Multitudine: Minstrels at a Royal Feast (Cardiff, 1978),passim.
29CDS, ii, 476–7 (no. 1773); cf. Ann. Lond., 146.
30 Barrow, Bruce, 153–4; Strickland, ‘Law of Arms’, 42.
31Itinerary, ii, 266–70; SR,147.
32CDS, ii, 480 (no. 1790), 485–7 (no. 1811).
33 Ibid., 478–80 (nos. 1780, 1786), 487–8 (nos. 1812–15); Strickland, ‘Law of Arms’, 42; EHD, iii, 261.
34 Barrow, Bruce, 160–1, 163; CDS, ii, 483 (no. 1803), 485 (no. 1809).
35Itinerary, ii, 270–3; Prestwich, Edward I, 507; CPR, 1301–7, 460; CDS, ii, 491 (no. 1832); CCR, 1302–7, 458.
36 Barrow, Bruce, 161, 163–4.
37 Ibid., 161–2; Strickland, ‘Law of Arms’, 40; DNB, liii, 35.
38 Prestwich, Edward I, 509; idem, ‘Colonial Scotland’, 10–11; Barrow, Bruce, 161; EHD, iii, 262.
39PW, 377–9; Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon, 115–16.
40Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, ed. W. Stubbs (2 vols., Rolls Series, 1882–83), ii, 255; Lanercost, 210; Guisborough, 382–3. Cf. P. Chaplais, Piers Gaveston: Edward II’s Adoptive Brother (Oxford, 1994), passim.
41 Barrow, Bruce, 166, 169–72; CDS, ii, 504 (no. 1896).
42Itinerary, ii, 280–1; CDS, ii, 508 (no. 1909); Barrow, Bruce, 173.
43 Ibid., 172.
44 Johnstone, Edward of Carnavon, 124–5.
45PW, 380; Guisborough, 378–9; H. Moorman, ‘Edward I at Lanercost Priory, 1306–7’, EHR, 67 (1952), 167–8.
46 Guisborough, 379; Trivet, 413–14; NA E101/370/15, m. 6, shows Edward leaving Carlisle on 26 June (my thanks to Henry Summerson for this reference).
47 Guisborough, 379.
CHAPTER 12: A GREAT AND TERRIBLE KING
1 Guisborough, 379; Prestwich, Edward I, 557; Chaplais, Piers Gaveston, 23–4; R. M. Haines, King Edward II (Montreal and London, 2003), 49.
2EHD, iii, 264; Political Songs, 244–6; W. Ullmann, ‘The Curial Exequies for Edward I and Edward III’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, vi (1955), 26, 30; Guisborough, 379; Haines, King Edward II, 49.
3 Ibid.; Barrow, Bruce, 173; Guisborough, 379.
4 Ibid.; Prestwich, Edward I, 558.
5 Davies, Empire, 29; EHD, iii, 264; D. D’Avray, Death and the Prince: Memorial Preaching before 1350 (Oxford, 1994), 71; Commendatio, xvi– xvii, 7, 11, 13–15.
6 Guisborough, 379; EHD, iii, 264, 905; Commendatio, 12–13, 16; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 226, 233; Prestwich, Edward I, 84–5. For the one discordant (but deeply suspect) note, see ibid., 50, 110, 354.
7 Guisborough, 379; EHD, iii, 265; Political Songs, 242.
8 Trivet, 302; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 298; D’Avray, Death and the Prince, 72; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 338, 469–70.
9Commendatio, 16.
10 Ibid., 6; Trivet, 281.
11EHD, iii, 905; D’Avray, Death and the Prince, 71; Flores, iii, 137–8; P. Brand, ‘Edward I and Justice’ (read 2007, as yet unpublished); above, 40.
12 Above, 89, 351–2; McFarlane, ‘Had Edward I a “Policy” towards the Earls’, 257–9; Powicke, Henry III, 706–7.
13Flores, iii, 327; Political Songs, 242, 249; D’Avray, Death and the Prince, 72; Commendatio, 7; Trivet, 413–14; Adami Murimuthensis, Chronica sui temporis, ed. T. Hog (London, 1846), 8–9.
14 M. Prestwich, ‘The Piety of Edward I’, England in the Thirteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1984 Harlaxton Symposium, ed. M. W. Ormrod (Woodbridge, 1985), 120–8. For the saints and their relics, see the forthcoming article by H. Summerson, originally entitled ‘The End of the Reign: Edward I at Carlisle’.
15Commendatio, 13; Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 33; Gransden, Historical Writing in England, 504; Trivet, 282, 359.
16 Ibid., 281–3; Prestwich, Edward I, 111, 117; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 84.
17Flores, iii, 329; D’Avray, Death and the Prince, 75–6; Prestwich, Edward I, 208, 498; KW, i, 413.
18 Prestwich, Edward I, 3, 63.
19Commendatio, 14.
20Flores, iii, 137–8; M. D. Legge, ‘La Piere D’Escoce’, Scottish Historical Review, 38 (1959), 110–11; Political Songs, 242.
21 D’Avray, Death and the Prince, 72; Roll of Arms…Caerlaverock, ed. Wright, 9; Commendatio, 9–10.
22 Taylor, ‘Death of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd’, 230; Davies, Domination and Conquest, 85–7, 108. For a contrary view, see Carpenter, Struggle, 19–24.
23 Vale, Angevin Legacy, 21–47; Bury, 118; Political Songs, 247.
24 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 583; K. Stringer, ‘Scottish Foundations: Thirteenth-Century Perspectives’, Uniting the Kingdom?, ed. A. Grant and K. J. Stringer (London, 1995), 88–90.
25Johannis de Trokelowe et Henrici de Blaneforde, Chronica et Annales, ed. H. T. Riley (Rolls Series, 1866), 74; Prestwich, Edward I, 128–9, 437, 489, 502, 521, 538; idem, ‘Colonial Scotland’, 10.
26 Prestwich, Edward I, 492. Around the time of his investiture as prince of Wales, Edward of Caernarfon was given a book ‘concerning the deeds of the kings of England’. The earls of Lincoln (d. 1311) and Warwick (d. 1315) both owned copies of the Brut.DNB, xvii, 825; L. M. Matheson, The Prose Brut (Tempe, Arizona, 1998), 9–10.
27 Lydon, ‘Edward I, Ireland and the War in Scotland’, 55–7; idem, ‘Ireland in 1297’, 23; Duffy, Ireland in the Middle Ages, 168; Davies, Age of Conquest, 425; idem, Empire, 181–2.
28 Davies, Age of Conquest, 385–8, 419–21, 443–59; M. Prestwich, Plantagenet England, 1225–1360 (Oxford, 2005), 164; KW, i, 389, 405–6.
29 Davies, Empire, 22, 185; Carpenter, Struggle, 19; Barrow, Bruce, 172–3.
30 Ibid., 174–232, 307.
31DNB, xvii, 827.
32 Prestwich, Plantagenet England, 188, 201–2, 219–20.
33 It is also, of course, a reference to Judas Maccabeus, whose exploits were depicted on the walls of the Painted Chamber. Reeve, ‘The Painted Chamber’, 20–1.
34 Salzman, Edward I, 176; EHD, iii, 264.
35 Binski, Westminster Abbey, 120, 198; Morris, ‘Architecture of Arthurian Enthusiasm’, 67–8.