Key to Abbreviations

Acta Class.:

Acta Classica. Proceedings of the Classical Association of South Africa. Cape Town, Balkema.

Aelian:

Claudius Aelianus (c.A.D. 170–235).

VH: Varia Historia

HA: Historia Animalium

Aeschin.:

Aeschines, Athenian orator (c. 397–c. 322 B.C.)

De Fals. Leg.: De Falsa Legatione

In Ctesiph.: In Ctesiphontem

AHR:

American Historical Review. New York, Macmillan.

AJA:

American Journal of Archaeology. Princeton, 231 McCormick Hall.

AJPh:

American Journal of Philology. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press.

AM:

Ancient Macedonia. Papers read at the First International Symposium held in Thessaloniki, 26–9 August 1968. Ed. Basil Laourdas and Ch.Makaronas. Institute for Balkan Studies, Thessaloniki, 1970.

Andoc.:

Andocides, Athenian orator (c. 440–c.390 B.C.).

Ann. Serv. Ant. Egypt.:

Annales du Service des Antiquités d'Egypte. Cairo, Impr. de l'Inst. Français d'Archéol. Orientale.

ANSMusN:

The American Numismatic Society Museum Notes. New York, Broadway between 155th and 156th Streets.

A[nt].C[l].:

L'Antiquité Classique. Louvain, Vlamingenstraat 83.

A[nth].P[al].:

Anthologia Palatina, Planudea.

Ant. Kunst.:

Antike Kunst. Hrsg. von der Vereinigung der Freunde antiker Kunst in Basel. Olten, Urs Graf-Verlag.

Appian:

Appianos of Alexandria, Greek historian (first–second century A.D.).

BC: Bella Civilia

Syr: Syriaké [Syrian Wars]

Aristoph.:

Aristophanes, Athenian comic playwright (?445–?385 B.C.).

Thesmoph.: Thesmophoriazusae.

Arist.:

Aristotle of Stagira, Greek philosopher (384–322 B.C.).

Eth. Eud.: Ethica Eudemia [Eudemian Ethics].

Pol.: Politica [Politics].

Rhet.: Rhetorica.

Arrian:

Aulus (or Lucius) Flavius Arrianus Xenophon, Greek historian (second century A.D.).

Athen.:

Athenaeus of Naucratis (fl. c.A.D. 200).

Athenaeum:

Athenaeum. Studi periodici di Letteratura e Storia dell'Antichità. Pavia, Università.

Aul. Gell.:

Aulus Gellius, Roman author (c.A.D. 130–c.180).

NA: Noctes Atticae.

Badian, Stud. Ehrenb.:

Ancient Society and Institutions. Studies presented to Victor Ehrenberg on his 75th birthday. Ed. E. Badian. Oxford, 1966.

Badian, Stud. GRHist.:

E. Badian, Studies in Greek and Roman History. Oxford, 1964.

Bellinger:

A. R. Bellinger, Essays on the Coinage of Alexander the Great (Numismatic Studies 11). New York, 1963.

Beloch, GG:

K. J. Beloch, Griechische Geschichte. 2nd edn. Vols. III i–ii, IV i. Leipzig–Berlin, 1922–5.

Berve, APG:

H. Berve, Das Alexanderreich auf prosopographischer Grundlage. 2 vols. Munich, 1926.

Bickerman, Chronology:

E. J. Bickerman, Chronology of the Ancient World. London, 1968.

Bieber, [Portraits]:

M. Bieber, Alexander the Great in Greek and Roman Art. Chicago, 1964.

B MusB:

Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Bonner Jahrb.:

Bonner Jahrbücher des Rheinischen Landes-museums in Bonn und des Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande.

Bull. Class. Lett. Acad.

R. Belg.:

Bulletin de la Classe des Lettres de l'Académie
Royal de Belgique. Brussels.

B[ull]. C[orr]. H[ell].:

Bulletin de Correspondence Hellénique. Paris.

Bull. Inst. Egypt.:

Bulletin de l'Institut Egyptien. Cairo.

Bull. Inst. Franç d'Arch.

Orient.:

Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Archéologie Orientale. Cairo.

B[ull]. V[er.] A[nt.]

B[eschaving]:

Bulletin van de Vereeniging tot Bevordering der Kennis van de Antieke Beschaving. Leiden, Brill.

Burn, [AG]:

A. R. Burn, Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic World. 2nd rev. edn, New York, 1962.

CAH:

The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge, 1923–39.

Cary, GB:

M. Cary, The Geographic Background of Greek and Roman History. Oxford, 1949.

Cic[ero]:

Marcus Tullius Cicero, Roman scholar and orator (106–43 B.C.).

Pro Arch.: Pro Archia

Tusc. Disp.: Tusculanae Disputationes

Classical Folia:

Classical Folia. Studies in the Christian perpetuation of the Classics. New York.

Clem. Alex.:

Clement of Alexandria (Titus Flavius Clemens Alexandrinus) (c.A.D. 150–c. 215)

Protrept.: Protrepticus

Comp. Rend. Acad. Inscr.:

Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Paris.

CPh:

Classical Philology. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

CQ:

Classical Quarterly. Oxford University Press.

CW:

The Classical World. Bethlehem, Pa.

Deinarch.:

Deinarchus, Greek orator (c. 360–c. 290 B.C.).

In Demosth.: In Demosthenem

In Philocl.: In Philoclem

Demades:

Demades, Athenian politician (fl. 350–319 B.C.).

Twelve Years: ‘Υπὲρ τῆς δωδεκετείας’, attributed to Demades but almost certainly not by him.

Demetr.:

Demetrius, Greek literary critic (late Hellenistic or Roman period).

De Eloc.: De Elocutione [On Style]

Demosth.:

Demosthenes, Athenian orator (384–322 B.C.).

C. Aristocr.: Contra Aristocratem

Chers.: De Chersoneso

De Cor.: De Corona

Halonn.: De Halonneso

In Leptin.: In Leptinem

Olynth.: Olynthiaca

Phil.: Philippica

Dio Chrys.:

Dio Cocceianus or Chrysostomus, Greek orator and philosopher (c.A.D. 40–c. 115).

Diod.:

Diodorus Siculus of Agyrium, Greek historian (first century B.C.).

D[iog.] L[aert.]:

Diogenes Laertius, Greek biographer (? third century A.D.).

Dion. Hal.:

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Greek rhetorician and antiquarian (first century B.C.–first century A.D.).

De Comp. Verb.: De Compositione Verborum

Diss. Abstracts:

Dissertation Abstracts. A guide to Dissertations and Monographs available in microfilm. Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Eddy:

S. K. Eddy, The King is Dead. Studies in the Near Eastern Resistance to Hellenism, 334–331B.C. Lincoln, Nebraska, 1961.

Eur.:

Euripides, Athenian tragic playwright (c. 485–406 B.C.).

Androm.: Andromache

Hipp.: Hippolytus

IA: Iphigeneia at Aulis

Eustath.:

Eustathius, Metropolitan of Thessalonica (d. c.A.D. 1194).

Festschr.:

Festschrift.

FGrH:

F. Jacoby, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, 1923– Leiden, Brill.

fl.:

floruit.

Front.:

Sextus Julius Frontinus, Roman consul and technical writer (c.A.D. 30–104).

Strat.: Strategemata

Fuller:

J. F. C. Fuller, The Generalship of Alexander the Great. London, 1958.

F[orsch.] und F[ortschr.]

Forschungen und Fortschritte. Berlin, Akademie-Verlag.

Geogr. Journ.:

The Geographical Journal. London, Geographic Society.

GR:

Greece and Rome. Oxford, Clarendon Press.

GRByS:

Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies. Durham, N.C., Duke University.

Grote, HG:

G. Grote, A History of Greece. Rev. edn, 12 vols. London, 1888.

Hamilton, PA:

J. R. Hamilton, Plutarch: Alexander. A Commentary. Oxford, 1968.

Hammond, HG:

N. G. L. Hammond, A History of Greece. 2nd edn. Oxford, 1967.

Hammond, Epirus:

N. G. L. Hammond, Epirus. The geography, the ancient remains, the history and topography of Epirus and adjacent areas. Oxford, 1967.

Harv. Theol. Rev.:

Harvard Theological Review. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.

Harv. Stud. [Class. Phil.]:

Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press.

Hdt:

Herodotus of Halicarnassus, Greek historian (c. 485–c. 425 B.C.).

Head-Hill-Walker,
Guide:

A Guide to the Principal Coins of the Greeks from circ. 700 B.C. toA.D. 270. Based on the work of B. V. Head, rev. G. F. Hill, John Walker. London, British Museum, 1959.

Hellenica.:

Ἑλληνικά.Φιλολ.,ἱστορ.καἰλαογρ. Περιοδικὸν Σὺγγραμμα τῆς Εταιρείας Μακεδονικῶν Σπουδῶν. Thessalonica.

Hermes:

Hermes. Zeitschrift für klassische Philologie. Wiesbaden.

Hesperia:

Hesperia. Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Athens American School.

Historia:

Historia. Wiesbaden.

Hist. Rel.:

History of Religions. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

Hist. Today:

History Today. A monthly magazine. London, Bracken House.

Hist. Zeitschr.:

Historische Zeitschrift. Munich, Oldenbourg.

Hogarth:

D. G. Hogarth, Philip and Alexander of Macedon. New York, 1897.

Homer, Il.:

Homer, The Iliad.

Homer, Od.:

Homer, The Odyssey.

Horace:

Quintus Horatius Flaccus, Roman poet (65–8 B.C.).

Epp.: Epistulae

AP: Ars Poetica

Hypereides:

Hypereides, Athenian orator (389–322 B.C.).

Eux.: pro Euxenippo

IG:

Inscriptiones Graecae, 1873–

ii²: Editio minor of vols, ii and iii, ed.
J. Kirchner, 1913–35.

Inform. Hist.:

L'Information Historique, Paris.

Isocr.:

Isocrates, Athenian orator and pamphleteer (436–338 B.C.).

Epist.: Epistulae [Letters]

Ep. Phil.: Epistulae Philippo [Letters I and II to Philip]

Panath.: Panathenaicus

Paneg.: Panegyricus

Phil.: Philippus

Jahr. Oest. Arch. Inst.:

Jahreshefte des Oesterreichischen Archäologischen Instituts. Vienna.

JBerlM:

Jahrbuch der Berliner Museen. Berlin.

JHS:

Journal of Hellenic Studies. London.

JNG:

Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte. Kallmünz.

Josephus:

Flavius Josephus, Romanized Jewish historian (first century A.D.).

Ant. Jud.: Antiquitates Judaicae

Journ. Austral.

Univ. Lang. Assoc.:

Journal of the Australasian Universities Languages Association.

Jul. Val.:

Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius, Latin author (third–fourth century A.D.).

Justin:

Marcus Junianus Justinus, Latin epitomator (? third century A.D.).

Klio:

Klio. Beiträge zur alten Geschichte. Berlin, Akademie-Verlag.

Lucian:

Lucianus of Samosata, Aramaic-Greek writer (c.A.D. 120–c. 180).

Cal.: Calumniae non temere credendum

Quom. Hist. Conscr.: Quomodo historia conscribenda sit

Rhet. Praec.: Rhetorum Praeceptor

Lycurg.:

Lycurgus, Athenian statesman and orator (c. 390–c. 325/4 B.C.).

In Leocr.: In Leocratem

Lydus:

Ioannes Laurentius Lydus, Greek writer (sixth century, A.D.).

De Mens.: De Mensibus

MAO:

Minor Attic Orators. Vol. I: Antiphon, Andocides, ed. K. J. Maidment, London, 1941. Vol. II: Lycurgus, Demades, Dinarchus, Hyperides, ed. J. O. Burtt, London, 1954 (Loeb).

MDAI(A):

Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Institut (Athen. Abt.), Berlin.

MDAI(R):

Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Institut (Röm. Abt.), Berlin.

Milns:

R. D. Milns, Alexander the Great, London, 1968.

MP:

Alexander the Great: the main problems. Ed. G. T. Griffith. Cambridge, 1966.

Nat. Geogr. Mag.:

National Geographic Magazine. New York.

Nouv. Clio:

La Nouvelle Clio. Brussels.

ns:

New Series.

Olmstead:

A. T. Olmstead, A History of the Persian Empire, Chicago, 1948.

Opus [cula]

Arch[aeologica]:

Opuscula Archaeologica, Lund.

Orac. Sib.:

Oracula Sibyllina.

Parke:

H. W. Parke, Greek Mercenaries, Oxford, 1933.

PP:

La Parola del Passato. Rivista di Studi antichi. Naples.

Paus.:

Pausanias of (?) Lydia, Greek travel-writer (second century A.D.).

Philostratus:

Flavius Philostratus, Greek writer (second–third century A.D.).

Vit. Apoll. Tyan.: Vita Apollonii Tyanae

Vit. Soph.: Vitae Sophistarum

Phoenix:

The Phoenix. The Journal of the Classical Association of Canada. Toronto, University of Toronto Press.

Plato:

Plato, Athenian philosopher (c. 429–347 B.C.).

Gorg.: Gorgias

Protag.: Protagoras

Rep.: Respublica [Republic]

Symp.: Symposium

Pliny:

Gaius Plinius Secundus [Pliny the Elder], Roman scholar and antiquarian (A.D. 23/4–79).

HN: Historia Naturalis

Plut.:

(?) Mestrius Plutarchus of Chaeronea, Greek scholar and biographer (c 46 B.C.–c.A.D. 120).

Moral.: Moralia

Vit. Par.: Vitae Parallelae

Ages.: Agesilaus

Alex.: Alexander

Artax.: Artaxerxes

Cam.: Camillus

Demosth.: Demosthenes

Eum.: Eumenes

Lys.: Lysander

Pelop.: Pelopidas

Per.: Pericles

Phoc.: Phocion

Pyrrh.: Pyrrhus

Polyaenus:

Polyaenus, Macedonian rhetorician (second century A.D.).

Strat.: Strategemata

Polyb.:

Polybius, Greek statesman and historian (?203–?120 B.C.).

P. Oxyrh.:

Oxyrhynchus Papyri, ed. B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt. London, 1898–

Proc. Afr. Class. Assoc.:

Proceedings of the African Classical Association. Salisbury, S. Rhodesia.

Proc. Brit. Acad.:

Proceedings of the British Academy. Oxford University Press.

Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc.:

Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society. Cambridge University Press.

Ps–[Arist.], Oecon.:

Pseudo-Aristotle, Oeconomicus.

Ps–Call[isth.]:

Pseudo-Callisthenes, title given to anonymous author of the ‘Alexander-Romance’.

PWK [RE]:

Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Ed. A. Pauly, Georg Wissowa, W. Kroll, K. Mittelhaus, K. Ziegler. Stuttgart [1839], 1893–.

Quintil.:

Marcus Fabius Quintilianus, Roman rhetorician (c.A.D. 30–c. 100).

Inst. Orat.: Institutio Oratoria

QC:

Quintus Curtius Rufus, Roman Alexander-historian (first century A.D.).

RA:

Revue Archéologique. Paris.

Radet, AG:

G. Radet, Alexandre le Grand. 2nd edn. Paris, 1950.

REA:

Revue des Etudes Anciennes. Bordeaux.

REG:

Revue des Etudes Grecques. Paris.

Rev. Bibl.:

Revue Biblique. Paris.

Rev. Phil.:

Revue de Philologie. Paris.

RFIC:

Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica. Turin.

Rhein. Mus.:

Rheinisches Museum. Frankfurt.

Riv. Fil.:

Rivista di Filosofia. Turin.

Riv. Stor. Ital.:

Rivista Storica Italiana. Naples.

Robinson, HA:

C. A. Robinson (ed.), The History of Alexander the Great, vol. I [Brown University Studies XVI], Providence, R.I. (1953).

Saeculum:

Saeculum. Jahrbuch für Universalgeschichte. Freiburg.

Sallust:

Gaius Sallustius Crispus, Roman historian (?86–35 B.C.).

Bell. Iug.: Bellum Iugurthinum [Jugurtha].

schol.:

scholium, scholiast.

SE:

Studi Etruschi. Florence.

SEG:

Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. Leyden, 1923–71.

Seltman, GC2:

C. Seltman, Greek Coins. 2nd edn. London, 1955.

Seneca:

Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Roman philosopher and moralist (4 B.C.–A.D. 65).

De Benef.: De Beneficiis.

Sext. Emp.:

Sextus Empiricus, Greek doctor and philosopher (? first–second century A.D.).

Adv. Math.: Adversus Mathematicos

Adv. Gramm.: Adversus Grammaticos [= Bk I of Adv. Math.]

SIG³:

W. Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, 3rd edn, Leipzig, 1915–24.

Sitzungsb. d. preuss. Akad.:

Sitzungsberichte der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philos.-hist. klasse.

Snodgrass:

A. M. Snodgrass, Arms and Armour of the Greeks, New York, 1967.

Snyder:

J. W. Snyder, Alexander the Great, New York, 1966.

Stark, AP:

Freya Stark, Alexander's Path, London, 1958.

Stud. Class, e Orient.:

Studi Classici e Orientali. Pisa.

Symb. Osl.:

Symbolae Osloenses. Oslo.

TAPhA:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. Cleveland, Ohio.

Tarn, [AG]:

W. W. Tarn, Alexander the Great. 2 vols., Cambridge, 1948.

Temenos:

Temenos. Studies in comparative religion presented by scholars in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Helsinki.

Theophr.:

Theophrastus, Greek philosopher and scientist (c 370–288/5 B.C.).

HP: Historia Plantarum

Thuc.:

Thucydides, Greek historian (c. 460–c. 400 B.C.).

Tod, II:

M. N. Tod, Greek Historical Inscriptions, vol. II: From 403 to 323 B.C. Oxford, 1948.

Val. Max.:

Valerius Maximus, Roman historian (first century A.D.).

Vell. Pat.:

Velleius Paterculus, Roman historian (first century B.C.–first century A.D.).

Vet. Test.:

Vetus Testamentum. Leiden, Brill.

Virgil, Aen.:

P. Vergilius Maro, 70–19 B.C., The Aeneid.

Wilcken-[Borza]:

U. Wilcken, Alexander the Great. Trs G. C. Richards. New edn with introduction, notes and bibliography by E. N. Borza. New York, 1967.

Xen.:

Xenophon, Athenian soldier and historian (428/7–c. 354 B.C.).

Anab.: Anabasis

Hell.: Hellenica

Yale Class. Stud.:

Yale Classical Studies. New Haven, Yale University Press.

Zeitschr. f. Alttest. Wiss.:

Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. Berlin.