CHAPTER 1
1. Schoeps, 15–16.
2. Bronsart, 249.
3. Gall, Bismarck: The White Revolutionary, i. 206.
4. Holstein, Memoirs, 52.
5. ‘Politik als Beruf’, Gesammelte Politische Schriften (Munich, 1921), 396–450. Originally a speech at Munich University, 1918, published in 1919 by Duncker & Humblot, Munich. <http://tiunet.tiu.edu/acadinfo/cas/socsci/psych/SOC410/Readings/Weber/Works/politics.htm>.
6. Ibid.
7. Chlodwig Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Memoirs, 429, Berlin, 18 June 1890.
8. Börner, William I, 221.
9. Busch, 4 Oct. 1878, ii. 197.
10. Bronsart, 212.
11. Urbach, 69.
12. Craig, Fontane, 115.
13. Ibid. 116.
14. Stosch to Crown Prince, 24 Jan. 1873, Hollyday, 126.
15. Stosch, 120.
16. Roon, i. 355–6.
17. Ibid. ii. 239.
18. Ibid. ii. 260–1.
19. Engelberg, i. 315–16.
20. Craig, The Politics, 137.
21. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), para. 97, p. 61.
22. Motley, Family, 297.
23. Spitzemberg, 304.
24. Tiedemann, 13, 15.
25. Bismarck Die Gesammelten Werke, ed. Wolfgang Windelband and Werner Frauendienst, 1st edn. (Berlin: Deutscheveralgsanstalt, 1933). Abbreviated below as GW.
26. Tiedemann, 221.
27. Lucius, 129–30.
28. Ibid. 131.
29. Holstein, Memoirs, 118.
CHAPTER 2
1. Engelberg, Bismarck: Urpreusse und Reichsgründer.
2. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 1.
3. ‘Primary Source’. <http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/Frederick%20the%20Great.html>.
4. Sigurd von Kleist, Geschichte des Geschlects v. Kleist, 5. <http://www.v-kleist.com/FG/Genealogie/AllgemeineGeschichte.pdf>.
5. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 241.
6. Theodor Fontane, Irrungen Wirrungen (1888) in Theodor Fontane, Gesammelte Werke: Jubiläumsausgabe. Erste Reihe in fünf Bänden (Berlin: S. Fischer Verlag, 1919), 152ff.
7. Spitzemberg, 291.
8. Engelberg, i. 126.
9. Stern, 40.
10. Clark, Iron Kingdom, p. xix.
11. Fontane, Irrungen Wirrungen, 154.
12. Roon, ii. 86.
13. Bucholz, 30–1.
14. Paret, 4.
15. Burke, para. 322, p. 192.
16. Ibid. para. 322, p. 192.
17. Ibid. para. 77, p. 48.
18. Gentz, 19.
19. Epstein, 436.
20. Sweet, 21.
21. Ibid. 28.
22. Guglia, 147–8.
23. Mann, 40-1.
24. Frie, 57.
25. Guglia, 33.
26. Alexander von der Marwitz to Rahel Varnhagen in Frie, 58.
27. Marwitz, Preussens Verfall und Aufstieg, 184.
28. 9 May 1811, Last Representation of the Estates of the Lebus Circle, joined by the Beeskow and Storkow Circles meeting in Frankfurt an der Oder to His Majesty the King, Marwitz, Preussens Verfall, 241ff.
29. Marwitz, Preussens Verfall, 224.
30. Frie, 280.
31. Ibid. 281.
32. Marwitz, Preussens Verfall, 204.
33. <http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/provinz_rheinland.htm>.
34. Brophy, Popular Culture, 14.
35. Ibid. 22–4.
36. Ibid. 257.
37. Brophy, Capitalism, Politics, and Railroads in Prussia, 25.
38. Keinemann, 20.
39. Ibid. 20.
40. Provinzial-Correspondenz (PC), 12/33, 19 Aug. 1874, p. 1. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1874/1874-08-19.xml&s=1>.
CHAPTER 3
1. Engelberg, i. 61.
2. Ibid. 48.
3. Bismarck to Malwine, GW xiv. 29.
4. Engelberg, i. 102.
5. Ibid. 51.
6. Wienfort, 15.
7. Ibid.
8. Bismarck to Johanna, 23 Feb. 1847, GW xiv. 67.
9. Ibid.
10. Engelberg, i. 37 ff.
11. Neue deutsche Biographie, xvii. 36. <http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/~db/0001/bsb00016335/images/index.html?id=00016335&fip=70.20.182.111&no=5&seite=52>.
12. Epstein, 593.
13. Sweet, 18.
14. Ibid. 8.
15. Ibid. 33.
16. Ibid. 34.
17. Ibid. 35.
18. Engelberg, i. 46.
19. Ibid.
20. Gentz, i. 243–4, 1 Feb. 1798.
21. Neue deutsche Biographie, xvii. 36. <http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/~db/0001/bsb00016335/images/index.html?id=00016335&fip=70.20.182.111&no=5&seite=52>.
22. Engelberg, i. 64.
23. Ibid. 107.
24. Pflanze, i. 34, n. 3.
25. Engelberg, i. 100.
26. Pflanze, i. 33–4, Bismarck, Gedanken und Erinnerungen, 49–50, Lucius von Ballhausen, 9 Apr. 1878, von Keudell, June 1864, pp. 160–1.
27. Pflanze, i. 38.
28. Engelberg, i. 97, quoting Marcks.
29. Lady Emily Russell to HM Queen Victoria, 15 Mar. 1873, Empress Frederick Letters, 131–2.
30. Spitzemberg, 248–50.
31. Engelberg, i. 93.
32. Keudell, 160.
33. Bismarck to Mother, 27 Apr. 1821, GW xiv. 1.
34. Bismarck to Mother, Easter 1825, GW xiv. 1.
35. Engelberg, i. 104.
36. Bismarck to Bernhard, Kniephof, 25 July 1829, GW xiv. 1.
37. Bismarck to Brother, 12 July 1830, GW xiv. 2.
38. Engelberg, i. 116.
39. Anderson, 18.
40. Ibid.
41. Lytton Strachey, Eminent Victorians (London: Penguin Books, 1986), 26.
42. Motley, Morton’s Hope, i. 125–7.
43. Ibid. 151–2.
44. Ibid. ii. 160–1.
45. Ibid. 163–5.
46. Marcks, Bismarck, 95.
47. Ibid. 89.
48. For a fascinating account of the last woman to be arrested by the Proctors and Bull Dogs in 1891 and tried by the Vice-Chancellor’s Court, see Deborah Kant, ‘Daisy Hopkins and the Proctors’, M.Phil Dissertation in Criminology, University of Cambridge Institute of Criminology, 2008.
49. Bismarck to the Rector of Göttingen, GW xiv. 3.
50. Bismarck to Scharlach, 14 Nov. 1833, GW xiv. 2–3.
51. Bismarck to Scharlach, 7 Apr. 1834, GW xiv. 4.
52. Bismarck to Scharlach, 5 May 1834, GW xiv. 5.
53. Roon, i. 280.
54. Ibid. i. 68.
55. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 104–5.
56. Engelberg, i. 125.
57. Gall, The White Revolutionary, i. 35–6.
58. Pflanze, i. 38–41.
59. 27 Dec. 1884, Spitzemberg, 212.
60. Bismarck to Scharlach, 18 July 1835, GW xiv. 5.
61. Bismarck to Scharlach, 4 May 1836, GW xiv. 7.
62. Motley to Lady William Russell, 31 May 1863, Motley Family, 174.
63. Gall, The White Revolutionary, i. 38.
64. Aachen city website: <http://www.aachen.de/DE/tourismus_stadtinfo/100_kuren_baden>.
65. Engelberg, i. 131–2.
66. Ibid. 132.
67. Biographical details from German Wikipedia. <http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Heinrich_von_Arnim-Boitzenburg>.
68. Engelberg, i. 133.
69. Ibid. 134.
70. Ibid. 136.
71. Ibid. 139.
72. Ibid.
73. Gall, The White Revolutionary, i. 39.
74. Entry by William Carr, rev. K. D. Reynolds; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Online (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004–8).
75. C. P. Kindleberger, A Financial History of Western Europe, 2nd edn. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 237.
76. Bismarck to Johanna, 14 May 1851, GW x. 211.
77. Engelberg, i. 144.
78. Bismarck to Karl Friedrich von Savigny, Frankfurt, 30 Aug. 1837, GW xiv. 9.
79. Bismarck to Bernhard, 10 July 1837, Engelberg, i. 143–4.
80. Ibid. 142.
81. Ibid. 146.
82. Ibid.146.
83. Bismarck to Father, 29 Sept. 1838, GW xiv. 13–17 and Caroline von Bismarck-Bohlen, 18 June 1835, GW xiv. 6.
84. Engelberg, i. 149.
85. Gall, The White Revolutionary, i. 41.
86. Letter to Father, 29 Sept. 1838, GW xiv. 13–17.
87. Bismarck to Savigny, Kniephof, 21 Dec. 1838, GW xiv. 17. See also Engelberg, i. 150.
88. Wienfort, 213.
89. Theodor von der Goltz, Die ländliche Arbeiterklasse und der preußische Staat (Jena, 1893), 144–7.
90. Pflanze, i. 103.
91. Spenkuch, table 3, p. 160.
92. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 184.
93. Keudell, 13.
94. Ibid. 14.
95. Ibid. 16–17.
96. Bismarck to Father, London, 28 July 1842, Bismarck Briefe, No. 4, p. 6.
97. Bismarck to Father, Kniephof, 1 Oct. 1843, Bismarck Briefe, No. 7, pp. 9–10.
98. Bismarck to Father, Norderney, 8 Aug. 1844, Bismarck Briefe, No. 11, pp. 14–15.
99. Bismarck to Louis von Klitzing, 10 Sept. 1843, GW xiv. 21.
100. Bismarck to Father, 1 Oct. 1843, GW xiv. 22.
101. Bismarck to Oskar von Arnim, ibid.
102. Engelberg, i. 192.
103. Ibid. 198.
104. Clark, Conversion, 125 n. 3; Engelberg, i. 186.
105. Witzleben (Adelsgeschlecht) German Wikipedia. <http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Witzleben#Namen>.
106. Cited in Clark, Conversion, 126.
107. Ibid. 130–1; Fischer, 60–1.
108. Petersdorff, 60 ff.
109. Ibid. 62.
110. Bismarck to Sister, Berlin, GW xiv. 24.
111. Bismarck to Karl Friedrich von Savigny, 24 May 1844, GW xiv. 25.
112. Bismarck to Scharlach, 4 Aug. 1844, GW xiv. 25.
113. Petersdorff, 69.
114. Engelberg, i. 205.
115. Petersdorff, 73.
116. Ibid. 20.
117. Ibid. 39.
118. Sigurd von Kleist, Geschichte des Geschlects v. Kleist, 5. <http://www.v-kleist.com/FG/Genealogie/AllgemeineGeschichte.pdf>.
119. Ibid. 43 and 81.
120. Petersdorff, 81.
121. Bismarck to Sister, Kniephof, 9 Apr. 1845, GW xiv. 33.
122. Engelberg, i. 299.
123. Ibid. 201–2.
124. Bismarck to Sister, Schönhausen, 30 Sept. 1845, GW xiv.35.
125. Bismarck to Marie von Thadden, 11 Apr. 1846, GW xiv. 41.
126. Bismarck to Marie von Thadden-Blanckenburg, Kniephof, Saturday, July 1846, GW xiv. 42–3.
127. Bismarck to Sister, 18 Nov. 1846, GW xiv. 45.
128. Blanckenburg to Kleist, 15 May 1885, Petersdorff, 93.
129. Bismarck to Heinrich von Puttkammer, 21 Dec. 1846, GW xiv. 46–8.
130. Bismarck to Puttkammer, 4 Jan. 1847, GW xiv. 48–9.
131. Bismarck to Sister, 12 Jan. 1847, GW xiv. 49.
132. Bismarck to Johanna, 4 Mar. 1847, GW xiv. 74.
133. Bismarck to Sister, 14 Apr. 1847, GW xiv. 83.
134. Bismarck to Johanna, 8 May 1847, GW xiv. 86.
135. Holstein, Memoirs, 9.
136. Spitzemberg, 49–50.
137. 4 June 1863, ibid. 50.
138. Ibid. 235.
139. 19 March 1870, ibid. 90.
140. 11 Apr. 1888, ibid. 248–50.
141. 12 June 1885, ibid. 220.
142. 1 Apr. 1895, ibid. 335–6.
CHAPTER 4
1. Ernst von Bülow-Cummerow had a very large estate in Pomerania but belonged to the Liberal side of the debates in Prussia after 1815. He approved of the reforms of Hardenberg, opposed the protectionist theories of Friedrich List, disliked the feudal pretentions of his fellow great estate owners, and made himself rather unpopular among Bismarck’s backers. On the other hand his pamphlets on political matters and economic theories and the huge size of his holdings made him too big to antagonize.Allgemeine deutsche Biographie & Neue deutsche Biographie (Digitale Register), vol. iii (Leipzig, 1876), 518 ff.
2. Wienfort, 113f.
3. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 387–8.
4. Bismarck to Ludwig von Gerlach, 26 Mar. 1847, GW xiv. 82.
5. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 388.
6. Bismarck to Johanna, 9 May 1847, GW xiv. 86.
7. Friedrich Meinecke quoted in Barclay, 36.
8. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 395.
9. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 408.
10. Ibid. 408.
11. Historical Atlas. <http://www.tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/population/germany.htm>.
12. Pflanze, i. 103.
13. Modern History Sourcebook: Spread of Railways in 19th Century. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/indrev6.html>.
14. Bismarck to Brother, 26 Aug. 1846, Bismarck Briefe, No. 29, p. 40.
15. Bismarck to Johanna, 28 Apr. 1847, GW xiv. 84.
16. Barclay, 127.
17. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 460.
18. Barclay, 128.
19. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 397.
20. Text in GW x. 3.
21. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 426.
22. Bismarck to Johanna, 18 May 1847, GW xiv. 89.
23. Keudell, 9.
24. ‘Ernst Gottfried Georg von Bülow-Cummerow’, Neue deutsche Biolgraphie, ii. 737–8. Online Digitale Bibliothek: <http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/~db/0001/bsb00016318/images/index.html?id=00016318&fip=71.242.201.13&no=22&seite=757>.
25. 21 Jan. 1848, Holstein, Diaries, 333–4.
26. Bismarck to Johanna, 8 June 1847, GW xiv. 94.
27. Bismarck to Johanna, 22 June 1847, ibid. 6.
28. Cf. Ch. 2.
29. Rühs, 128.
30. Clark, Conversion, 166.
31. Bismarck, Die politischen Reden, i. 25–6.
32. Ibid. 28.
33. Wagner, 292.
34. Berdahl, 349.
35. Ibid. 356.
36. ‘Friedrich Julius Stahl’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xxxv (Leipzig, 1893), 400.
37. Kleist to Ludwig von Gerlach, 25 Aug. 1861, ibid. 377–8.
38. Berdahl, 354.
39. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 421.
40. Gall, Der weisse Revolutionär, 56 and 59.
41. Pflanze, i. 53.
42. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 429.
43. Petersdorff, 94.
44. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 446.
45. Roon, i. 503.
46. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 20.
47. Bismarck to Sister, Schönhausen, 24 Oct. 1847, GW xiv. 99–100.
48. Bismarck to Brother, Schönhausen, 24 Oct. 1847, ibid.
49. Marcks, Bismarck, i. 453.
50. Jonathan Steinberg, ‘Carlo Cattaneo and the Swiss Idea of Liberty’, in Giuseppe Mazzini and the Globalisation of Democratic Nationalism, ed. C. A. Bayly and Eugenio Biagini (Proceedings of the British Academy, 152) (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 220–1.
51. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 469.
52. Bernhard von Poten, ‘Prittwitz’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xxvi (Leipzig, 1888), 608.
53. Barclay, 141.
54. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 474–5. Clark’s account of the Berlin revolution is the best short account of the dilemma of authority in a rebellious city during 1848 that I have read anywhere. He catches the difficulty of communicating with crowds and troops, of misunderstandings and confusions, in only seven pages.
55. Engelberg, i. 270.
56. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 24.
57. Gall, Der weisse Revolutionär, 70.
58. Ibid. 70.
59. Engelberg, i. 273–4. Augusta gave this letter to William in September 1862 to warn him against appointing Bismarck as minister-president.
60. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 24–5.
61. Engelberg, i. 275.
62. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 29.
63. Bismarck to Brother, 28 Mar. 1848, GW xiv. 102.
64. Souvenirs d’Alexis de Tocqueville, introd. Luc Monnier (Paris: Gallimard, 1942), 63–4.
65. Engelberg, i. 280.
66. Bismarck to Brother, 19 Apr. 1848, GW xiv. 105.
67. Familienartikel Heinrich (Reuß); Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. viii (Berlin, 1969), 386.
68. Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. vi (Berlin, 1964), 294–5 (Digitale Bibliothek).
69. Clark, Conversion, 167 and n. 83.
70. Cf. Ch. 2, p. 24.
71. Engelberg, i. 298.
72. Ibid. 298–300.
73. Ibid. 296.
74. Bismarck to Hermann Wagener, 5 July 1848, GW xiv. 109.
75. 9 Sept., Gerlach, Aufzeichnungen, ii. 2, cited in Engelberg, i. 307.
76. Engelberg, i. 297.
77. Ibid. 298.
78. Zeittafel zur deutschen Revolution 1848/49. <http://www.zum.de/Faecher/G/BW/Landeskunde/rhein/geschichte/1848/zeittafel.htm>.
79. Holborn, i. 75–6 and Petersdorff, 129–33.
80. Engelberg, i. 304.
81. Ibid. 305.
82. Petersdorff, 133.
83. Zeittafel zur deutschen Revolution 1848/49. <http://www.zum.de/Faecher/G/BW/Landeskunde/rhein/geschichte/1848/zeittafel.htm>.
84. Bärbel Holtz, ‘Ernst Heinrich Adolf von Pfuel (3.11.1779–3.12.1866)’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xx (Berlin, 2001), 362–3.
85. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, Saturday evening, 23 Sept. 1848, GW xiv. 113.
86. Barclay, 178.
87. Anton Ritthaller, ‘Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von Brandenburg’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1955), 517.
88. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 55–6.
89. B. Poten, ‘Friedrich Heinrich Ernst von Wrangel’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xliv (Leipzig, 1898), 229–32.
90. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, 18 Oct. 1848, GW xiv. 114.
91. Ibid. 56-7.
92. Bismarck to Brother, Potsdam, Sunday evening, 11 Nov. 1848, GW xiv. 117-18.
93. Rbbonline: <http://www.preussen-chronik.de/_/episode_jsp/key=chronologie_006490.html>.
94. Bismarck to Johanna Potsdam, 16 Nov. 1848, GW xiv. 119.
95. Ibid.
96. 14 Apr. 1872, Lucius, 20.
97. Verfassungsurkunde für den Preußischen Staat 5 Dec. 1848 (Preußische Gesetz-Sammlung 1848, p. 375) Source:. Homepage des Lehrstuhls für Rechtsphilosophie, Staats- und Verwaltungsrecht Prof. Dr. Horst Dreier, Universität Würzburg. <http://www.jura.uni-wuerzburg.de/lehrstuehle/dreier/startseite/>.
98. Verfassungsurkunde für den Preußischen Staat, 5 Dec. 1848.
99. Spenkuch, 385.
100. Ibid. 366–7.
101. Bismarck to Brother, 9 Dec. 1848, GW xiv. 120.
102. Engelberg, i. 325.
103. Bismarck to Brother, Schönhausen, 10 Feb. 1849, GW xiv. 123.
104. Engelberg, i. 329; Petersdorff, 151–2.
105. Engelberg, i. 354.
106. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 494.
107. Bismarck speech in the Landtag, 21 Apr. 1849, GW x. 29–32.
108. Bismarck to Brother, 18 Apr. 1849, GW xiv. 127.
109. Bismarck to Johanna, 8 Aug. 1849, GW xiv. 131. Johannes Evangelista Gossner (1773–1858) was a missionary, preacher, and writer active in the religious awakening in Germany. The ‘little treasures’ to which Bismarck refers was a book of devotions, Das Schatzkästchen of 1825, written for his congregation in St Petersburg. Cf. Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz, Biographisch- bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon, vol. ii (Spalten, 1990), 268–71. <http://www.bbkl.de/g/gossner_j_e.shtml>.
110. Bismarck to Johanna, 17 Aug. 1849, GW xiv. 133.
111. Bismarck to Johanna, 9 Sept. 1849, GW xiv. 140.
112. Bismarck to Johanna, 16 Sept. 1849, GW xiv. 143, also in Engelberg, i. 337.
113. R. von Liliencron, ‘Radowitz’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xxvii (Leipzig, 1888), 143.
114. Speech 15 Apr. 1850, GW x. 95–6.
115. Bismarck to Johanna, Erfurt, 19 Apr. 1850, GW xiv. 155.
116. Bismarck to Hermann Wagener, editor of the Kreuzzeitung, Schönhausen, 30 June 1850, GW xiv. 159.
117. Bismarck to Sharlach, Schönhausen bei Jerichow an der Elbe, 4 July 1850, GW xiv. 161–2.
118. Bismarck to Sister, Schönhausen, 8 July 1850, GW xiv. 162.
119. Zeittafel zur deutschen Revolution 1848/49. <http://www.zum.de/Faecher/G/BW/Landeskunde/rhein/geschichte/1848/zeittafel.htm>.
120. Bucholz, 44–5.
121. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 494–9; Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions. <http://www.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/dh/erfurtun.htm>.
122. Bismarck’s speech on Olmuetz, 3 Dec. 1850, GW x. 103ff.
123. Gall, Der weisse Revolutionär, 119.
124. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, 12 Mar. 1851, GW xiv. 199.
125. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, 29 Mar. 1851, GW xiv. 202.
126. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, 7 Apr. 1851, GW xiv. 204.
127. Petersdorff, 190–1.
128. Bismarck to Johanna, 28 Apr. 1851, Pflanze, i. 76.
CHAPTER 5
1. Dreier website: <http://www.jura.uni-Wuerzburg.de/lehrstuehle/dreier/dokumente_und_entscheidungen/dokumente_am_
lehrstuhl/schlussakte_ der_wiener_ministerkonferenz_15_mai_1820/>.
2. Deutsches Staats-wörterbuch, ed. Johann Caspar Bluntschli and Karl Ludwig Theodor Brater. Published by Expedition des Staats-Wörterbuchs, 1858 Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 8 May 2006, p. 61.
3. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, 3 May 1851, GW xiv. 208.
4. Hedwig von Blanckenburg to Johanna von Bismarck, 7 May 1851, Engelberg, i. 369.
5. Bismarck to Johanna, 14 May 1851, GW x. 211.
6. Bismarck to Kleist-Retzow, 4 July 1851, Pflanze, i. 51.
7. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, 5 May 1851, GW xiv. 208.
8. Bismarck to Johanna, 8 May 1851, GW xiv. 209.
9. Engelberg, i. 367.
10. Anthony Trollope, Barchester Towers (1857) (London: Penguin Classic, 1994), 188.
11. Ferdinand Lassalle’s ‘Open Answer of 1 March, 1863’ in Oncken, 281.
12. GW xiv. 209.
13. Bismarck to Johanna, 18 May 1851 GW xiv. 213.
14. Bismarck to Wagener, 5 June 1851, GW xiv. 217.
15. Engelberg, i. 386.
16. Bismarck to General Leopold von Gerlach, 22 June 1851, GW xiv. 219–20.
17. Bismarck to Johanna, Frankfurt, 16 Aug. 1851, GW xiv. 237 and 6 Sept. 1851, ibid. 240.
18. Bismarck to Brother, Frankfurt, 22 Sept. 1851, GW xiv. 241.
19. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, 23 Feb. 1853, GW xiv. 292.
20. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, 6 Feb. 1852, GW xiv. 249–50.
21. Willms, 97.
22. Ibid.
23. Holstein, Memoirs, 22–3.
24. Herman von Petersdorff, ‘Georg Freiherr von Vincke’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xxxix (Leipzig, 1895), 748.
25. Ibid. 750.
26. 25 Mar. 1852, Bismarck and Vincke have a duel: Bismarck to Mother-in-law, 4 Apr. 1852, GW xiv. 258.
27. This saying according to Georg Buchman’s Geflügelte Worte: Der Citatenschatz des deutschen Volkes, 510–11, goes back to the sixteenth century and originated with Emperor Maximilian I.
28. Bismarck to General Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 2 Aug. 1852, GW xiv. 275.
29. Bismarck to Sister, Frankfurt, 22 Dec. 1853, GW xiv. 336.
30. Pflanze, i. 86–7.
31. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, 19 Dec. 1853, GW xiv. 334.
32. Engelberg, i. 396.
33. ‘Prokesch von Osten, Anton Franz Count (1795–1876)’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xx (Berlin, 2001), 739–40.
34. Bismarck to Manteuffel, 12 Feb. 1853, cited in Engleberg, i. 384.
35. Ibid. 384.
36. Gerlach, Briefe, 28 Jan. 1853, pp. 33–4.
37. Leopold von Gerlach Diary, 27 July 1853, Engelberg, i. 403–4.
38. Willms, 100.
39. Pflanze, i. 90.
40. Engelberg, i. 424.
41. Willms, 100.
42. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, Maundy Thursday 13 Apr. 1854, GW xiv. 352.
43. Bismarck to Brother, 10 May 1854, Bismarck Briefe, No. 144, pp. 174–5.
44. 10 July 1854, ibid., No. 147, p. 177.
45. Ibid. 179, n. 1.
46. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 15 Dec. 1854, GW xiv. 374–5.
47. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 21 Dec. 1854, GW xiv. 375.
48. Engelberg, i. 424.
49. Bismarck Briefe, 181, n. 1.
50. Bismarck to Brother, Frankfurt, 26 Mar. 1855, ibid. No. 154, p. 181.
51. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, 2 Feb. 1855, GW xiv. 381.
52. Engelberg, i. 428.
53. Ibid.
54. Tiedemann, 281.
55. Urbach, 61.
56. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 10 Feb. 1855, GW xiv. 384.
57. <http://www.famousquotesandauthors.com/topics/revolution_and_reform_quotes.html>.
58. Letters of the Empress Frederick, 6.
59. Ibid. 7.
60. Bismarck to General Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 8 Apr. 1856, GW xiv. 439.
61. Pflanze, i. 81.
62. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Berlin, 2/4 May 1860, GW xiv. 549.
63. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 15 Sept. 1857, GW xiv. 415.
64. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 2 May 1857, GW xiv. 464–8.
65. Gerlach to Bismarck, Briefe, 6 May 1857, No. 103, pp. 208–13.
66. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 30 May 1857, GW xiv. 470.
67. Leopold von Gerlach to Bismarck, Briefe, 22 Dec. 1857, No. 107, p. 223.
68. Ibid., Briefe, 23 Feb. 1858, No. 109, p. 229.
69. Leopold von Gerlach, Briefe, No. 110, 1 May 1860, pp. 229–32.
70. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Berlin, 2/4 May 1860, GW xiv. 549.
71. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 52–3.
72. David Barclay in his biography of Frederick William IV gives a vivid account of the increasing incapacity of the King, who from 1853 on lost memory and capacity to use words. 8 October 1858, after another stroke, when he regained consciousness ‘he remained unable to attach proper words to people or objects. Although his condition began to stabilize, everyone realized that it would be a long time before he could resume the activities of his office’ (Barclay, 279).
73. Leopold von Gerlach, Briefe, 1 May 1860, No 110, pp. 231–2.
74. Pflanze, i. 140.
75. Ibid. 82.
76. Klaus-Jürgen Bremm, Von der Chaussee zur Schiene: Militär und Eisenbahnen in Preußen 1833 bis 1866, Militärgeschichtliche Studien (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2005).
77. ‘Moltke’, Neue deutsche Biographie, ed. Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1953), xviii. 13.
78. Bucholz, 33–4.
79. Ibid. 33.
80. Molte, Neue deutsche Biographie, 14.
81. Bucholz, 40–1.
82. Moltke, NDB 14–15.
83. Bucholz, 49.
84. Walter, 500–15.
85. 8 July 1870, Holstein, Memoirs, 41.
86. 9 Jan. 1871, Versailles, Verdy du Vernois, Im grossen Hauptquartier, 239.
87. 3 Sept. 1870, Waldersee, 95.
88. Bismarck to Stadtrat Gaertner, Frankfurt, 3 Feb. 1858, GW xiv. 484.
89. Letters of the Empress Frederick, 11.
90. Kurt Börries, ‘Friedrich Wilhelm IV’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie & Neue deutsche Biographie (Digitale Register), vol. v (Berlin, 1961), 565.
91. Otto Pflanze, Bismarck and the Development of Germany: The Period of Unification, 1815–1871 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971), 121–2.
92. Ibid. 134.
93. Wagner, 293ff.
94. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 20 Feb. 1859, GW xiv. 484.
95. Bismarck to Brother, Frankfurt, 29 Apr. 1858, GW xiv. 488.
96. Roon, i. 342.
97. Walter, 210, n. 81.
98. Roon, i. 213.
99. Princess Augusta to Roon, 22 Oct. 1848, ibid. 219.
100. Roon to Princess Augusta, 6 Nov. 1848, ibid. 225.
101. Ibid. 226.
102. Princess Augusta to Major Roon, 10 Dec. 1848, ibid. 231.
103. Prince William to Roon, 9 Jan. 1849, ibid. 231.
104. Ibid. 233–4.
105. Ibid. 257.
106. Anna to Roon, 31 Dec. 1850, ibid. 261.
107. Ibid. 266–7.
108. Roon to Bismarck, Coblenz, 14 July 1852, ibid. 267–8.
109. Roon to Perthes, 9 Nov. 1857, ibid. 334–5.
110. Ibid. 343–4.
111. Ibid. 348.
112. Ibid. 350–2.
113. The United States Constitution Online: <http://www.usconstitution.net/const.html#Am2>.
114. Pflanze, i. 105.
115. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 407.
116. Richard L. Gawthrop, ‘Literacy Drives in Pre-Industrial Germany’, in Robert F. Arnove and Harvey J. Graff (eds.), National Literacy Campaigns: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (New York: Springer, 1987), 29.
117. Pflanze, i. 105.
118. Karl Demeter, Das Deutsche Heer und seine Offiziere (Berlin, 1930), 13–29 and 69–95.
CHAPTER 6
1. Wolfgang Wippermann, ‘Otto von Manteuffel’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xx (Leipzig, 1884), 270–1. <http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/~db/bsb00008378/images/index.html>.
2. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 232.
3. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, 15 Jan. 1859, GW xiv. 496.
4. Otto Count Stolberg-Wernigerode, ‘Bismarck’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1955), 270. <http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/~db/0001/bsb00016318/images/index.html?id=00016318&fip=81.129.122.54&no=19&seite=297>.
5. Roon to Anna, 9 Jan. 1859, Roon, i. 360.
6. Roon to Anna, 10 Jan. 1859, ibid. 361–2.
7. Roon to Anna, 11 Jan. 1859, ibid. 362.
8. Roon, ibid. 363–4.
9. Stern, 14–15.
10. Ibid. 17.
11. Bismarck to Freiherr Georg von Werther, Frankfurt, 25 Feb. 1859, GW xiv. 501.
12. Bismarck to Brother, Frankfurt, 3 Mar. 1859, GW xiv. 502.
13. Bismarck to Johanna, 17 Mar. 1859, GW xiv. 504.
14. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, 22 Mar. 1859, GW xiv. 506.
15. Bismarck to Sister, Petersburg, 19/31 Mar. 1859, Bismarck Briefe, No. 210, pp. 253–4.
16. Bismarck to Brother, Petersburg, 8 May 1859, GW xiv. 519.
17. Bismarck to Johanna, Petersburg, 28 Apr. 1859, GW xiv. 515.
18. Bismarck to Johanna, St Petersburg, 4 Apr. 1859, GW xiv. 511.
19. Bismarck to Frau Peterhof, 28 June 1859, GW xiv. 529.
20. Bismarck to Johanna, Petersburg, 2 July 1859, GW xiv. 533.
21. Bismarck to Otto von Wentzel, Petersburg, 1 July 1859, GW xiv. 531–2.
22. Roon, i. 372.
23. Kenney, Ideology and Foreign Policy, 36.
24. Beller, 69.
25. Odo Russell to Lady William, 23 Mar. 1852, Urbach, 28.
26. ‘Villafranca, Conference of’, Encyclopædia Britannica Online (2008). <http://proxy.library.upenn.edu:3225/eb/article-9075366>.
27. Bismarck to Brother, Petersburg, 8 May 1859, GW xiv. 519.
28. Bismarck to Schleinitz, Petersburg, 12 May 1859, GW iii. 35 ff.
29. Bucholz, 66–7.
30. Roon to Perthes, 15 June 1859, Roon, i. 375.
31. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 251.
32. Engelberg, i. 477.
33. Bismarck to Brother, Berlin, 3 Aug. 1859, GW xiv. 536.
34. Planze, ii. 58.
35. Bismarck to Brother, St Petersburg, 15 July 1860, GW xiv. 556.
36. Bismarck to Sister, Berlin, 24 Sept. 1859, GW xiv. 538.
37. Bismarck to Johanna, Lazienki Palace, 19 Oct. 1859, GW xiv. 541.
38. Roon to Anna, 24 Oct. 1859, Roon, i. 388.
39. Roon to Anna, 28 Oct. 1859, ibid. 389–90.
40. Heinz Kraft, ‘Adold Heinrich von Brandt’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1955), 531.
41. General Heinrich von Brandt to Major Albrecht von Stosch, Berlin, 19 Oct. 1859, Stosch, 48.
42. Roon to Anna, 4 Nov. 1859. Roon, i. 391.
43. Ibid. 402–5.
44. Pflanze, ii. 10.
45. ‘Clemens Theodor Perthes’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xx (Berlin, 2001), 202.
46. Perthes to Roon, 4 Dec. 1859, Roon, i. 409.
47. Walter, 32, ‘Once more, let me repeat: there is no research on the Roon reforms.’
48. Ibid. 25–6.
49. Ibid. 33.
50. Karl Georg Albrecht Ernst von Hake (1768–1835), Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. x (Leipzig, 1879), 394–6. Hake belonged to the ‘Napoleonic’ generation and served twice as Minister of War. The ADB says of him: ‘not a statesman of the highest rank or a field commander, nor an organizational genius but a solid person and a restless worker, who served his Fatherland with true and useful service’ (ibid. 396).
51. Walter, 341.
52. Duncker, 183.
53. ‘August Reichensperger, (1808–1895)’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie & Neue deutsche Biographie (Digitale Register), vol. xxi (Berlin, 2003), 309–10.
54. Bismarck to Moritz, 12 Feb. 1860, Pflanze, i. 143, n. 39.
55. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, 7 May, GW xiv. 551.
56. Roon, ii. 19–20.
57. Bernhard von Poten, ‘Edwin Freihher von Manteuffel’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie & Neue deutsche Biographie (Digitale Register), vol. lii, Nachträge bis 1899 (Leipzig, 1906), 178.
58. Craig, ‘Portrait of a Political General’, 2.
59. Ibid. 2, n. 4.
60. Ibid. 32.
61. Schweinitz, 214–16.
62. PC 21/11, 14 Mar. 1883, p. 4. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247%2F1883%2F1883–03–14.xml&s=4>.
63. Craig, ‘Portrait of a Political General’, 32, n. 108.
64. Ibid. 11–12.
65. Ibid. 12.
66. Stefan Hartmann, ‘Manteuffel’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xvi (Berlin, 1990), 88.
67. Bismarck to Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 19 Dec. 1857, GW xiv. 481.
68. Bismarck to Brother, Berlin, 12 May 1860, GW xiv. 553.
69. Ibid.
70. Schlözer to Brother, 2 June 1860, Schlözer, 149.
71. Bismarck to Geh. Legationsrath Wentzel, Petersburg, 16 June 1860, GW xiv. 554–5.
72. Engelberg, i. 529.
73. Bismarck to Sister, Zarskoe-Selo, 4 Oct. 1860, GW xiv. 562–3.
74. Holstein, Memoirs, 4–6.
75. Pflanze, i. 173.
76. Craig, ‘Portrait of a Political General’, 13.
77. Hermann von Petersdorff, ‘Twesten’ (1820–70), Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xxxix (Leipzig, 1895), 35.
78. Ibid. 35 and Pflanze, i. 171.
79. Von Petersdorff, ‘Twesten’, 35–6.
80. Roon, ii. 21.
81. <http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/kaiserreich/innenpolitik/fortschrittspartei/index.html>.
82. Roon, ii. 50.
83. Bismarck to Roon, 1–3 July 1861, Roon, ii. 29–32.
84. Ibid. 30.
85. Bismarck to Alexander Ewald von Below-Hohendorf (1800–81), Stolpmünde, 18 Sept. 1861, GW xiv. 578.
86. Bismarck to Sister Malwine, Petersburg, 8 Nov. 1861, Bismarck Briefe, No. 258, p. 322.
87. ‘Sitzverteilung in der Zweiten Kammer des Landtags 1848–1870’, Wahlen in Deutschland bis 1918: Landtage Königreich Preußen. <http://www.wahlen-in-deutschland.de/klPreussen.htm>.
88. Craig, ‘Portrait of a Political General’, 19.
89. Craig, The Politics, 137.
90. ‘Sitzverteilung in der Zweiten Kammer des Landtags 1848–1870’, Wahlen in Deutschland bis 1918: Landtage Königreich Preußen. <http://www.wahlen-in-deutschland.de/klPreussen.htm>.
91. ‘Urwählerstatistik 1849–1913, Preussen’, Wahlen in Deutschland bis 1918 Landtage Königreich Preußen. <http://www.wahlen-in-deutschland.de/klPreussen.htm>.
92. Bismarck to Roon, 12 Apr. 1862, Roon, ii. 79–80.
93. Bismarck to von Wentzel, 19 Apr. 1862, Bismarck Briefe, No. 264, pp. 330–1.
94. Bismarck to Johanna, 17 May 1862, Bismarck Briefe, No. 265, 332.
95. Roon, ii. 86.
96. Unpublished memo, 21 May 1862, cited in Schoeps, 235.
97. Bismarck to Johanna, 23 May 1862, Bismarck Briefe, No. 266, 332.
98. Bismarck to Johanna, Berlin, 25 May 1862, Bismarck Briefe, No. 268 p. 334; Bismarck to Brother, 25 May 1862, No. 267, ibid. 333.
99. Roon, ii. 92.
100. Roon to Bismarck, 4 June 1862, ibid. 93.
101. Ibid. 94.
102. Bismarck to Roon, Paris, 8 June 1862, ibid. 97.
103. Roon to Bismarck, Berlin, 26 June 1862, ibid. 99.
104. Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 765.
105. Bismarck to Roon, Paris, 5 July 1862, Roon, ii. 101.
106. Bismarck to Johanna, 14 July 1862, Bismarck Briefe, No. 279, 345–6.
107. Roon to Perthes, 6 July 1862, Roon, ii. 106–7.
108. Orloff, 38.
109. Ibid. 56–7.
110. Ibid. 57.
111. Ibid. 88.
112. Bismarck to Katharina Orloff, Letter No. 5, Biarritz, 21 Oct. 1865, ibid. 113.
113. Roon to Bismarck, Zimmerhausen, 29 Aug. 1862, Roon, ii. 109.
114. Bismarck to Roon, Toulouse, 12 Sept. 1862, Bismarck Briefe, No. 290, 361.
115. Roon, ii. 115.
116. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 293.
117. Roon, ii. 120–1; and also Pflanze, i. 180.
118. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 294.
119. Ibid.
120. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 295.
121. Crown Prince’s diary, Schoeps, 31.
122. Engelberg, i. 518.
123. Stern, 28.
124. Petersdorff, 338.
125. Kleist-Retzow to Ludwig von Gerlach, 22 Sept. 1862, ibid. 340.
126. Bismarck to von Wentzel, 28 Sept. 1862, Bismarck Briefe, No. 281, p. 363.
127. Stosch to von Holtzendorff, Magdeburg, 28 Sept. 1862, Stosch, 52.
128. Bismarck’s speech before Landtag Budget Committee, ‘Blut und Eisen’, 30 Sept. 1862, Pflanze, i. 183–4.
129. Gall, The White Revolutionary, i. 206.
130. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, i. 313–14.
131. Schoeps, 105.
132. Kurd von Schlözer, 3 Oct. 1862, Pflanze, i. 179.
133. Schoeps, 105.
CHAPTER 7
1. Perthes to Roon, 28 Apr. 1864, Roon, ii. 238.
2. Ibid. 260–1.
3. Kurd von Schlözer, 3 Oct. 1862, Pflanze, i. 179.
4. Ibid. 169.
5. Ibid. 182.
6. Adolf Graf von Kleist (1793–1866) to Hans von Kleist, 9 Nov. 1862, Petersdorff, 342.
7. Manteuffel to Roon, 5 Dec. 1862, Craig, ‘Portrait of a Political General’, 26.
8. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 522.
9. Bismarck to Prince Henry VII of Reuss, 23 Nov. 1862, GW xiv. 629.
10. Engelberg, i. 532.
11. Brunck, 36.
12. Huber, vol. ii, section II. 1.
13. Brunck, 64 n. 1.
14. Bismarck to Johanna, 7 Oct. 1862, Bismarck Briefe, No. 292, p. 363.
15. Pflanze, ii. 35.
16. Holstein, Memoirs, 6.
17. Pflanze, ii. 45–6.
18. Ibid. 48, n. 45.
19. Stosch to von Normann, Prödlitz (Bohemia), 17 July 1866, Stosch, 102.
20. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 331.
21. Stern, 30.
22. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 329, 330, 333, 334.
23. Ibid. 370.
24. Roon, ii. 127; Brunck, 101.
25. Pflanze, i. 193.
26. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 342–3.
27. Ibid. 346.
28. Pflanze, i. 195.
29. Lucius, 2.
30. Bismarck Speech, 31 Mar. 1863, GW x. 179.
31. Ludwig von Gerlach to Hans von Kleist, 23 Apr. 1863, Petersdorff, 347.
32. Bismarck to Motley, Berlin, 17 Apr. 1863, Bismarck Briefe, No. 297, pp. 366–7.
33. Motley, Family, 174–8.
34. Pflanze, i. 210.
35. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 350.
36. Princess Victoria to Queen Victoria, 8 June 1863, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 41–2.
37. Bismarck to Roon, Carlsbad, 6 July 1863, Bismarck Briefe, No. 299, pp. 369–70.
38. Bismarck to Johanna, Nuremberg, 19 July 1863, ibid., No. 303, p. 372.
39. Pflanze, i. 197.
40. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 375–6.
41. Bismarck to Johanna, Baden, 29 Aug. 1863, Bismarck Briefe, No. 312, p. 377.
42. Huber, 32–3.
43. Oncken, 59.
44. Footman, 175.
45. Lassalle to Dammer, 12 May 1863, Oncken, 360.
46. George Meredith, The Tragic Comedians (Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co. 1902).
47. Roberts, 174.
48. Meredith, 57.
49. Hans Wolfram von Hentig, ‘Sophie Gräfin von Hatzfeldt’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. viii (Berlin, 1969), 67.
50. Georg Brandes, Ferdinand Lassalle (1881) English edn. (London: William Heineman, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1911), 22–3.
51. Ibid. 24.
52. Ibid. 30–1.
53. Oncken, 254–5.
54. Ferdinand Lassalle, 2 Feb. 1839, Tagebuch, 85–6.
55. Iring Fetscher, ‘Lassalle’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xiii (Berlin, 1982), 662.
56. Ibid.
57. Brandes, Lassalle, 24.
58. Oncken, 228–9.
59. Ibid. 230; Studt, 236–7.
60. Oncken, 243–4.
61. Ibid. 236–7.
62. Ibid. 256.
63. Footman, 156.
64. Ibid. 153–4.
65. Lassalle to Countess Hatzfeldt, 3 Mar. 1862, Footman, 162–3.
66. Haenisch, 119.
67. Ibid. 119.
68. Oncken, 379.
69. Ibid. 467.
70. Marx to Engels, ibid. 473.
71. Karl Marx, Das Kapital: Kritik der politischen Ökonomie (Stuttgart: Albert Kroner Verlag, 1969), 5. Foreword to the first German edition, London 25 July 1867 (translated by JS).
72. Oncken, 373–4.
73. Ibid. 374.
74. Studt, 245–8.
75. Ibid. 251–2.
76. Willy Andreas, ‘Arthur von Brauer’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1955), 543–4.
77. Studt, 251.
78. Ibid. 251–2.
79. Holstein, Memoirs, 52 f.
80. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 357.
81. Roon, ii. 167.
82. PC 1/15, 7 Oct. 1863. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1863/1863–10–07.xml&s=1>.
83. Ibid.
84. ‘Sitzverteilung in der Zweiten Kammer des Landtags 1848–1870’, Wahlen in Deutschland bis 1918: Landtage Königreich Preußen. <http://www.wahlen-in-deutschland.de/klPreussen.htm>.
85. Hans von Kleist to Bismarck, 6 Nov. 1863, Petersdorff, 356.
86. Roon, ii. 170.
87. PC 1/22, 25 Nov. 1863, p. 2. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/verzeichnis.php>.
88. Ibid. 1.
89. Bismarck to unknown recipient, Berlin, 22 Dec. 1862, Bismarck Briefe, No. 295, p. 365.
90. Pflanze, i. 236.
91. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 524.
92. Pflanze, i. 237.
93. Grenville, 253.
94. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 10.
95. Ibid. 12 and 13.
96. Ibid. i. 359.
97. Schoeps, 55.
98. Ibid. 56.
99. Pflanze, i. 242.
100. Roon, ii. 189.
101. Stern, 39.
102. Roon to Perthes, 17 Jan. 1864, Roon, ii. 180.
103. John Prest, ‘Russell, John [formerly Lord John Russell], first Earl Russell (1792–1878)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, Sept. 2004). Online edn., Jan. 2008: <http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24325>.
104. Ibid.
105. Pflanze, i. 248.
106. Embree, 29.
107. Ibid. 29–30.
108. Bismarck to Roon, 21 Jan. 1864, Roon, ii. 171–2.
109. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 379–80.
110. Holstein, Memoirs, 25.
111. Bismarck to Roon, end Mar. 1864, Roon, ii. 226.
112. Embree, 45.
113. Roon to King, 16 Mar. 1864, Roon, ii. 214 and 215.
114. Pflanze, i. 249.
115. Craig, Fontane, 84.
116. Bismarck to Graf Arnim-Boitzenburg, 16 May 1864, Bismarck Briefe, No. 331, p. 388.
117. Bismarck to Motley, Berlin, 23 May 1864, Bismarck Briefe, No. 332, p. 389.
118. Motley to Bismarck, Vienna, 28 May 1864; Motley, Family, 201–2.
119. Bismarck to Theodor von Bismarck-Bohlen, Berlin, 23 May 1864, Bismarck Briefe, No. 333, p. 391.
120. Roon to Moritz von Blanckenburg, 24 May 1864, Roon, ii. 243.
121. Pflanze, i. 252.
122. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 36.
123. Roon, ii. 245.
124. Ibid. 247.
125. Ibid. 248.
126. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 30–1.
127. Pflanze, ii. 253.
128. Ibid. 253.
129. Eyck, Bismarck, i. 624.
130. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 32.
131. Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 80.
132. Brunck, 150.
133. Roon to Moritz von Blanckenburg, 26 Mar. 1866, Roon, ii. 259.
134. Stern, 44–5.
135. Brunck, 143.
136. Pflanze, i. 249.
137. Bismarck to Sister, Carlsbad, 27 June 1864, Bismarck Briefe, No. 336, p. 392.
138. Roon, ii. 254.
139. Bismarck to Johanna, Carlsbad, 20 July 1864, GW xiv. 672.
140. Bismarck to Brother, Vienna, 22 July 1864, Bismarck Briefe, No. 340, p. 394.
141. Mary Motley to daughter, 1 Aug. 1864, Motley, Family, 209–14.
142. Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 82.
143. Pflanze, i. 255.
144. Stern, 51.
145. Bismarck to Roon, Reinfeld, 22 Sept. 1864, Roon, ii. 284.
146. PC 2/45, Nov. 1864, p. 1. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1864/1864–11–02.xml&s=1>.
147. Franz Freiherr von Samaruga, ‘Mensdorff’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xxi (Leipzig, 1885), 366.
148. Pflanze, i. 259.
149. Bismarck Briefe, No. 362, p. 408, n. 4.
150. Pflanze, i. 260.
151. Ibid.
152. Stern, 8.
153. William I to Roon, 25 Apr. 1865, Roon, ii. 329.
154. Manteuffel to the King, 2 May 1865, Craig, ‘Portrait of a Political General’, 25.
155. Röhl, ‘Kriegsgefahr’, 97.
156. Pflanze, i. 261.
157. Manteuffel to Roon, 4 June 1865, Roon, ii. 321.
158. Stern, 60.
159. Röhl, ‘Kriegsgefahr’, 97.
160. Brunck, 144.
161. Wolfgang Köllmann, ‘August von der Heydt’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ix (Berlin, 1972), 75.
162. August von der Heydt to Bismarck, 22 June 1865, Brunck, 146.
163. Radtke, 356.
164. Ibid. 17.
165. Bismarck to Roon, 3 July 1865, Bismarck Briefe, No. 365, p. 410.
166. Röhl, ‘Kriegsgefahr’, 94 and n. 34
167. Ibid. 97 and Bismarck to Eulenburg, 4 July, ibid. 98.
168. Bismarck to Eulenburg, 11 July 1865, ibid. 98–9.
169. Karl Wippermann, ‘Otto von Camphausen’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xlvii, Nachträge bis 1899 (Leipzig, 1903), 429.
170. Stern, 64.
171. Bismarck to Eulenburg, 11 July 1865, Röhl, ‘Kriegsgefahr’, 99.
172. ‘Oppenheim Familie’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie & Neue deutsche Biographie (Digitale Register) vol. xix (Berlin, 1999), 559.
173. Brophy, Capitalism, Politics, and Railroads in Prussia, 156–7.
174. Nikolaus von Preradowich, ‘Blome’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1955), 315.
175. Bismarck to Eulenburg, 30 July 1865, Röhl, ‘Kriegsgefahr’, 101.
176. Tiedemann, 281.
177. Bismarck to Eulenburg, 1 Aug. 1875, Röhl, ‘Kriegsgefahr’, 99.
178. Roon to Moritz von Blanckenburg, 1 Aug. 1865, Roon, ii. 354.
179. Stern, 64–5.
180. Chotek to Mensdorff, 12 Aug. 1865, Stern, 64.
181. Pflanze, i. 263.
182. Bismarck to Eulenburg, 18 Aug. 1865, Röhl, ‘Kriegsgefahr’, 102.
183. Lawrence D. Steefel, ‘The Rothschilds and the Austrian Loan of 1865’, Journal of Modern History, 8/1 (Mar. 1936), 36.
184. Budissiner Nachrichten, 11 June 1865, in Green, 267.
185. Stosch to von Holtzendorff, Magdeburg, 31 Aug. 1865, Stosch, 63.
186. Busch, i. 490.
187. Wawro, Austro-Prussian War, 17.
188. Walter, 580–1.
189. Stosch to von Holtzendorff, Magdeburg, 2 Oct. 1865, Stosch, 63.
190. Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire, 108; Pflanze, i. 265; Wawro, 42–3.
191. 3 Jan. 1866, Ludwig von Gerlach, Nachlass, i. 474.
192. A. W. Ward, ‘Loftus, Lord Augustus William Frederick Spencer (1817–1904)’, rev. H. C. G. Matthew, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). Online edn., Jan. 2008: <http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34586>.
193. Loftus, 38.
194. PC 4/10, 7 Mar. 1866, p. 2. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1866/1866–03–07.xml&s=2>.
195. Ibid. 1.
196. Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire, 111, Stern, 70.
197. Bucholz, 114.
198. Lord Clarendon to Loftus, 7 Mar. 1866, Loftus, 43.
199. Gräfin Hatzfeldt to Mensdorff, 17 Mar. 1866, Schoeps, 177.
200. Roon to Moritz von Blanckenburg, 26 Mar. 1866, Roon, ii. 259.
201. Stosch to von Holtzendorff, Magdeburg, 14 May 1865, Stosch, 62.
202. Im Ring der Gegner Bismarcks: Denkschriften und politischer Briefwechsel Franz v. Roggenbachs mit Kaiserin Augusta und Albrecht v. Stosch, 1865–1896, 2nd edn., ed. Julius Heyderhoff (Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang, 1943).
203. Börner, William I, 269.
204. Roon, ii. 260.
205. Roon, ii. 260.
206. Moltke to Roon, 5 Apr. 1866, Roon, ii. 262.
207. Bucholz, 116–17.
208. Crown Prince to Schweinitz, 1 Apr. 1866, Schweinitz, 23.
209. Engelberg, i. 574.
210. Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire, 115.
211. Ibid., 11 Apr. 1866, p. 1. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1866/1866–04–11.xml&s=1>.
212. Anderson, 97.
213. Engelberg, i. 575.
214. Count Adolph von Kleist to Gerlach, 10 Apr. 1866, Gerlach, Nachlass, ii. 1265–6.
215. Prince Albrecht von Preussen to Ludwig von Gerlach, Berlin, 4 May 1866, ibid. 1272–4.
216. Hans von Kleist-Retzow to Ludwig von Gerlach, Kieckow, 16 Apr. 1866, ibid. 1268–9.
217. Geheimrat J. Bindewald to Ludwig von Gerlach, Berlin, 2 May 1866, ibid. 1271.
218. Prince Albrecht von Preussen to Ludwig von Gerlach, Berlin, 4 May 1866, ibid. 1272–4.
219. Ludwig von Gerlach, 5 May 1866, published in the Kreuzzeitung, No. 105, 8 May 1886, Gerlach, Tagebuch, 478.
220. Lucius, 28.
221. Pflanze, i. 303.
222. PC 4/19, 9 May 1866, p. 3. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1866/1866–05–09.xml&s=3>.
223. Stosch to his wife, Berlin, 26 May 1866, Stosch, 74.
224. Bismarck to von der Goltz, 30 May 1866, GW v. 429.
225. Stosch to his wife, Berlin, 30 May 1866, Stosch, 76.
226. Walter, 221.
227. Bucholz, 120.
228. Roon, ii. 275.
229. PC 4/23, 6 June 1866, p. 1. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1866/1866–06–06.xml&s=1>.
230. Bismarck to Duke Ernst von Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 9 June 1866, Bismarck Briefe, No. 382, p. 424.
231. Bismarck, Memorandum to Federal Princes, 10 June 1866, GW v. 534.
232. Bismarck to Heinrich von Treitschke, 11 June 1866, Bismarck Briefe, No. 383, pp. 425–6.
233. Hermann von Petersdorff, ‘Treitschke’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. lv, Nachträge bis 1899 (Leipzig, 1910), 282.
234. Stern, 85.
235. Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire, 118.
236. Arsène Lagrelle, A travers la Saxe, Souvenirs et études (Paris, 1866) in Green, 28.
237. Zimmer, 74–5.
238. The Death of Wallenstein by Friedrich Schiller, trans. Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Project Gutenberg. <http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/7/8/6787/6787.txt>.
239. Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire, 123–4.
240. Ibid. 127.
241. Sterne, 205.
242. Loftus, 60.
243. Wawro, Austro-Prussian War, 53.
244. Zimmer, 95–101.
245. Ibid. 62.
246. Craig, Fontane, 87.
247. Ibid. 63.
248. Bismarck to Roon, 17 June 1866, Roon, ii. 277.
249. Zimmer, 89.
250. Wawro, Austro-Prussian War, 55.
251. Stosch to Holtzendorff, 20 Aug. 1866, Stosch, 113.
252. Ibid. 55.
253. Ibid. 199–201.
254. Wawro, Austro-Prussian War, 227.
255. Zimmer, 120–1.
256. Walter, 64.
257. Ibid. 74.
258. Craig, Battle of Königgrätz, 26.
259. Stosch to wife, Neise (Silesia), 20 June 1866 (Stosch, 84) ‘Promotion has arrived, Madame General! My first bit of General’s equipment—a few “ellen” of red cloth which we sewed on’.
260. 3 July 1866, Stosch, 94.
261. PC 4/27, 4 July 1866, p. 4. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1866/1866–07–04.xml&s=1}>.
262. Rudolf Bamberger to Ludwig, 6 July 1866, Koehler, 91.
263. Bismarck to Johanna, Hohenmauth, Monday 9 July 1866, Bismarck Briefe, No. 387, p. 429.
264. Stosch to von Normann, Prödlitz (Bohemia), 17 July 1866, Stosch, 102.
265. Moltke to Wife, 23 July 1866, Moltke, Gesammelte Schriften, vi. 496.
266. Engelberg, i. 613.
267. Lucius, 118–19.
268. Engelberg, i. 614.
269. PC 4/31, 1 Aug. 1866, p. 1. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1866/1866–08–01.xml&s=1>.
270. Pflanze, i. 315.
271. Sterne, 210.
272. Ibid. 212–13, n. 50.
273. Ibid. 213.
274. Pflanze, i. 316.
CHAPTER 8
1. PC 4/30, 25 July 1866, p. 2. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1866/1866–07–25.xml&s=2>.
2. Bismarck to Johanna, Brünn, 18 July 1866, Bismarck Briefe, No. 389, p. 431.
3. Engelberg, i. 619.
4. L. Mitteis, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. i, Nachträge bis 1899 (Leipzig, 1905), 652 ff. <http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/~db/bsb00008408/images/index.html?id=00008408&fip=81.129.122.54&no=17&seite=652>.
5. Pflanze, i. 331.
6. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 544.
7. Cited in Walter, 65.
8. Petersdorff, 381.
9. Bismarck to Johanna, Prague, 3 Aug. 1866, Bismarck Briefe, No. 390, p. 432; and also in Petersdorff, 383.
10. Engelberg, i. 627.
11. PC 4/30, 8 Aug. 1866, p. 1. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1866/1866–08–08.xml&s=1>.
12. Petersdorff, 383–4.
13. Brunck, 167.
14. Emil Breslaur, Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums, 25 Sept. 1866, pp. 622–3.
15. Brunck, 169.
16. Schoeps, 113–14.
17. Klara von Eyall, ‘Mevissen’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xvii (Berlin, 1994), 277–81.
18. Pflanze, i. 331.
19. Koehler, 92–3.
20. ‘Photographs from the Reichstag’, Die Gartenlaube, 15/18 (Apr.), 285–6.
21. Bismarck to Bernhard, Varzin, 7 July 1867, Bismarck Briefe, No. 394, p. 435.
22. Bismarck to Motley, Varzin, 7 Aug. 1869, Motley, Correspondence, 221–2.
23. Motley to Mary Motley, Hôtel du Nord, Berlin, 1 Aug. 1872, Motley, Correspondence, iii. 274 ff.).
24. Roggenbach, 57–8, n. 2.
25. Queen Augusta to Freiherr von Roggenbach, Berlin, 9 Jan. 1867, Roggenbach, 68–9.
26. Pflanze, ii. 409.
27. Schweinitz, 37.
28. Verfassung des Norddeutschen Bundes: <http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Verfassung_des_Norddeutschen_Bundes#Artikel_1>.
29. Pflanze, i. 353.
30. Wahl des konstituierenden Reichstages: <http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(Norddeutscher_Bund)#Wahl_des_konstituierenden_Reichstages>
31. Schuder, 67.
32. Pflanze, i. 357.
33. <http://www.hgisg-ekompendium.ieg-mainz.de/Dokumentation_Datensaetze/Multimedia/Staatenwelten/Norddeutscher_Bund.pdf>.
34. Stosch to wife, Versailles, 25 Jan. 1870, Stosch, 227.
35. GW vi. b. 15.
36. Ibid. 15–16.
37. Brunck, 206.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Hans Heffter, ‘Delbrück’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. iii (Berlin, 1957), 577–9. <http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/~db/0001/bsb00016319/images/index.html?seite=595>.
41. Holstein, Memoirs, 51.
42. Hollyday, 144.
43. 27 Mar. 1875, Lucius, 47–8.
44. Stosch to Gustav Freytag, Berlin, 18 Aug. 1867, Stosch, 132–3.
45. Anderson, 3.
46. Ulrich von Hehl, ‘Peter Reichensperger’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xxi (Berlin, 2003), 310–11.
47. Anderson, 243.
48. Ibid. 63.
49. Ibid. 100.
50. Riotte, 85.
51. Wahlen in Deutschland bis 1918 Reichstagswahlen Preußische Provinz Hannover. <http://www.wahlen-in-deutschland.de/kuPrHannover.htm>.
52. F. Nachpfahl, ‘Windthorst’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. lv, Nachträge bis 1899 (Leipzig, 1910), 99.
53. Anderson, 140.
54. Ibid. 99–100.
55. Ibid. 107.
56. Ulrich von Hehl, ‘August Reichensperger’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xxi (Berlin, 2003), 309–10.
57. Anderson, 108.
58. Stosch to Freytag, 15 Mar. 1868, Stosch, 137.
59. Bismarck to State Minister von Mühler, 27 Feb. 1868, GW vib. 283.
60. Decrees of the First Vatican Council, Historical Discovery Presents the Councils of the Church. <http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Valley/8920/
churchcouncils/Ecum20.htm#papalinfallibilitydefined>.
61. Spitzemberg, 80, n. 30.
62. Roggenbach to Queen Augusta, Berlin, 22 June 1869, Roggenbach, No. 22, p. 105.
63. Bismarck to Eulenburg, 19 Jan. 1869, in Brunck, 222.
64. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 225.
65. King William to Bismarck, 22 Feb. 1869, Correspondence of William I. & Bismarck, i. 107–8.
66. Bismarck to Roon, Berlin, 22 Feb. 1869, Bismarck Briefe, No. 404, p. 442.
67. King William to Bismarck, op. cit. n. 65 above.
68. Ibid. 227.
69. Stosch to Freytag, 9 Mar. 1869, Stosch, 152.
70. Clark, Conversion, 163, n. 170.
71. Bismarck to Roon, Varzin, 29 Aug. 1869, Bismarck Briefe, No. 410, 449.
72. Roon to Moritz von Blanckenburg, 16 Jan. 1870, Roon, ii. 419.
73. Moritz von Bismarck to Roon, 21 Jan. 1870, ibid. ii. 420.
74. Bartlett, 278.
75. Willms, 219–20.
76. Clark, ‘Marshal Prim’, 318.
77. Pflanze, i. 253; Willms, 220.
78. Willms, 220.
79. Halperin, 85.
80. Gerwarth, 72.
81. Halperin, 85.
82. Waldersee, 49.
83. Bartlett, 280.
84. Halperin, 87.
85. Pflanze, i. 454.
86. Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, 12 Mar. 1870, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 71.
87. Pflanze, i. 455–6.
88. Ibid. 456.
89. Bismarck, Man & Statesman, ii. 89. <http://www.archive.org/stream/bismarck-manstate02bismuoft/bismarckmanstate02bismuoft_djvu.txt>.
90. Willms, 223.
91. Bartlett, 276.
92. Ibid. 282.
93. Willms, 224.
94. Waldersee, 71–2.
95. Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, 6 June 1870, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 72.
96. 7 July 1870, Diary Entry, Waldersee, 72.
97. 8 July 1870, Waldersee, 73–4.
98. 9 July 1870, Waldersee, 76.
99. Willms gives an excellent account of this stage of the crisis, 225–6.
100. Pflanze, ii. 81.
101. Pflanze, i. 466.
102. Kriegstagebuch Herbert Bismarcks quoted in Stern, 130.
103. Engelberg, i. 721.
104. 12 July, diary entry, Waldersee, 79–80.
105. Willms, 228.
106. Ibid.
107. Lucius, 17 Jan. 1877, p. 98.
108. Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, 16 July 1870, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 75.
109. Bucholz, 162–3.
110. Lucius, 3–4.
111. 21 July 1870, Waldersee, 83.
112. Moltke, Franco-German War, Appendix, pp. 423–47.
113. Bernhard von Poten, ‘Steinmetz’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xxxvi (Leipzig, 1893), 18.
114. Waldersee, 84.
115. Willms, 232.
116. Ibid. 233.
117. 2 Aug. 1879, Mainz, Waldersee, 86.
118. Moltke, Franco-Prussian War, 18.
119. 5 Aug. 1870, War Diary of Emperor Frederick, 31, 41–2.
120. Moltke, Franco-Prussian War, 63.
121. Moltke, Franco-Prussian War, 114.
122. Ibid. 115.
123. 3 Aug. 1870, Waldersee, 86.
124. 24 Aug., ibid.
125. 9 Sept. 1870, Waldersee, 95.
126. Ibid. 97.
127. Bronsart, 89.
128. Stern, 138.
129. Ibid. 148.
130. Waldersee, 98.
131. Moltke, Franco-Prussian War, 128.
132. Ibid. 127.
133. Waldersee, 98–9.
134. Bronsart, 107–8.
135. Ferrières, 4 Oct. 1870, Waldersee, 100.
136. 7 Oct., ibid. 101.
137. Keudell, 469.
138. 23 Oct. 1870, Waldersee, 102–4.
139. Urbach, 54.
140. Ibid.
141. Richard Davenport-Hines, ‘Russell, Odo William Leopold, first Baron Ampthill (1829–1884)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, Sept. 2004). Online edn., Jan. 2008: <http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24332>.
142. Lady William Russell to Sir Austen Henry Layard, 18 Oct. 1870, in Urbach, 47.
143. Davenport-Hines, ‘Russell’, ODNB.
144. Urbach, 69.
145. Bronsart, 212.
146. Crown Prince, 14 Dec. 1870, in Letters of the Empress Frederick, 107.
147. Bronsart, 227.
148. Ibid. 233–7.
149. Bronsart, 233–7.
150. Stosch to Wife, Versailles, 22 Dec. 1870, Stosch, 17.
151. Bronsart, 249.
152. Diary, Versailles 26 Dec. 1870, Waldersee, 116–18.
153. Versailles, 31 Dec. 1870, Emperor Frederick’s Diary, 241.
154. 4 Jan. 1871, ibid. 246.
155. Ibid. 247.
156. Stosch to wife, Versailles, 6 Jan. 1871, Stosch, 221.
157. 8 Jan. 1871, Emperor Frederick’s Diary, 253.
158. 9 Jan. 1871, ibid. 254.
159. HQ Versailles, 13 Jan. 1871, Emperor Frederick’s Diary, 257–8.
160. Jörg, a leader in the Patriot Party in Bavaria, became one of the most important figures in Catholic social action after unification. Bernhard Zittel, ‘Jörg’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. x (Berlin, 1974), 461.
161. Anderson, 29, n. 25.
162. Keudell, 463.
163. Pflanze, i. 500.
164. Ibid. 464.
165. Karl Erich Born, ‘Friedenthal’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. v (Berlin, 1961), 447.
166. Schuder, 109–10.
167. PC 8/49, 7 Dec. 1870, p. 1. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1870/1870–12–07.xml&s=1>.
168. Bismarck to Johanna, HQ Versailles, 12 Dec. 1870, GW xiv. 803.
169. PC 8/49, 14 Dec. 1870, p. 1.
170. Kleist to von Blanckenburg, Petersdorff, 406.
171. Keudell, 465.
172. Pflanze, i. 504.
173. Clark, Iron Kingdom, 67.
174. HQ Versailles, 16 Jan. 1871, Emperor Frederick’s Diary, 263–4.
175. 17 Jan. 1871, ibid. 265–6.
176. 18 Jan. 1871, Bronsart, 298.
177. War Diary of Emperor Frederick, 272.
178. 8 June 1873, Lucius, 33–4.
179. Stern, 146.
180. Holstein, Memoirs, 79. The ‘Prince of Arcadia’s full title was Georg Albert, Prince von Schwarzburg- Rudolstadt, who reigned in that tiny state from 1869 to 1890.
181. Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, 20 Jan. 1871, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 116.
182. Ibid. 229.
183. War Diary of the Emperor Frederick, 292 and 294.
184. Bronsart, 310.
185. Erich Angermann, ‘Otto Camphausen’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. iii (Berlin, 1957), 115.
186. Stern, 151.
187. Ibid. 154.
188. Ibid. 154.
189. HQ Versailles, 6 Mar. 1871, Emperor Frederick’s Diary, 328.
190. Spitzemberg, 122.
191. Ibid. 124.
192. Source: <http://www.bismarckhering.com/index-eng.php3>.
CHAPTER 9
1. Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 473–4.
2. Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, 11 Dec. 1870, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 110.
3. Bismarck, NFA p. vii.
4. Wahlen in Deutschland bis 1918, Reichstagswahlen. Ergebnisse reichsweit. <http://www.wahlen-in-deutschland.de/krtw.htm>.
5. Keudell, 476.
6. 22 Sept. 1870, Emperor Frederick’s Diary, 130.
7. Pflanze, ii. 186.
8. Ibid. 187.
9. Bismarck to von Werthern, 17 Apr. 1871, NFA 56–7.
10. Anderson, 144–5.
11. Bismarck to Brassier, 1 May 1871, NFA, No. 85, p. 94.
12. Pflanze, ii. 194.
13. Ibid. 195.
14. Heinz Starkulla, ‘Karl Jentsch’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. v (Berlin, 1974), 412–13.
15. Anderson, 151.
16. Bismarck to Tauffkirchen, 30 June 1871, NFA, No. 149, p. 161.
17. Engelberg, ii. 106–7.
18. Pflanze, ii. 201.
19. Hermann Granier, ‘Maximilian Graf von Schwerin’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xxxiii (Leipzig, 1891), 433.
20. Schoeps, 116–17.
21. Stephan Skalweit, ‘Falk’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. v (Berlin, 1961), 6.
22. Ibid.
23. Engelberg, ii. 107.
24. Ibid., ii. 110.
25. Anderson, 433, n. 61.
26. Ibid. 154–5.
27. Ibid. 156.
28. Schoeps, 229.
29. Anderson, 157.
30. Ibid. 160.
31. Schoeps, 230.
32. Pflanze, ii. 208.
33. Urbach, 157.
34. Petersdorff, 423.
35. Ibid. 424–5.
36. Kurt Gassen, ‘Andrae’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. i (Berlin, 1953), 274.
37. Andrae-Roman to Gerlach, 15 Feb. 1872, Gerlach, Nachlass, i. 68.
38. Petersdorff, 413.
39. Lucius, 8.
40. Karl Erich Born, ‘Robert Freiherr Lucius von Ballhausen’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xv (Berlin, 1987), 278–9.
41. Ibid. 9–10.
42. 27 Apr. 1871, Waldersee, 131.
43. Kent, 56.
44. Pflanze, ii. 197.
45. 15 May 1871, Waldersee, 134–5.
46. Bismarck to Mühler, Varzin, 25 July 1871, NFA, No. 154, pp. 166–7.
47. Bismarck to Johanna, Gastein, 22 August 1871, ibid., No. 163, p. 176.
48. Promemoria über die Verfassungswirren in Österreich, ibid., No. 161, pp. 174–5.
49. Runderlass, Bad Gastein, 24 Aug. 1871, NFA, No. 165, pp. 178–9.
50. Runderlass an die Missionen in St Petersburg, Wien, London, Rom, München, Lissabon, Haag, Berlin, 14 May 1872, ibid., No. 307, pp. 346–7.
51. Urbach, 120–1.
52. Measuring Wealth: <http://www.measuringworth.com/index.html>.
53. Willy Andreas, ‘Arthur von Brauer’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1955), 543.
54. Arthur von Brauer, Im Dienst Bismarcks (Berlin, 1936), cited in Pflanze, ii. 282.
55. Stern, 172 and 565, n. 45.
56. Bismarck to William I, Berlin, 15 May 1873, NFA, No. 437, pp. 521–2.
57. Bismarck to William I, 16 May 1873, ibid., No. 438, p. 525.
58. Henckel to Tiedemann, 20 Jan. 1879, Tiedemann, 327–8.
59. Michael Turner, ‘Output and Price in UK Agriculture, 1867–1914 and the Great Agricultural Depression Reconsidered’, Agricultural History Review, 40/1 (1992), Table 3, pp. 47–8.
60. Sartorius von Waltershausen, 261–2.
61. See Jeffrey Fear, Organizing Control: August Thyssen and the Construction of German Corporate Management (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005) for a brilliant analysis of the role of accountancy in the construction of the concept of the enterprise. The numbers ‘made’ the company a reality.
62. Stern, 189.
63. Kent, 87.
64. Bismarck to Delbrück, Varzin, 3 June 1872, NFA, No. 316, pp. 356–7.
65. Bismarck to Falk, Varzin, 11 June 1872, ibid., No. 319, p. 358.
66. Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft vom 29. Mai 1874. <http://www.verfassungen.de/ch/verf74–i.htm>.
67. Swiss Minister to Germany to the President of the Swiss Confederation, 23 Feb. 1873, Documents diplomatiques suisses, iii, No. 2, pp. 7–8.
68. This neat summary can be found in Pflanze, ii. 203.
69. Anderson, 173.
70. Engelberg, ii. 119.
71. Russell to Granville, 18 Oct. 1872, Kent, 38, n. 1.
72. Ernst Deuerlein, ‘Georg Graf von Herling’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. viii (Berlin, 1969).
73. Ibid. 146.
74. Ibid. 178.
75. Odo to Hastings, 23 Nov. 1874, Urbach, 170.
76. Urbach, 69.
77. Ibid. 162.
78. 12 Nov. 1874, Hohenlohe memoirs, quoted in Pflanze, ii. 278.
79. Roggenbach to Stosch, 30 Aug. 1874, Roggenbach, 162–4.
80. Wagner, 303–13.
81. Itzenplitz to Bismarck, 18 Sept. 1869, Brunck, 225, n. 144.
82. Pflanze, ii. 210–11.
83. Spenkuch, 93.
84. Blanckenburg to Kleist, 15 Aug. 1872, ibid. 96, n. 36.
85. Ibid. 360.
86. Wagner, 314.
87. Paret, 131.
88. Eulenburg to Bismarck, 25 Oct. 1872, Brunck, 227–8.
89. Bismarck to Eulenburg, Varzin, 27 Oct. 1872, NFA, No. 343, pp. 386–7.
90. Ernst von Sennft-Pillsach to Bismarck, 3 July 1872, Schoeps, 340.
91. Pflanze, ii. 210–11.
92. Stern, 260.
93. Promemoria, Varzin, 2 Nov. 1872, NFA, No. 345, pp. 388–90.
94. Brunck, 230–1.
95. Wagner, 314.
96. Spitzemberg, pp. 136–7, n. 12.
97. Bismarck to Roon, Varzin, 12 Nov. 1872, NFA, No. 349, p. 394.
98. Bismarck to Wilhelm I, Varzin, 13 Nov. 1872, ibid., No. 350, pp. 394–5.
99. Bismarck to Roon, Varzin, 13 Dec. 1872, ibid., No 360, p. 408.
100. Bismarck to Roon, Varzin, 13 Dec. 1872, ibid. No. 361, pp. 409–10.
101. The horrible Arnim case has no equal in Bismarck’s treatment of subordinates. George Kent has written an excellent monograph on this dreadful affair: Arnim and Bismarck (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968).
102. Helma Brunck has an extremely useful appendix in her Bismarck und das preussische Staatsministerium, 343–8, in which all the ministries and the incumbents with excellent short biographies are set out. This excellent monograph should be better known than it is. Nobody had taken it out from the University Library in Cambridge since it appeared in 2005 until I did.
103. Pflanze, ii. 337.
104. Ibid. 337–340; Schoeps, 161.
105. Petersdorff, 428.
106. 18 July 1879, Spitzemberg, 179–80.
107. Tiedemann, entry for 18 Jan. 1875, p. 2.
108. Ibid. 2–4.
109. Ibid. 222.
110. Ibid. 208.
111. Ibid. 33.
112. Ibid., 25 Jan. 1876, p. 39 and 20 Feb. 1876, p. 42.
113. Tiedemann to Count Herbert Bismarck, Berlin, 30 Sept. 1881, ibid. 460.
114. The episode in Tiedemann’s words can be found in Chapter 1 above, p. 10.
115. <http://www.ewtn.com/library/ENCYC/P9QUODNU.HTMhttp://
www.ewtn.com/library/ENCYC/P9QUODNU.HTM>.
116. Engelberg, ii. 121.
117. Spitzemberg, 153.
118. Pflanze, ii. 242.
119. Tiedemann, 11 July 1876, p. 51.
120. Ibid., 29 Sept. 1876, p. 91.
121. Ibid., 3 Dec. 1876, p. 103.
122. Ibid. 101.
123. Ibid., 11 June 1876, p. 51.
124. Ibid. 95.
125. Ibid., 4 Jan. 1877, p. 107.
126. Ibid., 28 Jan. 1877, p. 111.
127. Pflanze, ii. 266.
128. Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire, 216.
129. Tiedemann, 24.
130. Urbach, 138–9.
131. Hillgruber, Bismarcks Aussenpolitik, 141.
132. Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire, 219.
133. Bismarck to William I, 4 May 1875, Correspondence of William I. and Bismarck, i. 162.
134. Engelberg, ii. 171.
135. Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, 32.
136. James Stone offers a different reading of the ‘war scare’. He argues that Bismarck throughout the 1870s used the threat of war to undermine the monarchist forces in France and that he continued after 1875 to pursue the same tactics for the same ends but more cautiously. He needed a ‘republican France’ because he thought it less likely to be acceptable to the conservative powers as an ally. James Stone and Winfried Baumgart, The War Scare of 1875: Bismarck and Europe in the Mid-1870s (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2010).
137. See Notiz, Varzin, 5 Aug. 1875, NFA, No. 278, ii. 409, nn. 1 and 2 and other dispatches, Herbert Bismarck to von Bülow, Nos. 286–9.
138. Sir Edwin Pears, Forty Years in Constantinople, 1873–1915 (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1916), 16–19. Internet Modern History Source Book: <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1876massacre-bulgaria>.
139. Hermann von Petersdorff, ‘Stosch’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. liv, Nachträge bis 1899 (Leipzig, 1908), 610.
140. Pflanze, ii. 423.
141. Bismarck to von Bülow, Varzin, 1 Oct. 1876, NFA, vol. ii, 1874–1876, No. 407, pp. 592–3.
142. Bismarck ‘Diktat’, Varzin, 9 Nov. 1876, NFA, No. 438, pp. 644–5.
143. Pflanze, ii. 428.
144. Engelberg, ii. 200–1.
145. <http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/kissinger_diktat.htm>.
146. Sir William White to Sir Robert Morier, 16 Jan. 1877, Ramm, 65.
147. Tiedemann, 126.
148. Spitzemberg, 165.
149. Tiedemann, 127.
150. Eugen Richter to Paul Richter, 5 Apr. 1877, Pflanze, ii. 370.
151. Russell to Lord Derby, 7 Apr. 1877, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 149.
152. Tiedemann, 132 and 133.
153. Spitzemberg, 165–6.
154. 28 Apr. 1877, Lucius, 110.
155. October (no date) Bismarck as recorded by Busch, ii. 158.
156. Tiedemann, 176.
157. Ibid. 176–7.
158. Tiedemann to wife, 30 Nov. and 7 Dec. 1877, Tiedemann, 216–17.
159. Ibid. 212, 216–17, Lucius, 118.
160. Lucius, 122–3.
161. William I and Bismarck, 30 Dec. 1877, Correspondence of William I. & Bismarck, No. 229, pp. 184–5.
162. Pflanze, ii. 378.
163. Normann to Roggenbach, Wiesbaden, 22 Nov. 1877, Roggenbach, 187–8.
164. Stosch to Roggenbach, Berlin, 27 Dec. 1877, ibid. 190–1.
CHAPTER 10
1. Tiedemann, 220.
2. Ibid. 225.
3. Pflanze, ii. 379.
4. Green, 305, discusses the inconsistency of national and state politics even within the same party.
5. Pflanze, ii. 379–80.
6. Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire, 232.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. 26 Jan. 1873, Diary Entry, Bamberger, 298.
10. Günter Richter, ‘Wilhelm von Kardorff’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xi (Berlin, 1977), 150.
11. Pflanze, ii. 454–5.
12. Brunck, 266.
13. Tiedemann, 265–6.
14. There is a full account of the two assassination attempts and of Hödel and Nobiling in Pflanze, ii. 392ff.
15. Tiedemann, 263.
16. Spitzemberg, 171.
17. Tiedemann, 271.
18. Wahlen in Deutschland bis 1918, Reichstagswahlen. Ergebnisse reichsweit: <http://www.wahlen-in-deutschland.de/krtw.htm>.
19 Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 1183–4.
20. Francis Charles Hastings Russell, ninth duke of Bedford (1819–91), was Liberal MP for Bedfordshire from 1847 to 1872, when (26 May) he succeeded to the dukedom on the death of his first cousin, William, eighth duke. (E. M. Lloyd, and Thomas Seccombe, ‘Russell, Lord George William (1790–1846)’, rev. James Falkner, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004). Online edn., Jan. 2008: <http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24310>).
21. Odo to Hastings Russell, 12 June 1878, Urbach, 193.
22. Lytton Strachey, 346.
23. Disraeli to Queen Victoria, 12 June 1878, Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 1189.
24. Ibid. 1186–7.
25. Disraeli to Queen Victoria, 13 June 1878, ibid. 1189–90.
26. Urbach, 193.
27. Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 1191.
28. Ibid. 1194.
29. Schweinitz to Anna Schweinitz, 25 June 1878, Schweinitz, 137.
30. Disraeli Diary, 21 June 1878, Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 1196.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid. 1201.
33. Ibid. 1203.
34. Urbach, 194.
35. Disraeli Diary Entry, 5 July 1878, Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 1203–4.
36. Pflanze, ii. 412.
37. Tiedemann, 299.
38. Petersdorff, 472–3.
39. Tiedemann, 300 and 302.
40. Anderson, 216.
41. Lasker in PC 16/43, 23 Oct. 1878. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1878/1878–10–23.xml&s=2>.
42. Tiedemann, 305–7.
43. PC loc. cit. n. 41 above.
44. Lucius, 143.
45. Pflanze, ii. 467.
46. Tiedemann, 315.
47. Bismarck to William I, 9 Nov. 1878, Correspondence of William I. and Bismarck, vol. i, No. 232, p. 188.
48. Pflanze, ii. 409.
49. PC 16/45, 6 Nov. 1878, Amtspresse Preussens. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothekberlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247%2F1878%2F1878–11–06.xml&s=1>.
50. PC 16/52, 27 Dec. 1878, p. 2. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1878/1878–12–27.xml&s=1>.
51. Ibid. 3.
52. Tiedemann, 326.
53. PC 17/5, 29 Jan. 1879, p. 1.
54. Erich Angermann, ‘Forckenbeck’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. v (Berlin, 1961), 297.
55. Pflanze, ii. 475.
56. Bamberger, 330–1.
57. Lucius, 154.
58. Bismarck, 21 Dec. 1892, cited in Schoeps, 131.
59. PC 17/8, 19 Feb. 1879, p. 2. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1879/1879–02–19.xml&s=2>.
60. Pflanze, ii. 480.
61. Anderson, 219.
62. Stern, 205–6.
63. Anderson, 221.
64. Anderson, 228.
65. Manfred Weitlauff, ‘Moufang’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xviii (Berlin, 1997), 233.
66. Anderson, 229.
67. Engelberg, ii. 259.
68. Lucius, 158–9.
69. Pflanze, ii. 489.
70. Niall Ferguson, ‘Public Finance and National Security: The Domestic Origins of the First World War Revisited’, Past and Present, 142 (Feb. 1994), 141–68.
71. Pflanze, ii. 511.
72. Anderson, 233.
73. Wolfgang Neugebauer, ‘Puttkamer’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xxi (Berlin, 2003), 21.
74. Schoeps, 110–11.
75. Engelberg, ii. 263.
76. Karl Erich Born, ‘Friedenthal’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. v (Berlin, 1961), 447.
77. Schoeps, 112.
78. Lucius, 168.
79. Ibid. 168–9.
80. Both of his parents died in Auschwitz and he himself escaped at the very last minute to Sweden. The entry in the theological reference work calls it ‘his decidedly Prussian spirit’ which came out in work after his return to Germany in 1947. See entry ‘Hans-Joachim Schoeps, 1909–1980’, Horst Robert Balz, Gerhard Krause, Gerhard Müller (eds.), Theologische Realenzyklopädie. TRE online: <http://www.digento.de/titel/106392.html>.
81. Bismarck to King Ludwig of Bavaria, 4 Aug. 1879, Schuder, 84.
82. PC 17/36, 3 Sept. 1879, p. 2. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1879/1879–09–03.xml&s=2>.
83. Hermann Dechent ‘Andrassy’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. i (Berlin, 1953), 274.
84. Engelberg, ii. 281.
85. Pflanze, ii. 514.
86. Ibid.
87. Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, 66–7.
88. Pflanze, ii. 505.
89. PC 17/39, 24 Sept. 1879, p. 4.
90. Pflanze, ii. 507.
91. Lucius, 176.
92. Ibid. 178.
93. PC 17/41, 9 Oct. 1879, p. 2.
94. Richard Wagner, Judaism in Music (1850), trans. William Ashton Ellis. <http://users.belgacom.net/wagnerlibrary/prose/wagjuda.htm>.
95. Ibid.
96. Freytag, 102.
97. Evangelische Kirchenzeitung no. 80 (1865) in Clark, Conversion, 162.
98. Stern, 499.
99. Pulzer, table 2.2, p. 52.
100. Mosse, 115–16.
101. Ibid. 202.
102. Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 1202.
103. Sartorius, 286 and 317.
104. Rosenberg, 55.
105. Ibid. 93 and 95.
106. Otto Glagau, ‘Der Börsen- und Gründungsschwindel in Berlin’, Die Gartenlaube, No. 499 (1874), 788.
107. Ibid. 790.
108. Uwe Puschner, ‘Marr’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xvi (Berlin, 1990), 248.
109. Hermann von Petersdorff, ‘Treitschke’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. lv, Nachträge bis 1899 (Leipzig, 1910), 306.
110. Treitschke, 10.
111. Pulzer, Jews and the German State, 96.
112. Treitschke, 10.
113. Fritz Martini, ‘Auerbach’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. i (Berlin, 1953), 434.
114. Schuder, 185.
115. Anderson, 251.
116. Stern, 513–14.
117. Hans-Joachim Schoeps, ‘Fechenbach’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. v (Berlin, 1961), 36.
118. Anderson, 252 and 449, n. 24.
119. Ibid. 253.
120 Pastor, ii. 191.
121. Schuder, 196.
122. Stern, 519.
123. Koehler, 231–2.
124. Anderson, 300.
125. Koehler, 231.
126. Pulzer, Jews and the German State, 97.
127. Schuder, 197.
128. Pulzer, Jews and the German State, 97.
129. Fontane to Philipp zu Eulenburg, 12 Mar. 1881, in Craig, Fontane, 114–15.
130. Karl Wippermann, ‘Lasker’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xix (Leipzig, 1884), 748–9.
131. Schuder, 205–6.
132. Lucius, 6 Jan. 1884, p. 278.
133. Pflanze, iii. 111.
134. Ibid.
135. Bamberger, 285.
136. Ibid. 285–6.
137. Lucius, 284.
138. Wipperman, ‘Lasker’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, 750.
139. Lucius, 216.
140. Ibid. 217.
141. 31 Mar. 1880, Tiedemann, 376–7.
142. Tiedemann had been appointed by Bismarck to represent him at Bundesrat meetings and had attended that day. Tiedemann, 378.
143. 6 Apr. 1880, ibid. 380–1.
144. Spitzemberg, 183.
145. 13 May 1880, ibid. 391.
146. 12 Oct. 1880, ibid. 400.
147. 18 Oct. 1880, 13 May 1880, ibid. 400, 391.
148. Stolberg to Tiedemann, 29 Jan. 1881, ibid. 416.
149. ‘Weshalb ich meine Stellung beim Fürsten Bismarck abgab’, ibid. 419.
150. Ibid. 20.
151. Lucius, 183–4; Pflanze, ii. 527.
152. Lucius, 186.
153. 25 Dec. 1880, Lucius, 192.
154. Lucius describes this fine clothing, ibid. 204.
155. Eberhard von Vietsch, ‘Herbert von Bismarck’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1955), 268.
156. Philipp zu Eulenburg, ‘Herbert Bismarcks Tragödie’, in Aus Fünfzig Jahren, 106.
157. Brandes, 419.
158. Reinhard Stumpf, ‘Loe’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xv (Berlin, 1987), 14.
159. Snyder, 159.
160. Ibid. 159.
161. Stern, 257.
162. Eulenburg, Aus 50 Jahren, 93.
163. Eberhard von Vietsch, ‘Herbert von Bismarck’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1955), 268.
164. 1 Jan. 1888, Spitzemberg, 238.
165. Snyder, 161.
166. Eulenburg, Aus 50 Jahren, 105.
167. 11 Dec. 1886, Waldersee, 307.
168. Stern, 258.
169. Lucius, 210.
170. Ibid., 17 July 1881, p. 213.
171. Wahlen in Deutschland bis 1918 Reichstagswahlen, op. cit.
172. Pflanze, iii. 71.
173. Ibid. 73.
174. PC 20/3, 18 Jan. 1882, p. 1.
175. Anderson, 303.
176. 18 Feb. 1882, Holstein, Diaries, 7.
177. Anderson, 304.
178. Lucius, 225.
179. Anderson, 304.
180. New Advent, Catholic Encyclopedia: <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08703b.htm>.
181. Anderson, 292.
182. Lucius, 242.
183. Koch and Laqueur, 757.
184. Pflanze, iii. 100.
185. Koch and Laqueur, 760.
186. Ibid. 762.
187. Ibid. 776.
188. Pflanze, ii. 54–5.
189. Ibid.
190. Ibid. 53, n. 67.
191. Koch and Laqueur, 759.
192. Pflanze, iii. 100–1.
193. Koch and Laqueur, 759.
194. PC 20/2, 11 Jan. 1882, pp. 2–3. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1882/1882–01–11.xml&s=2>.
195. Peter Koch, ‘Theodor Lohmann’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xv (Berlin, 1987), 130.
196. Neueste Mittheilungen, 2/65, ed. H. Klee (Berlin), Friday 15 June 1883, p. 1. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=11614109/1883/1883–06–15.xml&s=1>.
197. Pflanze, iii. 139–40.
198. Lucius, 312.
199. Spitzemberg, 218.
200. Eulenburg, Aus 50 Jahren, 117.
201. Craig, Fontane, 109.
202. Eulenburg, Aus 50 Jahren, 128.
203. Ibid.
204. Neueste Mittheilungen, 6/4, 11 Jan. 1887, pp. 5–6. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothekberlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=11614109/1887/1887–01–11.xml&s=5>.
205. Spitzemberg, 227–8.
206. Anderson, 342 and 467, n. 64.
207. Ibid. 345.
208. Ibid. 350–2.
209. Wahlen in Deutschland bis 1918 Reichstagswahlen, op. cit.
210. Anderson, 59.
211. Pflanze, iii. 234.
212. 11 Mar. 1887, Waldersee, 319.
213. Ibid.
214. Pflanze has a fine section on the Reinsurance Treaty, iii. 248–53.
215. Holstein, Memoirs, 127.
CHAPTER 11
1. Eulenberg, Korrespondenz, i. 17.
2. Hull provides the best account of these events in ch. 5, ‘Philipp Eulenburg: Decline and Fall’, pp. 109ff.
3. Eulenburg, Korrespondenz, i. 45.
4. Martin Sabrow, ‘Walter Rathenau’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xxi (Berlin, 2003), 176.
5. Hull, 17.
6. Ibid. 15.
7. 2 Apr. 1886, Waldersee, 286–7.
8. 31 May 1886, ibid. 327.
9. Holstein to Eulenburg, 16 June 1886, Eulenburg, Korrespondenz, vol. i, No. 76, pp. 179–80.
10. Letters of the Empress Frederick, 224–5.
11. Crown Prince to Stosch, Hollyday, 132.
12. Ibid. 235.
13 Letters of the Empress Frederick, 225.
14. Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, 27 Oct. 1887, ibid. 250.
15. Ibid. 232.
16. Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, 23 Apr. 1887, ibid. 214.
17. Letters of the Empress Frederick, 192.
18. 20 Jan. 1888, Waldersee, 354.
19. 3 Feb. 1888, ibid. 357.
20. Neueste Mittheilungen, 7/14, Tuesday 7 Feb. 1888, p. 1. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=11614109/1888/1888–02–07.xml&s=1>.
21. Pflanze, iii. 279.
22. Emperor Frederick to Bismarck, 12 Mar. 1888, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 289–91.
23. Pflanze, iii. 281; Lucius, 433.
24. 13 Mar. 1888, Waldersee, 373.
25. Fontane to Martha Fontane, 14 Mar. 1888, Craig, Fontane, 115.
26. Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, 16 Mar. 1888, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 292–3.
27. 18 Mar. 1888, Waldersee, 375.
28. Pflanze, iii. 281–2.
29. 24 Mar. 1888, Waldersee, 379–80.
30. 27 Mar. 1888, ibid. 379–80.
31. 4 Apr. 1888, ibid. 382.
32. Philipp Konrad Count zu Eulenburg to his son Philipp, Berlin, 17 June 1888, Eulenburg, Korrespondenz, No. 183, p. 299.
33. Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1.
34. Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, 28 May 1870, Pflanze, iii. 288.
35. Ibid. 289–90.
36. Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II, 6.
37. 28 June 1887, Holstein, Correspondence, 346–7.
38. 15 Nov. 1887, Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 256–7.
39. Crown Prince William to Eulenburg, Berlin, 12 Apr. 1888, Eulenburg, Korrespondenz, No. 169, p. 284.
40. 10 July 1888, Waldersee, 412.
41. Homberger to Bamberger, 17 Nov. 1888, in Bamberger, 430.
42. Röhl, William II, ii. 134.
43. Ibid. 135.
44. Neueste Mittheilungen, 8/4, Monday 14 Jan. 1889, p. 1.
45. Engelberg, ii. 444.
46. Friedrich-Christian Stahl, ‘Albedyll’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. i (Berlin, 1953), 122.
47. Engelberg, ii. 445.
48. Pflanze, iii. 331.
49. Engelberg, ii. 447.
50. Pflanze, iii. 345–6.
51. Schoeps, 42.
52. Walter Bussmann, ‘Berlepsch’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1955), 683.
53. Michael Epkenhahn, ‘Rottenburg’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xxii (Berlin, 2005), 141.
54. Heinrich Otto Meissner, ‘Bötticher’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ii (Berlin, 1955), 413.
55. Pflanze, iii. 348–9.
56. Rohl, Wilhelm II, ii. 263.
57. Holstein, Memoirs, 157.
58. Holstein to Eulenburg, Berlin, 27 Jan. 1890, Eulenburg, Korrespondenz, No. 293, pp. 421–3.
59. Lucius, 509.
60. Waldersee, 103–4.
61. Empress Frederick to Queen Victoria, 20 Feb. 1890, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 407.
62. 28 Feb. 1890, Bamberger, 441–3.
63. Wahlen in Deutschland bis 1918 Reichstagswahlen Ergebnisse reichsweit.
64. Röhl, Wilhelm II, ii. 288.
65. Pflanze, iii. 364.
66. Holstein to Eulenburg, 7 Mar. 1890, Eulenburg, Korrespondenz, No. 338, p. 482.
67. Röhl, Wilhelm II, ii. 296.
68. Ibid. ii. 289.
69. Anderson, 386–7.
70. Bismarck, Gedanken und Erinnerungen, 640–1; Bamberger diary entry 28 Mar. 1890, Bismarcks Grosses Spiel, 446. There are differences between the Bismarckian version of the conversation and others that circulated. That the meeting was stormy is not in doubt.
71. Eulenburg, Aus 50 Jahren, 235.
72. Röhl, Wilhelm II, ii. 299.
73. August Graf zu Eulenburg to Philipp Eulenburg, Berlin, 17 Mar. 1890, Eulenburg, Korrespondenz, No. 359, p. 503.
74. Eulenburg, Aus 50 Jahren, 237.
75. 17 Mar. 1890, Lucius, 523–4.
76. Hans Körner, ‘Hermann von Lucanus’, Neue deutsche Biographie (Digitale Register) vol. xv (Berlin, 1987), 270.
77. Bismarck, Gedanken und Erinnerungen, 650.
78. Ibid. 653–4.
79. William II to Franz Joseph, 3–5 Apr. 1890, in Röhl, Wilhelm II, ii. 309–16.
80. Spitzemberg, 271–1.
81. Ekkhard Verchau, ‘Marschall von Bieberstein’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. xvi (Berlin, 1990), 256.
82. Holstein, Memoirs, 131.
83. 23 Mar. 1890, Lucius, 525.
84. Chlodwig Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Memoirs, ii. 423.
85. Spitzemberg, 273.
86. 29 Mar. 1890, ibid. 275–6.
87. 29 Mar. 1890, Lucius, 525.
88. 29 Mar. 1890, Bamberger, 426.
89. Engelberg, ii. 478.
90. Martin Glaubrecht, ‘Emil Hartmeyer’, Neue deutsche Biographie (Digitale Register), vol. viii (Berlin, 1969), 6.
91. Philipp Eulenburg to Karl Heinrich von Boetticher, Stuttgart, 21 Mar. 1891, Eulenburg, Korrespondenz, No 491, p. 658.
92. Bismarck, Gedanken und Erinnerungen, 607–14.
93. Alden, 31.
94. Heinrich Otto Meissner, ‘Caprivi’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. iii (Berlin, 1957), 136.
95. Ibid. 137.
96. Neueste Mittheilungen, 9/50, ed. O. Hammann (Berlin), Friday, 27 June 1890, p. 1. <http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=11614109/1890/1890–06–27.xml&s=1>.
97. Anderson, 389.
98. Spitzemberg, 288–9.
99. Bernhard von Poten, ‘Maximilian von Versen’ (1833–1893), Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (Digitale Register), vol. liv, Nachträge bis 1899 (Leipzig, 1908), 741–2. Commanding General in Berlin from 24 Mar. 1890, a cavalry officer with diplomatic and international experience.
100. Petersdorff, 520.
101. Pflanze, iii. 396.
102. ‘COUNT BISMARCK WEDDED; A BRILLIANT GATHERING’, New York Times, 22 June 1892. NY Times Archive: <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9502E2D91538E233A25751C2A9609C94639ED7CF>.
103. Robert Gerwarth, The Bismarck Myth: Weimar Germany and the Legacy of the Iron Chancellor (Oxford: University Press, 2005).
104. Spitzemberg, 307.
105. Ibid. 320.
106. Pflanze, iii. 404; Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Memoirs, 464.
107. Pflanze, iii. 405.
108. Spitzemberg, 322.
109. Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Memoirs, 466.
110. Karl Erich Born, ‘Botho Eulenburg’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. iv (Berlin, 1959), 680–1.
111. Nichols, 40–1.
112. Günter Richter, ‘Chlodwig Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ix (Berlin, 1972), 487–9.
113. Roggenbach to Stosch, 28 Jan. 1895, Stosch, No. 130, p. 407.
114. Spitzemberg, 330–1.
115. Ibid. 335–6.
116. Alexander von Hohenlohe, Aus meinem Leben, 264 ff.
117. Pflanze, iii. 410.
118. Bismarck to William Bismarck, 30 July 1895, GW xiv. 1020.
119. Manfred, 597–8.
120. Sidney B. Fay, Origins of the First World War, ‘Breakdown of the wire to Russia in 1890’. <http://yamaguchy.netfirms.com/7897401/fay/origin_102.html#N_56_>.
121. Aufzeichnung Eulenburgs 27 Oct. 1896, No. 1269, Eulenburg, Korrespondenz, iii. 1745.
122. Eulenburg to Wilhelm II, Liebenberg, 3 Nov. 1896, ibid. No. 1270, pp. 1746–7.
123. Hank, 599–600.
124. Ibid. 597, n. 3.
125. Ibid. 599 ff.
126. 29 Nov. 1898, Eulenburg, Aus 50 Jahren, 270–1.
127. Herbert von Bismarck to Ludwig von Plessen, 31 July 1898, in Engelberg, ii. 523.
128. Eulenburg, Aus 50 Jahren, 276.
129. Pflanze, iii. 428.
130. Ibid. iii. 427–8.
131. 3 Aug. 1898, Spitzemberg, 373.
132. Eulenburg, Aus 50 Jahren, 279.
CONCLUSION
1. Odo Russell to Morier, 15 May 1875, Urbach, 141.
2. Spitzemberg, 238.
3. Disraeli Diary Entry, 5 July 1878, Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 1203–4.
4. 26 Jan. 1873, Diary Entry, Bamberger, 298.
5. Pflanze, i. 179.
6. Ibid. ii. 163–5.
7. Perthes to Roon, 28 Apr. 1864, Roon, ii. 238.
8. Queen Victoria to Sir Henry Ponsonby, 9 Apr. 1888, Letters of the Empress Frederick, 296.
9. Von Blanckenburg to von Kleist, 17 Jan. 1873, Petersdorff, 415.
10. Röhl, Wilhelm II, ii. 296.
11. Disraeli Diary, 21 June 1878, Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 1201.
12. May 1886, Schweinitz, 214–16.
13. 24 Sept. 1859, Bismarck to Brother, GW xiv. 538.
14. Pflanze, ii. 58.
15. Disraeli to Victoria, Congress of Berlin, 17 June 1878, Moneypenny and Buckle, ii. 1194.
16. Hermann Granier, ‘Maximilian Graf von Schwerin’, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. xxxiii (Leipzig, 1891), 433.
17. Immanuel Kant, paras. 116-17, The Metaphysic of Right. <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation
/0/8/8/8/0/pages88808/p88808-28.php>.
18. Engelberg, i. 456.
19. Aufzeichnung des Oberleutnant Bauers über die Rückwirkungen der innenpolitischen Situation auf das Feldherr, Deist, Militär und Innenpolitik im Weltkrieg 1914–1918, No. 464, ii.1243.
20. Eulenburg to Kaiser Wilhelm II, 26 Mar. 1890, in Röhl, Wilhelm II, ii. 326.
21. Pflanze, ii. 241.
22. W. H. Auden, A Selection by the Author (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1958), 66.
23. Werner Conze, ‘Paul von Hindenburg’, Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. ix (Berlin, 1972), 178.
24. Max Weber, Parlament und Regierung im neugeordneten Deutschland: Zur politischen Kritik des Beamtentums und Parteiwesens (Max Weber, Gesammelte politische Schriften, ed. Johannes Winckelmann, 5th edn. (Tübingen, 1988), 310–20. <http://www.zeno.org/Soziologie/M/Weber,+Max/Schriften+zur+Politik/Parlament+und+Regierung+im+neugeordneten+Deutschland/I.+Die+Erbschaft+Bismarcks>.