CHAPTER THREE

The Angevin or Plantagenet Kings of England

When, in 1120, the White Ship sank off Barfleur in Normandy, Henry I lost to the sea, not only four of his children, but also both his legitimate heirs. His second marriage in 1121 produced no issue, and when he died in 1135, his only surviving child was a girl, the Empress Matilda, then wedded to her second husband, Geoffrey, Count of Anjou. Matilda was in Anjou when her father died, and the crown of England was seized by Stephen of Blois, her cousin, in defiance of the oath of allegiance that he and other magnates had taken to Matilda as Henry’s successor. Matilda triumphed only briefly over Stephen, in 1141, when the crown came tantalisingly within her reach, but she alienated by her hauteur and overbearing manner many of her supporters, and eventually had to retire from the conflict. Yet she continued to promote the cause of her son Henry as heir to England, and in 1153, when faced by an invading army led by that young, determined and very capable man, Stephen had to bow to public opinion and name him his successor. Thus came about the Treaty of Wallingford, which passed over the claims of Eustace and William, Stephen’s sons, and recognised that of Henry of Anjou, who succeeded without hindrance to the throne of England the following year, Eustace having died some months previously, which most thought was very fortunate.

Thus was established the Angevin or Plantagenet dynasty. The name ‘Plantagenet’ comes from the sprig of broom flower (Latin: planta genista) that Henry’s father Geoffrey was accustomed to wearing in his hat. That name, however, was not formally adopted by the dynasty until the 15th century, when Richard, Duke of York, was the first to use it as a surname to emphasise his claim to the throne during the Wars of the Roses.

The Plantagenets were a dynamic race, one of the most energetic and brilliant families of rulers the world has known. Reputedly descended from a witch, Melusine, who married an early Count of Anjou then vanished in a puff of smoke when he forced her to attend Mass – a tale the Angevin Kings were fond of relating – they ruled England for over 300 years, and for more than 200 of those years the crown passed, usually peacefully, from father to son. What occurred to break this pattern will be related in the next chapter.

Henry II

FATHER: Geoffrey

Surnamed Plantagenet after the broom flower he wore in his hat, he was the son of Fulk V, Count of Anjou, by Aremburga, daughter of Hélias I, Count of Maine; his sisters were married to a grandson of William I and the son of Henry I. Geoffrey was born on 24 August, 1113, and married the Empress Matilda on 3 April, 22 May or 17 June, 1128, at Le Mans Cathedral, Anjou. He succeeded his father as Count of Anjou in 1129, and was proclaimed Duke of Normandy on 19 January, 1144, after conquering the duchy. He died on 7 September, 1151, at Château du Loire, France, and was buried in Le Mans Cathedral, Anjou.

Geoffrey had the following illegitimate issue:

By Adelaide of Angers:

1  Hamelin, who adopted the surname ‘de Warenne’ upon marriage, Earl of Surrey (1129?–1202); he married Isabella de Warenne, daughter-in-law of King Stephen, and had issue.

By unknown mothers:

2  Mary, Abbess of Shaftesbury, Dorset (d.c.1216).

3  Emma (d. before 1214?); she married firstly Guy, Sire de Laval (d.1170/73), and secondly David ap Owen, Prince of East Gwynnedd (d.1204), and had issue.

MOTHER: Matilda

Christened Adelaide, she adopted the name Matilda on her first marriage. She was the daughter of Henry I by Matilda of Scotland, and she was born in c.February (by August), 1102, either at Winchester or in London. She married firstly Henry V, Emperor of Germany (d.1125), on 7 January, 1114, at Mainz in Germany, and was crowned there the same day. She was crowned again, with her husband, in 1117, in St Peter’s Basilica, Rome, by the Pope. On 7 April, 1141, having deposed and imprisoned King Stephen in pursuance of her claim to the English throne (she was her father’s rightful heir and Stephen a usurper), she assumed the title ‘Lady of the English’, never officially being styled Queen of England. She was deposed in favour of Stephen on 1 November, 1141, having failed to consolidate her position. Matilda died on 10 September, 1167, at the Abbey of Notre Dame des Prés, near Rouen, Normandy, and was buried firstly in the Convent of Bonnes at Nouvelles; soon afterwards, her remains were moved to Bec Abbey, Normandy, and later to Rouen Cathedral.

SIBLINGS:

1  Geoffrey

He was born on 1 June, 1134, at Rouen or at Argentan, Normandy, and was created Count of Nantes in c.1150. He died unmarried on 26 July, 1158, at Nantes, Brittany, where he was buried.

2  William

He was born on 21 July, or in August, 1136, at Argentan in Normandy or at Angers, France, and was called Count of Poitou. He died unmarried on 30 January, 1164, at Rouen, Normandy, and was buried in Rouen Cathedral.

Henry II did not have any sisters.

HENRY II

Known as ‘FitzEmpress’ or ‘Curtmantle’, he was born on 5 March, 1133, at Le Mans, Anjou. He became Count of Touraine and Maine in 1151, and succeeded his father as Duke of Normandy and Count of Anjou on 7 September, 1151. He became Duke of Aquitaine in right of his wife on 18 May, 1152. He succeeded his second cousin Stephen as King of England on 19 December, 1154, and was crowned on that day in Westminster Abbey.

Henry II married, on 18 May, 1152, at Poitiers Cathedral, Poitou:

Eleanor

She was the daughter of William X, Duke of Aquitaine, by Aenor, daughter of Aimery I de Rochefoucauld, Viscount of Châtellérhault, and she was born around 1120/22, either at the ducal palace in Poitiers, or the Ombriere Palace, Bordeaux, or, according to local tradition, at Belin Castle, Guienne. She succeeded her father as Duchess of Aquitaine and Countess of Poitou on 9 April, 1137. She married firstly Louis VII, King of France (c.1120/21–1180), on 25 July, 1137, at Bordeaux Cathedral, and had issue:

1  Marie (1145–1198); she married Henry I, Count of Champagne (1127–1181), and had issue.

2  Alice (1150–1197/8); she married Theobald V, Count of Blois (d.1191), and had issue.

Louis divorced Eleanor on grounds of consanguinity on 18 March, 1152. She was crowned Queen Consort with her second husband Henry II on 19 December, 1154, at Westminster Abbey. Eleanor died on 1 April, 1204, at Fontevrault Abbey, France, where she was buried.

Issue of marriage:

1  William

He was born on 17 August, 1153, at Poitiers, Poitou, and was styled Count of Poitiers. He died in c.April or June, 1156, at Wallingford Castle, Berkshire, and was buried in Reading Abbey, Berkshire.

2  Henry

He was born on 28 February, 1155, at Bermondsey Palace, Surrey. He was crowned King of England on 14 June, 1170, at Westminster Abbey, during the lifetime of his father, being styled King of England, Duke of Normandy, and Count of Anjou. Thereafter he was known as ‘the young king’. He was again crowned on 27 August, 1172, at Winchester Cathedral. He died on 11 June, 1183, at the house of a burgher, Etienne Fabri, at Martel in Quercy, France, and was buried in Le Mans Cathedral, Anjou; his remains were later removed to Rouen Cathedral in Normandy.

Henry married, on 2 November, 1160, at Rouen Cathedral, Normandy:

Margaret

She was the daughter of Louis VII, King of France, by Constance, daughter of Alfonso VII, King of Castile, and she was born early in 1158. She was crowned Queen Consort with her husband on 27 August, 1172, at Winchester Cathedral. After the death of the Young King, she married secondly Bela III, King of Hungary (1148–1196), in 1185/6. She died in 1197 at Acre on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.

Issue of marriage:

  (i)  William

He was born on 19 June, 1177, in Paris, and died there on 22 June, 1177.

3  Matilda

She was born in June, 1156, either in London or, less probably, at Windsor Castle. She married Henry V ‘the Lion’, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria (1129–1195), on 1 February, 1168, at Brunswick Cathedral, Germany, and had issue:

1  Richenza (1172–1210); she married firstly Geoffrey III, Count of Perche (d.1202), and had issue, and secondly Enguerrand III, Lord of Coucy.

2  Henry, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria (1175–1227); he married Agnes (d.1204), daughter of Conrad of Hohenstaufen, Count Palatine of the Rhine, and had issue.

3  Lothaire (1181–1191).

4  Son (name not known) (b.&d. 1182?).

5  Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Earl of York and Count of Ponthieu (1183?–1218); he married firstly Beatrice of Swabia, daughter of Philip, Emperor of Germany, and secondly Mary, daughter of Henry I, Duke of Brabant.

6  William, Duke of Lüneberg and Brunswick (1184–1213); he married Helen, daughter of Waldemar I, King of Denmark.

7  Matilda.

8  Eleanor (?).

9  Gertrude (d.1197); she married Canute VI, King of Denmark (1163–1202).

10  Ingibiorg (?); she is said to have married Waldemar II, King of Denmark (1170–1241).

Matilda died on 28 June, 1189, at Brunswick in Germany, and was buried in Brunswick Cathedral.

4 Richard I ( see here).

5 Geoffrey

He was born on 23 September, 1158, in England, and was styled Earl of Richmond and Duke of Brittany in right of his wife shortly after 6 September, 1181. He was either trampled to death during a tournament, or died of a fever, on 18 or 19 August, 1186, in Paris, and was buried in the Cathedral of Nôtre Dame, Paris.

Geoffrey married, in July, 1181 (although no record exists as to where):

Constance

She was the daughter of Conan IV, Duke of Brittany and Earl of Richmond, by Margaret of Huntingdon, granddaughter of David I, King of Scotland. Constance was born around 1160/62 in Brittany. After the death of Geoffrey, she married secondly Ranulf de Blundeville, 4th Earl of Chester (1172?–1232), on 3 February, 1188. This marriage was dissolved in 1199 after Constance deserted her husband. She married thirdly Guy of Thouars (d.1213) in 1199 at Angers in Anjou, and had issue:

1  Alice, Duchess of Brittany and Countess of Richmond (1201–1221); she married Peter of Dreux, Duke of Brittany (1187?–1250), and had issue.

2  Katherine (b.1201); she married Andrew de Vitre of Brittany.

Constance died on 3, 4 or 5 September, 1201, at Nantes, Brittany, in childbirth, although some sources say she died of leprosy. She was buried in Villeneuve Abbey, Nantes, Brittany.

Issue of marriage:

  (i)  Eleanor

She was born in 1184, and was styled Countess of Richmond from 27 May, 1208. She spent most of her life in honourable confinement, King John realising that her claim to the throne was superior to his own. She died, perhaps murdered or starved to death, on 10 August, 1241, at Bristol Castle (or, less probably, at Corfe Castle, Dorset), and was buried in St James’s Church, Bristol. Her remains were later removed to Amesbury Abbey, Wiltshire.

 (ii)  Matilda

She was born in 1185, and died young.

(iii)  Arthur

He was born on 29 March, 1187 at Nantes, Brittany, and – as his father’s posthumous son – was styled Duke of Brittany from birth. He was styled Earl of Richmond from 18 April, 1199. He is said, with good probability, to have been murdered by order of King John because of his (Arthur’s) superior claim to the throne of England, probably on 3 April, 1203, either at Rouen or Cherbourg in Normandy. He certainly disappeared before Easter, 1203. He was buried at Notre Dame des Prés at Rouen, Normandy.

6? Philip

In 1611, the English antiquarian John Speed claimed in his History of Great Britain that Henry and Eleanor had a son called Philip, who was born between 1158 and 1162, but died young; there is no contemporary evidence for his existence, and Speed may have confused him with Richard I’s bastard son Philip.

7  Eleanor

She was born on 13 October, 1161, at Domfront Castle, Normandy. She married Alfonso VIII, King of Castile (1156–1214), in September, 1177, at Burgos Cathedral, Castile, and had issue:

1  Sancho (b.&d.1180).

2  Berengaria, Queen of Castile (1181–1234); she married Alfonso IX, King of Léon (1173–1230), and had issue.

3  Urracca (1182–1220); she married Alfonso II, King of Portugal (1185–1223), and had issue.

4  Blanche (1183?–1253); she married Louis VIII, King of France (1187–1226), and had issue.

5  Henry (b.c. 1184; d. young).

6  Ferdinand (1189–1209 or 1211).

7  Eleanor (1190–1253); she married James I, King of Aragon (1205–1276), and had issue. She was divorced in 1229.

8  Constance, Abbess of Las Huelgas, Castile (d.1243).

9  Sanchia (d. young).

10  Matilda (d. young).

11  Henry I, King of Castile (1204–1217); he married Matilda (d.1257), daughter of Sancho I, King of Portugal. The marriage was later annulled.

12  Constance (d. young).

Eleanor died on 31 October, 1214, at Burgos, Castile, and was buried there in the Abbey of Las Huelgas.

8  Joan

She was born in October, 1165, at Angers Castle, Anjou. She married firstly William II, King of Sicily (1154–1189), on 13 February, 1177, at Palermo Cathedral, Sicily, and had issue:

1 Bohemond, Duke of Apulia (b.&d.1181).

Joan was crowned Queen of Sicily on 13 February, 1177, at Palermo Cathedral. She married secondly Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse (1156–1222) (who was the son of Constance of France, daughter-in-law of King Stephen), in October, 1196, at Rouen, Normandy, and had issue:

2  Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse (1197?–1249); he married firstly Sanchia, daughter of Alfonso II, King of Aragon, and had issue. They were divorced in 1241. He married secondly Margaret, daughter of Hugh X de Lusignan, Count of La Marche, by Isabella, widow of King John.

3  Mary or Wilhelmina (b.1198); she married Berald of Elbine, Prince of Orange.

4  Richard (or, less probably, Bertrand) (b.&d.1199).

After being veiled as a nun on her deathbed, Joan died on 4 September, 1199, at Fontevrault Abbey, France, either in childbirth or of injuries received in a fire; she was buried at Fontevrault, but her tomb was destroyed during the French Revolution.

9  King John ( see here).

Henry II also had the following illegitimate issue:

By Ikenai, called ‘a common prostitute’, but probably the daughter of a knight:

1	Geoffrey (1151/3?–1212), Archbishop of York.
2	William Longespée, Earl of Salisbury (before 1170–1226); he may have been the son of Ikenai, but this is doubtful. He married Ela (1196?–1261), daughter of William FitzPatrick, Earl of Salisbury, and had issue. Ela later became Abbess of Lacock in Wiltshire.
3	Peter, called a brother of Geoffrey.
	By Alice (c.1170–before 1225), daughter of Louis VII, King of France (she was at that time betrothed to Henry’s son Richard):
4	Daughter (name not known) (d. young).
5	Child (name and sex not known) (d. young).
6	Child (name and sex not known) (d. young).
7	Child (name and sex not known) (d. young).
	By Nesta, wife of Sir Ralph Bloet or Blewer:
8	Morgan, Provost of Beverley, Yorkshire, and Bishop-Elect of Durham.
	By Alice de Porhoët:
9	Child (name and sex not known) (b.1168?); its fate is unknown.
	By unknown mothers:
10	Matilda, Abbess of Barking, Essex (d. by 1202).
11	Hugh of Wells (?), Bishop of Lincoln (d.1235).
12	Richard (?).

HENRY II

He died on 6 July, 1189, at Chinon Castle in France, and was buried in Fontevrault Abbey, France.

He was succeeded by his son Richard.

Richard I

FATHER: Henry II ( see here).

MOTHER: Eleanor of Aquitaine (under Henry II, see here).

SIBLINGS: (under Henry II, see here).

RICHARD I

Known as ‘Coeur de Lion’ (‘the Lionheart’), he was born on 8 September, 1157, at Beaumont Palace, Oxford. He was invested with the duchy of Aquitaine in 1172. He succeeded his father as King of England and Duke of Normandy on 2 September, 1189, being crowned on that day in Westminster Abbey. He was either crowned again, or (less probably) attended a formal crown-wearing on 17 April, 1194, at Winchester Cathedral, following his release from a foreign captivity during the Crusades. Richard I spent only 10 months of his 10-year reign in England.

Richard I married, on 12 May, 1191, at the Chapel of St George, Limassol, Cyprus:

Berengaria

She was the daughter of Sancho VI, King of Navarre, by Beatrice or Sanchia, daughter of Alfonso VII, King of Castile, and she was born c.1163/5 in Navarre. She was crowned Queen Consort on 12 May, 1191, in the Chapel of St George, Lemesnos, Limassol, Cyprus. It has often been said that Berengaria never set foot in England, but this was not so: during her widowhood, she paid several visits to the country of which she had been Queen. In 1230, she founded the Abbey of L’Espan in Le Mans, Anjou, and probably took the veil there as a nun, possibly assuming the name in religion of Juliana. The date of her death is not recorded. She was buried in l’Espan Abbey, Le Mans, France; her remains were removed to Le Mans Cathedral in 1821. There was no issue of her marriage to Richard I.

Richard I had the following illegitimate issue:

By Joan de St Pol (?):

1  Fulk(?).

By an unknown mother:

2  Philip, Lord of Cognac (d. after 1201); he perhaps married Amelia of Cognac.

RICHARD I

He died on 6 April, 1199, at Chalus in the Limousin, France, of the effects of an arrow wound received during the siege of Chalus. He was buried in Fontevrault Abbey, France.

He was succeeded by his brother John.

King John

FATHER: Henry II ( see here).

MOTHER: Eleanor of Aquitaine (under Henry II, see here).

SIBLINGS: (under Henry II, see here).

KING JOHN

Known as ‘Lackland’ or ‘Softsword’, he was born on 24 December, 1166, at Beaumont Palace, Oxford. He was designated King of Ireland in 1177, and created Count of Mortain in 1189. He was styled Earl of Gloucester in right of his first wife from 29 August, 1189. He succeeded his brother Richard I as King of England and Duke of Normandy on 27 May, 1199, being crowned on that day in Westminster Abbey.

John married firstly, on 29 August, 1189, at Marlborough Castle, Wiltshire:

Isabella

Also called Hawise, Joan and Eleanor, she was the daughter of William, Earl of Gloucester, by Hawise, daughter of Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester, and she was born before 1176. She was never styled Queen of England, but was divorced before 30 August, 1199, on grounds of consanguinity. There was no issue of the marriage. She married secondly Geoffrey de Mandeville, Earl of Essex and Gloucester (and Sussex?) (d.1216), between 16 and 26 January, 1214. She married thirdly Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent (d.1243) around September/October, 1217. Isabella died, probably suddenly, on 14 October or c.18 November, 1217, and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral, Kent.

John married secondly, on 24 August, 1200, at Bordeaux Cathedral, Gascony:

Isabella

She was the daughter of Aymer Taillefer, Count of Angoulême, by Alice, daughter of Peter de Courtenay, son of Louis VI, King of France, and she was born in c.1187. She was crowned Queen Consort on 8 October, 1200, in Westminster Abbey. She succeeded her father as Countess of Angoulême in the summer of 1202, but was not formally recognised as such until November, 1206. After the death of John, she married secondly Hugh X de Lusignan, Count of La Marche (d.1249), between 10 March and 22 May, 1220, and had issue:

1	Hugh XI, Count of La Marche and Angoulême (1221?–1250/60); he married Yolande (d.1272), daughter of Peter Mauclerk, Count of Brittany, and had issue.
2	Aymer, Bishop of Winchester (d.1260).
3	Guy, Lord of Cognac and Archiac (d.1264).
4	Henry, Count of La Marche (d.1260); he married Yolande of Penthiévre, and had issue.
5	Geoffrey, Lord of Jarnac (d. before 1263); he married Joan, Viscountess of Châtellérhault, and had issue.
6	William, Earl of Pembroke and Wexford (1225/30–1296); he married Joan (d.1307), daughter of Warin de Munchesni, Lord of Swanscombe, and had issue.
7	Alice (d.1256); she married John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey (1231?–1304), and had issue.
8	Margaret (d.1283); she married firstly Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse (son of Joan, daughter of Henry II). They were divorced in 1245. She married secondly Aymer, Viscount of Thouars, and thirdly Geoffrey, Seigneur de Châteaubriand.
9	Matilda; she married Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford and 1st Earl of Essex (1200?–1275), and had issue.
10	Isabella (d.1299); she married firstly Geoffrey, Seigneur de Taillebourg, and secondly Amaury, Seigneur de Craon.
11	Agatha or Agnes; she married William de Chauvigny, Seigneur de Châteauroux.

Isabella died on 31 May, 1246, at Fontevrault Abbey, France, where she was buried.

Issue of marriage:

1  Henry III ( see here).

2  Richard

He was born on 5 January, 1209, at Winchester Castle, Hampshire. He was designated Count of Poitou before 14 August, 1225, and was first so styled on 21 August, 1227. He was created Earl of Cornwall on 30 May, 1227. He renounced the county of Poitou inc.December, 1243. He was elected King of Germany (Almayne) and King of the Romans on 13 January, 1257, and was crowned on 17 May, 1257, at Aachen Cathedral, Germany. He died on 2 April, 1272, at Berkhamstead Castle, Herts., and was buried in Hayles Abbey, Gloucs.

Richard had the following illegitimate issue:

By Jeanne de Valletort:

1  Richard de Cornwall (d. after 1280); he married and had issue.

By unknown mothers:

2  Walter de Cornwall.

3  Isabella de Cornwall; she married Maurice de Berkeley, and had issue.

Richard married firstly, on 13 or 30 March, 1231, at Fawley Church, Bucks.:

Isabella

She was the daughter of William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, by Isabella, daughter of Richard FitzGilbert de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, and she was born on 9 October, 1200, at Pembroke Castle, Wales. She married firstly Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Hertford and Gloucester (1180?–1230) on 9 October, 1214 or 1217, at Tewkesbury Abbey, Gloucs., and had issue:

1  Amice (1220?–1284); she married firstly Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon (d.1245), and secondly Robert of Guines.

2  Richard, Earl of Hertford and Gloucester (1222?–1262); he married firstly Margaret (Megotta) (d.1237), daughter of Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent. He married secondly Matilda (d. by 1289), daughter of John de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, and had issue.

3  Agnes.

4  Isabella (1226–1254); she married Robert le Brus, Lord of Annandale (1210–1295), and had issue.

5  William (1228–1258).

6  Gilbert (b.1229); a priest (?).

Isabella died on 15 or 17 January, 1240, at Berkhamstead Castle, Herts., of jaundice contracted whilst in childbed, and was buried in Beaulieu Abbey, Hampshire.

Issue of marriage:

(i)	John
	He was born on 31 January or 2 February, 1232, at Marlowe-on-Thames, Bucks., and died on 22/23 September, 1233, at Marlowe-on-Thames, Bucks.; he was buried in Reading Abbey, Berkshire.
(ii)	Isabella
	She was born on 9 September, 1233, at Marlowe-on-Thames, Bucks., and died on 10 October, 1234, at Marlowe-on-Thames, Bucks.; she was buried in Reading Abbey, Berkshire.
(iii)	Henry
	He was born on 2, 4 or 12 November, 1235, at Haughley Castle, Suffolk. He was murdered by the sons of Simon de Montfort on 13 March, 1271, either in the Church of St Lorenzo, or the Church of St Silvestro, or the Cathedral of St Nicholas, Viterbo, Italy, and was buried in Hayles Abbey, Gloucs.
	Henry married, on 5 or 15 May, 1269, at Windsor Castle:
	Constance
	She was the daughter of Gaston VII de Moncada, Viscount of Beam, by Matilda, daughter of Boson de Mastas, Seigneur of Cognac. She married firstly Alfonso, Infante of Aragon (d.1260). Constance died in c.1299.
(iv)	Nicholas
	He was born on 17 January, 1240, at Berkhamstead Castle, Bucks., and died there the same day. He was buried in Beaulieu Abbey, Hampshire.

Richard married secondly, on 23 November, 1243, at Westminster Abbey:

Sanchia

She was the daughter of Raymond Berenger V, Count of Provence, by Beatrice, daughter of Thomas I, Count of Savoy; her sister Eleanor was the wife of Henry III. Sanchia was born in c.1225 at Aix-en-Provence, France. She was crowned Queen of the Romans and Queen of Germany with her husband on 17 May, 1257, at Aachen Cathedral, Germany. She died on 5 or 9 November, 1261, at Berkhamstead Castle, Bucks., and was buried in Hayles Abbey, Gloucs.

Issue of marriage:

(i)	Richard
	He was born in July, 1246, at Wallingford Castle, Berkshire; he died there on 15 August, 1246, and was buried at Grove Mile.
(ii)	Edmund
	He was born on 26 December, 1249, or 5 December, 1250 at Berkhamstead Castle, Bucks., and was invested as Earl of Cornwall on 13 October, 1272. He died on 24/25 September, or 1 October, 1300, at Ashridge Abbey, Herts., and was buried in Hayles Abbey, Gloucs.
	Edmund married, on 6 October, 1272, at Ruislip Chapel, Middlesex:
	Margaret
	She was the daughter of Richard de Clare, Earl of Gloucester and Hertford, by Matilda, daughter of John de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln; her father was the son of Richard of Cornwall’s first wife, Isabella Marshal. Margaret was born around 1249/50. She was either divorced or legally separated from her husband in February, 1293. She died in February, 1313 (or perhaps before 16 September, 1312), and was buried in Chertsey Abbey, Surrey. There was no issue of her marriage to Edmund.
(iii)	Richard (?)
	He may have been born in c.1252, although he has perhaps been confused with Richard de Cornwall, Earl Richard’s illegitimate son. He was killed in 1296, at the siege of Berwick, by iron shot in his head.

Richard married thirdly, on 16 June, 1269, at the Stiftkirche, Kaiserslauten, Germany:

Beatrice

She was the daughter of Dirk II, Count of Falkenburg, by Joan van Loon. (Her parentage is sometimes erroneously given as either (i) Walram de Fauquemont, Lord of Mountjoye, by Jutta, daughter of Otto, Count of Ravensburg, Westphalia, or (ii) Lothaire, Count of Hostade and Dalem, or (iii) Philip von Falkenstein, Arch-Chamberlain of the Empire. She was no connection of any of these.) Beatrice was born in c.1253, probably at Falkenburg Castle, Germany. She died on 17 October, 1277, and was buried in the Church of the Franciscan Friars Minor, Oxford.

3  Joan (under Alexander II, King of Scotland, see here).

4  Isabella

She was born in 1214. She married Frederick II, King of Sicily, and Emperor of Germany (d.1250), on 20 July, 1235, at Worms Cathedral, Germany, and had issue:

1  Jordan (?) (b.&d.1236).

2  Agnes (b.&d.1237).

3  Henry, King of Jerusalem (1238–1253).

4  Margaret (1241–1270); she married Albert I, Margrave of Meissen and Landgrave of Thuringia and Misnes (1240–1315), and had issue.

Isabella was crowned Empress of Germany on 20 July, 1235, at Worms Cathedral. She died on 1 or c.6 December, 1241, at Foggia, near Naples, Italy, in childbirth, and was buried at Andria, Sicily.

5 Eleanor

She was born in 1215. She married firstly William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (c.1190–1231) (brother of Richard of Cornwall’s first wife Isabella) on 23 April, 1224. Notwithstanding a vow of perpetual chastity entered into during her widowhood, she married secondly Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester (1208–1265: killed at the Battle of Evesham), on 7 January or 19 February, 1238, at the King’s Chapel in the Palace of Westminster, and had issue:

1  Henry (1238–1265: killed at the Battle of Evesham).

2  Simon (1240–1271).

3  Guy, Count of Nola (1243?–1288?); he married Margaret, daughter of Aldobrandino Aldobrandeschi, Count of Anguillara, and had issue.

4  Amaury (d. after 1301); he was a canon at York, but later became a knight.

5  Richard (d. after 1266).

6  Eleanor (1252–1282); she married Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, Prince of Wales (killed 1282), and had issue.

After the death of her husband, Eleanor became a nun at Montargis

Abbey in France. She died on 13 April, 1275, at Montargis Abbey, and was buried there.

King John also had the following illegitimate issue:

By a woman called Suzanne, or by a sister of William de Warenne, Earl of Surrey (Surrey’s sister undoubtedly bore the King a child, but its identity is uncertain):

1	Richard FitzJohn of Dover, Baron of Chilham, Kent (d 1242/53); he married Rohese (d. by 1232), daughter of Fulbert of Dover, and had issue.
By Clementina, wife of Henry Pinel:
2	Joan (d.1237); she married Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Prince of Wales (1173–1240), and had issue.
By Hawise, perhaps a member of the de Tracy family:
3	Oliver (d.1290); he was killed at the siege of Damietta, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
By unknown mothers:
4	Osbert Gifford (d. after 1216).
5	Geoffrey FitzRoy (d.1205).
6	John FitzJohn or Courcy (d.1242); a knight; perhaps a clerk at Lincoln.
7	Odo or Eudo FitzRoy (d.1242?).
8	Ivo (confused with Odo?).
9	Henry; he married a minor heiress.
10	Richard, Constable of Wallingford Castle.
11	Matilda (?), Abbess of Barking.
12	Isabella la Blanche (?).

KING JOHN

He died on 18/19 October, 1216, at Newark Castle, Lincs., and was buried in Worcester Cathedral.

He was succeeded by his son Henry.

Henry III

FATHER: King John ( see here).

MOTHER: Isabella of Angoulême (under King Johnsee here).

SIBLINGS: (under King John, see here)

HENRY III

He was born on 1 October, 1207, at Winchester Castle, Hampshire. He succeeded his father as King of England and Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine on 28 October, 1216, being crowned on that day in Gloucester Cathedral with his mother’s circlet, the Crown Jewels having been lost in the River Wash. He was again crowned on 17 May, 1220, at Westminster Abbey. In December, 1259, he formally renounced the duchy of Normandy under the terms of the Treaty of Paris.

Henry III married, on 14 January, 1236, at Canterbury Cathedral, Kent:

Eleanor

She was the daughter of Raymond Berenger V, Count of Provence, by Beatrice, daughter of Thomas I, Count of Savoy; her sister Sanchia later married Henry’s brother Richard. Eleanor was born between 1217 and 1226, perhaps in c.1223, at Aix-en-Provence, France, and was crowned Queen Consort on 19/20 January, 1236, at Westminster Abbey. She became a nun on 7 July, 1284, at Amesbury Abbey, Wiltshire. She died on 24/25 June, 1291, at Amesbury Abbey, and was buried there.

Issue of marriage:

1  Edward I ( see here).

2  Margaret (under Alexander III, King of Scotland, see here).

3  Beatrice

She was born on 25 June, 1242, at Bordeaux, Gascony. She married John de Montfort of Dreux, Earl of Richmond, afterwards John II, Duke of Brittany (1239–1305), on 22 January, 1260, at the Abbey of St Denis, Paris, and had issue:

1  Arthur II, Duke of Brittany (1262–1312); he married firstly Beatrice (1260–1291), daughter of Guy VI, Viscount of Limoges, and had issue. He married secondly Yolande, daughter of Robert IV, Count of Dreux, and widow of Alexander III, King of Scotland, and had issue.

2  John, Earl of Richmond (1266?–1334).

3  Peter, Count of Léon (d.1312).

4  Mary (1268–1339); she married Guy de Châtillon, Count of St Pol, and had issue.

5  Eleanor or Alice (1274–1329?); she became a nun at Amesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, and later Abbess of Fontevrault, France.

6  Blanche (d.1327); she married Philip, Count of Artois, Lord of Conches and Domfront (d.1298), and had issue.

7  Henry (d. young, 1284).

Beatrice died on 24 March, 1275, in London; she was perhaps buried in Reading Abbey, Berkshire, and probably removed later to Greyfriars Church, Newgate, London. Her tomb was lost during the Reformation.

4  Edmund

Known as ‘Crouchback’, he was born on 16 January, 1245, in London. He was nominated King of Sicily by the Pope on 7 January, 1254, but deprived of that kingdom in 1263. He was created Earl of Leicester on 26 October, 1265, and Earl of Lancaster on 30 June, 1267. He became Count of Champagne and Brie in right of his second wife in 1276. Edmund died on 5 June, 1296, at Bayonne, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Edmund married firstly, on 8/9 April, 1269, in the newly-rebuilt Westminster Abbey:

Aveline

She was the daughter of William de Forz or Fortibus, 6th Earl of Aumale, by Isabella, daughter of Baldwin de Redvers, 7th Earl of Devon. She was born on 20 January, 1259, at Burstwick, Yorkshire, and succeeded her brother as Countess of Aumale before 6 April, 1269. She died on 10 November, 1274, at Stockwell, Surrey, and was buried in Westminster Abbey; hers was the first tomb in the new church. There was no issue of her marriage to Edmund.

Edmund married secondly, in January (before 3 February), 1276, or between 27 July and 29 October, 1276 (although no evidence exists as to where):

Blanche

She was the daughter of Robert I, Count of Artois, by Matilda, daughter of Henry II, Duke of Brabant, and she was born around c.1245/50. She married firstly Henry I, King of Navarre and Count of Champagne (d.1274), in 1269, and had issue:

1  Joan, Queen of Navarre (1273–1305); she married Philip IV, King of France (1268–1314), and had issue, including Isabella, wife of Edward II.

2  Theobald (d.young).

Blanche died on 2 May, 1302, in Paris, and was probably buried in the Minoresses Convent, Aldgate, London.

Issue of marriage:

(i)	Thomas
	He was born around 1277/80. He became Earl of Lincoln in right of his wife on or before 28 October, 1294. He succeeded his father as Earl of Lancaster and Leicester on 8 September, 1298. He was styled Earl Ferrers (Derby) from 1301. He renounced the earldom of Lincoln when he divorced his wife in c.1318. Thomas was executed on 22 March, 1322, at Pontefract, Yorkshire, by order of Edward II. He was buried in the Priory of St John at Pontefract.
	Thomas married, on or before 28 October, 1294 (?), or perhaps as late as c.1310 (although no record exists as to where):
	Alice
	She was the daughter of Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln, by Margaret, daughter of Sir William Longespee of Amesbury, Wiltshire, a descendant of Henry II. Alice was born on 25 December, 1281, probably at Denbigh Castle, Denbighshire, and succeeded her father as Countess of Lincoln on 5 February, 1311; she succeeded her mother as Countess of Salisbury before 20 September, 1311. Lancaster divorced her in c.1318 on account of her adultery with the Earl of Surrey’s squire, Sir Eubulo Lestraunge, whom she married as her second husband before 10 November, 1324. Eubulo died in 1335. Alice married thirdly Hugh de Freyne, Baron Freyne (d.1336/7), before 23 March, 1336. She died on 2 October, 1348, and was buried in Barlings Abbey, Birling, Kent. She had no issue from any of her marriages.
(ii)	Henry
	He was born in c.1281 at Grosmont Castle, Monmouthshire. He was restored to the earldom of Leicester on 29 March, 1324, two years after his brother’s execution for treason, and styled Earl of Lancaster from 26 October, 1326, being restored formally to that earldom on 3 February, 1327. He succeeded his brother John as Lord of Beaufort and Nogent in France in 1336 (?). Henry died on 22 September, 1345, at Leicester, and was buried in Newark Abbey, Leicester.
	Henry married, before 2 March, 1297 (although no evidence exists as to where):
	Matilda
	She was the daughter of Sir Patrick de Chaworth of Kidwelly, by Isabella, daughter of William de Beauchamp, 1st Earl of Warwick. She was born in 1282 or 1288, and died before 3 December, 1322, being buried at Mottisfont Priory.
	Issue of marriage:

(a)	Henry
	He was born between 1299 and 1314 at Grosmont Castle, Monmouthshire. He was created Earl of Derby on 16 March, 1337, and succeeded his father as Earl of Lancaster, Earl of Leicester and Lord of Beaufort and Nogent on 22 September, 1345. He was made a Knight of the Garter in 1348, created Earl of Lincoln on 20 August, 1349, and created Duke of Lancaster on 6 March, 1351. He was created Earl of Moray on 5 April, 1359, but never so styled. Henry died on 23/24 March, 1361, at Leicester Castle of the Black Death (bubonic plague), and was buried in Newark Abbey, Leicester.
	Henry married, in c.1334/7 (although no record exists as to where):
	Isabella
	She was the daughter of Henry, 1st Baron de Beaumont and Earl of Buchan, by Alice, daughter of Sir Alexander Comyn. She died in 1361 at Leicester of the Black Death (bubonic plague), and was buried in Newark Abbey, Leicester.
	Issue of marriage:

(i)	Matilda
	She was born on 4 April, c.1339 or 1341. She married firstly Ralph de Stafford (d.1347/9) on 1 November, 1344. She married secondly William V, Duke of Bavaria, Count of Holland, Hainault and Zeeland (1327–1389), in 1352 at the King’s Chapel in the Palace of Westminster. She succeeded her father as Countess of Leicester on 23 March, 1361, but died on 10 April, 1362, in England, of the Black Death (bubonic plague) (although some sources say she was poisoned).
(ii)	Blanche
	She married John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (under Edward III, see here).

(b)	Blanche
	She was born in c.1305, and married Thomas Wake, 2nd Baron Wake of Liddell (d.1349) before 9 October, 1316. She died on 10 July, 1380, and was buried in the Church of the Friars Minor, Stamford, Lines.
(c)	Matilda
	She was born in c.1310. She married firstly William de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster (1312–1333), after 1 May, 1327 (date of dispensation), and before 1330, and had issue:
	1  Elizabeth; she married Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence (under Edward III, see here).
	Matilda married secondly Ralph de Ufford (d.1346) before 8 August, 1343, and had issue:
	2  Matilda (d.1413); she married Thomas de Vere, 8th Earl of Oxford (1336?–1371), and had issue.
	Matilda became an Augustinian Canoness at Campsey Abbey, Suffolk (?), between 8 August, 1347, and 25 April, 1348; she transferred to the Poor Clares at Bruisyard Abbey, Suffolk (?), in 1364. She died before 5 May, 1377, at Campsey Abbey, Suffolk (?), and was buried in Bruisyard Abbey, Suffolk.
(d)	Joan
	She was born in c.1312. She married John, 3rd Baron Mowbray, Lord of Axholme, Bramber and Gower (1310–1361), after 28 February, 1327, and had issue:
	1  John, 4th Baron Mowbray (1340–killed 1368); he married Elizabeth (1338–by 1368), daughter of John, 4th Baron de Segrave, by Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk (under Edward I, see here), and had issue.
	2  Blanche (d.1409); she either married John de Segrave of Folkestone (d.1349) and had issue, or married firstly Robert, Baron Bertram of Bothall (d.1363/4), secondly Thomas, Baron Poynings (d.1375), thirdly Sir John Worth (d.1391) and fourthly Sir John Wiltshire.
	3  Eleanor (d.c.1387); she married firstly Roger, Baron de la Warre (1326–1370), and secondly Sir Lewis de Clifford (d.1404).
	Joan died on 7 July, 1345 (?) or 1349 (?), and was buried in Byland Abbey, Yorkshire.
(e)	Isabella
	She was born in c.1317, and perhaps married Henry de la Dale in her youth. She became a nun at Amesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, before 6 April, 1337, and was elected Prioress of Amesbury before 23 March, 1344. She died after 1 February, 1347.
(f)	Eleanor
	She was born in c.1318. She married firstly John, 2nd Baron de Beaumont (d.1342), before June, 1337, and had issue:
	1  Henry, 3rd Baron de Beaumont (1340–1369); he married Margaret (d.1398), daughter of John de Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford, and had issue.
	2  Joan (d. after 1400).
	Eleanor married secondly Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel (1306/13–1376), on 5 February, 1345, at Ditton Church, Stoke Poges, Bucks., and had issue:
	3  Edmund (c.1346–c.1366).
	4  Joan (c.1347–1419); she married Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, Essex and Northampton (1342–1373), and had issue, including Mary, wife of Henry IV, and Eleanor, wife of Thomas, Duke of Gloucester (under Edward III, see here).
	5  Richard, 11th Earl of Arundel (c.1348–executed 1397); he married firstly Elizabeth (d.1385), daughter of William de Bohun, Earl of Northampton, and had issue, and secondly Philippa Mortimer (under Edward III, see here).
	6  Alice (c.1350–1414/16); she married Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent (c.1355–1397), son of Joan, Princess of Wales (under Edward III, see here), and had issue, including Eleanor, Countess of March (under Edward III, see here).
	7  John, Baron of Arundel (c.1351–drowned 1379); he married Eleanor (1346?–1405), daughter of Sir John Maltravers, and had issue.
	8  Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury (1353–1414).
	9  Mary.
	10  Eleanor (c.1354/6–before 1366).
	Eleanor died on 11 January, 1372, at Arundel Castle, Sussex, and was buried in Lewes Priory, Sussex.
(g)	Mary
	She was born around 1320/21. She married firstly Henry Percy, 3rd Baron of Alnwick (1322?–1368), in c.September, 1334, at Tutbury Castle, and had issue:
	1  Henry, 1st Earl of Northumberland (1341–1408); he married Matilda (d.1372), daughter of Ralph, Baron Neville of Raby, and had issue. He married secondly Matilda (d.1398), daughter of Thomas, Baron Lucy of Cockermouth.
	2  Thomas, Earl of Worcester (1344?–executed 1403). Had illegitimate issue.
	3  Mary (b.1360); she married John, Baron Ros of Helmsley.
	Mary died on 1/2 September, 1362, and was buried at Alnwick, Northumberland.
	Henry, Earl of Lancaster, married secondly, after 1322 (although no evidence exists as to where):
	Alice
	She was the daughter of John de Joinville, Seneschal of Champagne, by Alice, daughter of Gautier, Seigneur de Risnel. She married firstly John, Seigneur of Arcis-sur-Aube and Chacenay (d. by 1307). Nothing more is known of her.

(iii)	John
	He was born before May, 1286, and became Lord of Beaufort and Nogent-Lartauld on the death of his mother in May, 1302. He died unmarried in c.1327 (?) or 1336 (certainly by 1337) in France.
(iv)	Mary
	No dates are recorded. She died young, in France.

5  Richard

He was born in c.1247, and died before 1256. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.

6  John

He was born in c.1250 at Windsor Castle, and died before 1256. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.

7  William

He was born in c.1250/51, and died either at birth or in 1256. He was buried in the New Church of the Knights Templars, Fleet Street, London.

8  Katherine

She was born on 25 November, 1252/3, at the Palace of Westminster. A mute child, she died on 3 May, 1257, at Windsor Castle, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

9  Henry

No dates are recorded. He died young, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

HENRY III

He died on 16 November, 1272, at the Palace of Westminster, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

He was succeeded by his son Edward.

Edward I

FATHER: Henry III ( see here).

MOTHER: Eleanor of Provence (under Henry III, see here).

SIBLINGS: (under Henry III, see here).

EDWARD I

Known as ‘Longshanks’ and ‘the Lawgiver’, he was born on 17/18 June, 1239, at the Palace of Westminster. He was created Duke of Gascony in 1254, and Earl of Chester on 14 February, 1254. He resigned the earldom of Chester on 24 December, 1264, but was restored to it on 4 August, 1265. He succeeded his father as King of England on 20 November, 1272, and was crowned on 19 August, 1274, at Westminster Abbey.

Edward I married firstly, between 13 and 31 October, 1254, at the Abbey of Las Huelgas, Burgos, Castile:

Eleanor

She was the daughter of Ferdinand III, King of Castile, by Joan, daughter of Simon of Dammartin, Count of Ponthieu and Aumale. Eleanor was born around 1244/5 in Castile. She was crowned Queen Consort on 19 August, 1274, at Westminster Abbey. She succeeded her mother as Countess of Ponthieu and Montreuil in March, 1279. Eleanor died on 28 November, 1290, at the manor of Harby, Notts., of a fever, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Issue of marriage:

1  Eleanor

She was born c.17 June, 1264 (or possibly as late as 1269, although the Issue Rolls of 1302 describe her as Edward’s eldest daughter), at Windsor Castle. She married firstly Alfonso III, King of Aragon (d.1291), by proxy on 15 August, 1290, at Westminster Abbey. The marriage was not consummated because of the bridegroom’s early death. Eleanor married secondly Henry III, Count of Bar (d.1302), on 20 September, 1293, at Bristol, and had issue:

1  Edward I, Count of Bar (1294–1337); he drowned in a shipwreck. He married Mary (1298һc.1310), daughter of Robert, Duke of Burgundy, and had issue.

2  Joan (1295–1361); she married John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey (1286–1347), and had issue. She was divorced in 1315.

3  Eleanor (?); she is said to have married Llywelyn ap Owen of Deheubarth, and to have had issue, but this is doubtful.

Eleanor died on 12 October, 1298, at Ghent in Flanders, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

2  Joan

She was born in the summer of 1265, either in Paris or perhaps at Abbeville, Ponthieu. She died before 7 September, 1265, in France, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

3  John

He was born on 10 June or 10 July, 1266, either at Windsor Castle, or at Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire, or at Winchester. He died on 1 or 3 August, 1271/2, at the Palace of Westminster, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

4  Henry

He was born on 13 July, 1267/8, at Windsor Castle. He died on 14 October, 1274, either at Merton, Surrey, or at Guildford Castle, Surrey, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

5  Alice

She is said to have been born at Woodstock Palace, Oxon., but the date of her birth is unknown. The Harleian MSS. say she died at the age of 12. Some historians have identified her with the child born to the King and Queen in March, 1279, but this cannot be correct, as that infant’s funeral at Westminster Abbey took place during the same year (  Isabella, below).

6  Juliana or Katherine

She was born in 1271 at Acre, Palestine, and died there on 28 May or 5 September, 1271. She is perhaps the daughter who is buried in the Church of the Friars Preachers, Bordeaux, Gascony.

7  Joan

She was born in Spring, 1272, at Acre, Palestine. She married firstly Gilbert de Clare, 3rd Earl of Gloucester and 7th Earl of Hertford (1243–1295), on 30 April, 1290, at Westminster Abbey, and had issue:

1  Gilbert, Earl of Gloucester and Hertford (1291–1314: killed at the Battle of Bannockburn); he married Matilda (d.1320), daughter of Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster, and had issue.

2  Eleanor (1292–1337); she married firstly Hugh le Despenser (executed 1326), and had issue. She married secondly Sir William la Zouche de Mortimer of Ashby, Leics. (d.1337).

3  Margaret (1293–1342); she married firstly Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall (1284?–executed 1312), and had issue. She married secondly Hugh de Audley, Earl of Gloucester (1289?–1347), and had issue.

4  Elizabeth (1295–1360); she married firstly John de Burgh (d.1313), and had issue. She married secondly Sir Theobald de Verdon of Alton, Staffs. (1278–1316), and had issue. She married thirdly Roger, Baron d’Amory (d.1322), and had issue.

Joan married secondly Ralph, 1st Baron de Monthermer, Earl of Gloucester and Earl of Atholl (d.1325), before July, 1297, and had issue:

5  Thomas, 2nd Baron Monthermer (1301–1340: killed at the Battle of Sluys); he married Margaret Teyes (d.1349), and had issue.

6  Edward, 3rd Baron Monthermer (1304–1340).

7  Mary (1298–after 1371); she married Duncan, 10th Earl of Fife (1285–1353), and had issue.

8  Joan (b.1299); a nun at Amesbury Abbey, Wilts.

Joan died on 23 April, 1307, at her manor of Clare, Suffolk, and was buried in the Priory Church of the Austin Friars, Clare, Suffolk.

8  Alfonso

He was born on 24 November, 1273, either at Bayonne or at Bordeaux, Gascony, or in Maine. He was perhaps designated Earl of Chester in 1284. He died on 14 or 19 August, 1284, at Windsor Castle, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

9  Margaret

She was born on 11 September, 1275, at Windsor Castle. She married John II ‘the Peaceful’, Duke of Brabant (d.1312), on 8 July, 1290, at Westminster Abbey, and had issue:

1  John III ‘the Triumphant’, Duke of Brabant (1300–1355); he married Mary (d.1335), daughter of Louis of France, Count of Evreux, and had issue.

Margaret died in 1318, and was buried in the Collegiate Church of St Gudule, Brussels.

10  Berengaria or Berenice

She was born in 1276 at Kempton Palace, Surrey, and died between 1276 and 1279. She was buried in Westminster Abbey.

11  Mary

She was born on 11 March or 22 April, 1278, at Windsor Castle. She entered Amesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, as a novice in 1284, being there professed as a nun on 15 August, 1285. She died before 8 July, 1332, at Amesbury Abbey, where she was buried.

12  Isabella

She was born on 12 March, 1279, probably at Woodstock Palace, Oxon., or at Windsor Castle, or at Marlborough Castle, Wiltshire. She died in 1279, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

13  Elizabeth

She was born in August, 1282, at Rhuddlan Castle, Flintshire, Wales. She married firstly John I, Count of Holland and Zeeland (d.1299), on 18 January, 1296/7, at Ipswich Priory Church, Suffolk. She married secondly Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and Essex (1276?–1322), on 14 November, 1302, at Westminster Abbey, and had issue:

1	Hugh or Humphrey (1303?–1305).
2	Eleanor (1304–1363); she married firstly James Butler, 1st Earl of Ormonde (1305?–1338), and had issue. She married secondly Sir Thomas de Dagworth (1276–murdered 1350), and had issue.
3	Mary or Margaret (b.&d.1305).
4	John, Earl of Hereford and Essex (1306–1336); he married firstly Alice, daughter of Edmund FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel, and had issue, and secondly Margaret (d. after 1347), daughter of Ralph, Lord Bassett of Drayton.
5	Humphrey, Earl of Hereford and Essex (1309–1361).
6	William, Earl of Northampton (1310/12–1360); he married Elizabeth (1313–1356), daughter of Bartholemew de Badlesmere, and had issue.
7	Edward, twin of William (1310/12–drowned 1334); he married Margaret (d.1341), daughter of William, Baron de Ros.
8	Edmund; he married Matilda, daughter of Nicholas de Segrave, Baron of Stowe.
9	Eneas (1313/15–before 1343).
10	Margaret (d.1391); she married Hugh de Courtenay, Earl of Devon (1303–1377), and had issue.
11	Isabella (b.&d.1316).

Elizabeth died on c.5 May, 1316 at Quendon, Essex, in childbirth, and was buried in Walden Abbey, Essex.

14  Edward II ( see here).

15  Beatrice

She was born after August, 1286, either in Gascony or in Aquitaine. She died young.

16 Blanche

She was born in 1289/90, and died young.

Edward I married secondly, on 8 or 10 September, 1299, at Canterbury Cathedral, Kent:

Margaret

She was the daughter of Philip III, King of France, by Mary, daughter of Henry III, Duke of Brabant, and she was born around 1279/82 in Paris. Margaret was never crowned. She died on 14 February, 1317/18, at Marlborough Castle, Wiltshire, and was buried in Greyfriars Church, Newgate, London. Her tomb was lost during the Reformation.

Issue of marriage:

1  Thomas

He was born on 1 June, 1300, at Brotherton, Yorkshire, and was created Earl of Norfolk on 16 December, 1312. He died between 4 August and 20 September, 1338, and was buried in the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk.

Thomas married firstly, between c.1316 and 1320 (although no evidence exists as to where):

Alice

She was the daughter of Sir Roger Halys or Hales of Harwich, Essex. She died after 8 May, 1326, and before 1330.

Issue of marriage:

(i)	Edward
	He was born in c.1319/20, and died before 13 September, 1337, perhaps in 1332 (?).
	Edward married, in May/June, 1328 (although no evidence exists as to where):
	Beatrice
	She was the daughter of Roger Mortimer, Earl of March, by Joan, daughter of Peter de Genville. After the death of Edward, she married secondly Thomas de Braose, Lord Brewes, in c.1334 (before 13 September, 1337), and had issue:
	1  Beatrice; she married William de Say, Baron Say (1340–1375), and had issue.
	2  John, a knight (d.1367); he married Elizabeth de Montacute.
	3  Thomas, a knight (d.1395).
	4  Peter.
	5  Elizabeth.
	6  Joan.
	Beatrice died on 16 October, 1383.
(ii)	Margaret
	Known as ‘Margaret Marshal’, as the Dukes of Norfolk have always held the office of Earl Marshal of England, she was born around 1320/22. She married firstly John de Segrave, 4th Baron de Segrave (1306 or 1315–1353), after 3 March, 1327, and probably in 1337/8, and had issue:
	1  Elizabeth (1338–1375/6); she married John, 4th Baron Mowbray of Axholme, Lincs. (1340–killed 1368), and had issue.
	2  Anne, Abbess of Barking (d.c.1377).
	Margaret succeeded her father as Countess of Norfolk between August and 20 September, 1338. She married secondly Walter, 1st Baron de Mauny or Manny (d.1372), before 30 May, 1354, and had issue:
	3  Thomas (drowned in infancy before 1371/2).
	4  Anne (1354–1384); she married John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (1347–1375), who had married previously Margaret, daughter of Edward III, and had issue.
	Margaret was created Duchess of Norfolk for life on 29 September, 1397. She died on 24 March, 1399/1400, and was buried either in the Charterhouse, London, or in Greyfriars Church, Newgate, London.
(iii)	Alice
	She was born in c.1324. She married Edward de Montacute, 1st Baron Montacute (c.1304–1361), before 16 January, 1339, and possibly before 29 August, 1338, and had issue:
	1  Elizabeth (b.1344): she married either Walter de Ufford or Sir John de Braose (d.1367)
	2  Margaret (c.1347–before 1351/2).
	3  Joan (1349–1375); she married William de Ufford, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (1339?–1382), and had issue.
	4  Matilda (c.1350–1394); a nun, later Abbess of Barking.
	Alice died probably between 14 November, 1351, and 30 January, 1352 (certainly before 16 November, 1361), at Bungay, Suffolk, of wounds received as a result of an assault by her husband.

Thomas married secondly, in c.1328 (although no evidence exists as to where):

Mary

She was the daughter of Peter de Braose, and married firstly Ralph, Baron Cobham of Norfolk (d.1326), by whom she had issue:

1 John (1324–after 1378), Baron Cobham.

Mary died on 9 June, 1362 (or between 17 April, 1361, and 20 June, 1362).

Issue of marriage:

  (i)  John

No dates are recorded. He was a monk at Ely Abbey, Cambs.

2  Edmund

He was born on 5 August, 1301, at Woodstock Palace, Oxon., and was created Earl of Kent on 28 July, 1321. He was probably styled Earl of Arundel as well, as he held the castle and honour of Arundel, but he was never formally so created. He was executed for supporting his brother, the deposed Edward II, by order of the Regents Mortimer and Queen Isabella, on 19 March, 1330, outside Winchester Castle, and he was buried in the Church of the Dominican Friars, Winchester. His remains were later removed to Westminster Abbey.

Edmund married, in December, 1325 (after 6 October, date of dispensation) (although no record exists as to where):

Margaret

She was the daughter of John Wake, 1st Baron Wake of Liddell, by Joan, daughter either of William de Fenes or of John FitzBernard of Kingsdown, Kent. Margaret was born around c.1299/1300. She married firstly John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch (killed 1314), and had issue:

1  Aymer (d. young before 1316).

Margaret succeeded her brother as Baroness Wake of Liddell on 30/31 May, 1349, being first so styled on 20 August, 1349. She died on 29 September, 1349, of the Black Death.

Issue of marriage:

(i)	Edmund
	He was born in c.1326, and was restored to the earldom of Kent, which had been forfeited by his father, on 7 December, 1330. He died before 5 October, 1331, or on 5 January, 1333 (?).
(ii)	Margaret
	She was born in 1327. She married Amanco, Seigneur d’Albret of Gascony, and died before 1352.
(iii)	Joan
	She married Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales (under Edward III, see here).
(iv)	John
	He was born on 7 April, 1330, at Arundel Castle, Sussex, his father’s posthumous child. He succeeded his mother as Baron Wake of Liddell on 29 September, 1349. He was created Earl of Kent on 10 April, 1351. He died on 26/27 December, 1352, and was buried in the Church of the Greyfriars, Winchester, Hants.
	John married, after 3 April, 1348 (date of dispensation) (although no evidence exists as to where):
	Elizabeth
	She was the daughter of William V, Margrave or Duke of Juliers, by Joan, daughter of William V, Count of Hainault and Holland, and sister of Philippa, wife of Edward III. After John’s death, Elizabeth married secondly Sir Eustace d’Aubédcicourt (d.1372/3) on 29 September, 1360, at Wingham Church, Kent, and had issue:
	1  Sanchez.
	2  William.
	After Eustace died, Elizabeth became a nun at Waverley Abbey. She died on 6 June, 1411, and was buried in the Church of the Greyfriars, Winchester, Hants. There was no issue of her first marriage.

Note: There is no contemporary evidence that the marriage of Edmund, Earl of Kent, and Margaret Wake produced two other sons, Robert and Thomas, who are mentioned in later sources.

3  Eleanor

She was born on 4 May, 1306, at Winchester. She died in 1311 at Amesbury Abbey, Wilts., and was buried in Beaulieu Abbey, Hants.

Edward I is reputed to have had the following illegitimate issue (according to the Hayles Abbey Chronicle), and while this is possible, it is still subject to some doubt:

By an unknown mother,

1  John Botetourt, Lord of Mendlesham, Suffolk (c.1265–1324); he married Matilda, daughter of Thomas FitzOates, and had issue.

EDWARD I

He died on 7 July, 1307, at Burgh-on-Sands, Northumberland, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

He was succeeded by his son Edward.

Edward II

FATHER: Edward I ( see here).

MOTHER: Eleanor of Castile (under Edward I, see here).

SIBLINGS: (under Edward I, see here).

EDWARD II

He was born on 25 April, 1284, at Caernarvon Castle, Wales. He succeeded his mother as Count of Ponthieu and Montreuil on 28 November, 1290. He was created and invested as Earl of Chester and Prince of Wales on 7 February, 1301; he was the first English Prince of Wales, and since 1301 the title has usually been granted to the eldest son of the sovereign. The story of Edward being presented by his father to the Welsh on a shield, just after his birth in 1284, is a picturesque fabrication. He was created Duke of Aquitaine in May, 1306. He succeeded his father as King of England on 8 July, 1307, and was crowned on 24/25 February, 1308, in Westminster Abbey.

Edward II was deposed by an illegally convened ‘Parliament’ on 20 January, 1327, and formally abdicated in favour of his son Edward on 25 January, 1327.

Edward II married, on 25 or 28 January, 1308, at Boulogne Cathedral, France:

Isabella

She was the daughter of Philip IV, King of France, by Joan I, Queen of Navarre, daughter of Blanche of Artois (under Henry III, see here). Isabella was born around 1292/5 in Paris. She was crowned Queen Consort on 24/25 February, 1308, in Westminster Abbey. She was instrumental in plotting the deposition and murder of her husband, and after his abdication she shared the Regency with her lover, Roger Mortimer, Earl of March. When Edward III attained his majority in 1330, the regents were overthrown. Mortimer was executed, and Isabella allowed an honourable retirement from public life. She died on 22 August, 1358, either at Castle Rising, Norfolk, or at Hertford Castle, and was buried in Greyfriars Church, Newgate, London. Her tomb was lost during the Reformation.

Issue of marriage:

1  Edward III ( see here).

2 John

He was born on c.15 or 25 August, 1316, at Eltham Palace, Kent, and was created Earl of Cornwall between 16 and 31 October, 1328. He died on 13 September, 1336, at Perth, Scotland, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

3 Eleanor

She was born on 18 June, 1318, at Woodstock Palace, Oxon.; she married Reginald II, Count of Gueldres and Zutphen (d.1343), in May, 1332, at Nimeguen, Gueldres, and had issue:

1  Reginald III, Count of Gueldres (1334–1371); he married Mary (d.1398), daughter of John III, Duke of Brabant.

2  Edward, Count of Gueldres (1336–1371); he married Katherine (d.1401), daughter of Albert, Duke of Holland and Hainault.

Eleanor may also have been the mother of the following, although it is more probable that they were the children of Reginald’s first wife, Sophia of Malines (d.1329):

3  Margaret (d.1344).

4  Matilda (d.1380); she married firstly Godfrey, Count of Hennenburg, and secondly John, Duke of Cleves; she married thirdly John, Count of Châtillon, Blois.

5  Mary (d.1405); she married William VI, Duke of Juliers (d.1393), and had issue.

6  Isabella, Abbess of Graventhal.

Eleanor died on 22 April, 1355, at Deventer Abbey, Gueldres, where she was buried.

4  Joan (under David II of Scotland, see here).

Edward II also had the following illegitimate issue:

By an unknown mother:

1  Adam (c.1310–after 1322).

EDWARD II

He was murdered on 21 September, 1327, at Berkeley Castle, Gloucs., by having a red-hot spit thrust into his bowels; this was probably done on the orders of the Regent, Roger Mortimer, Earl of March, with the collusion of Queen Isabella, who was Mortimer’s mistress. Edward was buried in Gloucester Cathedral.

He was succeeded by his son Edward, in whose favour he had abdicated on 25 January, 1327.

Edward III

FATHER: Edward II ( see here).

MOTHER: Isabella of France (under Edward II, see here).

SIBLINGS: (under Edward II, see here).

EDWARD III

He was born on 13 November, 1312, at Windsor Castle. He was created Earl of Chester on 24 November (?), 1312, and Count of Ponthieu and Montreuil on 2 September, 1325. He was created Duke of Aquitaine on 10 September, 1325. He succeeded his father as King of England on 25 January, 1327, Edward II having abdicated in favour of his son on that day. Edward III was crowned on 1 February, 1327, in Westminster Abbey. On 20 October, 1330, he assumed personal rule after overthrowing the regents, his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer, Earl of March. He formally assumed the title King of France, which he claimed through his mother, in January, 1340, thus starting the Hundred Years War.

Edward III married, on 24 January, 1328, at York Minster:

Philippa

She was the daughter of William V ‘the Good’, Count of Hainault and Holland, by Joan, daughter of Charles of France, Count of Valois, and she was born in c.1313/14 either at Valenciennes or at Mons in Flanders. She was crowned on 2 or 20 February, 1328, at Westminster Abbey, and again on 4 March, 1330, also at Westminster Abbey. She died on 15 August, 1369, at Windsor Castle, of a dropsy-like illness, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Issue of marriage:

1  Edward

Known from the 16th century onwards as ‘the Black Prince’ (because of the colour of his armour), he was born on 15 June, 1330, at Woodstock Palace, Oxon. He was created Earl of Chester on 18 May, 1333, Duke of Cornwall on 3 March, 1337, and Prince of Wales on 12 May, 1343, being invested with the principality on the same day. He was made a Knight of the Garter when his father first founded the Order in 1348. He was created Prince of Aquitaine on 19 July, 1362, and was created Lord of Biscay and Castro Urdiales in Castile by Peter I, King of Castile, on 23 September, 1366. He resigned the principality of Aquitaine because of ill-health before 28 December, 1375. He died on 8 June, 1376, at the Palace of Westminster, and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral, Kent.

Edward married, on 10/11 October, 1361, probably at St Stephen’s Chapel in the Palace of Westminster, or – less probably – at Canterbury Cathedral or at Windsor Castle:

Joan

She was the daughter of Edmund, Earl of Kent, son of Edward I, by Margaret Wake, and she was born on 29 September, 1328. She married firstly Sir Thomas Holland or Holand of Broughton, Bucks. (d.1360), in c.1339 or in the Spring of 1340, according to her testimony of 1347. She then married secondly, and bigamously, William de Montacute, Earl of Salisbury (1328–1397), in c.1340/1 or 1346 (?) (probably before 10 February, 1341, and certainly by 15 October, 1348). Her marriage to Montacute was annulled by Papal Bull on 13 November, 1349, whilst her marriage to Holland was at the same time pronounced valid. The Pope accordingly ordered Joan to return to Holland and cohabit with him as his lawful wife, which she did around 1349, and had issue:

1  Edmund (b. before 1352; d. young).

2  Thomas, Earl of Kent (c.1355–1397); he married Alice (c.1350–1414/16), daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel and a descendant of Henry III, and had issue.

3  Joan (c.1356–1384); she married John de Montfort IV, Duke of Brittany (1339–1399) (who afterwards married Joan, later the wife of Henry IV).

4  John, Duke of Exeter (c.1358–executed 1400); he married Elizabeth, daughter of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster ( see here), and had issue.

5  Matilda (c.1359–1391); she married firstly Sir Hugh de Courtenay (d.1377), and secondly Waleran of Luxembourg, Count of St Pol and Ligny (d.1415), and had issue by her second husband.

Joan succeeded her brother John (under Edward I, see here) as Baroness Wake of Liddell and Countess of Kent on 26/27 December, 1352, and was confirmed in her new titles on 22 February, 1353. She was made a Lady of the Garter in 1378. She died on 7, 8 or 21 August, 1385, at Wallingford Castle, Berks., and was buried in Greyfriars Church, Stamford, Lincs. It is likely that her remains were shortly afterwards removed to London, although the site of their final resting place is not recorded.

Issue of marriage:

  (i)  Edward

He was born on 27 January, 1365, at Angoulême in France, and died in January, 1371/2, at Bordeaux, Gascony. He was buried at Bordeaux, but later removed to the Church of the Austin Friars in London.

(ii)  Richard II ( see here).

 Edward also had the following illegitimate issue:

By Edith de Willesford (d. after 1385):

1  Sir Roger de Clarendon (1345/60–executed 1402); he married Margaret (d.1382), daughter of John Fleming, Baron de la Roche.

By unknown mothers:

2  Edward (b.c.1349; d. young).

3  Sir John Sounders, or John de Galeis (Calais?).

2  Isabella

She was probably born in March (her mother was churched before 30 April), 1332, at Woodstock Palace, Oxon. She married Enguerrand II, Lord of Coucy, Count of Soissons and Earl of Bedford (1339?–1397), on 27 July, 1365 at Windsor Castle, and had issue:

1  Mary (1366–1404); she married Henry of Bar, Marquess of Pont-à-Mousson (d.1401), and had issue.

2  Philippa (1367–1411); she married Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford and Duke of Ireland (1362–1392).

Isabella was made a Lady of the Garter in 1376. She died between 17 June and 5 October, 1382, and was buried in Greyfriars Church, Newgate, London.

3  Joan

She was probably born in February (certainly before 30 May), 1335, at Woodstock Palace, Oxon., not in the Tower of London as is sometimes stated. She died on 2 September, 1348, at Loremo, Bordeaux, Gascony, of the Black Death (bubonic plague), and was buried either at Loremo, or Bordeaux, or in Bayonne Cathedral, Gascony.

4  William

He was born around 1334/6, certainly before 16 February, 1337, at Hatfield, Yorkshire, where he died before 3 March, 1337. He was buried in York Minster.

5  Lionel

He was born on 29 November, 1338, at Antwerp in Brabant. He was styled Earl of Ulster in right of his wife from c.26 January, 1347. He was made a Knight of the Garter in c.April, 1361, and created Duke of Clarence on 13 November, 1362. He died on 17 October, 1368, at Alba, Piedmont, Italy, and was buried at Pavia, Italy. His remains were later removed to Clare Priory, Suffolk.

Lionel married firstly, on 15 August, 1342, in the Tower of London, and again on 9 September, 1342, at Reading Abbey, Berkshire:

Elizabeth

She was the daughter of William de Burgh, Earl of Ulster, by Matilda of Lancaster, a descendant of Henry III, and she was born on 6 July, 1332, probably at Carrickfergus Castle in Ulster. She succeeded her father as Countess of Ulster on 6 June, 1333. She died on 10 December (?), 1363, in Dublin, and was buried at Clare Priory, Suffolk.

Issue of marriage:

  (i)  Philippa

She was born on 16 August, 1355, at Eltham Palace, Kent. She married Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March (1352–1381) (grandson of the Regent Mortimer – see here, under Edward II), after 15 February, 1359, and probably in May, 1368, at the Queen’s Chapel, Reading Abbey, Berkshire. Philippa died between 21 November, 1378 (date of Will), and 9 February, 1381, and was buried at Cork in Ireland. Her remains were later removed to Wigmore, Herefordshire.

The House of York would one day base its claim to the throne on its descent from Edward III through Philippa, therefore her issue is included here in full:

(a)	Elizabeth
	She was born on 12 February, 1371, at Usk, Monmouthshire. She married firstly Sir Henry (‘Hotspur’) Percy (1361–1403: killed at the Battle of Shrewsbury) before 1 May, 1380, and had issue:
	1  Henry, 2nd Earl of Northumberland (1394–1455); he married Eleanor (d.1472), daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, and had issue. Eleanor was a granddaughter of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster ( see here).
	2  Elizabeth (d.1436); she married firstly John, 7th Baron Clifford (d.1421/2), and had issue, and secondly Ralph Neville, 2nd Earl of Westmorland (1408–1485), and had issue.
	Elizabeth married secondly Thomas, 1st Baron Camoys (d.1419), and had issue:
	3  Son (name not known); he is said to have died young.
	Elizabeth died on 20 April, 1417, and was buried at Trotton, Sussex.
(b)	Roger
	He was born on 1 September, 1373, or 11 April, 1374, at Usk, Monmouthshire. He succeeded his mother as Earl of Ulster between 21 November, 1378, and 9 February, 1381, and his father as Earl of March on 27 December, 1381. He was killed on 20 July, 1398, at Kenlis during a skirmish with the Irish, and was buried at Wigmore, Herefordshire.
	Roger married, on c.7 October, 1388 (although no record exists as to where):
	Eleanor
	She was the daughter of Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent, by Alice, daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel and granddaughter of Eleanor of Lancaster, a descendant of Henry III, and she was born in c.1373. After Roger’s death, she married secondly Edward de Cherleton, 4th Baron Cherleton of Powys (d.1421), after 19 June, 1399, and had issue:
	1  Joan; she married Sir John Grey, Count of Tancarville (d.1421).
	2  Joyce (1403?–1446); she married Sir John Tiptoft (d.1443), and had issue.
	Eleanor died on 6, 18 or 23 October, 1405.
	Issue of marriage:

(i)	Anne
	She married Richard, Earl of Cambridge ( see here).
(ii)	Edmund
	He was born on 4 or 6 November, 1391, in the New Forest, Hampshire, and succeeded his father as Earl of March and Ulster on 20 July, 1398. He died on 18/19 January, 1425, at Trim Castle, Co. Meath, Ireland, of plague, and was buried in the Collegiate Church of Stoke Clare, Suffolk.
	Edmund married, in c.1415 (although no evidence exists as to where):
	Anne
	She was the daughter of Edmund, 5th Earl of Stafford, by Anne, Countess of Buckingham ( see here), and was born in c.1398/1403. After the death of Edmund, she married secondly John Holland, Earl of Huntingdon and 3rd Duke of Exeter (1395?–1447), grandson of John of Gaunt ( see here), before 5 March, 1427, and had issue:
	1 Henry (1430–1475), 4th Duke of Exeter; he married Anne Plantagenet, sister of Edward IV, and had issue. Afterwards divorced.
	Anne died on 20 or 24 September, 1432, and was buried in the Church of St Katherine-by-the-Tower, London.
(iii)	Roger
	He was born on 24 March or 23 April, 1393, at Netherwood, and died unmarried around c.1409/10.
(iv)	Eleanor
	She was born in c.1395. She married Edward, Baron Courtenay (d.1418), in 1408/9, and died after 1414, perhaps having become a nun after her husband’s death.
(v)	Alice
	She is mentioned only by the Tudor chronicler Robert Fabyan, therefore her existence is doubtful.

(c)	Philippa
	She was born on 21 November, 1375, at Ludlow Castle, Shropshire. She married firstly John Hastings, 3rd Earl of Pembroke (1372–1389), in c.1385. She married secondly Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel (c.1348–executed 1397) (a descendant of Henry III), before 15 August, 1390, and had issue:
	1 John (c.1394–d. young after 1397).
	Philippa married thirdly Thomas Poynings, 5th Baron St John of Basing (d.1429) before 24 November, 1399. She died around 24/26 September, 1400/1 at Halnaker, Sussex, and was buried in Boxgrove Priory, Lewes, Sussex.
(d)	Edmund
	He was born on 9 November, 1376/7, at Ludlow Castle, Shropshire, and was made a knight. He died before 13 May, 1411, possibly in 1409, at Harlech Castle, Wales.
	Edmund married, in c.November, 1402, although no record exists as to where:
	Katherine
	She was the daughter of Owen Glendower by Margaret, daughter of Sir David Hanmer of Hanmer, Co. Flint. She died before 1 December, 1413, and was buried in St Swithun’s Church, London.
	Issue of marriage:
	(i)  Lionel (d. young).
	(ii)  Daughter (name not known) (d. young, 1413).
	(iii)  Daughter (name not known) (d. young, 1413).
	(iv)  Possibly more daughters who died young before 1413.
	Lionel married secondly, on 28 May or 5 June, 1368, at the Church of St Maria Maggiore, Milan, Italy:
	Yolande or Violante
	She was the daughter of Galleazzo Visconti II, Duke of Milan, by Bianca Maria, daughter of Aimone, Count of Savoy, and she was born in c.1353. After the death of Lionel, she married secondly Ottone Paleologo, Marquess of Montferrat (murdered 1378), on 2 August, 1377, at Pavia, Italy. She married thirdly Ludovico Visconti, Lord of Lodi (1358–1381), on 18 April, 1381, and had issue:
	1 John (Giovanni).
	Yolande died in November, 1386.

6  John

Known as John of Gaunt, he was born in February or March (certainly before 28 May), 1340, at St Bavon’s Abbey, Ghent, Flanders, and was created Earl of Richmond on 20 September, 1342. He was made a Knight of the Garter in c. April, 1361. He was first styled Earl of Derby, a title he held in right of his first wife, on 21 July, 1361. He was created Earl of Lancaster in right of his first wife before 14 August, 1361, and Lord of Beaufort and Nogent, also in right of his first wife, on 14 August, 1361. He succeeded his sister-in-law, Matilda of Lancaster (under Henry III, see here), as Earl of Derby, Earl of Leicester and Earl of Lincoln on 10 April, 1362, and was created Duke of Lancaster on 13 November, 1362. He was created Lord of Bergerac and Roche-sur-Yon on 8 October, 1370. He surrendered the earldom of Richmond on 5 June, 1372. He assumed the style and title of King of Castile and Léon, in right of his second wife, before 6 October, 1372. He was created Duke of Aquitaine on 2 March, 1390. He died on 3/4 February, 1399, probably at Leicester Castle, or – less probably – at Ely Place, Holborn, London, and was buried in Old St Paul’s Cathedral, London.

John had the following illegitimate issue:

By Marie de St Hilaire (d. after 1399):

1  Blanche (before 1360–1388/9?); she married Sir Thomas Morieux.

John married firstly, on 19 May, 1359, at Reading Abbey, Berkshire:

Blanche

She was the daughter of Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster, by Isabella de Beaumont (under Henry III, see here), and she was born on 25 March, 1345. She died on 12 September, 1369, at Bolingbroke Castle, Lincs., of the Black Death (bubonic plague), and was buried in Old St Paul’s Cathedral, London.

Issue of marriage:

(i)	Philippa
	She was born on 31 March, 1360, at Leicester Castle. She was made a Lady of the Garter in 1378. She married John I, King of Portugal (1357/8–1433), on 14 February, 1387, at Oporto Cathedral, Portugal, and had issue:
	1  Blanche (1388–1389).
	2  Alfonso (1390–1400).
	3  Edward I, King of Portugal (1391–1438); he married Eleanor (d.1445), daughter of Ferdinand I, King of Aragon and Sicily, and had issue.
	4  Peter, Duke of Coimbra (1392–1449); he married Isabella (1409–1443), daughter of James II, Count of Urgel, and had issue.
	5  Henry ‘the Navigator’, Duke of Viseu (1394–1460).
	6  Isabella (1397–1471); she married Philip III, Duke of Burgundy (d.1467), and had issue.
	7  John, Duke of Beja, Constable of Portugal (1400–1442); he married Isabella (d.1445), daughter of Alfonso I, Duke of Braganza, and had issue.
	8  Ferdinand, Grand Master of Aviz (1402–1443).
	Philippa died on 19 July, 1415, at Odivelas, near Lisbon, Portugal, of plague, and was buried in Odivelas Abbey. Her remains were later removed to Batalha Abbey, Portugal.
(ii)	John
	He was born in c.1362 or c.1364, and died young. He was buried in St Mary’s Church, Leicester.
(iii)	Elizabeth
	She was born before 21 February, 1363, at Burford, Shropshire. She was made a Lady of the Garter in 1378. She married firstly John Hastings, 3rd Earl of Pembroke (1372–1389), in 1380 at Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire, but the marriage was annulled after 24 September, 1383. Hastings afterwards married Philippa Mortimer ( see here). Elizabeth married secondly John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter (1352?–executed 1400) (son of Joan, Princess of Wales – see here), on 24 June, 1386, at Plymouth, Devon, and had issue:
	1  John, 3rd Duke of Exeter (1395–1447); he married firstly Anne, daughter of Edmund, 5th Earl of Stafford, by Anne, Countess of Buckingham ( see here), and widow of Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March and Ulster ( see here), and had issue. He married secondly Beatrice of Portugal (d.1439). He married thirdly Anne (d.1457), daughter of John de Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, and had issue.
	2  Richard (d.1400 or 1416).
	3  Constance (1387–1437); she married Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Norfolk (1385–executed 1405), and had issue. She married secondly Sir John Grey (d.1439), and had issue.
	4  Edward, a knight (c.1399–after 1413).
	5  Alice (c.1392–c.1406), she married Richard de Vere, 11th Earl of Oxford (1385–1417), and had issue.
	Elizabeth married thirdly John Cornwall, 1st Baron Fanhope (d.1443), before 12 December, 1400, and had issue:
	6  Constance (d. by 1429); she was married or betrothed to John Maltravers, Earl of Arundel (1407–1435).
	Elizabeth died on 24 November, 1425/6, and was buried in Burford Church, Shropshire.
(iv)	Edward
	He was born in c.1365, and died the same year. He was buried in St Mary’s Church, Leicester.
(v)	John
	He was born before 4 May, 1366, and died young. He was buried in St Mary’s Church, Leicester.
(vi)	Henry IV ( see here).
(vii)	Isabella
	She was born in c.1368, and died young.

John married secondly, on 21 September, 1371, probably at Roquefort, Guienne, or – less probably– at St Andrew, Guienne:

Constance

She was the daughter of Peter I ‘the Cruel’, King of Castile, by Maria, daughter of John Garcias de Padilla, a handfast wife, and she was born in 1354 at Castro Kerez, Castile. She succeeded her father as ‘de jure’ Queen of Castile on 13 March, 1369, but was never Queen ‘de facto’, the throne having been usurped by Henry of Trastamara. She was made a Lady of the Garter in 1378. She died on 24 March, 1394, at Leicester Castle, and was buried in Newark Abbey, Leicester.

Issue of marriage:

(i)  Katherine

She was born between 6 June, 1372, and 31 March, 1373, at Hertford Castle. She was made a Lady of the Garter in 1384. She married Henry III, King of Castile (1379–1406), in September, 1388, at the Church of St Antolin, Fuentarrabia, Castile, and had issue:

1  Mary (1401–1458); she married Alfonso V, King of Aragon and Sicily (1394–1458), and had issue.

2  John II, King of Castile (1406–1454); he married firstly Maria (d.1445), daughter of Ferdinand I, King of Aragon and Sicily, and had issue. He married secondly Isabella (1428?–1496), daughter of John, Duke of Beja in Portugal, and son of Philippa of Lancaster ( see here), and had issue, including Isabella I, Queen of Spain, mother of Katherine of Aragon, first wife of Henry VIII.

3  Katherine (1406–1439); married Henry of Aragon, Duke of Villena (d.1445).

Katherine died on 2 June, 1418, and was buried at Toledo, Spain.

(ii) John

He was born in 1374 at Ghent in Flanders, and died in 1375.

John married thirdly, on 13 January, 1396, at Lincoln Cathedral:

Katherine

She was the daughter of Sir Payn Roët of Guienne, and she was born in c.1350. She married Sir Hugh Swynford of Coleby and Kettlethorpe, Co. Lincs. (1340–1372), before 1367 at St Clement Danes Church, Strand, London, and had issue:

1  Thomas (1368/72–1432), a knight; he married firstly Jane Crophill, and had issue. He married secondly Margaret (d.1454), daughter of Sir Henry Grey, and had issue.

2  Blanche (b.c.1370).

Katherine became the mistress of John of Gaunt in c.1371/2. She was made a Lady of the Garter in 1388. She died on 10 May, 1403, at Lincoln, and was buried in Lincoln Cathedral.

The issue of this marriage, all surnamed Beaufort after their father’s French lordship, were all born before their parents were united in wedlock; they were legitimated by the Pope on 1 September, 1396, and also by Charter of Richard II on 9 February, 1397, but this same Charter also excluded them from the succession. Issue as follows:

(i)  John

He was born around c.1371/3. He was made a Knight of the Garter in c.1397. He was created Earl of Somerset on 10 February, 1397, and Marquess of Somerset on 9 September, 1397. He was created Marquess of Dorset on 29 September, 1397, but deprived of this on 3 November, 1399. He died on 16 March, 1410, at the Hospital of St Katherine-by-the-Tower, London, and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral, Kent.

   John married, before 28 September, 1397 (although no evidence exists as to where):

Margaret

She was the daughter of Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent, son of Joan, Princess of Wales ( see here), by Alice, daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel, a descendant of Henry III, and she was born around 1381/5. After the death of John, she married secondly Thomas, Duke of Clarence, son of Henry IV, after 10 November, 1411 (date of dispensation). She was made a Lady of the Garter in 1399. She died on 30/31 December, 1439, at St Saviour’s Abbey, Bermondsey, London, and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral, Kent.

Issue of marriage:

(a)	Henry
	He was born on 26 November or, less probably, on 16 October, 1401, and succeeded his father as Earl of Somerset on 16 March, 1410. He died on 25 November, 1418.
(b)	John
	He was born before 25 March or in c. April, 1404. He succeeded his brother Henry as Earl of Somerset on 25 November, 1418, and was made a Knight of the Garter in 1440. He was created Duke of Somerset and Earl of Kendal on 28 August, 1443. He died, perhaps by suicide, on 27 May, 1444, and was buried in Wimborne Minster, Dorset.
	John had the following illegitimate issue:
	1  John, Bastard of Somerset (d. after 1453).
	2  Jacinda or Thomasine (1434?–after 1469); she married Reginald, Baron Grey de Wilton (1421–1494), and had issue.
	John married, in 1439 or c.1442 (although no record exists as to where):
	Margaret
	She was the daughter of John, 3rd Baron Beauchamp of Bletsoe, by Edith, daughter of Sir John Stourton. She married firstly Sir Oliver St John of Bletsoe, Beds. (d.1437), and had issue:
	1  John of Bletsoe, a knight; he married Alice, daughter of Thomas Bradshaigh of Haigh, Co. Lancs., and had issue.
	2  Oliver of Lidiard Tregos or of Ewell, Surrey (d.1497); he married Elizabeth, daughter of Henry, Baron Scrope of Bolton, and had issue.
	3  Agnes; she married David Malpas.
	4  Edith; she married Sir Geoffrey Pole of Medmenham, Bucks. (d.1474), and had issue, including Sir Richard Pole, who married Margaret Plantagenet (under Edward IV, see here).
	5  Elizabeth; she married William, Baron Zouche of Haryngworth.
	6  Mary; she married Richard Frogenhall.
	After the death of John Beaufort, her second husband, Margaret married thirdly Leo, 6th Baron Welles (killed 1461), in c.April, 1447, and had issue:
	7  John, 1st Viscount Welles (d.1498); he married Cecilia of York, daughter of Edward IV, and had issue.
	Margaret died on 8 August, 1482, and was buried in Wimborne Minster, Dorset.
	Issue of marriage:
	(i) Margaret (under Henry VII, see here).
(c)	Thomas
	He was born in 1405, and was called Earl of Perche, although there is no record of any formal creation. He died unmarried in 1432.
(d)	Edmund
	He was born in c.1406. He was created Count of Mortain on 22 April, 1427, and made a Knight of the Garter before 5 May, 1436. He was styled Earl of Dorset from 1438, and formally created so on 18 or 28 August, 1442. He was created Marquess of Dorset on 24 June, 1443, and succeeded his brother John as Earl of Somerset on 27 May, 1444. He was created Duke of Somerset on 31 March, 1448. He was killed on 22 May, 1455, at the Battle of St Albans, Herts., and was buried in St Albans Abbey.
	Edmund married, around 1431/5, and before 7 March, 1436 (although no record exists as to where):
	Eleanor
	She was the daughter of Richard Beauchamp, 5th Earl of Warwick, by Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas, Lord Berkeley, and she was born in 1407/8 at Wedgenock, Co. Warwick. She married firstly Thomas, 9th Baron de Ros (1406–1430), and had issue:
	1  Thomas (1427–1461); he married Philippa, daughter of John, Baron Tiptoft, and had issue.
	After the death of Edmund Beaufort, her second husband, Eleanor married thirdly Walter Rokesley. She died around 4/6 or on 12 March, 1466/8, at Baynard’s Castle, London.
	Issue of marriage:

(i)	Henry
	He was born on 26 January or in c.April, 1436, and was styled Earl of Dorset from 1448. He succeeded his father as Duke and Earl of Somerset, Marquess of Dorset and Count of Mortain on 22 May, 1455. He was attainted on 4 November, 1461, when all his honours and estates were declared forfeit, although he was restored to them all on 10 March, 1463. He was executed on 15 May, 1464, at Hexham, Northumberland, after the Battle of Hexham, and was buried either at Hexham Abbey or at Tewkesbury Abbey, Gloucs. He never married.
	Henry had the following illegitimate issue:
	By Joan Hill:
	1  Charles Somerset, Earl of Worcester (1460?–1526); he married Elizabeth (1476?–1509/13), daughter of William Herbert, Earl of Huntingdon, and had issue. He married secondly Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas West, 8th Baron de la Warre, and had issue. He married thirdly Eleanor (d.by 1549), daughter of Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Sutton. The present Dukes of Beaufort are descended from Charles Somerset.
(ii)	Edmund
	He was born in c.1439, and by 1440. He was styled Duke of Somerset after his father’s death in 1455, but never formally restored to the title. He was executed on 6 May, 1471, at Tewkesbury, Gloucs., after the Battle of Tewkesbury, and buried in Tewkesbury Abbey.
(iii)	John
	He was killed on 4 May, 1471, at the Battle of Tewkesbury, Gloucs., and was buried in Tewkesbury Abbey.
(iv)	Thomas
	He died young before 1463.
(v)	Margaret
	She married firstly Humphrey Stafford (d.1457/8) in 1455, and had issue:
	1  Henry, Duke of Buckingham (1455?–executed 1483); he married Katherine Woodville, sister of Elizabeth, wife of Edward IV, and had issue. (under Henry IV, see here).
	2  Son.
	Margaret married secondly Sir Richard Dayrell or Dayre of Lillingstone Dayrell, Bucks., and had issue:
	3  Margaret; she married James Touchet, Baron Audley, and had issue.
	Margaret died in 1474.
(vi)	Eleanor
	She married firstly James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormonde and 1st Earl of Wiltshire (c.1422–executed 1461), perhaps in April, 1458, at Woodsford, Dorset. She married secondly Sir Robert Spencer of Spencercombe, Devon (d. after 1492), in c.1470, and had issue:
	1  Katherine (d.1542); she married Henry Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland (1478–1527), and had issue.
	2  Margaret; she married Thomas Carey of Chilton Foliot, and had issue.
	Eleanor died on 16 August, 1501.
(vii)	Elizabeth
	She married Sir Henry Lewes, and had issue:
	1 Mary
	Elizabeth died before 1492.
(viii)	Mary or Margaret
	No dates are recorded. She married a man surnamed Burgh, and had issue:
	1  Thomas.
	2  Edward.
(ix)	Anne
	She married Sir William Paston of Norfolk (d.1496), and had issue:
	1  William.
	2  Mary (1469?–1489); she married Ralph Neville (d.1498).
	3  Agnes. She is perhaps to be identified with Anne (  below).
	4  Elizabeth; she married Sir John Saville of Thornhill, and had issue.
	5  Margaret (b.&d.1474).
	6  Anne; she married Sir Gilbert Talbot and had issue.
(x)	Joan
	She married first Robert Howth, Lord of Howth in Ireland, and secondly Sir Richard Fry. She died after 1492.

(e)	Joan (under James I, King of Scotland, see here).
(f)	Margaret
	She married Thomas Courtenay, 5th Earl of Devon (1414–1458), and had issue:
	1  Thomas, 6th Earl of Devon (1432–executed 1461).
	2  John, 7th Earl of Devon (1435?–executed 1471).
	3  Henry (executed 1466).
	4  Joan; she married Sir Roger Clifford.
	5  Elizabeth; she married Sir Hugh Conway.

(ii)	Henry
	He was born in c.1375, and entered the Church as a young man. He became Dean of Wells Cathedral, Somerset, in 1397. He was provided to the See of Lincoln on 27 February, 1398, and was consecrated Bishop of Lincoln on 14 July, 1398. He was translated from Lincoln to Winchester on 19 November, 1404. He was nominated Cardinal-Priest of St Eusebius on 24 May, 1426. He died on 11 April, 1447, at Wolvesey Palace, Winchester, and was buried in Winchester Cathedral.
(iii)	Thomas
	He was born in c. January, c.1377. He was made a Knight of the Garter in c.1400. He was created Earl of Dorset on 5 July, 1411, and Duke of Exeter on 18 November, 1416. He was created Count of Harcourt and Lord of Lillebonne on 1 July, 1418. He died on 27 or 31 December, 1426, or on 1 January, 1427, at his manor of East Greenwich, Kent, and was buried in Bury St Edmunds Abbey, Suffolk.
	Thomas married, before 15 February, 1403/4 (although no evidence exists as to where):
	Margaret
	She was the daughter of Sir Thomas Neville of Hornby, Lincs., by Joan Furnivall, and she was born in c.January, 1377, or in c.1383 (?). She was made a Lady of the Garter in 1408. She died between 1413 and 1426, probably before 9 April, 1424, and was buried in Bury St Edmunds Abbey, Suffolk.
	Issue of marriage:
	(a)  Henry
	No dates are recorded. He died young.
(iv)	Joan
	She was born in c.1379. She married firstly Robert, 2nd Baron Ferrers of Wemme (d.1396), before 30 September, 1394, and had issue:
	1  Elizabeth (c.1394–1434); she married John de Greystoke, Baron Greystoke (1390–1436), and had issue.
	2  Mary; she married Ralph Neville of Westmorland.
	Joan married secondly Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland (1364?–1425), before 29 November, 1396, and had issue:
	3  Richard, Earl of Salisbury (1400?–killed 1460); he married Alice (1406–1462), daughter of Thomas de Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, and had issue, including Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, father of Anne, Queen of Richard III, and Isabella, Duchess of Clarence (under Edward IV, see here).
	4  William, Baron Fauconberg, Earl of Kent (d.1463); he married Joan, Baroness Fauconberg (1406–1490), and had issue.
	5  George, Baron Latimer (d.1469) (?); he married Elizabeth (1417–1480), daughter of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, and had issue.
	6  Robert, Bishop of Salisbury and Durham (1404?–1457).
	7  Edward, Baron Bergavenny (d.1476); he married Elizabeth (d.1448), daughter of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Worcester, and had issue. He married secondly Katherine (d. after 1478), daughter of Sir Robert Howard, and had issue.
	8  Cuthbert (d. young).
	9  Thomas (d. young).
	10  Henry (d. young).
	11  Katherine (d. after 1483); she married firstly John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk (1392–1432), and had issue. She married secondly Thomas Strangeways. She married thirdly John, Viscount Beaumont (killed 1460). She married fourthly John Woodville (1445?–executed 1469), brother of Elizabeth, wife of Edward IV (under Henry IV, see here).
	12  Joan; a nun.
	13  Anne (d.1480); she married firstly Humphrey, Earl of Stafford (1402-killed 1460), and had issue. She married secondly Walter Blount, 1st Baron Mountjoy (1420?–1474).
	14  Eleanor (d.1472); she married firstly Richard le Despenser, Baron Burghersh (1396–1414), and had issue. She married secondly Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland (1392–killed 1455), and had issue.
	15  Cecily, Duchess of York (under Edward IV, see here.
	16  One other, unnamed in the records.
	Joan was made a Lady of the Garter in 1399. She died on 13 November, 1440 at Howden, Yorkshire, and was buried in Lincoln Cathedral.

7  Edmund

He was born on 5 June, 1341, at Abbot’s Langley (now King’s Langley), Herts. He was made a Knight of the Garter in c.April, 1361, and was created Earl of Cambridge on 13 November, 1362. He was created Duke of York on 6 August, 1385. He died on 1 August, 1402, at King’s Langley, Herts., and was buried there in the Church of the Mendicant Friars.

Edmund married firstly, between 1 January and 30 April, 1372, at Hertford Castle (?):

Isabella

She was the daughter of Peter I ‘the Cruel’, King of Castile, by Maria, daughter of John Garcias de Padilla, a handfast wife, and she was sister to Constance, wife of John of Gaunt ( see here). Isabella was born in c.1355/6 at Morales or at Tordesillas, Castile. She was made a Lady of the Garter in 1379. She died on 23 November, 1392/3, and was buried in the Church of the Dominican Friars, King’s Langley, Herts.

Issue of marriage:

(i)	Edward
	He was born in c.1373, perhaps at Norwich, Norfolk. He was made a Knight of the Garter in 1387. He was created Earl of Cork between 25 February, 1390, and 15 January, 1395, and Earl of Rutland on 25 February, 1390. He was created Duke of Aumale on 29 September, 1397, but deprived of the dukedom on 3 November, 1399. He succeeded his father as Duke of York on 1 August, 1402, and was confirmed in this dukedom on 5 November, 1402. He was restored to the dukedom of Aumale on 1 May, 1414. He was killed on 25 October, 1415, at the Battle of Agincourt, France, and was buried in the Collegiate Church of Fotheringhay, Northants.
	Edward married, between 27 February, 1396, and 7 October, 1398:
	Philippa
	She was the daughter of John de Mohun, 2nd Baron of Dunster, by Joan, daughter of Sir Bartholemew de Burghersh of Ewyas Lacy, Co. Hereford. She married firstly Walter, 4th Baron FitzWalter (d.1386), before 27 June, 1385, and had issue:
	1  Walter (d.1432); a knight; he married a lady called Elizabeth, and had issue.
	Philippa married secondly Sir John Golafre of Langley, Oxon. (d.1396), before 13 November, 1389. She was made a Lady of the Garter in 1390. She died on 17 July, 1431, at Carisbrooke Castle, Isle of Wight, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
(ii)	Constance
	She was born in c.1374. She married Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester (1373–executed 1400), between 16 April, 1378 and 7 November, 1389 (possibly later, but certainly before 14 January, 1394), and had issue:
	1  Edward (d. young).
	2  Richard, Baron Burghersh (1396–1414); he married Eleanor (d.1472), daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland by Joan Beaufort, daughter of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (  above).
	3  Hugh (d. young, 1401).
	4  Elizabeth (b.c.1398; d. young).
	5  Isabella (1400–1439); she married firstly Richard de Beauchamp, Earl of Worcester (1397–1422), and had issue, and secondly Richard de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick (1382–1439), and had issue.
	Constance was made a Lady of the Garter in 1386. She died on 28 November, 1416, and was buried in Reading Abbey, Berkshire.
	Constance may have had the following illegitimate issue (although the daughter in question always held that her parents had married in c.1404; however, this claim failed against the petition of her father’s sisters):
	By Edmund Holland, Earl of Kent (1383–1408):
	1  Eleanor (?) (b.1406?); she married James Touchet, Baron Audley (1398?–1459), and had issue. She may have been the illegitimate issue of Edmund Holland by Elizabeth Burghersh, but this is unlikely.
(iii)	Richard
	He was born in c.September, c.1375/6, at Conisburgh Castle, Yorkshire. He was recognised as hereditary Earl of Cambridge on 1 May, 1414, but forfeited all his honours and estates on 5 August, 1415, on which day he was executed for treason at Southampton Green, Hampshire. He was buried in the Chapel of God’s House, Southampton.
	Richard married firstly, in c.May, 1406, or perhaps after 10 June, 1408 (date of dispensation) (although no record exists as to where):
	Anne
	She was the daughter of Roger Mortimer, Earl of March, by Eleanor Holland, and a great-great-granddaughter of Edward III (  above), and it was through her that the House of York derived its claim to the throne. She was born on 27 December, 1390, and died in September, 1411, perhaps in childbirth. She was buried in King’s Langley Church, Herts.
	Issue of marriage:

(a)	Isabella
	She was born in 1409. She married firstly Sir Thomas Grey of Werke or Heton (d. by 1443) after February, 1413, but the marriage was annulled before 1426. She married secondly Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex (c.1409–1483), before 25 April, 1426, and had issue:
	1  William, Viscount Bourchier (either killed 1471 or d.1483?); he married Anne (1438?–1489), daughter of Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers, and sister of Elizabeth, wife of Edward IV, and had issue.
	2  Henry (d.1462); he married Elizabeth, Baroness Scales (d.1473), daughter of Thomas, Baron Scales.
	3  Humphrey (killed 1471); he married Joan (d.1490), daughter of Sir Richard Stanhope of Rampton.
	4  John (d.1485 or 1494); he married firstly Elizabeth, Baroness Ferrers de Ruthyn, and secondly a daughter, whose name is not known, of John Chichele.
	5  Thomas (d.1492); he married Isabella Barre.
	6  Edward (killed 1460).
	7  Fulk (d. young).
	8  Hugh (d. young).
	9  Isabella (d. young).
	10  Florence (d.1525/6).
	Isabella died on 2 October, 1484, and was buried in Beeleigh Abbey, Maldon, Essex; her remains were later removed to Little Easton Church, Essex.
(b)	Richard
	He inherited the dukedom of York, and was the first of his line to adopt the surname Plantagenet. His laying claim to the throne of England led to the Wars of the Roses. For a full entry,  under Edward IV.
	Richard married secondly, around 1411/15 (although no record exists as to where):
	Matilda
	She was the daughter of Thomas, 6th Baron Clifford, by Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas de Ros, Baron Ros of Hamlake. After the death of Richard, she married secondly (?) John Neville, 5th Baron Latimer of Danby (d.1430), from whom she was later divorced. She died on 26 August, 1446, and was buried in Roche Abbey, Yorkshire.

Edmund married secondly, before 4 November, 1393:

Joan

She was the daughter of Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent, son of Joan, Princess of Wales ( see here), by Alice, daughter of Richard FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel, a descendant of Henry III. Her sister Margaret was married in turn to the sons of John of Gaunt ( see here) and Henry IV. Joan was born in c.1380. She was made a Lady of the Garter in 1399. After the death of Edmund, she married secondly William, 5th Baron Willoughby d’Eresby (d.1409) before 9 August, 1404. She married thirdly Henry, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham (executed 1415), on 6 September, 1410, at Faxflete Chapel, Yorkshire, and had issue, although no details are available. She married fourthly Henry Bromflete, 1st Baron de Vesci (d.1469), between Michaelmas, 1415 and 27 April, 1416. Joan died on 12 April, 1434.

8  Blanche

She was born in March, 1342, in the Tower of London, and died there the same month. Hence she was known as Blanche de la Tour. She was buried in Westminster Abbey.

9  Mary

She was born on 10 October, 1344, at Waltham, near Winchester, Hants. She married John de Montfort IV, Duke of Brittany (1339–1399), in the summer of 1361 at Woodstock Palace, Oxon. She died in the winter of 1361/2, and was buried in Abingdon Abbey, Oxon.

10  Margaret

She was born on 20 July, 1346, at Windsor Castle. She married John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (1347–1375), on 19 May, 1359, at Reading Abbey, Berkshire. She died after 1 October, 1361, and was buried in Abingdon Abbey, Oxon.

11  Thomas

He was born probably in the summer of 1347, at Windsor Castle, and died young in 1348 (?). He was buried in King’s Langley Church, Herts. Thomas has been overlooked by many historians who have confused him with his two brothers called William and his youngest brother, also called Thomas.

12  William

He was born before 24 June, 1348, at Windsor Castle, and died before 5 September, 1348. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.

13  Thomas

He was born on 7 January, 1355, at Woodstock Palace, Oxon. He was created Earl of Buckingham on 16 July, 1377, and became Earl of Essex in right of his wife on 22 June, 1380. He was made a Knight of the Garter between April, 1380, and April, 1381. He was called Duke of Aumale from before 3 September, 1385, although no record exists of his formal creation as such. He was created Duke of Gloucester on 6 August, 1385. He was murdered, probably on the orders of Richard II, at the Prince’s Inn, Calais, France, on 8/9 September, 1397, and was buried in the Collegiate Church of the Holy Trinity, Pleshy, Essex; his remains were later removed to Westminster Abbey.

Thomas married, before 8 February, 1376, perhaps in 1374 (?) (although no record exists as to where):

Eleanor

She was the daughter of Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, Essex and Northampton, by Joan, daughter of Richard FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel, a descendant of Henry III, and she was born in c.1366. She was made a Lady of the Garter in 1384. After her husband’s murder in 1397, she is said to have lived as a nun at Barking Abbey, Essex, but she did not renounce her property. She died on 3 October, 1399, at the Minoresses’ Convent in Aldgate, London, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Issue of marriage:

(i)	Humphrey
	He was born in c.April, 1381/2, and styled Earl of Buckingham from his birth until his father’s murder on 9 September, 1397. He died on 2 September, 1399, either at Chester, or Coventry, or Anglesey, of plague, and was buried in Walden Abbey, Essex.
(ii)	Anne
	She was born in April, 1383. She married firstly Thomas, 3rd Earl of Stafford (1368?–1392), in c.1390. She married secondly Edmund, 5th Earl of Stafford (1377–1403: killed at the Battle of Shrewsbury), before 28 June, 1398, and had issue:
	1  Anne; she married Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March and Ulster ( see here).
	2  Humphrey, Earl of Stafford (1402–1460: killed at the Battle of Wakefield); he married Anne (d.1480), daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland by Joan Beaufort ( see here), and had issue.
	3  Philippa (d. young).
	Anne was recognised as Countess of Buckingham, Hereford and Northampton, and Lady of Brecknock and Holderness from 1399, and was so styled from that date. She also styled herself Countess of Stafford. She was made a Lady of the Garter in 1405. She married thirdly William Bourchier, Count of Eu (d.1420), before 20 November, 1405, and had issue:
	4  Henry, Viscount Bourchier, Count of Eu, 1st Earl of Essex (c.1409–1483); he married Isabella Plantagenet ( see here), and had issue.
	5  Thomas, Cardinal of St Cirac, Archbishop of Canterbury (1413–1486).
	6  William, Baron FitzWaryn (c.1412–before 1469); he married Thomasine Hankeford, Baroness FitzWaryn (1423–1453), daughter of Sir Richard Hankeford, and had issue. He married secondly Katherine (d.1467), daughter of John Affeton of Afton, Devon.
	7  John, Baron Berners (c.1415–1474); he married Marjorie, daughter of Richard, Baron Berners, and had issue.
	8  Eleanor (c.1417–1474); she married John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk (1415–1461), and had issue.
	Anne died between 16 and 24 October, 1438, and was buried in Llanthony Priory, Monmouthshire.
(iii)	Joan
	She was born in 1384. She perhaps married (or was betrothed to) Gilbert Talbot, Baron Talbot of Goderick Castle and Blackmere (d.1419), but there was no issue of the marriage.
	Joan died on 16 August, 1400, perhaps in childbirth, and was buried in Walden Abbey, Essex.
(iv)	Isabella
	She was born on 12 March, 1385/6, and became a nun at the Minoresses’ Convent in Aldgate, London, on 23 April, 1399. She died in c.April, 1402.
(v)	Philippa
	She was born in c.1389, and died before 3 October, 1399.

Edward III also had the following illegitimate issue:

By Alice Perrers (1348?–1400), wife of William de Windsor:

1  John de Southeray or Surrey (c.1364/5–after 1383:1384?); knighted 1377; he married Matilda, called a sister of Lord Henry Percy.

2  Joan; she married Robert Skerne of Kingston-upon-Thames, and perhaps had issue.

3  Joan or Jane; she married Richard Northland.

Perhaps by an unknown mother:

4  Nicholas Lytlington (?), Abbot of Westminster (d.1386). He did not claim to be the King’s son, and was probably a member of the Despenser family.

EDWARD III

He died on 21 June, 1377, at Sheen Palace, Surrey, of a stroke, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

He was succeeded by his grandson Richard.

Richard II

FATHER: Edward, Prince of Wales (under Edward III, see here).

MOTHER: Joan of Kent (under Edward III, see here).

SIBLINGS: (under Edward III, see here).

RICHARD II

He was born on c.6 January, 1367 (or 1366?), at Bordeaux, Gascony, France. He was created Prince of Wales, Earl of Cornwall and Earl of Chester on 20 November, 1376, and made a Knight of the Garter on 23 April, 1377. He succeeded his grandfather Edward III as King of England on 22 June, 1377, and was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 16 July, 1377.

Richard II was deposed on 19 August, 1399, by Henry of Bolingbroke, who usurped the throne as Henry IV when Richard formally abdicated on 29 September, 1399.

Richard II married firstly, on 14, 20 or 22 January, 1382, at St Stephen’s Chapel in the Palace of Westminster:

Anne

She was the daughter of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, by Elizabeth, daughter of Bogislaw V, Duke of Pomerania. Anne of Bohemia, as she was known, was born on 11 May, 1366, at Prague, Bohemia. She was crowned on 22 January, 1382, at Westminster Abbey, and was made a Lady of the Garter that same year. She died on 7 June, 1394, at Sheen Palace, Surrey, of the plague, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. There was no issue of the marriage.

Richard II married secondly, probably on 4 (less probably, 1) November, 1396, at St Nicholas’ Church, Calais, France:

Isabella

She was the daughter of Charles VI, King of France, by Isabella, daughter of Stephen II, Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt. Her sister Katherine later married Henry V. Isabella was born on 9 November, 1389, at the Palace of the Louvre in Paris. She was made a Lady of the Garter in 1396, and was crowned on 5, 7 or 8 January, 1397, at Westminster Abbey. After the death of Richard II, she married secondly Charles of Valois, Duke of Orleans (1394–1465), on 29 June, 1406, at Compiégne, France, and had issue:

1  Joan (1409–1432); she married John II, Duke of Alençon (1409–1476), and had issue.

Isabella died on 13 September, 1409, at the Château of Blois, France, in childbirth, and was buried in St Laumer’s Abbey, Blois. Her remains were later removed to the Church of the Celestines, Paris. There was no issue of her marriage to Richard due to her extreme youth.

Richard II is said to have had the following illegitimate issue:, but this is unlikely on chronological grounds:

1  Richard Maudelyn.

RICHARD II

He was probably murdered by being starved to death early in February, 1400, whilst being held prisoner in Pontefract Castle, Yorkshire; he was certainly dead by 17 February. He was buried in King’s Langley Church, Herts., but was removed to Westminster Abbey in 1413.

He was succeeded by his cousin Henry of Bolingbroke.