ABBREVIATIONS

AKV: Arkhiv kniaz’ia Vorontsova, ed. P.I. Bartenev, 40 vols. (M, 1870–95).

Beer and Fiedler: A. Beer and J. Ritter von Fiedler, eds, Joseph II. und Graf Ludwig Cobenzl: Ihr Briefwechsel, 2 vols. (Vienna, 1901).

Benois, Tsarskoe selo: Aleksandr Benua, Tsarskoe Selo v tsarstvovanie Imperatritsy Elisavety Petrovny (SPb, 1910).

Bentham: The Correspondence of Jeremy Bentham, vol. 2 (London, 1968), ed. T. L. S. Sprigge; vol. 3 (London, 1971), ed. I. R. Christie; vol. 4 (London, 1981), ed. A. T. Milne.

Bessarabova: N. V. Bessarabova, Puteshestviia Ekateriny II po Rossii (M, 2005).

Best: Voltaire, Correspondence and Related Documents, ed. Theodore Besterman, The Complete Works of Voltaire, vols. 85–135 (Banbury and Oxford, 1968–77).

Bezborodko: ‘Pis’ma A. A. Bezborodka k grafu Petru Aleksandrovichu Rumiantsevu’, Starina i novizna, 3 (1900), 160–370.

Bil’basov: V. A. Bil’basov, Istoriia Ekateriny Vtoroi, 2 vols. (Berlin, n.d.).

British Art Treasures: British Art Treasures from Russian Imperial Collections in the Hermitage, eds. B. Allen and L. Dukelskaya (New Haven, CT, 1996).

C.: Catherine II

CASS: Canadian American Slavic Studies

ChIOIDR: Chteniia v Imperatorskom Obshchestve istorii i drevnostei Rossiiskikh pri Moskovskom Universitete.

Corberon: Un diplomate français à la cour de Catherine II 1775–1780: Journal intime du chevalier de Corberon, chargé d’affaires de France en Russie, ed. L.-H. Labande, 2 vols. (Paris, 1901).

Correspondance: Correspondance de Catherine Alexéievna, Grande-Duchesse de Russie, et de Sir Charles H. Williams, Ambassadeur d’Angleterre, 1756 et 1757, ed. S. Goriaïnow (M, 1909).

Coxe: William Coxe, Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, 2 vols. (London, 1784).

Cross: Anthony Cross, By the Banks of the Neva: Chapters from the Lives and Careers of the British in Eighteenth-Century Russia (Cambridge, 1997).

Despatches: The Despatches and Correspondence of John, Second Earl of Buckinghamshire, Ambassador to the Court of Catherine II. Of Russia 1762-1765, ed. A. d’A. Collyer, 2 vols. (London, 1900–01).

Dimsdale: An English Lady at the Court of Catherine the Great: The Journal of Baroness Elizabeth Dimsdale, 1781, ed. A. G. Cross (Cambridge, 1989).

Engelhardt: L. N. Engel’gardt, Zapiski, ed. I. I. Fediukin (M, 1997).

Falconet: Correspondance de Falconet avec Catherine II 1767–1778, ed. Louis Réau (Paris, 1921)

Grimm: ‘Pis’ma Imperatritsy Ekateriny II k Grimmu (1774–1796)’, ed. Ia. Grot, SIRIO, vol. 23 (SPb, 1878).

Harris Diaries: Diaries and Correspondence of James Harris, First Earl of Malmesbury, edited by his grandson, 4 vols. (London, 1844). Harris Papers: Music and Theatre in Handel’s World: The Family Papers of James Harris, 1732–1780, eds. Donald Burrows and Rosemary Dunhill (Oxford, 2002).

KfZh: Kamer-fur’erskie zhurnaly, 1696–1816 (SPb, 1853–1917).

Khrapovitskii: Dnevnik A.V. Khrapovitskago 1782–1793, ed. N. Barsukov (SPb, 1874).

Kutepov, Tsarskaia okhota: Nikolai Kutepov, Tsarskaia i imperatorskaia okhota na Rusi: Konets XVII-go i XVIII-i vek: Istoricheskii ocherk vol. 3 (SPb, 1900)

Lettere: Nikolai Ivanovic, la vostra lettera…: Lettere di Caterina II Romanov a N. I. Saltykov (1773–1793), Catalogo della Mostra 3 Novembre 2005–18 Febbraio 2006 (Milan, 2005).

Lopatin: Ekaterina II i G. A. Potemkin: lichnaia perepiska, ed. V. S. Lopatin (M, 1997).

M: Moscow

MP: Muzykal’yni Peterburg: Entsiklopedicheskii slovar’ XVIII vek, ed. A. L. Porfir’eva, 6 vols. in progress (SPb, 1996–).

McGrew: Roderick E. McGrew, Paul I of Russia 1754–1801 (Oxford, 1992).

Madariaga: Isabel de Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (London, 1981).

Madariaga, Short History: Isabel de Madariaga, Catherine the Great: A short history (New Haven, CT, 1990). Montefiore: Simon Sebag-Montefiore, Prince of Princes: A Life of Potemkin (London, 2000).

Omel’chenko: O.A Omel’chenko, ‘Zakonnaia monarkhiia’ Ekateriny II: Prosveschennyi absoliutizm v Rossii (M, 1993).

Opisanie: Obstoiatel’noe opisanie torzhestvennykh poriadkov blagopoluchnago vshestviia v imperatorskuiu drevniuiu rezidentskkiu bogospasaemyi grad Moskvu i osviashchenneishago koronovaniia…Ekateriny Vtoryia, samoderzhitsy vserossiiskiia, materi i izbavitel’nitsy otechestva…1762 goda, published as appendix to KfZh, 1762 (SPb, 1855).

PKNO: Pamiatniki kul’tury: novye otkrytiia.

Parkinson: John Parkinson, A Tour of Russia, Siberia, and the Crimea 1792–1794, ed. W. Collier (London, 1971).

PSZ: Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii, 1st series, 46 vols. (SPb, 1830). Poroshin: S.A. Poroshin, ‘Zapiski’, in Russkii Gamlet, ed. A. Skorobogatov (M, 2004).

Proschwitz: Catherine II et Gustav III: Une correspondence retrouvée, ed. Gunnar von Proschwitz (Stockholm, 1998).

Quarenghi: Giacomo Quarenghi, Architetto a Pietroburgo: Lettere e altri scritti, ed. Vanni Zanella (Venice, 1988).

Richardson: [William Richardson], Anecdotes of the Russian Empire. In a series of letters written, a few years ago, from St Petersburg (London, 1784).

RA: Russkii arkhiv

RBS: Russkii biograficheskii slovar’

RS: Russkaia starina

SK: Svodyni katalog russkoi grazhdanskoi pechati XVIII veka, 1725–1800, 5 vols. (M, 1962–7).

Shcherbatov: Prince M. M. Shcherbatov, On the Corruption of Morals in Russia, trans. and ed. Antony Lentin (Cambridge, 1969).

Ségur: Memoirs and Recollections of Count Segur, Ambassador from France to the Courts of Russia and Prussia &c. &c. Written by himself, 3 vols. (London, 1825–27).

SEER: Slavonic and East European Review.

SIRIO: Sbornik Imperatorskago Russkago Istoricheskago Obshchestva, 148 vols. (SPb, 1867–1916).

Sochineniia: Sochineniia Imperatritsy Ekateriny II, ed. A. N. Pypin, vols. 1–5, 7–12 (SPb, 1901–07).

SPb: St Petersburg

Shtelin, Muzyka: Iakob Shtelin, Muzyka i balet v Rossii XVIII veka (SPb, 2002).

Shtelin, Zapiski: ‘Zapiski Shtelina o Petre Tret’em, Imperatore Vserossiiskom’, ChIOIDR, 1866, bk 4, 67–118.

Starikova: Teatral’naia zhizn’ Rossii v epokhu Elizavety Petrovny: Dokumental’naia khronika 1741-1750, 2 parts (M, 2003–05).

Stedingk: Un ambassadeur de Suède à la cour de Catherine II. Feld-Maréchal Comte de Stedingk: Choix de dépèches diplomatiques, rapports secrets et letters particulières de 1790 à 1796, ed. La Comtesse Brevern de la Gardie, 2 vols. (Stockholm, 1919).

Storch: The Picture of Petersburgh, from the German of Henry Storch (London, 1801).

Tooke: [William Tooke], The Life of Catharine II. Empress of Russia, An enlarged translation from the French, 3 vols. (London, 1798).

Zapiski Shtelina: Zapiski Iakoba Shtelina ob iziashchnykh iskusstvakh v Rossii, ed. K. V. Malinovskii, 2 vols. (M, 1990).

Zavadovskii: ‘Pis’ma grafa P. V. Zavadovskago k fel’dmarshalu grafu P. A. Rumiantsevu’, Starina i novizna, vol. 4 (1901), 223–382.

Zimmerman: M. Semevskii, ed., ‘Imperatritsa Ekaterina II v eia neizdannykh ne vpolne pis’makh k I.G. Tsimmermannu’, RS, 55, 3 (1887), 239–79.

NOTES

Prologue

· 1. The Military, Historical and Political Memories of the Count de Hordt, 2 vols. (London, 1805–6), ii: 72. On the new capital’s bells, see I. A. Chudinova, Penie, zvony, ritual: Topografiia tserkovnomuzykal’noi kul’tury Peterburga (SPb, 1994), 26–36.

· 2. I. A. Chudinova, ‘Kolokol’nye zvony’, MP, ii: 75; W. F. Ryan, The Bathhouse at Midnight: An historical survey of magic and divination in Russia (Stroud, 1999), 240–1.

· 3. E. V. Williams, The Bells of Russia: History and Technology (Princeton, NJ, 1985), 148–65; J. M. R. Lenz, Moskauer Schriften und Briefe, ed. H. Tommek, 2 vols. (Berlin, 2007), Textband, 35, 460–6, reviewed by R. Bartlett in SGECRN, 37 (2007). The cracked bell is now a major tourist attraction in the Kremlin.

· 4. Williams, Bells of Russia, 166, translation marginally amended.

· 5. Opisanie, 58.

· 6. Opisanie, 51, 56; E. Clarke (1800), quoted in Williams, Bells of Russia, 166–7. Slizov’s bell smashed to the ground during the Napoleonic invasion of 1812.

· 7. ‘Zamechatel’nye liudi iz russkago belago dukhovenstva v XVIII stoletiia’, Strannik, Feb. 1897, 261–2.

· 8. SIRIO, vii: 121; Bil’basov, ii: 145, n. 3.

· 9. KfZh (1745), 62. The others were Count Ivan Chernyshëv, Count Sergei Iaguzhinskii, Peter Naryshkin, Mikhail Budlianskoi, Count Peter Buturlin and Count Andrei Shuvalov: Opisanie, 68.

· 10. Opisanie, 51–2.

· 11. R. Wortman, ‘The Russian Coronation: Rite and Representation’, The Court Historian, 9 (2004), 23.

· 12. Opisanie, 29–36.

· 13. Giving no source, Montefiore, 52, puts Potëmkin at the coronation, though he was too junior to be mentioned by name in Opisanie.

· 14. M. A. Alekseeva, Mikhailo Makhaev: master vidovogo risunka XVIII veka (SPb, 2003), 185–6.

· 15. Quoted in D. Beales, Joseph II, vol. 1: In the shadow of Maria Theresa, 1741–1780 (Cambridge, 1987), 435.

· 16. Coxe, i: 264.

· 17. On Moscow in this period, see J. T. Alexander, Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster (Baltimore, MD, 1980), ch. 2, esp. 70–1.

· 18. Opisanie, 13.

· 19. Coxe, i: 265.

· 20. Opisanie, 252–86, lists more than 200 members of the commission and their responsibilities. The architects included Prince Dmitrii Ukhtomskii and Matvei Kazakov, ibid., 258–62.

· 21. RA, 1870, nos. 4–5, 748, C. to I. I. Melissino, 8 Nov. 1765, enclosing a petition from Antropov; Opisanie, 255. On earlier triumphal arches, see E. A. Tiukhmeneva, Iskusstvo triumfal’nykh vrat v Rossii pervoi poloviny XVIII veka (M, 2005).

· 22. Opisanie, 26–35. N. A. Ogarkova, Tseremonii, prazdnestva, muzyka russkogo dvora XVIII-nachalo XIX veka (SPb, 2004), 264–6, reprints the chant with musical notation.

· 23. RA, 1884, no. 2, 253, C. to I. I. Nepliuev, 16 Sept. 1762.

· 24. Despatches, i: 73, Buckinghamshire to Grenville, 24 Sept. 1762 NS.

· 25. Bil’basov, ii: 148; Alexander, 63–5; G. L. Freeze, ‘Subversive piety: religion and political crisis in late imperial Russia’, Journal of Modern History, 68 (1996), 324–5.

· 26. Opisanie, 50–1.

· 27. Ibid., 228–33.

· 28. Ogarkova, Tseremonii, 19–20, 191, n. 23.

· 29. For the walkway, missing from de Veilly’s illustrations, see Opisanie, 49–50, 182.

· 30. Ibid., 58–9. I. L. Buseva-Davydova, Khramy Moskovskogo Kremlia: sviatyni i drevnosti (Moscow, 1997), 38, mistakenly suggests that the west door was used for coronations.

· 31. Cross, 41, 70–1.

· 32. Opisanie, 59–67.

· 33. Ibid., 67–9.

· 34. On canopies in Western Europe, see J. Adamson, ‘The making of the ancien-régime Court, 1500–1700’, in Adamson, ed., The Princely Courts of Europe, 1500–1700 (London, 1999), 29.

· 35. Despatches, i: 100, undated ‘Russian Memoranda’, probably 1763–4.

· 36. KfZh (1753), 20–5, 25 Apr. On this occasion, no alterations were made to the interior of the cathedral.

· 37. Sochineniia, xii: 323.

· 38. Sochineniia, xii: 641–2, ‘Réflexions sur Pétersbourg et sur Moscou’.

· 39. Wortman, ‘The Russian Coronation’, 21, 31.

· 40. Pis’ma gosudaryni imperatritsy Ekateriny Velikoi k Feld’marshalu grafu P.S. Saltykovu (M, 1886), 9, 29 June 1762, ‘the day after our accession to the throne’.

· 41. Annual Register, July 1762, quoted by J. T. Alexander, ‘Catherine II’s efforts at liberalization and their aftermath’, in R. O. Crummey, ed., Reform in Russia and the USSR (Urbana, IL, 1989), 73.

· 42. PSZ, xvi: 11,598 (Manifest o koronatsii Imperatritsy Ekateriny Vtoroi); 11,599 (Manifest o konchine Imperatora Petra III).

· 43. Compare D. Cannadine and S. Price, eds., Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies (Cambridge, 1985), 8, 40.

· 44. D. L. Ransel, The Politics of Catherinian Russia: The Panin Party (New Haven, CT, 1975), 65–8.

· 45. Quoted in L. Hughes, Sophia: Regent of Russia 1657–1704 (New Haven, CT, 1990), 268.

· 46. R. A. Jackson, Vive le roi! A History of the French Coronation from Charles V to Charles X (Chapel Hill and London, 1984), 11.

· 47. Bil’basov, ii: 144–5; SIRIO, cxl: 91, Breteuil to Choiseul, 9 Oct. 1762 NS.

· 48. Sochineniia, xii: 161.

· 49. Bil’basov, ii: 171–84.

· 50. Opisanie, 73; SIRIO, cxl: 82, Breteuil to Louis XV, 5 Oct. 1762 NS.

· 51. Quoted in S. L. Baehr, The Paradise Myth in Eighteenth-Century Russia (Stanford, CA, 1991), 39.

· 52. Opisanie, 194–9.

· 53. J. P. LeDonne, ‘Ruling families in the Russian political order, 1689–1825’, Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, 28 (1987), 233–322; G. Hosking, ‘Patronage and the Russian State’, SEER, 78 (2000), 301–20.

· 54. Sochineniia, xii: 696.

· 55. Obstoiatel’noe opisanie Torzhestvennykh Poriadkov Blagopoluchnago Vshestviia v tsarstvuiushchii grad Moskvu i Sviashchenneishago Koronovaniia…Imperatritsy Elisaveta Petrovny (SPb, 1744), 74; Opisanie, 65, 176. The important account of C.’s coronation in R. S. Wortman, Scenarios of ower: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, 1: From Peter I to Nicholas I (Princeton, NJ, 1995), 115, inadvertently suggests that Talyzin carried the state banner, another of Elizabeth’s innovations, depicting a double-headed eagle clutching both orb and sceptre in its fearful claws.

· 56. Despatches, i: 98.

· 57. M. Lepekine, ‘Catherine II et l’Eglise’, in Catherine II et l’Europe, ed. A. Davidenkoff (Paris, 1997), 179.

· 58. Madariaga, 114.

· 59. SIRIO, cxl: 83, Breteuil to Choiseul, 9 Oct. 1762 NS.

· 60. Opisanie, 48–9.

· 61. Ibid., 45–7.

· 62. Zapiski Shtelina, i: 78–9.

· 63. J. McManners, Church and Society in Eighteenth-Century France, Vol. 1: The Clerical Establishment and its Social Ramifications (Oxford, 1998), 8.

· 64. Opisanie, 54.

· 65. ‘Mémoires de la Princess Dashkaw, d’après le manuscrit revu et corrigé par l’auteur’, AKV, xxi: 101–4 (104).

· 66. Opisanie, 75. This is psalm 100 in the Orthodox psalter.

· 67. See below, pp. 212–3.

· 68. The Dormition Cathedral contains the earliest known panel icon of the Apocalypse in the Byzantine world: M. S. Flier, ‘Till the End of Time: The Apocalypse in Russian Historical Experience Before 1500’, in Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice under the Tsars, eds. V. A. Kivelson and R. H. Greene (Philadelphia, PA, 2003), 140–3.

· 69. See Khristianskie relikvii v Moskovskom kremle, ed. A. M. Lidov (M, 2001).

· 70. Baehr, Paradise Myth, 30–1, 38–40.

· 71. SIRIO, cxl: 57, Louis XV to Breteuil, 10 Sept. 1762 NS.

· 72. Beales, Joseph II, 36.

· 73. Opisanie, 78.

· 74. Correspondance, 88, 27 Aug. 1756.

· 75. Opisanie, 84.

· 76. Wortman, Scenarios, 115; Opisanie, 234.

· 77. Bil’basov, ii: 146.

· 78. Opisanie, 86–9.

· 79. ‘Mémoires de la Princess Dashkaw’, 61.

· 80. Quoted in Wortman, Scenarios, 116.

· 81. Wortman, ‘The Russian Coronation’, 19.

· 82. B. A. Uspenskii, Tsar’ i Patriarkh: Kharizma vlasti v Rossii (Vizantiiskaia model’ i ee russkoe pereosmyslenie) (M, 1998).

· 83. Sochineniia, xii: 615; Opisanie, 102.

· 84. SIRIO, cxl: 85, Breteuil to Choiseul, 9 Oct. 1762 NS.

· 85. Bil’basov, ii: 146.

· 86. I. V. Kurukin, Epokha ‘dvorskikh bur’: Ocherki politicheskoi istorii poslepetrovskoi Rossii, 1725–1762 gg. (Riazan, 2003), 415–7.

· 87. Opisanie, 213–9. A second document, perhaps an earlier plan, gives an alternative layout, catering for 358 guests served by 130 lackeys: ibid., 235.

· 88. D. A. Rovinskii, Obozrenie ikonopisaniia v Rossii do kontsa XVII veka: opisanie feierverkov i illiuminatsii (SPb, 1903).

· 89. SIRIO, xlviii: 13, C. to Keyserling, 25 Sept. 1762.

· 90. Opisanie, 157, 291.

· 91. Despatches, i: 88, Buckinghamshire to Countess of Suffolk, 9 Nov. 1762 NS.

· 92. Plans for the pageant had been laid as early as 10 July 1762: see Iu. A. Dmitriev, ed., F. G. Volkov i Russkii teatr ego vremeni (M, 1953), 149–50. Sumarokov’s text is at p. 188.

· 93. Baehr, Paradise Myth, 40.

· 94. Sochineniia, xii: 625.

Chapter 1

· 1. W. H. Meyer, Stettin in alter und neuer Zeit (Stettin, 1887), 108–9, 238.

· 2. Bil’basov, i: 4–5; Sochineniia, xii: 5.

· 3. S. Peller, ‘Births and deaths among Europe’s ruling families since 1500’, in Population in History: Essays in Historical Demography, eds. D. V. Glass and D. E. C. Eversley (London, 1965), 91, table 2.

· 4. T. Blanning, The Pursuit of Glory: Europe 1648–1815 (London, 2007), 62–3.

· 5. SIRIO, xx: 246, C. to Frederick II, 5 Dec. 1768.

· 6. Sochineniia, xii: 8.

· 7. A Full Account of the Situation, Former State and Late Siege of Stetin (London, 1678), 4–5; J. M. Piskorski, et al, A Short History of Szczecin, trans. K. Wilson (Poznań, 2002), 91–106.

· 8. M. Völkel, ‘The Hohenzollern Court 1535–1740’, in Princely Courts of Europe, ed. Adamson, 215.

· 9. Deutsche Geschichte im Osten Europas: Pommern, ed. W. Bucholz (Berlin, 1999), 237–85, 341–52; D. McKay and H. M. Scott, The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815 (London, 1983), 10–14.

· 10. On the castle’s changing fortunes through the ages, see E. Cnotliwy, Zamek ksiąęcy w Scecinie (Szczecin, 1992) and J. Kochanowska et al, Zamek Ksiąąt Pomorskich w Scecinie (Szczecin, 2002).

· 11. C. M. Clark, ‘When culture meets power: the Prussian coronation of 1701’, in Cultures of Power in Europe during the Long Eighteenth Century, eds. H. Scott and B. Simms (Cambridge, 2007), 17.

· 12. V. Bauer, Die höfische Gesellschaft in Deutschland von der Mitte des 17. bis zum Ausgang des 18. ahrhunderts: Versuch einer Typologie (Tübingen, 1993), 69.

· 13. Les lettres de Catherine II au Prince de Ligne (1780–1796) (Brussels and Paris, 1924), 104, 2 Dec. 1788.

· 14. Grimm, 51, 29 July 1776; Bil’basov, i: 5–6.

· 15. C. Scharf, Katharina II.: Deutschland und die Deutschen (Mainz, 1995), 66–7; Sochineniia, xii: 223.

· 16. Sochineniia, xii: (6), 11; Scharf, Katharina II, 87–90.

· 17. M. Fulbrook, Piety and politics: Religion and the rise of absolutism in England, Württemberg and Prussia (Cambridge, 1983), 9, 167; C. Hinrichs, Preußentum und Pietismus in Brandenburg-Preußen als religiös-soiale Reformbewegung (Göttingen, 1971), 148.

· 18. Sochineniia, xii: 9.

· 19. Grimm, 88, 16 May 1778.

· 20. Fulbrook, Piety and Politics, 31; Sochineniia, xii: 10.

· 21. Sochineniia, xii: 6, 11.

· 22. Sochineniia, xii: 17; M. Greenleaf, ‘Performing Autobiography: The Multiple Memoirs of Catherine the Great (1756–96)’, Russian Review, 63 (2004), 411–3.

· 23. Sochineniia, 8–9, (15).

· 24. Lopatin, 14, C. to Potëmkin, undated.

· 25. Grimm, 41, 20 Jan. 1776.

· 26. Grimm, 361, 22 Aug. 1785; O. I. Eliseeva, Perepiska Ekateriny II i G. A. Potemkina perioda vtoroi Russkoi-Turetskoi voiny (1787–1791): Istochnikovedcheskoe issledovanie (M, 1997), 23.

· 27. Grimm, 212, 8 July 1781.

· 28. Sochineniia, xii: 19, 6–7. Here C. says her distress was caused by an emotional heroine, whereas in an earlier memoir (p. 441), dating from 1756, she attributes it to a battle scene.

· 29. Scharf, Katharina II., 69.

· 30. Sochineniia, xii: 442.

· 31. The Memoirs of Charles-Lewis, Baron de Pollnitz, 5 vols. (Dublin, 1738), i: 80.

· 32. H. Reuther, ‘Das Gebäude der Herzog August Bibliothek zu Wolfenbüttel und ihr Oberbibliothekar Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz’, in Leibniz: sein Leben, sein Wirken, seine Welt, eds. W. Totok and C. Haase (Hanover, 1966), 349–60.

· 33. P. Albrecht, et al, Hermann Korb und seine Zeit: Barockes Bauen in Fürstentum Braunschweig-olfenbüttel (Brunswick, 2006), esp. 112–4; H.-H. Grote, Schloss Wolfenbüttel: Residenz der Herzögen zu Braunschweig und Lüneberg (Brunswick, 2005).

· 34. E. Vehse, Geschichte der Höfe des Hauses Braunschweig in Deutschland und England, 5 vols. (Hamburg, 1853), v: 227–60.

· 35. Bauer, Die höfische Gesellschaft, 75.

· 36. Sochineniia, xii: 12–14. In an earlier memoir (p. 442), she claimed to have spent two months of the year in Brunswick.

· 37. A. Fauchier-Magnan, The Small German Courts in the Eighteenth Century, trans. M. Savill (London, 1958), 27.

· 38. Ibid., 43, 46, 48, 145, 37 and passim.

· 39. J. A. Vann, The Making of a State: Württemberg, 1593–1793 (Ithaca, NY, 1984), 190.

· 40. R. Wilkinson, Louis XIV (London, 2007), 102.

· 41. H. Watanabe O’Kelly, Court Culture in Dresden: From Renaissance to Baroque (Basingstoke, 2002), 205. See also the magnificent catalogue, Eine gute Figur machen: Kostüm und Fest am Dresdner Hof, eds. C. Schnitzer and P. Hölscher (Dresden, 2000).

· 42. Vann, Making of a State, 259.

· 43. The indispensable work is J. Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, trans. T. Burger (Cambridge, 1989).

· 44. P. Burke, The Fabrication of Louis XIV (New Haven, 1992), 17–18.

· 45. T. C. W. Blanning, The Power of Culture and the Culture of Power (Oxford, 2002), 59, is the essential historical commentary on Habermas (see note 43, above).

· 46. Sochineniia, xii: 24.

· 47. C. Wolff, Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician (Oxford, 2000), 187–235.

· 48. M. Umbach, ‘Visual Culture, Scientific Images and German Small-State Politics in the Late Enlightenment’, Past and Present, 158 (1998), 110–45.

· 49. H. Dauer, Schloßbaukunst des Barock von Anhalt-Zerbst (Cologne, 1999), 36–95; A. Erdmuter, et al, Anhaltische Schlösser in Geschichte und Kunst (Bindlach, 1994), 88–90.

· 50. J. Duindam, Vienna and Versailles: The Courts of Europe’s Dynastic Rivals, 1550–1780 (Cambridge, 2003); S. J. Klingensmith, The Utility of Splendor: Ceremony, Social Life, and Architecture at the Court of Bavaria, 1600–1800 (Chicago, 1993).

· 51. Bauer, Die höfische Gesellschaft, 90–1, attempts tabular comparisons of the major German Courts.

· 52. A rich cosmopolitan literature can be reached via Princes, Patronage, and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age c. 1450–1650, eds. R. G. Asch and A. M. Birke (Oxford, 1991), and Adamson, ‘Making of the ancien-régime Court’, 7–41. See also H. Smith, ‘Court Studies and the Courts of Early Modern Europe’, Historical Journal, 49, 4 (2006), 1229–38.

· 53. Sochineniia, xii: 18; Dauer, Schloßbaukunst, 243–50.

· 54. Sochineniia, xii: 26.

· 55. Sochineniia, xii: 22–3, 443.

· 56. Sochineniia, xii: 17–18.

· 57. Madariaga, 2–4; Bil’basov, i: 13–22, 30–7.

· 58. Sochineniia, xii: 30; ibid., 443, gives 6 Jan.

· 59. PCFG, ii: 494–5, Frederick to Johanna Elisabeth, 30 Dec. 1743.

· 60. Beales, Joseph II, 69–82 (72).

· 61. Poroshin, 47, 12 Oct. 1764.

· 62. M. Bregnsbo, ‘Danish Absolutism and Queenship: Louisa, Caroline, Matilda, and Juliana Maria’, in Queenship in Europe: The Role of the Consort 1660–1815, ed. C. Campell Orr (Cambridge, 2004), 354–5, 357–9.

· 63. C. C. Noel, ‘“Bárbara succeeds Elizabeth…”: The feminisation and domestication of politics in the Spanish Monarchy, 1701–1759’, in Queenship, ed. Campbell Orr, 155–85.

· 64. T. Biskup, ‘The Hidden Queen: Elisabeth Christine of Prussia and Hohenzollern Queenship in the Eighteenth Century’, in Queenship, ed. Campbell Orr, 306–9, 313, 315.

· 65. Sochineniia, xii: 446.

· 66. Bil’basov, i: 45–6.

· 67. D. Blackbourn, The conquest of nature: Water, landscape and the making of modern Germany (London, 2006), 22–70 (30).

· 68. Sochineniia, xii: 446.

· 69. SIRIO, vii: 1–2.

· 70. Edward Finch, quoted in J. Black, The British Abroad: The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century (Stroud, 2003 edn), 68.

· 71. Sochineniia, xii: 35; R. J. M. Olson and J. M. Pasachoff, Fire in the Sky: Comets and Meteors, the Decisive Centuries, in British Art and Science (Cambridge, 1998), 49–51.

· 72. ‘A Letter from the Rev. Mr. Joseph Betts M.A. and Fellow of University College Oxon. To Martin Folkes, Esq.’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1683–1775, xliii: 94. See also G. Smith, A Treatise of Comets (London, 1744), and Smith’s letter in The Gentleman’s Magazine, xiv: 86, 14 Feb. 1744.

· 73. S. Schaffer, ‘Comets and the world’s end’, in Predicting the Future, eds. L. Howe and A. Wain (Cambridge, 1993), 52–76; Ryan, Bathhouse at Midnight, 374–5.

· 74. Correspondance, 1756. The comet of 1757 prompted [F. Aepinus], ‘Razmyshleniia o vozvrate komet, s kratkim izvestiem o nyne iavivsheisia komete’, Ezhemesiachniaia sochineniia (Oct. 1757), 329–48.

· 75. Poroshin, 265, 29 Aug. 1765.

· 76. SIRIO, vii: 15.

· 77. Sochineniia, xii: 36–7; SIRIO, vii: 16–17.

· 78. E. C. Thaden, Russia’s Western Borderlands, 1710–1870 (Princeton, NJ, 1984), 5, n. 1; Sochineniia, xii: 37.

Chapter 2

· 1. R. Milner-Gulland, ‘16 May 1703: The Petersburg Foundation-Myth’, in Days from the reigns of eighteenth-century Russian rulers, ed. A. Cross (Cambridge, SGECRN, 2007), i: 37–48.

· 2. Quoted in A. M. Wilson, Diderot (New York, 1972), 645.

· 3. J. Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture (Chicago, IL, 1988), 175–9.

· 4. F. C. Weber, The Present State of Russia, 2 vols. (London, 1723), i: 297–8.

· 5. V. Berelowitch, ‘Europe ou Asie? Saint-Pétersbourg dans les relations de voyage occidentaux’, in Le Mirage russe au XVIIIe siècle, eds. S. Karp and L. Wolff (Ferney-Voltaire, 2001), 62–7, esp. p. 66.

· 6. L. Hughes, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (New Haven, CT, 1998), 211–2.

· 7. Sochineniia, xii: 79; A. G. Cross, ‘The English Embankment’, in St Petersburg, 1703–1825, ed. Cross (Basingstoke, 2003), 65.

· 8. I. S. B., ‘K istorii postroiki S.-Peterburgskago Troitskago Sobora’, RS, Nov. 1911, 426.

· 9. Iu. N. Bespiatykh, Peterburg Anny Ioannovny v inostrannykh opisaniiakh (SPb, 1997), 175.

· 10. M. di Salvo, ‘A Venice of the North? Italian Views of St Petersburg’, in St Petersburg, ed. Cross, 73–4.

· 11. Letters from Count Algarotti to Lord Harvey and the Marquis Scipio Maffei (Glasgow, 1770), 50.

· 12. J. Cook, Voyages and Travels through the Russian Empire, Tartary, and Part of the Kingdom of Persia, 2 vols. (Edinburgh 1770), i: 96–7.

· 13. The incident led to a general preoccupation with fire: see PSZ, x: 7270, 7275, 7290, 7295.

· 14. Bespiatykh, Peterburg Anny Ioannovny, 72, n. 22.

· 15. W. B. Lincoln, Sunlight at Midnight: St Petersburg and the Rise of Modern Russia (Oxford, 2001), 33–4.

· 16. M. V. Lomonosov, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 9 vols. (M, 1950–55).

· 17. G. Kaganov, Images of Space: St. Petersburg in the Visual and Verbal Arts, trans. S. Monas (Stanford, CA, 1997), 19–22, 26–8.

· 18. Lincoln, Sunlight at Midnight, 38.

· 19. G. Z. Kaganov, Peterburg v kontekste barokko (SPb, 2002).

· 20. SIRIO, vii: 20.

· 21. Cook, Voyages and Travels, i: 446–8.

· 22. Sochineniia, xii: 37–8.

· 23. For the premises on the Fontanka, extended in 1741, see Vnutrennii byt Russkago gosudarstva s 17 oktiabria 1740 goda po 25-e noiabria 1741 goda (M, 1880), i: 326–41. Anna decreed an annual fodder budget of 2369r. 71k. on 6 July 1737 (p. 327).

· 24. Sochineniia, xii: 118; A. Orloff and D. Shvidkovsky, St Petersburg: Architecture of the Tsars (New York, 1996), 266–7.

· 25. Storch, 68–9.

· 26. I. Iakovkin, Opisanie sela tsarskago (SPb, 1830), 118–9; KfZh (1795), 175, 10 Feb.; appendix ii: 121, 132 (grants of 200 and 947 roubles for the residents of the Okhta district). Storch, 419–20, suggests that by then, the well-born had largely abandoned the pastime as too dangerous. The location of earlier ice hills is unknown.

· 27. KfZh (1744), 3–6.

· 28. PSZ, xii: 8851, 9 Jan. 1744.

· 29. SIRIO, vii: 22–3; Sochineniia, xii: 39; E. A. Zitser, The Transfigured Kingdom: Sacred Parody and Charismatic Authority at the Court of Peter the Great (Ithaca, NY, 2004), 52–5.

· 30. Coxe, i: 269–70 (visiting in 1778).

· 31. PSZ, xii: 8882, 29 Feb. 1744.

· 32. O. S. Evangulova, Dvortsovo-parkovye ansambli Moskvy: pervoi poloviny XVIII veka (M, 1969), 44–84, 12–24.

· 33. SIRIO, vii: 25; Sochineniia, xii: 40.

· 34. Sochineniia, xii: 530.

· 35. SIRIO, vii: 25–7.

· 36. Sochineniia, xii: 41.

· 37. E. V. Anisimov, Rossiia v seredine XVIII veka: Bor’ba za nasledie Petra (M, 1986), 183–6; idem, Elizaveta Petrovna (M, 1999), 189–204 (192, Saxon envoy).

· 38. G. Marker, Imperial Saint: The Cult of St. Catherine and the Dawn of Female Rule in Russia (DeKalb, IL, 2007), 140.

· 39. Despatches, ii: 223, Buckinghamshire to Countess of Suffolk, 14 Feb. 1763.

· 40. Sochineniia, xii: 42. KfZh (1744), 7–11, gives 3–8 Mar. as the dates of the pilgrimage. The dates given in C’s memoirs are notoriously unreliable.

· 41. D. Willemse, Antonio Nunes Ribeiro Sanches, elève de Boerhaave, et son importance pour la Russie (Leiden, 1966).

· 42. Sochineniia, xii: (43), 203–4; Bil’basov, i: 90–1; Alexander, 81.

· 43. PCFG, iii: 94, Frederick to Johanna Elisabeth, 14 Apr. 1744 NS, and subsequent letters to his ambassador, Baron Mardefeld.

· 44. KfZh (1744), 34–6; Bil’basov, i: 95–7; Sochineniia, xii: 43, 95, 205.

· 45. Shortly after the dinner, General Johann-Ludwig Lübras von Pott, the newly appointed Russian ambassador to Sweden, demonstrated his allegiance by travelling to Stockholm via Potsdam, where he reassured Frederick that there was no prospect of another revolution in Russia: Sochineniia, xii: 37; PCFG, iii: 200, Frederick to Mardefeld, 3 July 1744 NS.

· 46. PCFG, iii: 48, Frederick to Johanna Elisabeth, 29 Feb. 1744 NS; ibid., 118, Frederick to Mardefeld, 1744.

· 47. PCFG, iii: 169, Frederick to Mardefeld, 4 June 1744 NS; Sochineniia, xii: 46–8; Anisimov, Rossiia v seredine XVIII veka, 86–7, 95–6. For a detailed guide to the diplomacy of these years, see F.-D. Lishtenan, Rossiia vkhodit v Evropu (M, 2000).

· 48. P. I. Khoteev, Kniga v Rossii v seredine XVIII v.: Chastnye knizhnye sobraniia (Leningrad, 1989), 45–6.

· 49. Bil’basov, i: 113–9; SIRIO, vii: 4, C. to Christian August, 3 May 1744. In her memoirs, she claimed that Pastor Wagner had taught her that she was free to choose her confession until the time of her first communion: Sochineniia, xii: 45–6.

· 50. A. P. Sumarokov, ‘O pravopisanie’, in Polnoe sobranie vsekh sochinenii, 2nd ed. (M, 1787), x: 24.

· 51. Sochineniia, xii: 48–9. On Adodurov, see A. M. Panchenko, et al, Slovar’ russkikh pisatelei XVIII veka (Leningrad, 1988), vol. 1 (A-I), 21–3.

· 52. Bil’basov, i: 58, n. 1; PCFG, ii: 488, Frederick to Mardefeld, 16 Dec. 1743 NS.

· 53. KfZh (1744), 56–9; Sochineniia, xii: 49; Bil’basov, i: 119–21.

· 54. Bil’basov, i: 121–4.

· 55. KfZh (1744), 59–67.

· 56. PCFG, iii: 239, Frederick to C., 5 Aug. 1744 NS.

· 57. For the peace celebrations on 15–17 July, see KfZh (1744), 69–86.

· 58. On mileposts, PSZ, xii: 9016, 16 Aug. 1744; 9073, 27 Nov.; 9092, 17 Dec.

· 59. Sochineniia, xii: 53–4.

· 60. M. Berlinskii, Kratkoe opisanie Kieva (SPb, 1820), 39–41.

· 61. Sochineniia, xii: 53. C. was then developing an interest in the Gothic, which here seems to mean simply ‘medieval’.

· 62. Sochineniia, xii: 55–6.

· 63. For its construction, see Starikova, doc. 519, pp. 551–86.

· 64. The phrase ‘theatres of piety’ is John Adamson’s: see ‘Making of the ancien-regime Court’, in Princely Courts of Europe, ed. Adamson, 24–7.

· 65. S. Dixon, ‘Religious Ritual at the Russian Court’, in Monarchy and Religion: The Transformation of Royal Culture in Eighteenth-Century Europe, ed. M. Schaich (Oxford, 2007), 229–30.

· 66. KfZh (1744), 91–3, 103–12.

· 67. On 15 Dec.: KfZh (1744), 24.

· 68. Bespiatykh, Peterburg Anny Ioannovny, 140 (C. R. Berch).

· 69. Starikova, doc. 265 (servants’ accommodation); docs 970–6 (merry-go-round).

· 70. Sochineniia, xii: 214

· 71. KfZh (1745), 1, 153–4.

· 72. Bil’basov, i: 145, n. 2; Sochineniia, xii: 213 (216).

· 73. KfZh (1745), 2–10.

· 74. P. Keenan, ‘Creating a “public” in St Petersburg, 1703–1761’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 2005, 107–9.

· 75. KfZh (1744), 1 and passim, refers to him throughout as Prince August.

· 76. Sochineniia, xii: 218; Keenan, ‘Creating a “public”’, 108.

· 77. For French celebrations, see e.g. the earlier Description des festes données par la ville de Paris: à l’occasion du mariage de madame Louise-Elisabeth de France, de dom Philippe, infant & grand amiral d’Espagne, les vingt-neuviéme & trentiéme août mil sept cent trente-neuf (Paris, 1740).

· 78. Starikova, doc. 754.

· 79. PSZ, xii: 9123–4, 16 Mar. 1745.

· 80. Sochineniia, xii: 227, 63, 67.

· 81. KfZh (1745), 27 (9 May); 29–32.

· 82. KfZh (1745), 39–42 (39); 43.

· 83. KfZh (1745), 36–7.

· 84. See, in particular, PSZ, xii: 9136–40; 9144–7; 9149; 9154–6; 9174.

· 85. Bil’basov, i: 164, n. 1, 166, 168.

· 86. KfZh (1745), 187, 51.

· 87. KfZh (1745), 51; SIRIO, cii: 320, Hyndford to Harrington, 20 Aug. 1745.

· 88. Bil’basov, i: 167–70.

· 89. Sochineniia, xii: 67.

· 90. Sochineniia, xii: 68.

· 91. My account of the wedding celebrations relies on KfZh (1745), 52–92 (52–60), and on Santi’s order of ceremonies, ibid., 187–222 (195).

· 92. Poroshin, 24, 1 Oct. 1764. Naryshkin’s empty landau was between Prince Aleksei Golitsyn and Count Efim Raguzinskii in the procession; Panin’s carriage, also empty, was further forward: KfZh (1745), 55. See 194, 223–9, for an indicative list of the empty carriages.

· 93. L. Kirillova, Moskovskii Kreml’: Starinnye ekipazhi (M, 1999), 10, 17 and passim.

· 94. SIRIO, vii: 50–2. See also KfZh (1745), 200.

· 95. KfZh (1745), 193.

· 96. SIRIO, cii: 321, Hyndford to Harrington, 24 Aug. 1745.

· 97. Chudinova, Penie, 33; KfZh (1737), 22–3, 32; victory days listed at PSZ, ix: 6832, 29 Oct. 1735.

· 98. KfZh (1745), 187–8.

· 99. SIRIO, vii: 53–4; Sochineniia, xii: 68; Bil’basov, i: 171–2.

· 100. KfZh (1745), 62; Sochineniia, xii: 69.

· 101. KfZh (1745), 64–70.

· 102. Quoted by N. V. Sipovskaia, ‘Obedy “k sluchaiu”: Nastol’nye ukrasheniia XVIII veka’, in Razvlekatel’naia kul’tura Rossii XVIII–XIX vv., ed. E. V. Dukov (SPb, 2000), 161–2. KfZh (1745), 69, claimed 10,000 candles.

· 103. SIRIO, vii: 64; KfZh (1745), 77–8, 80; Sochineniia, xii: 73–4.

· 104. S. Sadie, ed., The New Grove Dictionary of Opera (London, 1992), iv: 269–70; MP, i: 144–6 (Bonecchi); Starikova, doc. 32 (programme and synopsis); Mooser, i: 219–20; KfZh (1745), 75.

· 105. Zapiski Shtelina, i: 248; Rovinskii, Obozrenie ikonopisaniia, 237–8.

· 106. The impressive analysis of C’s approach to sexuality in Greenleaf, ‘Performing Autobiography’ may well exaggerate the empress’s literary sophistication.

· 107. Sochineniia, xii: 66.

· 108. Sochineniia, xii: 69.

· 109. Sochineniia, xii: 80, 82.

· 110. G. V. Kalashnikov, ‘Zametki ob obrazovanii budushchego imperatora Petra III’, Arkheograficheskii ezhegodnik za 2003 goda (M, 2004), 131–48 (135).

· 111. Rulhière, 19–20.

· 112. Sochineniia, xii: 199.

· 113. O. A. Ivanov, Ekaterina II i Petr III: istoriia tragicheskogo konflikta (M, 2007), more inclined to take C.’s memoirs at face value, offers an exhaustive comparison of the passages on Peter.

· 114. Kalashnikov, ‘Zametki’, 144.

· 115. Shtelin, Zapiski, 74–5, 79.

Chapter 3

· 1. Sochineniia, XII: 236.

· 2. Bil’basov, i: 219–22, 227–8.

· 3. P. F. Karabanov, ‘Stats-damy i freiliny russkago dvora XVIII v.’, RS, 2 (1870), 445–6.

· 4. Sochineniia, xii: 84–5, 89, 91.

· 5. Sochineniia, xii: 245.

· 6. Sochineniia, xii: 245–6.

· 7. Sochineniia, xii: 243–4.

· 8. Sochineniia, xii: 27.

· 9. Sochineniia, xii: 215, 60–1.

· 10. Sochineniia, xii: 329.

· 11. Khoteev, Kniga v Rossii v seredine XVIII v., 7–9.

· 12. Sochineniia, xii: 532.

· 13. J. Hardman, Louis XVI (New Haven, CT, 1993), vii.

· 14. PSZ, xii: 9276, 10 Apr. 1746; N. Rozanov, Istoriia Moskovskago Eparkhial’nago Upravleniia so vremeni uchrezhdenii Sv. Sinoda, 1721–1821 (M, 1869), ii: 1, 153, 159, n. 370.

· 15. PSZ, xii: 9286, 15 May 1746; xiii: 9860, 11 June 1751.

· 16. J. McManners, Death and the Enlightenment (Oxford, 1981), 302.

· 17. Sochineniia, xii: 232–5.

· 18. P. Salvadori, La chasse sous l’ancien régime (Paris, 1996), 207; Kutepov, Tsarskaia okhota, 30.

· 19. Kutepov, Tsarskaia okhota, 64; KfZh (1751), 92–5; PSZ, xiii: 9903, 3 Nov. 1751.

· 20. Sochineniia, xii: 117.

· 21. Wortman, Scenarios, 107.

· 22. AKV, xxxiv: appendix, n.p, undated. A flask (shtof) measured 1.23 litres.

· 23. Mrs Vigor, Letters from a lady, who resided some years in Russia, to her friend in England (London, 1775), 73. See also Bespiatykh, Peterburg Anny Ioannovny, 145 (C. R. Berch).

· 24. C. von Manstein, Memoirs of Russia, historical, political and military, from the year M DCC XXVII, to M DCC XLIV (London, 1770), 248.

· 25. S. Panchulidzev, Istoriia Kavalergardov 1724–1799–1899, 4 vols. (SPb, 1899), i: 254–68, at p. 260.

· 26. Decree of 5 May 1758, quoted in N. Findeizen, History of Music in Russia from Antiquity to 1800, 2: The Eighteenth Century, trans. S. W. Pring, eds. M. Velimirovií and C. R. Jensen (Bloomington, IN, 2008), 30.

· 27. SIRIO, ciii: 552, Hyndford to Chesterfield, 23 Feb. 1748.

· 28. Anisimov, Elizaveta Petrovna, 132–3, notes a tradition dating back to the empress’s contemporaries.

· 29. C. Koslofsky, ‘Princes of Darkness: The Night at Court, 1650–1750’, Journal of Modern History, 79, 2 (2007), 236, 244, 251ff., 258ff.

· 30. See Zitser, Transfigured Kingdom, passim.

· 31. Hughes, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great, 267–9; P. Keenan, ‘The Function of Fashion: Women and Clothing at the Russian Court (1700–1762)’, in Women in Russian Culture and Society, 1700–1825, eds. W. Rosslyn and A. Tosi (Basingstoke, 2007), 127–9.

· 32. Manstein, Memoirs, 319.

· 33. Manstein, Memoirs, 248–9.

· 34. Vigor, Letters, 75.

· 35. Keenan, ‘The Function of Fashion’, 132–3.

· 36. Bil’basov, i: 166, n. 2.

· 37. C. M. Foust, Muscovite and Mandarin: Russia’s trade with China and its setting, 1727–1805 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1969), 105–63 (esp. 139–41), 357; ‘Kitaiskie tovary v Rossii XVIII v.’, Istoricheskii arkhiv, 2006:4, 197–200.

· 38. SIRIO, cxlviii: 104, Guy Dickens to Newcastle, 17/28 July 1750.

· 39. P. Mansel, Dressed to Rule: Royal and Court Costume from Louis XIV to Elizabeth II (New Haven, CT, 2005), xiii–xiv and passim.

· 40. Sbornik Biografii Kavalergardov 1724–1762, ed. S. Panchulidzev (SPb, 1901), 342 (I. I. Babaev); Benois, Tsarskoe Selo, 31.

· 41. Manstein, Memoirs, 248.

· 42. Sochineniia, xii: 211; Russkii pridvornyi kostium ot Petra I do Nikolaia II iz sobraniia Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha Sankt-Peterburg (M, 1999), 28–31.

· 43. N. Iu. Bolotina, ‘Zhenshchiny roda Vorontsovykh v povsednevnoi zhizni imperatorskogo dvora XVIII v.’, in E.R. Dashkova i zolotoi vek Ekateriny, ed. L. Tychinina (M, 2006), 142, 150–3.

· 44. Sochineniia, xii: 301, 211–2, 252–4.

· 45. For comparisons, see Duindam, Vienna and Versailles, ch. 3.

· 46. KfZh (1748), suppl., 120–32, 149 (these figures are almost certainly underestimates); K. Pisarenko, Povsednevnaia zhizn’ russkogo dvora v tsarstvovanie Elizavety Petrovny (M, 2003), 47–64, esp. 49, 59–60. On titles, see O. G. Ageeva, Evropeizatsiia russkogo dvora 1700–1796 gg. (M, 2006), 81–96.

· 47. C. de Wassenaer, A Visit to St Petersburg, 1824–1825, trans. and ed. I. Vinogradoff (Norwich, 1994), 58.

· 48. KfZh (1748), suppl., 140–9.

· 49. S. M. Troitskii, Finansovaia politika russkogo absoliutizma v XVIII veke (M, 1966), 246; PSZ, XIII: 9757, 2 June 1750.

· 50. KfZh (1748), suppl., 106–8.

· 51. Blanning, Power of Culture, 59, 32.

· 52. Benois, Tsarskoe Selo, 65–6, 68.

· 53. Puteshestvie brat’ev Demidovykh po Evrope: Pis’ma i podnevnye Zhurnaly 1750–1761 gody, ed. G. A. Pobedimova (M, 2006), 101.

· 54. N. W. Wraxall, Memoirs of the Courts of Berlin, Dresden, Warsaw and Vienna in the years 1777, 1778 and 1779, 2 vols. (London, 1806), ii: 213.

· 55. Benois, Tsarskoe Selo, 104–5.

· 56. A. I. Uspenskii, Imperatorskie dvortsy, i: 34, Zapiski Imperatorskago Moskovskago Arkhaeologicheskago Instituta, xxiii (M, 1913).

· 57. I. Reyfman, Vasilii Trediakovsky: The fool of the ‘new’ Russian literature (Stanford, CA, 1990), 239.

· 58. Marker, Imperial Saint, 216–8 and passim.

· 59. Quoted in Anisimov, Rossiia bez Petra, 73.

· 60. Mooser, i: 247.

· 61. Quoted in K. Ospovat, ‘Towards a cultural history of the Court of Elizaveta Petrovna’, SGECRN, 35 (2007), 38.

· 62. S. W. Mintz, Sweetness and power: The place of sugar in modern history (Harmondsworth, 1986), 88–94.

· 63. Sipovskaia, ‘Obedy’, 161.

· 64. Starikova, doc. 936; N. Kazakevich, Tsarskie zastol’ia v XVIII veke: Tseremonial i dekorativnoe oformlenie paradnykh stolov pri dvore imperatrits Elizavety i Ekateriny II (SPb, 2003), 22–4.

· 65. E.g., KfZh (1753), 27, C.’s birthday; 74, Elizabeth’s birthday.

· 66. P. Stolpianskii, ‘V starom Peterburge: Banketnye stoly’, Starye gody, Mar. 1913, 28–32.

· 67. KfZh (1745), Zhurnal banketnyi, 19; KfZh (1748), 14–15, 32–3; Iu. Denisov and A. Petrov, Zodchii Rastrelli (Leningrad, 1973), 148–9, 187–8; Zapiski Vasiliia Aleksandrovicha Nashchokina (SPb, 1842), 101.

· 68. Starikova, doc.; Mooser, i: 221; KfZh (1746), 11.

· 69. AKV, ii: 109.

· 70. G. M. Zelenskaia, Novyi ierusalim: putevoditel’ (M, 2003), 44–51.

· 71. PSZ, xiii: 9646, 10 July 1749; 9803, 3 Oct. 1750.

· 72. Shtelin, Muzyka, 54–5, para. 6.

· 73. Sochineniia, xii: 265, 150.

· 74. KfZh (1752), 5–6.

· 75. KfZh (1757), 68.

· 76. E. I. Indova, Dvortsovoe khoziaistvo v Rossii: Pervaia polovina XVIII veka, (M, 1964), 202–15, passim. For fruit from Astrakhan, see PSZ, xii: 8997, 20 July 1744; 9186, 8 July 1745.

· 77. E. Justice, A Voyage to Russia (York, 1739), 16.

· 78. Pisarenko, Povsednevnaia zhizn’, 515–20; the list probably dates from 1747. For information relating to 1740–1, see Vnutrennii byt Russkago gosudarstva, i: 366–402.

· 79. Bespiatykh, Peterburg Anny Ioannovny, 141 (C. R. Berch).

· 80. PSZ, xii: 9161, 27 May 1745; N. I. Batorevich, Ekateringof: Istoriia dvortsovo-parkovogo ansamblia (SPb, 2006), 83–9.

· 81. Benois, Tsarskoe Selo, 76–7.

· 82. Sochineniia, xii: 117.

· 83. I. Vinogradoff, ‘Russian Missions to London, 1711–1789: Further Extracts from the Cottrell Papers’, Oxford Slavonic Papers, NS 15 (1982), 71, C. to R. Cottrell, 1741.

· 84. Sochineniia, xii: 254–7.

· 85. Iu. Ovsiannikov, Franchesko Bartolomeo Rastrelli (Leningrad, 1982), 74.

· 86. Sochineniia, xii: 320.

· 87. A. A. Kedrintsev, ‘Iantarnyi zal v Sankt-Peterburge’, in I. P. Sautov, et al, Iantarnaia komnata: Tri veka istorii (SPb, 2003), 110–6. The Amber Room was later transferred to Tsarskoe Selo.

· 88. Sochineniia, xii: 241, 291.

· 89. Sochineniia, xii: 181.

· 90. Sochineniia, xii: 183.

· 91. B. Kemp, ‘Sir Francis Dashwood’s Diary of his Visit to St Petersburg in 1733’, SEER, 38 (1959–60), 201.

· 92. PSZ, xi: 8820, 16 Nov. 1743; Sochineniia, xii: 106.

· 93. S. B. Gorbatenko, Petergofskaia doroga: Oranienbaumskii istoriko-landshaftnyi kompleks (SPb, 2001), 194; Sochineniia, xii: 92–3; 244–5.

· 94. Gorbatenko, Petergofskaia doroga, 197, 199; Sochineniia, xii: 127.

· 95. SIRIO, clxviii: 111, Guy Dickens to Newcastle, 29 July 1750.

· 96. Sochineniia, xii: 157.

· 97. Sochineniia, xii: 273.

· 98. Sochineniia, xii: 293–4.

· 99. R. Dimsdale, ‘20 October 1768: Doctor Dimsdale Spends a Day with the Empress’, in Days from the Reigns, ed. Cross, ii: 190.

· 100. Sochineniia, xii: 260–1.

· 101. Sochineniia, xii: 296.

· 102. KfZh (1751), 4–15.

· 103. Sochineniia, xii: 309, 313–5 (315).

· 104. Sochineniia, xii: 325.

· 105. KfZh (1753), 93; PSZ, xiii: 10,103, 27 May 1753.

· 106. KfZh (1753), 65–6; Sochineniia, xii: 328–30; SIRIO, cxlviii: 519–20, Guy Dickens to Newcastle, 4/15 Nov. 1753.

· 107. AKV, xxxiii: 466–9, ‘O pozhare moskovskago dvortsa’.

· 108. A. Mikhailov, Arkhitektor D.V. Ukhtomskii: Ego shkola (M, 1954), 171–3.

· 109. SIRIO, cxlviii: 542, Guy Dickens to Newcastle, 20/31 Dec. 1753.

· 110. KfZh (1753), 74–5; AKV, v, 17.

· 111. Sochineniia, xii: 329, 332, 324.

· 112. Sochineniia, xii: 336–7.

· 113. Sochineniia, xii: 338–9.

Chapter 4

· 1. Walpole Correspondence, xx: 457–8, Sir H. Mann to Walpole, 13 Dec. 1754 NS.

· 2. Rovinskii, Obozrenie ikonopisaniia, 244–6.

· 3. KfZh (1754), 121–4.

· 4. Sochineniia, xii: 341–7 (341, 345); KfZh (1754), 78–9; McGrew, 29–31.

· 5. R. Butterwick, Poland’s Last King and English Culture: Stanislaw August Poniatowski 1732–1798 (Oxford, 1998), 86–100; A. Zamoyski, The Last King of Poland (London, 1992), 41–53.

· 6. Quoted in extenso by Zamoyski, Last King, 58.

· 7. KfZh (1755), 68–70: 77 men and 44 women were present.

· 8. V. A. Korentsvit, ‘Krepost’ Peterstadt v Oranienbaume’, in Pamiatniki istorii i kul’tury Peterburga, ed. A. V. Pozdnukhov (SPb, 1994), 208–22.

· 9. Sochineniia, xii: 307, 355–6.

· 10. AKV, xxxiii: 83, M. L. Vorontsov to F. D. Bekhteev, 15 June 1756.

· 11. Uspenskii, Imperatorskie dvortsy, i: 38–9, 41; PSZ: 10,246, 16 June 1754.

· 12. Sochineniia, xii: 117; Benois, Tsarskoe Selo, 78.

· 13. AKV, xxxi: 86, M. L. to A. R. Vorontsov, 19 Dec. 1758.

· 14. A. N. Petrov, Savva Chevakinskii (Leningrad, 1983), 72, 75–6, 79.

· 15. Iu. V. Trubinov, Stroganovskii dvorets (SPb, 1996), 38–61.

· 16. Shcherbatov, 223, 225.

· 17. A. V. Dëmkin, Britanskoe kupechestvo v Rossii XVIII veka (M, 1998), 70.

· 18. Sipovskaia, ‘Obedy’, 162–3.

· 19. AKV, xxxi: 83, M. L. Vorontsov to M. P. Bestuzhev-Riumin, Feb 1758; 101, M. L. to A. R. Vorontsov, undated (Jan/Feb 1760); 105, 4/15 Apr. 1760; 110, 24 Oct. 1760.

· 20. Sochineniia, xii: 391–2.

· 21. Correspondance, 70, 23 Aug. 1756; 81, 24 Aug.

· 22. AKV, xxxiii: 32–48. By the same token, no account was taken of Vorontsov’s artistic expenses, for which see S. O. Androsov, ‘Zabytyi russkii metsenat–Graf Mikhail Vorontsov’, PKNO, 2000 (M, 2001), 246–77.

· 23. SIRIO, clxviii: 466, Guy Dickens to Newcastle, 7 July 1753.

· 24. [J-L Favier], ‘Russkii dvor v 1761 godu’, RS, Oct. 1878.

· 25. Cross, 55–8; Dëmkin, Britanskoe kupechestvo, 128–35.

· 26. Kazakevich, Tsarskie zastol’ia, 24.

· 27. AKV, xxxiii: 50, ‘Zapiska prikhodu i raskhodu den’gam na 1754 god’; xxxii: 19, M. L. Vorontsov to I. I. Shuvalov, 27 Oct. 1756.

· 28. Correspondance, 82, 24 Aug. 1756.

· 29. Correspondance, 55, 20 Aug. 1756. See also, p. 74, 23 Aug. (cf. 124, 6 Sept.)

· 30. Correspondance, 197, 6 Oct. 1756.

· 31. Correspondance, 255, undated, Nov. 1756.

· 32. SIRIO, vii: 73, C. to Wolff, 11 Nov. 1756.

· 33. Correspondance, 272, 17 Nov. 1756.

· 34. SIRIO, cxlviii: 118, Guy Dickens to Newcastle, 8 Sept. 1750.

· 35. SIRIO, cxlviii: 113, Guy Dickens to Newcastle, 11 Aug. 1750.

· 36. Shcherbatov, 195.

· 37. C. Marsden, Palmyra of the North: The First Days of St Petersburg (London, 1942), 130.

· 38. SIRIO, cxlviii: 321–2, 28 Jan. 1752; ibid., 332, 7 Mar., prompted by ibid., 309, Newcastle to Guy Dickens, 27 Dec. 1751 NS.

· 39. Sochineniia, xii: 266.

· 40. SIRIO, cx: 292–3, Hyndford to Newcastle, 2 Feb. 1749.

· 41. Correspondance, 121, 6 Sept; KfZh (1758), 112.

· 42. KfZh (1756), 51, 102; Benois, Tsarskoe Selo, 246–8.

· 43. Correspondance, 4, 3 Aug. 1756.

· 44. Sochineniia, xii: 227.

· 45. Sochineniia, xii: 224, 219, 225.

· 46. PSZ, xii: 8908, 3 Apr. 1744.

· 47. SIRIO, cxlviii: 295, Guy Dickens to Newcastle, 26 Nov. 1751; KfZh (1751), 108–9.

· 48. Sochineniia, xii: 288–9.

· 49. Sochineniia, xii: 348.

· 50. Correspondance, 34, 11 Aug. 1756; 45, 18 Aug.

· 51. Correspondance, 145, 11 Sept. 1756.

· 52. Frotier de la Messelière, Voyage à Pétersbourg, ou nouveaux mémoires sur la Russie (Paris, 1803), 217–8, punctuation adjusted.

· 53. Sochineniia, xii: 393–5, where the event is misdated to 1758. The mistake recurs in A. L. Porfir’eva, ‘Muzykal’nye razvlecheniia Petra Fedorovicha v Oranienbaume’, in Archivo Russo–Italiano, IV, eds. Daniela Rizzi and A. Shishkin (Salerno, 2005), 340, and also in The Memoirs of Catherine the Great, eds. M. Cruse and H. Hoogenboom (New York, 2005), 178. Alexander, 51, gives 17 June 1757. The chronology of this period in C.’s memoirs is especially unreliable.

· 54. Zamoyski, Last King, 55.

· 55. Quoted in Alexander, 51.

· 56. KfZh (1757), 83.

· 57. J. L. H. Keep, ‘Feeding the Troops: Russian Army Supply Policies during the Seven Years’ War’, Canadian Slavonic Papers, 28–31 (1987).

· 58. Bil’basov, i: 332–46.

· 59. PSZ, xv: 10,940, 5 Apr. 1759, para. 5; KfZh (1759), 42; Sochineniia, xii: 407, 423; Alexander, 53–5.

· 60. AKV, xxxi: 88, M. L. to A. R. Vorontsov, 10 Mar. 1759; PSZ, xv: 10,930, 9 Mar. 1759.

Chapter 5

· 1. G. S. Rousseau, ‘“A strange pathology”: Hysteria in the Early Modern World’, in S. L. Gilman, et al, Hysteria beyond Freud (Berkeley, 1993), 157; L. Brockliss and C. Jones, The Medical World of Early Modern France (Oxford, 1997), 444.

· 2. AKV, ii: 633–6.

· 3. See E. V. Anisimov, ‘I. I. Shuvalov–deiatel’ rossiiskogo Prosveshcheniia’, Voprosy istorii, 1985, no. 7, 94–104.

· 4. KfZh (1761), 7.

· 5. KfZh (1760), 175.

· 6. Alexander, ‘Ivan Shuvalov’, 8.

· 7. ‘Russkii dvor’,.

· 8. AKV, iv: 461, 20 Feb. 1761.

· 9. F.G. Volkov i russkii teatr ego vremeni, 138–43.

· 10. KfZh (1761), 22. The artist’s name is not given.

· 11. AKV, iv: 461, 20 Feb. 1761; 462, 23 Feb.

· 12. Ia. V. Bruk, U istokov russkogo zhanra: XVIII vek (M, 1990), 45, pl. 53–5; AKV, xxxiv: 129.

· 13. Chappe d’Auteroche, Voyage en Sibérie, ed. M. Mervaud, ii: 344–5, SVEC, 2004:04.

· 14. KfZh (1761), 3–4, 7, 10; AKV, xxi: 84.

· 15. Zapiski Shtelina, i: 261.

· 16. ‘Dnevnik statskogo sovetnika Misere’, in Ekaterina: put’ k vlasti, eds. M. Lavrinovich and A. Liberman (M, 2003), 54.

· 17. AKV, iv: 464, 10 Apr. 1761, A. K. Vorontsova to her daughter, Anna Mikhailovna.

· 18. AKV, iv: 464–5, 17 Apr. 1761; KfZh (1761); Alexander, ‘Ivan Shuvalov’, 9.

· 19. AKV, iv: 465, 24 Apr. and 30 Apr. 1761.

· 20. KfZh (1761), 76, 94, 99, 102, 109, 122.

· 21. Sochineniia, xii: 785–6.

· 22. Sochineniia, xii: 613–27, passim.

· 23. Alexander, 55–7.

· 24. KfZh (1761), 79–80. For further fires see AKV, iv: 476, 6 July.

· 25. AKV, iv: 474, 15 June 1761.

· 26. Bil’basov, i: 418, n. 5, quoting the French ambassador Breteuil. Elizabeth had spent most of the week before at her devotions in her private chapel: KfZh (1761), 100–1.

· 27. KfZh (1761).

· 28. AKV: xxxi: 151, circular from M. L. Vorontsov, 19 Dec. 1761.

· 29. Shtelin, Zapiski, 97; KfZh (1762), 9–10.

· 30. For daily lists of their respective dining companions in Jan. and Feb., see KfZh (1762), 54–118, 1st pagn.

· 31. KfZh (1762), 3, 1st pagn.

· 32. KfZh (1762), 12, 1st pagn; Sochineniia, xii: 506–7.

· 33. Vinogradov, ‘Russian Mission’, 71. For Anna’s funeral commission, see Vnutrennii byt Russkago gosudarstva, i: 431–94 (438–9).

· 34. Shtelin, Zapiski, 96; KfZh (1762), 6–7, 1st pagn; L. Hughes, ‘Royal Funerals in Eighteenth-Century Russia’, in Monarchy and Religion, ed. Schaich, 411–2.

· 35. Sochineniia, xii: 508, has misled generations of historians by giving 25 Jan. as the date of Elizabeth’s funeral.

· 36. KfZh (1762), 16–17, 1st pagn.

· 37. Ya. P. Shakhovskoy, Zapiski, 1709–1777, ed. R. E. Jones (Newtonville, MA, 1974), iii, 183.

· 38. Anecdotes russes, ou letters d’un officier allemand a un gentilhomme livonien, écrites de Pétersbourg en 1762 (London [The Hague], 1765), 32–4.

· 39. Bil’basov, i: 424.

· 40. ‘Zapiski pridvornago bril’iantshchika Poz’e’, RS, March 1870, 201–3.

· 41. AKV, xxxi: 153, M. L. to A. R. Vorontsov, 28 Dec. 1761. It was imposed that day: KfZh (1761), suppl., 4–5.

· 42. KfZh (1762), 19, 1st pagn, 27 Feb.

· 43. Shtelin, Zapiski, 97; KfZh (1762), 25, 1st pagn, 4 Feb.; SIRIO, vii: 121, 7 July 1762.

· 44. Hughes, ‘Royal funerals’, 413. The coffin was lowered into the vault only on 27 Feb., when neither Peter nor C. was present: KfZh (1762), 46, 1st pagn.

· 45. Mémoires du Comte de Hordt (Paris, 1784), 267–8.

· 46. Sochineniia, xii: 508–9.

· 47. Mémoires du Comte de Hordt, 267–8. In point of fact, C. was to attend memorial services for Elizabeth for the rest of her life.

· 48. KfZh (1762), 28–34, 1st pagn; ‘Dnevnik statskogo sovetnika Mizere’, 57; Benois, Tsarskoe Selo, 106, 111, 260–3.

· 49. SIRIO, xviii: 83, 143, Mercy to Kaunitz, 1 Feb. and 26 Feb. 1762 NS.

· 50. Sochineniia, xii: 547, C. to Poniatowski, 2 Aug. 1762.

· 51. Shcherbatov, 233.

· 52. C. S. Leonard, Reform and Regicide: The Reign of Peter III of Russia (Bloomington, IN, 1993), 42–5; 48–57. For a penetrating discussion, see E. A. Marasinova, ‘Manifest o vol’nosti dvorianstva (k voprosu o mekhanizmakh sotsial’nogo kontrolia)’, in E.R. Dashkova i zolotoi vek Ekateriny, ed. L. V. Tychinina, et al (M, 2006), 84–108.

· 53. Tooke, i: 219.

· 54. KfZh (1762), 39, 1st pagn; ‘Dnevnik statskogo sovetnika Mizere’, 59.

· 55. Bolotov, ii: 108–11.

· 56. Bil’basov, i: 423–4; 428–9.

· 57. PCFG, xxi: 164, Frederick to Prince Henry, 3 Jan. 1762; 175, to Finckelstein, 11 Jan. 1761 NS.

· 58. Ibid., 194, 22 Jan.; (210), 29 Jan.; (212), 31 Jan.

· 59. AKV, xxi: 46–7; SIRIO, xviii: 361, Mercy to Kaunitz, 28 May 1762 NS. Prince Dashkov reached Kiev before being recalled by Catherine.

· 60. Tooke, i: 239.

· 61. Ransel, Politics, 59–61 (61).

· 62. Troitskii, Finansovaia politika, 246–7; Leonard, Reform and Regicide, 122.

· 63. Kurukin, Epokha ‘dvorskikh bur’, 385–92.

· 64. Leonard, Reform and Regicide, 136.

· 65. Madariaga, 27–8.

· 66. AKV, xxi: 49.

· 67. R. Vroon, ‘9 June 1762: The tears of an empress, or the toast that toppled an emperor’, in Days from the Reigns, ed. Cross, ii: 129–30.

· 68. Sochineniia, xii: 547, C. to Poniatowski, 2 Aug. 1762.

· 69. AKV, xxi: 68.

· 70. The following draws on Madariaga, 29–32, and Alexander, 3–16.

· 71. PSZ, xvi: 11,585.

· 72. R. Bartlett, ‘30 October 1763: The Beginning of Abolitionism in Russia’, in Days from the Reigns, ed. Cross, ii: 138.

· 73. Tooke, i: 292.

· 74. Osmnadtsatyi vek, 2 (1869), 634, Talyzin to Panin, 29 June 1762.

· 75. Perevorot 1762 goda (M, 1908), 141; Bil’basov, ii: 104–6.

· 76. Sochineniia, xii:.

· 77. A. Schumacher, Geschichte der Thronentsetzung und des Tode Peter des Dritten (Hamburg, 1858).

· 78. K. A. Pisarenko, ‘Neskol’ko dnei iz istorii “uedinennogo i priiatnogo mestechka”’, in O. A. Ivanov, V. S. Lopatin and K. A. Pisarenko, Zagadki russkoi istorii: XVIII vek (M, 2000), 253–398.

· 79. Madariaga, 32.

Chapter 6

· 1. SIRIO, xii: 113, Buckinghamshire to Halifax, 28 June 1763 NS; cxl: 205, Bérenger to Praslin, 28 June and 8 July; xlvi: 538–40, Mercy to Kaunitz, 28 June.

· 2. Alexander, 74–5.

· 3. SIRIO, xxii: 66, 75, Solms to Frederick II; 7/18 June 1763; xii: 113, Buckinghamshire to Halifax, 28 June 1763 NS.

· 4. KfZh (1763), 109–11, 112–4, 117, 129; I. V. Kapustina, ‘Usad’ba Kuskovo v kontekste evropeiskikh paradnykh rezidentsii XVIII veka’, Russkaia usad’ba, 9 (2003), 163–81; Pis’ma Saltykovu, 14, 25 June 1763.

· 5. KfZh (1763), 131–42.

· 6. M. I. Pyliaev, Staryi Peterburg (SPb, 2007 edn.), 260. Begun in 1753, the church survived until 1961 when it was demolished during Khrushchev’s anti-religious campaign to make way for the Sennaia ploshchad’ metro station.

· 7. SIRIO, cxl: 206–7, Bérenger to Praslin, 12 July 1763 NS.

· 8. Zapiski Shtelina, i: 209; M. F. Korshunova, Iurii Fel’ten (Leningrad, 1988), 28. The gallery was demolished in 1766 as part of the scheme to clad the Neva’s banks in granite.

· 9. Rovinskii, Obozrenie ikonopisaniia, 279–80; Zapiski Shtelina, i: 256.

· 10. SIRIO, cxl: 206, Bérenger to Praslin, 12 July 1763 NS.

· 11. The longest of these memoranda is at SIRIO, x: 380–1, 20 Sept. 1769.

· 12. Madariaga, 123–32.

· 13. Bartlett, 30 October 1763, 139–40. See the same author’s ‘The Question of Serfdom: Catherine II, the Russian Debate and the View from the Baltic Periphery’, in Russia in the Age of the Enlightenment, eds. R. Bartlett and J. M. Hartley (London, 1990), 142–66, and his ‘Serfdom and state power in Imperial Russia’, European History Quarterly, 33 (2003), 38–9.

· 14. A. Kamenskii, Ot Petra I do Pavla I: Reformy v Rossii XVIII veka (M, 1999), 330.

· 15. R. Bartlett, ‘Educational Projects in the First Decade of the Reign of Catherine II’, in Russische Aufklärungsreeption im Kontext offiieller Bildungskonepte (1700–1825), ed. G. Lehmann-Carli, et al. (Berlin, 2001), 109–24.

· 16. D. L. Ransel, Mothers of Misery: Child Abandonment in Russia (Princeton, NJ, 1988), 31–45.

· 17. Poroshin, 20, 29 Sept. 1764; 117, 9 Dec.; 133, 20 Dec; and passim.

· 18. W. Rosslyn, ‘5 May 1764: The Foundation of the Smol’nyi Institute’, in Days from the Reigns, ed. Cross, ii: 149.

· 19. See, in particular, her letters to ‘Dusky Levushka’ (Princess Cherkasskaia), from c. 1770: ‘Chetyre pis’ma Ekateriny II-y k kniagine A. P. Cherkasskoi’, RA, 1870, no. 3, 529–39.

· 20. PSZ, xvi: 11,606, 12 July 1762, referring to the Senate meeting on 3 July.

· 21. J. P. LeDonne, Ruling Russia: Politics and Administration in the Age of Absolutism 1762–1796 (Princeton, NJ, 1984), 27–30; L. G. Kisliagina, ‘Kantseliariia stats-sekretarei pri Ekaterine II’, in Gosudarstvennye uchrezhdeniia Rossii XVI–XVIII vv. (M, 1991), 171.

· 22. W. Daniel, Grigorii Teplov: A Statesman at the Court of Catherine the Great (Newtonville, MA, 1991); MP, iii: 144–53.

· 23. R. Faggionato, A Rosicrucian Utopia in Eighteenth-Century Russia: The Masonic circle of N.I. Novikov (Amsterdam, 2005), 16–21; Sochineniia, xii: 298, (406).

· 24. Kisliagina, ‘Kantseliariia’, 172–5; SIRIO, vii: 319, Teplov to Elagin, 12 Sept. 1763.

· 25. G. E. Munro, ‘Food in Catherinian St. Petersburg’, in Food in Russian History and Culture, eds. M. Glants and J. Toomre (Bloomington, IN, 1997), 31–48. Panin and Elagin reminisced about the imperial table in earlier eras: Poroshin, 23 Dec. 1764.

· 26. SIRIO, i: 261–2, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 4 Nov. 1763.

· 27. Parkinson, 48, 29 Nov. 1792.

· 28. Poroshin, 265, 28 Aug. 1765, records a visit of thirty minutes at Tsarskoe Selo: most apparently lasted about fifteen minutes.

· 29. O. A. Omel’chenko, Imperatorskoe Sobranie 1763 goda (Komissiia o vol’nosti dvorianskoi) (M, 2001), 13–48.

· 30. SIRIO, x: 381, 20 Sept. 1769; Madariaga, 43–7. Counting the backlog of Senate business became an annual obsession.

· 31. Quoted in Madariaga, 58.

· 32. RS, Nov. 1874, 494, C. to Volkov, June 1763.

· 33. Ekaterina II: Babushkina azbuka, ed. L.V. Tychinina (M, 2004), para. 45.

· 34. Ovsiannikov, Rastrelli, 173.

· 35. Ermitazh: Istoriia stroitelstva i arkhitektura zdanii, ed. B. B. Piotrovskii (Leningrad, 1989), 99–102; O. Medvedkova, ‘Catherine II et l’architecture à la francaise: le cas de Vallin de la Mothe’, in Catherine II et l’Europe, ed. Davidenkoff, 39–40; Zapiski Shtelina, i: 207.

· 36. SIRIO, xxii: 77, Solms to Frederick II, 3 June 1763.

· 37. KfZh (1763), 213.

· 38. Poroshin, 305–6, 8 Oct. 1765; McGrew, 56.

· 39. The following depends on G. N. Komelova, ‘Apartamenty Ekateriny II v Zimnem dvortse’, in Zimnii dvorets: Ocherki zhizni imperatorskoi rezidentsii, 1: XVIII-pervaia tret’ XIX veka (SPb, 2000), 44–73.

· 40. Benois, Tsarskoe Selo, 125; Poroshin, 307, 10 Oct. 1765.

· 41. AKV, xxxiv: 358, Panin to Anna Vorontsova, 11 Jan. 1767.

· 42. Poroshin, 54–5, 15 and 16 Oct. 1764; 192, 20 Feb. 1765. The machine was probably an electrostatic generator donated by Paul’s new science tutor, Franz Aepinus, a first-class scientist from Rostock whose treatise on electricity and magnetism had been published in St Petersburg in 1759. See R. W. Home, Electricity and Experimental Physics in Eighteenth-Century Europe (Hampshire, 1992), chs. XIV and XV.

· 43. The rooms formerly occupied by C. are now largely given over to the Hermitage Museum’s collection of French painting of the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries and German drawing of the fifteenth to nineteenth centuries.

· 44. V. Shvarts, Leningrad: Art and Architecture (Leningrad, 1986), 54.

· 45. SIRIO, xii: 257, Cathcart to Weymouth, 19 Aug. 1768.

· 46. Wraxall, 241.

· 47. Poroshin, 76, 2 Nov. 1764.

· 48. SIRIO, i: 260, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 6 Nov. 1764.

· 49. Poroshin, 240, 31 July 1765.

· 50. Lettres au Prince de Ligne, 40, 9 Mar. 1781.

· 51. S. Lovell, Summerfolk: A History of the Dacha, 1710–2000 (Ithaca, NY, 2003), 9 (piano keys), 11 (Derzhavin translation).

· 52. KfZh (1766), 12; (1765), 92, 10 June; Poroshin, 230–1, 22 July 1765.

· 53. KfZh (1766), 12, 36, 37.

· 54. Pis’ma Saltykovu, 15, 7 July 1763.

· 55. V. V. Shevtsov, Kartochnaia igra v Rossii (konets XVI–nachalo XX v.): Istoriia igry i istoriia obshchestva (Tomsk, 2005), 27–30, summarises C’s subsequent legislation.

· 56. V. Maikov, ‘Igrok lombera’ (1763), in Izbrannye proizvedeniia, ed. A.V. Zapadov (Leningrad, 1966), 55–71.

· 57. KfZh (1765), 18–21, 23–4; Poroshin, 169–70, 1 Feb. 1765.

· 58. Poroshin, 365–6, 25 Dec. 1765.

· 59. M. S. Konopleva, Teatral’nyi zhivopisets Dzhuseppe Valeriani: Materialy k biografii i istorii tvorchestva (Leningrad, 1948), 22–3.

· 60. K. A. Pisarenko, ed., ‘Pis’ma Barona A.S. Stroganova ottsu iz-za granitsei’, Rossiiskii arkhiv: Istoriia Otechestva v svidetel’stvakh i dokumentakh XVIII–XX vv., New Series, 14 (M, 2005), 28 (Cambridge), and passim.

· 61. R. P. Gray, Russian Genre Painting in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 2000), 23–4.

· 62. ‘Pis’ma Barona A. S. Stroganova’, 13–14, 16, 17, (36).

· 63. V. A. Somov, ‘Krug chteniia Peterburgskogo obshchestva v nachale 1760-kh godov (iz istorii biblioteki grafa A. S. Stroganova)’, XVIII vek, 22 (SPb, 2002), 200–34.

· 64. Idem, ‘“Kabinet dlia chteniia grafa Stroganova” (inostrannyi fond)’, in Vek Prosveshcheniia, 1: Prostranstvo evropeiskoi kul’tury v epokhu Ekateriny II (M, 2006), 234–5.

· 65. Sochineniia, xii: 404.

· 66. SIRIO, xii: 256–7, Macartney to Grafton 4/15 Apr. 1766.

· 67. AKV, xxxi: 331–2, C. to M. L. Vorontsov, 2 Dec. 1765. Stroganov’s divorce petition, dated 2 July 1765, is at AKV, xxxiv: 351–2. On the Synod’s growing interest in such matters, see G. L. Freeze, ‘Bringing order to the Russian family: marriage and divorce in imperial Russia, 1760–1860’, Journal of Modern History, 62 (1990), 709–48.

· 68. Poroshin, 167, 22 Feb. 1765; 177, 27 Feb.; SIRIO, xii: 257, 4/15 Apr. 1766.

· 69. AKV, xxi: 48. Stroganov also attended C. at her coronation day banquets in 1764 and 1765: Poroshin, 14, 22 Sept. 1764; 288, 22 Sept. 1765.

· 70. Proschwitz, 147, C. to Gustav III, 6 May 1780; Khrapovitskii, 11, 26 June 1786.

· 71. Shcherbatov, 231.

· 72. Correspondance, 85, Williams to C., 26 Aug. 1756; 8 Aug., C. to Williams.

· 73. Sochineniia, xii: 305–6.

· 74. Despatches, ii: 224 (Russian memoranda).

· 75. Harris Diaries, i: 227, 20 Jan. 1779.

· 76. Sochineniia, xii: 56.

· 77. Ibid., 557, C. to Poniatowski, 9 Aug. 1762.

· 78. SIRIO, xii: 126, Buckinghamshire to Halifax, 22 Aug. 1763 NS; ibid., i: 266, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 20 Feb. 1765; Sochineniia, xii: 5.

· 79. See, for example, Despatches, ii: 221, Buckinghamshire to Halifax, 10 Feb. 1763 NS.

· 80. Poroshin, 245–6, 5 Aug. 1765. For a similar observatory at the Winter Palace, ibid., 305–6, 9 Oct. 1765.

· 81. R. P. Bartlett, Human Capital: The settlement of foreigners in Russia, 1762–1804 (Cambridge, 1979), 42–3 (C.’s initiative), 47, 66–8, 91–4, 99–102.

· 82. Quoted in Alexander, 98.

· 83. KfZh (1766), 17–18.

· 84. Poroshin, 56, 16 Oct. 1764, passim.

· 85. I. Petrovskaia, V. Somina, Teatral’nyi Peterburg: Nachalo XVIII veka-Oktiabr’ 1917 goda (SPb, 1994), 53–64.

· 86. Poroshin, 56, 16 Oct. 1764 and passim.

· 87. Poroshin, 102, 25 Nov. 1764.

· 88. Shtelin, Muzyka, 222, para. 65; J. T. Alexander, ‘Catherine the Great and the Theatre’, in Russian Society and Culture and the Long Eighteenth Century: Essays in Honour of Anthony Cross, eds. R. Bartlett and L. Hughes (Münster, 2004), 121.

· 89. Shtelin, Muzyka, 218–9, para. 63; MP, i: 228; Poroshin, 347, 26 Nov. 1765.

· 90. On the proliferation of such spectacles, see H. Watanabe O’Kelly, Triumphall Shews: Tournaments at German-speaking Courts in their European Context, 1560–1730 (Berlin, 1992).

· 91. Poroshin, 157, 12 Jan. 1765; 225, 11 July.

· 92. E. S. Shchukina, Dva veka russkoi medali (M, 2000), 76; Alekseeva, Mikhailo Makhaev, 221–3.

· 93. A. Cross, ‘Professor Thomas Newberry’s Letter from St Petersburg, 1766, on the Grand Carousel and Other Matters’, SEER, 76 (1998), 490–2. On the literary context of the carousel, V. Proskurina, Mify imperii: Literatura i vlast’ v epokhu Ekateriny II(M, 2006), 11–19.

· 94. Pis’ma Saltykovu, 47, 1 July 1766; Tooke, ii: 79.

· 95. Poroshin, 18, 27 Sept. 1764; Alexander, ‘Catherine the Great and the Theatre’, 121–2.

· 96. PSZ, xvi: 11, 631, 3 Aug. 1762.

· 97. N. D. Chechulin, Ocherki po istorii russkikh finansov v tsarstvovanie Ekateriny II (SPb, 1906), 281–3 (283).

· 98. Beales, Joseph II, 157–8.

· 99. For detailed references to this section, see my ‘Religious Ritual at the Eighteenth-Century Russian Court’, in Monarchy and Religion, ed. M. Schaich, 217–48.

· 100. Poroshin, 6 Jan. 1765; 9, 12 Jan. (illness); 371, 6 Jan. 1766.

· 101. P. Klimov, ed., Religioznyi Peterburg (SPb, 2004), 73–87; Dixon, ‘Religious Ritual’, 226–7.

· 102. Poroshin, 336, 13 Nov. 1765; Shtelin, Muzyka, 55, 57–8, paras 6–7.

· 103. Bil’basov, ii: 156–8; Wortman, Scenarios, 120–1; K. A. Papmehl, Metropolitan Platon of Moscow (Petr Levshin, 1737–1812) (Newtonville MA, 1983), 8–9.

· 104. Bil’basov, ii: 165–7; KfZh (1763), 86–107, ‘Pokhodnyi zhurnal puteshestviia Eia Imperatorskago Velichestva v Rostov’.

· 105. N. I. Zav’ialova, ‘Usad’ba Taininskoe: Istoriia Dvortsovaia ostrova i nekotorye problemy ego sokhraneniia’, Russkaia usad’ba, 7 (2001), 306–23, photo at p. 315.

· 106. SIRIO, vii: 287, C. to Panin, 22 May 1763.

· 107. Ibid., 288, same to same, May 1763; J. Hartley, ‘Philanthropy in the Reign of Catherine the Great’, in Bartlett and Hartley, eds., Russia in the Age of the Enlightenment, 176.

· 108. SIRIO, vii: 288, C. to Panin, undated.

· 109. KfZh (1763), 172–3; Klimov, ed., Religioznyi Peterburg, 74–5.

· 110. Papmehl, Metropolitan Platon, 13, quoting Poroshin.

· 111. P. Bushkovitch, ‘The Clergy at the Russian Court, 1689–1796’, in Monarchy and Religion, ed. Schaich, 124, quoting Poroshin.

· 112. Papmehl, Metropolitan Platon, 10–11. The examination was on 12 Sept. following a private ‘rehearsal’ four days earlier.

· 113. Richardson, 225.

· 114. See E. Kimerling Wirtschafter, ‘20 September 1765: Tsesarevich Paul’s Eleventh Birthday and Father Platon’s “Sermon on Learning”’, in Days from the Reigns, ed. Cross, ii: 163–71.

· 115. Best, D17844, 1 Aug. 1772 NS.

· 116. Quoted in G. MacDonogh, Frederick the Great (London, 1999), 116.

· 117. SIRIO, i: 272, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 17 May 1765.

· 118. Best. D13032, C. to Voltaire, 28 Nov. 1765; Wilson, Diderot, 466–7.

· 119. Best. D13433, C. to Voltaire, 9 July 1766; Madariaga, Politics and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russia (London, 1998), 215–35.

· 120. Quoted in W. Sunderland, Taming the Wild Field: Colonization and Empire on the Russian Steppe (Ithaca, NY, 2004), 79–80.

· 121. R. Bartlett, ‘The Free Economic Society: The Foundation Years and the Prize Essay Competition of 1766 on Peasant Property’, in Russland zur Zeit Katharinas II: Absolutismus, Aufklärung, Pragmatismus, eds. E. Hübner, J. Kusber, P. Nitsche (Cologne, 1998), 181–3, 186, 197. The extent of Voltaire’s involvement is revealed by V. A. Somov, ‘Dva otveta Vol’tera na peterburgskom konkurse o krest’ianskoi sobstvennosti’, in Evropeiskoe Prosveshchenie i tsivilizatsiia Rossii, ed. S. Ia. Karp (M, 2004), 150–65.

· 122. Ransel, Mothers of Misery, 45.

· 123. Shcherbatov, 251, 253.

· 124. SIRIO i: 268, C. to Geoffrin, 28 Mar. 1765.

Chapter 7

· 1. SIRIO, clxi: 73, Bausset to Praslin, 9 May 1766; 73, Rossignol to Louis XV, 13 May; 83, Bausset to Choiseul, 27 May.

· 2. Bentham, ii: 124, J. Bentham to S. Bentham, 3 June 1778.

· 3. Quoted in Madariaga, 151.

· 4. SIRIO, i: 268–9, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 28 Mar. 1765.

· 5. Dimsdale, ‘20 October 1768’, in Days from the Reigns, ed. Cross, ii: 185–6.

· 6. Documents of Catherine the Great: The Correspondence with Voltaire and the Instruction of 1767 in the English text of 1768, ed. W. F. Reddaway (Cambridge, 1931), 284, art. 457.

· 7. On the elections, see Madariaga, 140–9.

· 8. Best. D14091, C. to Voltaire, 26 Mar. 1767.

· 9. Poroshin, 239, 29 July 1765; 251, 10 Aug.

· 10. G. V. Ibneeva, Puteshestviia Ekateriny II: Opyt ‘osvoeniia’ imperskogo prostranstva (Kazan’, 2006), 80; Bessarabova, 58, 43; Kutepov, Tsarskaia okhota, 70–1.

· 11. A. V. Gorbunova, ‘Triumfal’nye vorota Tverskoi gubernii vo II polovine XVIII v.’, in Russkaia kul’tura XVII–XX vv., 3 (Tver’, 2005), 30–2.

· 12. [I. I. Stafengagen], Geograficheskoe opisanie reki Volgi ot Tveri do Dmitrevska dlia puteshestviia Eia Imperatorskago Velichestva po onoi reke (St Petersburg, n.d. [1767]), unpaginated, SK, 6847. The Academy also prepared more detailed maps.

· 13. D. Ostrowski, ‘The Assembly of the Land (Zemskii sobor) as a representative institution’, in Modernizing Muscovy: Reform and social change in seventeenth-century Russia, eds. J. Kotilaine and M. Poe (London 2004), 117–42, suggests that these assemblies were adapted from the Tatar khanates’ quriltai.

· 14. SIRIO, x: 180, C. to Bielke, 28 Apr. 1767; Falconet, 14, C. to Falconet, 27 Mar.

· 15. Pis’ma Saltykovu, 47, 19 July 1766; 48, 6 Aug.

· 16. Falconet, 5, C. to Falconet, 18 Feb. 1767.

· 17. KfZh (1767), 42–87.

· 18. Pis’ma Saltykovu, 56, 24 Apr. 1767.

· 19. KfZh (1767), 83.

· 20. Slovo o dushe zakonov v publichnom sobranii Imperatorskago Moskovskago Universiteta Aprelia 23. dnia, 1767. goda govorennoe Iogannom Matfiem Shadenom (M, 1767).

· 21. KfZh (1767), 92; SIRIO, x: 183, C. to Panin, 30 Apr. 1767.

· 22. Ibid., 186, C. to Panin, 3 May 1767; Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 26; KfZh (1767), 98–101.

· 23. KfZh (1767), 103–6; SIRIO, xlii: 353, C. to Paul, 5 May 1767.

· 24. Alexander, 105.

· 25. Quoted in V. M Zhivov, Razyskaniia v oblasti istorii i predistorii russkoi kul’tury (M, 2002), 449.

· 26. Sochineniia, v: 1–29; Ibneeva, Puteshestviia Ekateriny, 220–9; F.-X. Coquin, ‘Un inédit de Marmontel: épître à Sa Majesté Catherine II’, in La France et les français à Saint-Petersbourg XVIII–XIX siècles (SPb, 2005), 11–25.

· 27. SIRIO, x: 187, C. to Marmontel, 7 May 1767.

· 28. Pis’ma Saltykovu, 59, 8 May 1767.

· 29. KfZh (1767), 123–5; Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 30–3; W. Daniel, ‘Conflict between Economic Vision and Economic Reality: The Case of M. M. Shcherbatov’, SEER, 67 (1989), 60–4.

· 30. KfZh (1767), 129–30.

· 31. SIRIO, x: 190, C. to Panin, 13 May 1767. The 51 nobles presented on 10 May are listed at KfZh (1767), 394–6.

· 32. I. Syrtsov, Arkhipastyri kostromskoi eparkhii za 150 let eia sushchestvovaniia (1745–1898 gg.) (Kostroma, 1898), 16–19, 21–2; KfZh (1767), 137, 147; Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 35.

· 33. KfZh (1767), 137–47; Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 35.

· 34. G. V. Lukomskii, Kostroma: Istoricheskii ocherk (SPb, 1913), 171–2. KfZh (1767), 139, says that a new tsar’s place was built.

· 35. L. I. Zoziula and E. G. Shcheboleva, ‘Ekaterina v usad’be Kniazei Kozlovskikh’, in Mir russkoi usad’by, ed. L. V. Ivanova (M, 1995), 141–2; KfZh (1767), 148–51, Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 37; SIRIO, xlii: 354, C. to Paul, 18 May 1767.

· 36. Alexander, 108.

· 37. See AKV, xxxiv: 32–5, for the case of the Pyskorskii monastery in the 1750s.

· 38. Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 38.

· 39. SIRIO, x: 199–200, C. to Dimtrii, 22 May 1767; KfZh (1767), 155–6; [Arkhimandrit Feodosii], Istoricheskoe opisanie Feodorovskago monastyria (Nizhnii Novgorod, 1890), 20–1, 33–4.

· 40. SIRIO, x: 199–200, C. to Dimtrii, 22 May 1767.

· 41. D. Mackenzie Wallace, Russia (London, 1912 edn.), 304. Ibneeva, Puteshestvie Ekateriny, 87–110, has significant new material on the schism.

· 42. SIRIO, x: 201, C. to Panin, 22 May 1767. cf. Chappe d’Auteroche, Voyage en Sibérie, ed. Mervaud, ii: 275: ‘La ville est aussi désagréable par la façon dont elle est batie, qu’agréable par sa situation.’

· 43. Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 39–40.

· 44. KfZh (1767), 158–68.

· 45. SIRIO, x: 192–3; Cross, 74–9 (77).

· 46. V. N. Pinunirov, N. M. Raskin, Ivan Petrovich Kulibin 1735–1818 (Leningrad, 1986), 30–45.

· 47. KfZh (1767), 145.

· 48. P. W. Werth, ‘Armed Defiance and Biblical Appropriation: Assimilation and the Transformation of Mordvin Resistance, 1740–1814’, Nationalities Papers, 27 (1999), 249–55; idem, At the Margins of Orthodoxy: Mission, Governance and Confessional Politics in Russia’s Volga-Kama Region, 1827–1905 (Ithaca, NY, 2002), 22–35.

· 49. KfZh (1767), 170–2; SIRIO, x: 202, 207, C. to Panin, 25 May and 3 June 1767.

· 50. RA (1870), nos. 4–5, 758–63, C. to I. I. Melissino, 24 May and 4 June 1767.

· 51. Pis’ma Ekateriny II k Adamu Vasil’evichu Olsuf’evu, 1762–1783 (M, 1863), 81, 30 May 1767.

· 52. R. P. Bartlett, ‘Julius von Canitz and the Kazan’ Gimnazii in the Eighteenth Century’, CASS, 14 (1980), 343–4, 358–9; Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 44.

· 53. N. D. Chechulin, Russkoe provintsial’noe obshchestvo (SPb, 1889), 27–34, 60–2, remains the only general study.

· 54. Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 43.

· 55. KfZh (1767), 185, 191, 193.

· 56. Best. D14219, C. to Voltaire, 29 May 1767.

· 57. Geograficheskoe opisanie, n.p.

· 58. Quoted in Bartlett, Human Capital, 94.

· 59. KfZh (1767), 231.

· 60. Ibid., 231–2.

· 61. Maikov, Izbrannye proizvedeniia, 292–5; SIRIO, x: 221–34.

· 62. Pis’ma Saltykovu, 47, 1 July 1766; 49, 10 Aug., 1 Sept.; (54), 29 Dec.; 59–60, 30 May 1767; KfZh (1767), 259.

· 63. KfZh (1767), 233–4, 262.

· 64. Ibid., 234–5, 266; E. N. Savinova, ‘Dvortsovaia votchina Pakhrino XVII–seredina XIX v.’, Russkaia usad’ba, 7 (2001), 296, 301.

· 65. V. O. Vitt, Iz istorii russkogo konnozavodtsva: Sozdanie novykh porod loshadei na rubezhe XVIII–XIX stoletii (M, 1952), 16.

· 66. Kutepov, Tsarskaia okhota, 71, 94–5.

· 67. KfZh (1767), 247–55, esp. 253.

· 68. Ibid., 273–6; Alexander, 112–3; Omel’chenko, 114–5.

· 69. Falconet, 25, C. to Falconet, 12 Oct. 1767.

· 70. W. G. Jones, ‘The Spirit of the Nakaz: Catherine II’s Literary Debt to Montesquieu’, SEER, 76 (1998), 662.

· 71. P. Dukes, Catherine the Great and the Russian Nobility (Cambridge, 1967), 80.

· 72. Dixon, ‘Posthumous Reputation’, 673; Diderot, ‘Observations sur le Nakaz’, in Oeuvres, ed. L. Versini (Paris, 1995), iii: 537, para. 57.

· 73. Madariaga, Politics and Culture, 231, 235–61; Ransel, Politics, 178–84.

· 74. Madariaga, 156, 158–9, 554.

· 75. This point was echoed in Maikov’s ‘Ode on the occasion of the election of deputies to compose a new Code of Laws in 1767’, Izbrannye sochineniia, 201, stanza 12.

· 76. Documents of Catherine the Great, ed. Reddaway, arts. 156, 123, 222, 240, 245, 265.

· 77. SIRIO, xii: 304–5, Shirley to Conway, 13/24 Aug. 1767.

· 78. Ibid., 307.

· 79. Madariaga, 161–2, 166.

· 80. Omel’chenko, 134.

· 81. Madariaga, 165. Phil Withington generously discussed this point with me.

· 82. Best. D14611, C. to Voltaire, c. 22 Dec. 1767.

· 83. SIRIO, x: 216; Madariaga, Politics and Culture, 137–43; D. Beales, ‘Joseph II, petitions and the public sphere’, in Cultures of Power in Europe during the Long Eighteenth Century, eds. H. Scott and B. Simms (Cambridge, 2007), 257.

· 84. O. A. Ivanov, Graf Aleksei Grigor’evich Orlov-Chesmenskii v Moskve (M, 2002), 33–40; SIRIO, xii: 302, Shirley to Conway, 28 May 1767; KfZh (1767), 375–6.

· 85. KfZh (1767), 367–8.

· 86. Falconet, 25, C. to Falconet, 12 Oct. 1767.

· 87. Omel’chenko, 118–24.

· 88. KfZh (1768), 20–2, 32; SIRIO, x: 277, 279, C. to Panin, 24, 27, 28 Jan. 1768.

· 89. C. Burney, A General History of Music from the Earliest Ages to the Present Period, 4 vols. (London, 1789), iv: 540.

· 90. KfZh (1768), 74–8; Shtelin, Muzyka, 57–9, 234. MP, i: 231–2, has the date wrong.

· 91. KfZh (1768), 80–1. Betskoy was also promoted: see N. N. Bantysh-Kamenskii, Spiski kavalerov Rossiiskikh Imperatorskikh ordenov (M, 2006 edn.), 90.

· 92. SIRIO, xxxvi: 139, Solms to Frederick, 22 Feb. 1768.

· 93. SIRIO, x: 282–3, C. to Saltykov, 6 Mar. 1768.

· 94. KfZh (1768), 36, 54, 70.

· 95. See, for example, Poroshin, 313, 19 Oct. 1765.

· 96. SIRIO, x: C. to Elagin, 5 May 1768.

· 97. KfZh (1768), 83–4, 87–8, 96, 99–104; Pis’ma Saltykovu, 69, 31 May 1768.

· 98. SIRIO, x: 295, C. to Panin, 8 June 1768.

· 99. PSZ, xviii: 13,066, 19 Jan. 1768.

· 100. Falconet, 59, C. to Falconet, 14 July 1768.

· 101. Religioznyi Peterburg, ed. Klimov, 128–31; Iu. I. Kitner, ‘Kistorii stroitel’stva tserkvi Isaakiia Dalmatskogo v Peterburge’, PKNO, 1993 (M, 1994), 449–53; A. Buccaro, et al, Antonio Rinaldi: architetto vanvitelliano a San Pietroburgo (Milan, 2003), 74–6, 122–5.

· 102. KfZh (1768), 132–8; (1769), 9, 7 Jan.; Falconet, 63–4, C. to Falconet, 17 July 1768; A. E. Ukhnalev, Mramornyi dvorets v Sankt-Peterburge: Vek vosemnadtsatyi (SPb, 2002).

· 103. Richardson, 16–17.

· 104. KfZh (1768), 154, 156–67.

· 105. Richardson, 19. [Platon], Pouchitel’nye slova pri Vysochaishem Dvore Eia Imperatorskago Velichestva…s 1763 goda po 1780 god (M, 1780), ii: 183–4, 189.

· 106. A. Cross, ‘8 August 1768: The Laying of the Foundation Stone of Rinaldi’s St Isaac’s Cathedral’, in Days from the Reigns, ed. Cross, ii: 178, 184.

· 107. Quoted in A. M. Schenker, The Bronze Horseman: Falconet’s Monument to Peter the Great (New Haven, CT, 2003), 102.

· 108. Falconet, 48, Falconet to C., 13 June 1768.

· 109. Ibid., 52, C. to Falconet, 14 June 1768.

· 110. Ibid., 56–7, C. to Falconet, 1 July 1768.

· 111. Schenker, Bronze Horseman, 114–5.

· 112. SIRIO, xii: 360, Cathcart to Weymouth, 19 Aug. 1767.

· 113. Madariaga, 167–78.

· 114. Sochineniia, xii: 617.

· 115. Best. D14611, C. to Voltaire, c. 22 Dec. 1767.

· 116. Sochineniia, xii: 170.

· 117. Madariaga, 170–83; Ransel, Politics, 186–90; W. R. Augustine, ‘Notes toward a Portrait of the Eighteenth-Century Nobility’, Canadian Slavic Studies, 4 (1970).

· 118. L. Hughes, ‘Seeing the Sights in Eighteenth-Century Russia: the Moscow Kremlin’, in Eighteenth-Century Russia: Society, Culture, Economy, eds. R. Bartlett and G. Lehmann-Carli (Münster, 2007), 326.

· 119. Richardson, 76; Madariaga, 168, 203–4.

Chapter 8

· 1. SIRIO, xii: 289–90, Macartney to Conway, 28 Nov. 1766.

· 2. The standard account is H. M. Scott, The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756–1775 (Cambridge, 2001), here 43–4.

· 3. SIRIO, xii: 232, Macartney to Grafton, 5 Nov. 1765.

· 4. AKV, xiii: 19, A. A. Bezborodko to R. L. Vorontsov, Smolensk, 3 July 1780.

· 5. AKV, xxi: 112.

· 6. Madariaga, 188–9.

· 7. The most detailed treatment of these developments is now B. V. Nosov, Ustanovlenie rossiiskogo gospodstva v Rechi Pospolitoi, 1756–1768 gg. (M, 2004), here 98–102, 119, which underscores the scale of Chernyshëv’s ambitions later in the decade.

· 8. Translated in A. Lentin, Enlightened Absolutism (1760–1790): A Documentary Sourcebook (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1985), 220.

· 9. Scott, Emergence, 104–5.

· 10. SIRIO, vii: 321.

· 11. H. M. Scott, ‘France and the Polish Throne, 1763–1764’, SEER, 53 (1975), 370–88.

· 12. SIRIO, vii: 373–4.

· 13. Scott, Emergence, 65–7; Madariaga, 192.

· 14. T. Schieder, Frederick the Great, ed. and trans. S. Berkeley and H. M. Scott (London, 2000), 151.

· 15. H. M. Scott, ‘Frederick II, the Ottoman Empire and the origins of the Russo-Prussian alliance of April 1764’, European Studies Review 7 (1977), 153–75.

· 16. Quoted in Scott, Emergence, 121. The ship carrying Chernyshëv’s uninsured possessions on his return in the following year sank off Kronstadt with an estimated loss of 200,000 roubles. Only his English horses were saved: SIRIO, clxiii: 71, Sabatier to Choiseul, 15 Dec. 1769.

· 17. SIRIO, xii: 244, Macartney to Grafton, 11 Feb. 1766; Madariaga, 193–4.

· 18. Madariaga, 206.

· 19. SIRIO, xiii: 408, C. to Grimm, 19 June 1774; Alexander, 143–5.

· 20. SIRIO, xx: 246, C. to Frederick II, 5 Dec. 1768.

· 21. R. P. Bartlett, ‘Russia in the Eighteenth-Century European Adoption of Inoculation for Smallpox’, in Russia and the World of the Eighteenth Century, eds. R. P. Bartlett, A. G. Cross and K. Rasmussen (Columbus, OH, 1988), 193–213; D. Beales, ‘Social Forces and Enlightened Policies’, in Enlightened Absolutism, ed. H. M. Scott (London, 1990), 49–50.

· 22. Cross, 137–41.

· 23. SIRIO, xii: 363, Cathcart to Weymouth, 29 Aug. 1768.

· 24. John Thomson, quoted in Cross, 138.

· 25. KfZh (1768), 206–12.

· 26. SIRIO, xii: 391, Cathcart to Weymouth, 21 Oct. 1768. C. herself subsequently referred to a ‘period when I was forbidden to conduct business’: Pis’ma Saltykovu, 73, 9 Nov.

· 27. R. Dimsdale, ‘20 October 1768: Doctor Dimsdale Spends a Day with the Empress’, in Days from the Reigns, ed. Cross, ii: 186–9, reproduces his ancestor’s invaluable notes.

· 28. Pis’ma Saltykovu, 73, 27 Oct. 1768.

· 29. Falconet, 68–9, C. to Falconet, 30 Oct. 1768.

· 30. KfZh (1768), 212–5.

· 31. ‘Pis’ma imperatritsy Ekateriny II k grafu Ivanu Grigor’evichu Chernyshevu (1764–1773)’, RA, 9 (1871), 1319, 17 Nov. 1768.

· 32. Richardson, 33–4.

· 33. KfZh (1768), 233.

· 34. SIRIO, xiii: 126, C. to Dimsdale, June 1771.

· 35. SIRIO, xii: 405–6, Cathcart to Rochford, 25 Nov. 1768.

· 36. Shtelin, Muzyka, 284–91; not mentioned in KfZh.

· 37. Bartlett, ‘Smallpox’, 203.

· 38. Beales, Joseph II, 158.

· 39. Best. D15396, Dec. 1768.

· 40. Ermitazh, ed. Piotrovskii, 316–23. Korshunova, Iurii Fel’ten, 29–31, says the model was sent to Moscow, but C. had returned to St Petersburg in Jan. 1768. The first mention of the Hermitage in the Court journals is KfZh (1769), 23, 1 Feb.

· 41. E. Maxtone Graham, The Beautiful Mrs Graham and the Cathcart Circle (London, 1927), quoting Lady Cathcart to Mrs Walkinshaw of Barrowfield, 8 Feb. 1768. For the Sheremetevs’ table at Kuskovo, see Parkinson, 213.

· 42. SIRIO, x: 332, C. to Bielke, 4 Mar. 1769; see also Pis’ma Saltykovu, 78, 5 Mar.

· 43. SIRIO, xii: 428, Cathcart to Rochford, 17 Mar. 1769.

· 44. Gray, Russian Genre Painting, 14–16.

· 45. Grimm, 367, 1–2 Nov. 1785.

· 46. G. Apgar, L’Art singulier de Jean Huber: Voir Voltaire (Paris, 1995), 16, 96–8, 106–7 (98), a reference to Le Patriarche en colère faisant une correction à coups de pied à un cheval qui rue. The Hermitage now holds eight paintings from the series; there may have been four more.

· 47. C. Frank, ‘Secret deals and public art: Catherine II’s cultural patronage in Bachaumont’s Mémoires secrets (1762–1786)’, in Vek prosvescheniia I: Prostranstvo evropeiskoi kul’tury v epokhu Ekateriny II, ed. S. Ia. Karp (M, 2006), 55–9, (60).

· 48. G. Dulac, ‘La question des beaux-arts dans les relations de Diderot avec la Russie: Les réflexions d’un philosophe (1765–1780)’, in Vek prosvescheniia, I: 10.

· 49. Letter of 1777, quoted in R. Davison, Diderot et Galiani: étude d’une amitié philosophique, SVEC: 237 (1985), 98–9.

· 50. B. V. Anan’ich, et al, Kredit i banki v Rossii do nachala XX veka: Sankt-Peterburg i Moskva (SPb, 2005), 72–80 (73, 75); PSZ, xv: 11,550, 25 May 1762; SIRIO, clxiii: 183–4, Sabatier to Choiseul, 7 Sept. 1770.

· 51. SIRIO, xxxvii: 214, Solms to Frederick, 3 Feb. 1769.

· 52. SIRIO, x: 334, C. to Elagin, 1 Apr. 1769.

· 53. F. Venturi, The End of the Old Regime in Europe, 1768–1776, trans. R. B. Litchfield (Princeton, NJ, 1989), 7–9.

· 54. ‘Pis’ma Chernyshevu’, 1325, 14 Dec. 1768.

· 55. Venturi, End of the Old Regime, 10–12, 15 (7).

· 56. Ibid., 27.

· 57. KfZh (1769), 44; T. Kudriavtseva and H. Whitbeck, Russian Imperial Porcelain Easter Eggs (London, 2001), 13.

· 58. Madariaga, 206.

· 59. KfZh (1769), 69, 70–5; Pis’ma Saltykovu, 79, 1 May 1769.

· 60. SIRIO, x: 337, C. to Panin, 10 May 1769.

· 61. KfZh (1769), 86–9, 96–9.

· 62. KfZh (1769), 104–6, 124–6.

· 63. SIRIO, cxliii: 36, Sabatier to Choiseul, 3 Oct. 1769.

· 64. Richardson, 103–4.

· 65. Quoted in W. G. Jones, Nikolay Novikov: Enlightener of Russia (Cambridge, 1984), 22.

· 66. Catherine’s babushka persona quoted in K. J. McKenna, ‘Empress behind the mask: the personae of Md. Vsiakaia Vsiachina in Catherine the Great’s periodical essays on manners and morals’, Neophilologus, 74 (1990), 3.

· 67. Satiricheskie zhurnaly N.I. Novikova, ed. P. N. Berkov (Moscow-Leningrad, 1951), 92, Truten’, 21 July 1769.

· 68. Sochineniia, xii: 636.

· 69. Bentham, ii: 126, J. Bentham to S. Bentham, 18 June 1778; RBS, ‘Knappe-Kiukhel’bekher’ (SPb, 1903), 39–40.

· 70. Madariaga, Short History, 95.

· 71. Best. D17127, C. to Voltaire, 26 Mar. 1771; Jones, Nikolay Novikov, 65.

· 72. Platon, Pouchitel’nye slova, ii: 310–11.

· 73. PSZ, xix: 13,603, 6 May 1771.

· 74. Jones, Nikolay Novikov, 20 (curlers), 61–3; P. N. Berkov, Istoriia russkoi komedii XVIII v. (Leningrad, 1977), 144.

· 75. SIRIO, xii: 427, Cathcart to Rochford, 17 Mar. 1769.

· 76. Herder on Social and Political Culture, ed. F. M. Barnard (Cambridge 1969), 87, ‘Journal of my Voyage in 1769’.

· 77. Best. D16286, C. to Voltaire, 31 Mar. 1770.

· 78. Letter to Voltaire, quoted in L. Wolff, Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment (Stanford, CA, 1994), 223; Madariaga, 337.

· 79. The Antidote; or an enquiry into the merits of a book, entitled A Journey into Siberia (London, 1772), 22, 76, 25.

· 80. KfZh (1769), 142–4.

· 81. Madariaga, 210; Best. D16057, C. to Voltaire, 13 Dec. 1769; D16071, Voltaire to C., 2 Jan. 1770 NS.

· 82. M. S. Anderson, ‘Great Britain and the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774’, English Historical Review, 69 (1954), 44.

· 83. Cross, 185–8; E. V. Tarle, Chesmenskii boi i pervaia russkaia ekspeditsiia v arkhipelag (Moscow-Leningrad, 1945), 45–53; Venturi, End of the Old Regime, 74. The latest scholarly study is G. A. Grebenshchikova, Baltiiskii flot v period pravleniia Ekateriny II: dokumenty, fakty, issledovaniia (SPb, 2007).

· 84. Best. D16670, C. to Voltaire, 16 Sept. 1770. Turkish losses were probably closer to 10,000.

· 85. SIRIO, i: 62, C. to A. G. Orlov, 3 Oct. 1770.

· 86. Fel’dmarshal Rumiantsev: Dokumenty, pis’ma, vospominaniia, ed. A. P. Kapitonov (M, 2001), 108–22, Rumiantsev to C., 20 June and 31 July 1770.

· 87. D. I. Peters, Nagradnye medali Rossii vtoroi poloviny XVIII stoletiia (M, 1999), 64–71.

· 88. E.g., KfZh (1770), 162–4, 20 July, the Feast of the Prophet Elijah.

· 89. KfZh (1770), 171–2; Falconet, 136, C. to Falconet, 18 Aug. 1770.

· 90. Best. D16604, C to Voltaire, 9/20 Aug. 1770.

· 91. Madariaga, 219–20.

· 92. J. Lukowski, The Partitions of Poland, 1772, 1793, 1795 (London, 1999), 61.

· 93. SIRIO, xiii: 59, C. to Bielke, 12 Jan. 1771; Best. D16999, C. to Voltaire, 23 Jan. 1771.

· 94. Pis’ma Salytkovu, 85, 23 Nov. 1770.

· 95. SIRIO, x: 433–4.

· 96. Zhurnal bytnosti v Rossii Ego Korolevsago Vysochestva Printsa Prusskago Genrikha (SPb, n.d., supplement to KfZh 1770), 12, 30–1.

· 97. Schenker, Bronze Horseman, 135–61, esp. 157–8.

· 98. Mémoirs du Comte de Hordt, Gentilhomme Suédois, etc., 2 vols. (Berlin, 1789), ii: 225–6; Zhurnal bytnosti, 50–4.

· 99. Sochineniia, iv: 149–63.

· 100. Richardson, 328, 330–1.

· 101. A. Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla (M, 2001) 33–94.

· 102. Best. D16711, C. to Voltaire, 7/18 Oct. 1770; Richardson, 327.

· 103. Best. D16825, C. to Voltaire, 4/15 Dec. 1770; D17081, 3/14 Mar. 1771. For Voltaire’s reply, see D16984, 22 Jan. 1771 NS.

· 104. Best. D16683, Voltaire to C., 2 Oct. 1770 NS.

· 105. Alexander, Bubonic Plague, 101–2, 107, 115, 118.

· 106. Best., D17443, Voltaire to C., 12 Nov. 1771 NS. See also D16747, 6 Nov. 1770 NS.

· 107. Alexander, Bubonic Plague, 150–61 and passim.

· 108. Beales, Joseph II, 286–94 (289).

· 109. Beales, Joseph II, 282–4; Madariaga, 221–3 (222); Lukowski, Partitions of Poland (64), 68–74.

· 110. SIRIO, xiii: 116, C. to Panin, 19 June 1771. This was barely six weeks after the edict banning corporal punishment for liveried servants, suggesting a clear distinction between the two groups in C.’s mind.

· 111. Ibid., 117, C. to Panin, 23 June.

· 112. SIRIO, clxiii: 309, Sabatier to Aiguillon, 12 July NS.

· 113. SIRIO, xiii: 142, C. to Bielke, 30 July 1770; 149, 29 Aug. See also clxiii: 321, Sabatier to Aiguillon, 9 Aug. NS.

· 114. Alexander, Bubonic Plague, 186–201 (204).

· 115. Best. D17407, C. to Voltaire, 6/17 Oct. 1771.

· 116. PSZ, xix: 13,689, 26 Oct. 1771.

· 117. Alexander, Bubonic Plague, 253.

· 118. Best. D17341, C. to Voltaire, 14/25 Aug. 1771. The temple of memory was ultimately designed by Charles Cameron and destroyed by order of Paul I in 1797.

· 119. Falconet, 134, Falconet to C., 14 Aug. 1770; SIRIO, x: 431; Shchukina, Dva veka russkoi medali, 65–70.

· 120. SIRIO, xiii: 238, C. to Bielke, 28 Apr. 1772.

· 121. Cross, 266–73; D. Shvidkovsky, The Empress and the Architect: British Architecture and Gardens at the Court of Catherine the Great (New Haven, CT, 1996), 172–81; I. Iakovkin, Opisanie sela tsarskago (SPb, 1830), 32–4.

· 122. Cross, 269.

· 123. Satiricheskie zhurnaly, 96, 28 July 1769. The second edition of The Drone was dedicated to Naryshkin: see ibid., 45, and SK, iv: 202.

· 124. Sovremennik, 38 (1853), 96–101; KfZh (1772), 297–302. For an earlier entertainment at Leventhal, see KfZh (1770), 157–60.

· 125. N. Wraxall, A Tour through some of the Northern Parts of Europe, 3rd edn. (London, 1776), 213.

· 126. SIRIO, xiii: 23, C. to Bielke, 13 July 1770.

· 127. SIRIO, xiii: 99–100, C. to Panin, 24–25 May, 1771. See also SIRIO, cxliii: 291–2, Sabatier to Vrillière, 7 June NS.

· 128. Best. D17322, 22 July/3 Aug. 1771; PSZ, xix: 13,651, 26 July.

· 129. Pis’ma Saltykovu, 69, 31 May 1768.

· 130. A. I. Mikhailov, Bazhenov (M, 1951), 50–7, 60.

· 131. Ibid., 61; Iu. Ia. Gerchuk, ed., Vasilii Ivanovich Bazhenov (M, 2001), 73–5, ‘Kratkoe rassuzhdenie o kremlevskom stroenii’.

· 132. Gerchuk, Bazhenov, 80, Teplov to Bazhenov, 15 Feb. 1770.

· 133. Pis’ma Saltykovu, 91, 23 Nov. 1770; Zhurnal bytnosti, 98, 100. PSZ, xix: 13,581, 15 Mar. 1771, decreed that though the city wall was to be demolished along the Moscow River from the Annunciation Cathedral to the Church of Peter the Metropolitan, neither was to be damaged.

· 134. Hughes, ‘Seeing the Sights’, in Eighteenth-Century Russia, eds. Bartlett and Lehmann-Carli, 325–6.

· 135. F. Rozhdestvenskii, Samuil Mislavskii, Mitropolit Kievskii (Kiev, 1877), 50–1. C.’s letters to Samuil are at appendix iii–vii. cf. G. I. Vzdornov, Istoriia otktrytiia izucheniia russkoi srednevekovoi zhivopisi XIX veka (M, 1986), 16–17.

· 136. V. I. Bazhenov, ‘Slovo na zalozhenie kremlevskogo dvortsa’, in S. Razgonov, V. I. Bazhenov (M, 1985), 164–5.

· 137. Volkonskii, 93, 10 Jan. 1772.

· 138. Letters to Volkonskii quoted in extenso by V. P. Iailenko, Ocherki po istorii i arkhitekture Lefortovo XVII–XVIII vekov (M, 2004), 159–62.

· 139. Wraxall, A Tour, 231.

Chapter 9

· 1. R. E. Jones, ‘Opposition to War and Expansion in Late Eighteenth-Century Russia’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 32 (1984), 38–44.

· 2. SIRIO, xiii: 259, C. to Mme Bielke, 25 June 1772; 261, 9 Aug.

· 3. KfZh (1772), 302, 306–9.

· 4. SIRIO, lxxii: 227, Solms to Frederick, 3 Aug. 1772.

· 5. KfZh (1772), 323–31 (330).

· 6. SIRIO, xix: 314, Gunning to Suffolk, 4 Sept. 1772.

· 7. SIRIO, xiii: 270–2, draft letter in C.’s hand; L. Hughes, The Romanovs (London, 2008), 108.

· 8. PCFG, xxxii: 527, Frederick to Solms, 1 Oct. 1772 NS.

· 9. SIRIO, xix: 327–8, Gunning to Suffolk, 27 Sept. 1772.

· 10. Best. D17929, C. to Voltaire, 12 Sept. 1772. Panin presented Gustav’s emissary to C. at Tsarskoe Selo on 17 Aug., KfZh (1772), 338.

· 11. Madariaga, 227.

· 12. SIRIO, xix: 297, Gunning to Suffolk, 28 July 1772; xiii: 259, C. to Mme Bielke, 25 June 1772; 261, 9 Aug. The Court moved to Tsarskoe Selo on Monday 13 Aug: KfZh (1772), 330.

· 13. Best. D17877, C. to Voltaire, 11 Aug. 1772; D17983, 17 Oct. See also D18090, 5 Dec.

· 14. Falconet, 185, C. to Falconet, 9 Oct. 1772.

· 15. Best. D18062, C. to Voltaire, 22 Nov. 1772; SIRIO, lxii: 305, Solms to Frederick, II, 25 Dec. 1772; 311, 8 Jan. 1773; Ransel, Politics, 235–6.

· 16. Lopatin, 9, 21 Feb. 1774.

· 17. SIRIO, xix: 298, Gunning to Suffolk, 28 July 1772.

· 18. McGrew, 70–1; SIRIO, xiii: 265–6, C. to Mme Bielke, 24 Aug. 1772.

· 19. KfZh (1772), 404–7. McGrew, 78, 82, may underestimate the level of public celebration.

· 20. SIRIO, xix: 14, Cathcart to Rochford, 29 Dec. 1769.

· 21. Ransel, Politics, 242–6, offers the most confident account of the episode; McGrew, 81–2, is more cautious.

· 22. SIRIO, xiii: 91–2, C. to Assebourg, 14 May 1771.

· 23. Ibid., 85, Panin to Assebourg, 10 May 1771; PCFG, xxxiii: 142, Frederick to Henry, 19 Dec. 1772 NS.

· 24. The gallery was done out in 1755–6: see V. Lemus and L. Lapina, The Catherine Palace-Museum in Pushkin: Picture Hall (Leningrad, 1990).

· 25. KfZh (1773), 271–81.

· 26. KfZh (1773), 281–93. The wining and dining continued throughout the summer.

· 27. McGrew, 83–4; Papmehl, Metropolitan Platon, 28–9.

· 28. Best. D18605, Voltaire to C., 1 Nov. 1773.

· 29. Dixon, ‘Religious Ritual’, 234–5.

· 30. Opisanie torzhestva vysokobrakosochetaniia Ego Imperatorskago Vysochestva Velikago Kniazia Pavla Petrovicha s Ee Imperatorskim Vysochestvom Velikoiu Kniagieneiu Natalieiu Alekseevnoiu (SPb, 1773). See also D. Kobeko, Tsesarevich Pavel Petrovich (1754–1796): Istoricheskoe issledovanie (SPb, 2001 edn.), 75–7.

· 31. Quoted in Wilson, Diderot, 631.

· 32. Quoted in N. Cronk, ‘Hobbes and Hume: determining voices in Jacques le fataliste et son maître’, in Diderot and European Culture, eds. F. Ogée and A. Strugnell (SVEC, 2006:09), 179.

· 33. E. Anderson, ed., The Letters of Mozart and His Family, Third edn. (London, 1989), 43, L. Mozart to L. Hagenauer, 1 Apr. 1764 NS.

· 34. Grimm told his own story in SIRIO, ii: 325–93, ‘Mémoire historique sur l’origine et les suites de mon attachement pour l’Imperatrice Catherine II, jusqu’au décès de S.M.I.’.

· 35. S. Karp, ‘Grimm à Pétersbourg’, in Deutsch-Russische Beziehungen im 18. Jahrhundert: Kultur, Wissenschaft und Diplomatie, eds. C. Grau, S. Karp, J. Voss (Wiesbaden, 1997), 294.

· 36. Grimm, 1–2, 25 Apr. 1774.

· 37. D. Goodman, The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment (Ithaca, NY, 1994), ch. 4; A. Chamayou, L’Esprit de la lettre (XVIIIe siècle) (Paris, 1999).

· 38. Grimm, 97, 17 Aug. 1778; 188, 20 Sept. 1780.

· 39. Grimm, 421–2, 25 Nov. 1787; ibid. 436, 28 Dec. On the subsequent fate of the letters, see S. Ia. Karp, ‘Perepiska Ekaterina II s Fridrikhom Mel’khiorom Grimmom: Iz istorii rukopisei’, Vek Prosveshcheniia: I, 30–49.

· 40. Grimm, 543, 1 June 1791.

· 41. S. Dixon, Catherine the Great (Harlow, 2001), 81–2; Diderot, Oeuvres philosophiques, ed. P. Vernière (Paris, 1961), 630.

· 42. Diderot, Correspondance, 142, 30 Dec. 1773 NS, to Mmes Diderot and Vandeul.

· 43. Wilson, Diderot, 630–1, 633; Diderot, Correspondance, 103, Grimm to Geoffrin, 10 Nov. 1773 NS.

· 44. Wilson, Diderot, 632.

· 45. Diderot, Mémoires pour Catherine II, ed. P. Vernière (Paris, 1966), 199, 178, 10, prints the revised text of the essays following discussion with C.

· 46. A. Strugnell, Diderot’s Politics (The Hague, 1973), 25–6.

· 47. Wilson, Diderot, 598.

· 48. Strugnell, Diderot’s Politics, 135–8; Diderot, Mémoires, 117, 118; Wilson, Diderot, 635.

· 49. Diderot, Mémoires, 117, 121, 122.

· 50. Diderot, Correspondance, 135–6, Diderot to Dashkova, 24 Dec. 1773 NS.

· 51. Quoted in Jones, Nikolay Novikov, 65.

· 52. Quoted in Wilson, Diderot, 640.

· 53. Diderot, Mémoires, 44.

· 54. S. Karp, ‘Le questionnaire de Diderot adressé à Catherine II: quelques précisions’, Recherches sur Diderot et sur l’Encyclopédie, 33 (2002), 47, 55.

· 55. See, in particular, G. Dulac, ‘Diderot et le “mirage russe”: quelques preliminaires à l’étude de son travail politique de Pétersbourg’, in Le Mirage russe au XVIIIe siècle, eds. Karp and Wolff, 149–92, and G. Goggi, ‘Diderot et la Russie: colonisation et civilisation. Projets et experience directe’, in Diderot and European Culture, eds. Ogée and Strugnell, 57–76.

· 56. Diderot, Mémoires, 35.

· 57. R. V. Ovchinnikov, ed., Dokumenty stavki E.I. Pugacheva (M, 1975), 23. See 24–32 for similar manifestos to different interest groups through Oct. 1773.

· 58. Under interrogation in Moscow in Nov. 1774, Pugachëv claimed to be in his thirty-third year: see R. V. Ovchinnikov, ed., Emel’ian Pugachev nad sledstvii (M, 1997), 127.

· 59. M. Raeff, ‘Pugachev’s Rebellion’, in Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe, eds. R. Forster and J. P. Greene (Baltimore, MD, 1970), 161–202; Madariaga, 233, 243.

· 60. Madariaga, 239–55; J. P. LeDonne, The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire, 1650–1831 (Oxford, 2004), 115; J. T. Alexander, Autocratic Politics in a National Crisis: The Imperial Russian Government and the Pugachev Revolt, 1773–1775(Bloomington, IN, 1969), 76.

· 61. Lopatin, 7, 4 Dec. 1773.

· 62. SIRIO, xiii: C. to Mme. Bielke, 16 Jan. 1774.

· 63. KfZh (1774), 18–19, 22, 25, 28.

· 64. Alexander, Autocratic Politics, 112–3.

· 65. KfZh (1774), 43–7; Gunning to Suffolk, 24 Jan. 1774, quoted in Wilson, ‘Diderot in Russia’, 190.

· 66. SIRIO, xix: 399–400, Gunning to Suffolk, 11 Feb. 1774; 401, 14 Feb. See also lxxii: 490–2, Solms to Frederick, 7 Feb.

· 67. KfZh (1774), 15, 26.

· 68. KfZh (1774), 59–60. On Knowles, see Cross, 192–5 and passim.

· 69. KfZh (1774), 82–3; Lopatin, 10, 21 Feb. 1774.

· 70. Lopatin, 12, 28 Feb. 1774.

· 71. Lopatin, 10, 26 Feb. 1774; 12, 28 Feb.

· 72. Lopatin, 13–14, 1 Mar. 1774. Aleksey Orlov first appeared at Court on 27 Feb.: KfZh (1773), 97.

· 73. KfZh (1774), 103, 110–12.

· 74. Gunning to Suffolk, 4 Mar. 1774, quoted in Montefiore, 110.

· 75. Montefiore, 83, 85.

· 76. Lopatin, 14, after 1 Mar. 1775.

· 77. Lopatin, 22, 10 Apr. 1774.

· 78. SIRIO, xix: 409, Gunning to Suffolk, 8 Apr. 1774; Madariaga 248; KfZh (1774), 147.

· 79. Grimm, 1, 25 Apr. 1774.

· 80. KfZh (1774), 172–8.

· 81. SIRIO, xix: 416, Gunning to Suffolk, 13 June 1774; Alexander, Autocratic Politics, 132; Madariaga, 263.

· 82. KfZh (1774), 281–6; Lopatin, 513–5; Madariaga, 344.

· 83. Lopatin, 34, 22 July 1774.

· 84. Grimm, 137, 7 May 1779.

· 85. Letters of Mozart, ed. Anderson, 486, 19 Feb. 1778 NS.

· 86. J. Rosselli, Singers of Italian Opera: The History of a Profession (Cambridge, 1992), 66 and passim.

· 87. Harris Papers, 879, Elizabeth Harris to James Harris, jr., 16 Feb. 1776 NS.

· 88. KfZh (1774), 324–5; Wraxall, A Tour, 201, 204; Livanova, ii: 412.

· 89. SIRIO, xxvii: 39, C. to Elagin, 19 May 1775.

· 90. C. rode in an open carriage from the Summer Palace while an officer bearing laurel wreaths led a troop of 100 Horse Guards to accompany the Senate official who made five public proclamations of the peace: in front of the Summer Palace; at the Haymarket; in front of the Senate; in front of the Twelve Colleges on Vasilevsky Island; and on the Petersburg side of the city: KfZh (1774), 429–39.

· 91. Madariaga, 254.

· 92. KfZh (1774), 474–5.

· 93. KfZh (1774), 507, 3 Sept.

· 94. Madariaga, 249, 266.

· 95. Best. D19188, C. to Voltaire, 2 Nov. 1774.

· 96. Madariaga, 267–8.

· 97. PSZ, xx: 14,235, 15 Jan. 1775.

· 98. Quoted in Sunderland, Taming the Wild Field, 58.

· 99. SIRIO, xxvii: 23, C. to Mme Bielke, 5 Jan. 1775.

· 100. SIRIO, xix: 448–9, Gunning to Suffolk, 26 Jan. 1775.

· 101. Corberon, i: 80–1.

· 102. Grimm, 15, 30 Jan. 1775.

· 103. Only later was the host rehabilitated, under a different name, the Black Sea Host: see Madariaga, 359–60; Ransel, Politics, 250–1.

· 104. Madariaga, 553.

· 105. SIRIO, xxvii: 36, C. to Mme Bielke, 12 Apr. 1775.

· 106. McGrew, 86.

· 107. Lopatin, 71, C. to Potemkin, after 21 Apr. 1775.

· 108. SIRIO, xxvii: 48, C. to Mme Bielke, 24 July 1775.

· 109. Shvidkovsky, The Empress and the Architect, 192–3.

· 110. Best. D19712, Voltaire to C., 18 Oct. 1775 NS.

· 111. R. E. Jones, The Emancipation of the Russian Nobility, 1762–1785 (Princeton, NJ, 1973), 210–20 (216).

· 112. M. Lopato, ‘English Silver in St Petersburg’, in British Art Treasures, 131.

· 113. Grimm, 42, 20 Jan. 1776.

Chapter 10

· 1. A. Raskin, Gorod Lomonosova: Dvortsovo-parkovye ansambli XVIII veka (Leningrad, 1983), 112–3.

· 2. SIRIO, xix: 133, Cathcart to Rochford, 29 Oct. 1770.

· 3. Quoted in A. G. Cross, ‘By the Banks of the Thames’: Russians in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Newtonville, MA, 1980), 241.

· 4. Lopatin, 92–3, undated, Feb.–Mar. 1776.

· 5. SIRIO, xix: 513, R. Oakes to W. Eden, 8 Mar. 1776.

· 6. Lopatin, 103, undated, May–June 1776.

· 7. Lopatin, 106, 22 June 1776; 105, undated, 7–21 June; D. Smith, ed., Love and Conquest: Personal Correspondence of Catherine the Great and Prince Grigory Potemkin (DeKalb, IL, 2004), 69–72.

· 8. Lopatin, 91, undated, Feb.–Mar. 1776.

· 9. Corberon, ii: 37, 68; 27 Oct. and 8 Dec. 1776 NS.

· 10. C.’s undated love letters to Zavadovskii are translated in Alexander, 342–53 (here pp. 344–5).

· 11. Lopatin, 115, before 14 May 1777.

· 12. Zavadovskii, 263, 14 Aug. 1781. On the estate in Poltava province, presented to him on 10 July 1775 in celebration of the Peace of Kuchuk Kainardzhi, see N. Makarenko, ‘Lialichi’, Starye gody, July–Sept. 1910, 131–51.

· 13. Alexander, 206–14 (212).

· 14. Lopatin, 115, before 10 June 1777; I. I. Leshchilovskaia, ‘Semen Zorich’, in Vek Ekateriny II: Rossiia i Balkany (M, 1998), 129–38; M. I. Meshcherskii, ‘Semen Gavrilovich Zorich’, RA, 1879, no. 5, 37–65.

· 15. Montefiore, 179–84.

· 16. Harris Diaries, i: 198–9, Harris to Fraser, 16/27 May 1778.

· 17. Ibid. On headaches, see Grimm, 79, 14 Feb. 1778; 87, 16 May.

· 18. Corberon, ii: 330, 4 Sept. 1780 NS.

· 19. McGrew, 91–3; SIRIO, xxvii: 81, C. to Mme Bielke, 28 Apr. 1776; Corberon, i: 224–30, 25–6 Apr. NS.

· 20. Dimsdale, 46, informed by W. Tooke.

· 21. Corberon, i: 248, 7 May 1776 NS.

· 22. Best. D20207, C. to Voltaire, 25 June 1776.

· 23. McGrew, 93–8; Zavadovskii, 242–3, Apr. 1776.

· 24. SIRIO, xxvii: 115–6, in C.’s own hand.

· 25. SIRIO, xxvii: 117–8, C. to Mme Bielke, 5 Sept. 1776.

· 26. SIRIO, xxvii: 109, C. to Paul, early Aug. 1776.

· 27. Corberon, ii: 7–9, 7 Oct. 1776 NS.

· 28. Corberon, ii: 20, 13 Oct. 1776 NS. The second performance was ‘very badly attended’: ibid., 22.

· 29. McGrew, 99–103.

· 30. Harris Diaries, i: 174, Harris to Yorke, 2/13 Feb. 1778.

· 31. Harris Diaries, i: 178–79, Harris to Suffolk, 7/18 Mar. 1778.

· 32. Grimm, 83, 2–4 Mar. 1778.

· 33. Lopatin, 39 [30 Aug. 1774].

· 34. S. G. Runkevich, Sviato-Troitskaia Aleksandro-Nevskaia Lavra, 1713–1913, 2 vols. (SPb, 2001 edn.), ii: 134–5, 137–8; N. Belekhov and A. Petrov, Ivan Starov: Materialy k izucheniiu tvorchestva (M, 1950), 67–8; KfZh (1778), 537–47.

· 35. Proschwitz, 131–2, C. to Gustav III, 2 Sept. 1778.

· 36. KfZh (1781), 525–6; Proschwitz, 159, 15 Dec. 1781.

· 37. SIRIO, xv: 39, C. to Paul and Maria Fëdorovna, undated.

· 38. On tears, see SIRIO, xxvii: 308, C’s instruction to Saltykov.

· 39. Proschwitz, 159, C. to Gustav III, 15 Dec. 1781.

· 40. SIRIO, ix: 97, C. to Maria Fëdorovna, 7 Dec. 1781

· 41. Grimm, 176, 14 May 1780; see also 190, 2 Oct.

· 42. M. Okenfuss, The Discovery of Childhood in Russia (Newtonville, MA, 1980), 58–62.

· 43. Madariaga, 495–8 (497–8). The ‘Book On the Duties of Man and Citizen’ is translated by E. Gorky in J. L. Black, Citizens for the Fatherland: Education, educators, and pedagogical ideals in eighteenth-century Russia (Boulder, CO, 1979), 209–66.

· 44. SIRIO, ix: 110, C. to Maria Fëdorovna, 4 Jan. 1782.

· 45. Ibid., 124, 25 Feb. 1782.

· 46. Ibid., 127, 10 Mar. 1782.

· 47. E. P. Renne, ‘Kartiny Bromptona v Ermitazhe’, in Zapadno-Evropeiskoe iskusstvo XVIII veka: Publikatsii i issledovaniia (Leningrad, 1987), 57–8. On Brompton–‘a harum-scarum artist’ to Jeremy Bentham, yet to C. a second Van Dyck–see Cross, 308–12.

· 48. Lopatin, 189, early 1784; Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla, 130–1.

· 49. Harris Diaries, i: 236, Harris to Weymouth, 24 May/4 June 1779.

· 50. Shvidkovsky, The empress and the architect, 105.

· 51. Harris Diaries, i: 237–8, Harris to Weymouth, 24 May/4 June 1779.

· 52. Harris Papers, 1036, G. Harris to E. Harris, 2/13 July 1779. On Hermes, see C. T. Probyn, The sociable Humanist: The life and works of James Harris (Oxford, 1991), ch. 5.

· 53. The following draws on ‘Zhurnal vysochaishago puteshestviia v gorod Mogilev 1780 g.’, KfZh (1780), 267–432; ‘Dnevnaia zapiska puteshestviia Eia Imperatorskago Velichestva chrez Pskov i Polotsk v Mogilev’, SIRIO, i: 384–420; and C.’s letters to Paul and Maria Fëdorovna, SIRIO, ix: 39–63. See also Beales, Joseph II, 431–8 and N. V. Bessarabova, ‘Iosif II i Ekaterina II v puteshestviiakh po Rossii’, in Nemtsy v Rossii: rossiisko-nemetskii dialog, ed. G. I. Smagina (SPb, 2001), 461–9.

· 54. Grimm, 166, 7 Dec. 1779.

· 55. Dimsdale, 71; Bessarabova, 38, 45–6.

· 56. Grimm, 178, 16 May 1780.

· 57. AKV, xiii: 16.

· 58. SIRIO, ix: 49, 19 May 1780.

· 59. SIRIO, ix: 48, 18 May 1780.

· 60. Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich, Graf Pavel Aleksandrovich Stroganov (1774–1817), 3 vols. (SPb, 1903), i: 237–8, A. S. Stroganov to G. Romme. A total of 300 noble pupils and 130 children of townspeople were enrolled in the six schools in Polotsk province in 1780, when Mogilëv province had 34 schools with 858 pupils: Madariaga, 494.

· 61. SIRIO, ix: 51, 22 May 1780; KfZh (1780), 329. On the namestniki’s silver services, see above, p. 240.

· 62. Grimm, 180, 25 May 1780.

· 63. Engelhardt, 33–6 (33). On the landscape, see ibid., p. 28, and SIRIO, ix: 53, 24 May 1780.

· 64. KfZh (1780), 336–9; Lopatin, 140, C. to Potemkin, 23 May 1780.

· 65. Lopatin, 139, 22 May 1780.

· 66. Engelhardt, 26–31; Montefiore, 225.

· 67. Grimm, 181, 27 May 1780; ibid., 208, 23 June 1781.

· 68. Grimm, 181, 190, 27 May and 2 Oct. 1780.

· 69. SIRIO, ix: 59, 1 June 1780.

· 70. Harris Diaries, i: 313, Harris to Elliot (at Berlin), 2/13 June 1780.

· 71. Harris Diaries, i: 314, Harris to Keith (at Vienna), June 1780.

· 72. Bezborodko, 231, 17 Oct. 1780.

· 73. P. Mansel, Prince of Europe: The life of Charles-Joseph de Ligne (London, 2003), 101.

· 74. I. de Madariaga, ‘The secret Austro-Russian treaty of 1781’, SEER, 38 (1959), 114–45; Ransel, Politics, 254–5.

· 75. Anderson, ed., Letters of Mozart, 780, 24 Nov. 1781 NS.

· 76. McGrew, 120.

· 77. McGrew, 112–42; N. I. Stadnichuk, ‘Puteshestvie grafa i grafini severnykh v neapolitanskoe korolevstvo’, PKNO: 2004 (M, 2006), 398–431.

· 78. The following draws on ‘Peterburgskoe obshchestvo v 1781 g., pis’ma Pikara k kn. A.B. Kurakinu’, RS, Apr. 1870, 297–321; ‘S.-Peterburg v 1782 godu: izvestiia Pikara o sobytiiakh v gorode i pri dvore’, RS, May 1878, 39–66.

· 79. Bezborodko, 253, 25 Nov. 1781.

· 80. Grimm, 47, 18 Apr. 1776.

· 81. Khrapovitskii, 1–2, 18 Apr. and 25 July 1782; J. M. Hartley, ‘Catherine’s conscience court–an English equity court?’, in Russia and the West in the Eighteenth Century, ed. A. G. Cross (Newtonville, MA, 1981).

· 82. Madariaga, 292–5.

· 83. Montefiore, 237–8, gives different dates.

· 84. Grimm, 152, 14 July 1779.

· 85. KfZh (1781), 654.

· 86. ‘Peterburgskoe obshchestvo’, 300, 12 Oct. 1781.

· 87. KfZh (1782), 50.

· 88. Grimm, 242–3, 28 June 1782.

· 89. Falconet, 130, C. to Falconet, 1 June 1770, records the complaint of the ‘scandalised’ Chebyshev, chief procurator of the Holy Synod. cf. Schenker, Bronze Horseman, 249–51.

· 90. Harris to Grantham, 9 Aug. 1782, quoted in C. Frank, ‘“A man more jealous of glory than of wealth”: Houdon’s dealings with Russia’, in Jean-Antoine Houdon: Sculptor of the Enlightenment, ed. A. L. Poulet (Washington, D.C., 2003), 56.

· 91. Grimm, 64–5, 10 Sept. 1777.

· 92. Corberon, ii: 177–80, 21–22 Sept. NS; Proschwitz, 93, C. to Gustav III, 29 Sept. 1777.

· 93. Lopatin, 118, after 10 Sept. 1777. C. remembered the precise height of the waters in 1777 when the river rose again (by only seven feet) in 1794: Grimm, 603, 21 Apr. 1794.

· 94. Dimsdale, 41.

· 95. PSZ, xx: 14,968, 14 Jan. 1780. For an inspection, see KfZh (1786), 371–4. On the dispute in 1787, see Alexander, 261.

· 96. Storch, 15. See also, Stedingk, i: 40.

· 97. Quoted in Shvidkovsky, The Empress and the Architect, 45.

· 98. V. Shevchenko, ‘Proekt “antichnogo doma” dlia Ekateriny II. Mify i real’nost”, in L. Tedeschi and N. Navone, eds., Ot mifa k proektu: Vliianie ital’ianskikh i tichinskikh arkhitektorov v Rossii epokhi klassitsima (SPb, 2004), 76–9.

· 99. Grimm, 379, 7 July 1786; Shvidkovsky, The Empress and the Architect, 61–9.

· 100. Shvidkovsky, The Empress and the Architect, 85; Dimsdale, 53. See also Grimm, 239, 2 June 1782.

· 101. Grimm, 207–8, 22 June 1781.

· 102. SIRIO, ix: 140, C. to Maria Fëdorovna, 23 Apr. 1782.

· 103. Quoted in S. Massie, Pavlovsk: The Life of a Russian Palace (London, 1990), 32–3, where the visit is dated 11 May, presumably the NS date of K. Kiukhel’beker’s letter to Maria Fëdorovna. Compare SIRIO, ix: 145–7, C. to Mariia Fedorovna, 2 May 1782; KfZh (1782), 186, 29 Apr.

· 104. Grimm, 157, 23 Aug. 1779.

· 105. Grimm, 255, 15 Nov. 1782.

· 106. Corberon, i: 156, 4 Feb. 1776 NS.

· 107. A. Moore, ‘The Houghton Sale’, in British Art Treasures, 46–55; J. Conlin, The Nation’s Mantelpiece: A history of the National Gallery (London, 2006), 21–8.

· 108. Grimm, 47, 18 Apr. 1776; 145, 18 June 1779. See also C. Frank, ‘“Plus il y en aura, mieux ce sera”–Caterina II di Russia e Anton Raphael Mengs. Suo ruolo degli agenti ‘cesarei’ Grimm e Reiffenstein’, in Mengs: La Scoperta del Neoclassico, ed. S. Roettgen (Padua, 2001), 86–95.

· 109. Grimm, 167, 2 Jan. 1780; 253, 14 Nov. 1782; McGrew, 134; Charles-Louis Clérisseau (1721–1820): Dessins du musée de l’Ermitage Saint-Pétersbourg (Paris, 1995).

· 110. Grimm, 93, 21 June 1778; Frank, ‘“A man more jealous of glory than wealth”’, in Jean-Antoine Houdon, ed. Poulet, 54–5.

· 111. Bentham, ii: 201, J. Bentham to S. Bentham, 20–21 Dec. 1778.

· 112. M. P. Alekseev, ‘Biblioteka Vol’tera v Rossii’, in Biblioteka Vol’tera: Katalog knig (Leningrad, 1961), 9, 26.

· 113. Grimm, 221, 27 Sept. 1781.

· 114. S. Ia. Karp, ‘Perepiska Grimma s Verzhennom (1775–1777)’, in Russko-frantsuzskie kul’turnye sviazi v epokhu Prosveshcheniia: Materialy i issledovaniia (M, 2001), 137–8, Grimm to Vergennes, 15 Feb. 1777. De Mailly’s piece was delivered, to general acclamation, in June 1778: see Grimm, 95.

· 115. Grimm, 84, 2–4 Mar. 1778; N. Rotshtein, ‘Novyia knigi po keramiki’, Starye gody, Apr. 1909, 219. ‘A Rouble is 5 French livres’, Bentham, ii: 126, J. Bentham to S. Bentham, 18 June 1778.

· 116. Grimm, 135, 16 Apr. 1779.

· 117. Quarenghi, 58, to Betskoy, July 1784.

· 118. Madariaga, 387–9; Smith, Love and Conquest, 115–20; Montefiore, 246–9, 252–9; Lopatin, 176, 15 July 1783.

· 119. L. V. Tychinina and N. B. Bessarabova, Kniaginia Dashkova i imperatorskii dvor (M, 2006), 40–63, summarises the evidence of KfZh.

· 120. Madariaga, 535.

· 121. G. I. Smagina, ‘Kniaginia Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova: Shtrikhi k portretu’, in E. R. Dashkova, O smysle slova ‘vospitanie’: sochineniia, pis’ma, dokumenty (M, 2001), 56–63, 71–2.

· 122. Beer and Fiedler, i: 20, Cobenzl to Joseph II, 5 May 1780 NS.

· 123. Dimsdale, 57; Proschwitz, 196, C. to Gustav III, 10 Jul. 1783.

· 124. Grimm, 84, 2–4 Mar. 1778. See also, Parkinson, 27, 11 Nov. 1792.

· 125. ‘Dnevnik grafa Bobrinskago’, RA, Oct. 1877, 135, 23 Feb. 1782.

· 126. AKV, xxi: 264.

· 127. V. I. Piliavskii, Dzhakomo Kvarengi (Leningrad, 1981), 63, 73–4; Cross, 282, where the ownership of the estate is unidentified.

· 128. Corberon, ii: 330, 4 Sept. 1780 NS.

· 129. Grimm, 253, 15 Nov. 1782; Zavadovskii, 279, n.d. [Feb. 1783].

· 130. KfZh (1783), 59. Of these, 2640 were nobles and 490 merchants. 8170 tickets had been issued: 7100 to nobles and 1070 to merchants.

· 131. Grimm, 268, 3 Mar. 1783; KfZh (1783), 78–9.

· 132. Zavadovskii, 275, 25 Nov. 1782.

· 133. Harris Diaries, ii: 11–12.

· 134. Grimm, 274–5, 20 Apr. 1783.

· 135. Lopatin, 186, 16 Oct. 1783.

· 136. Grimm, 316–7, 7 July 1784.

· 137. Parkinson, 49–50; see also 45–6.

· 138. AKV, xxi: 284, n.

· 139. Alexander, 216–7, is misled by SIRIO, xxvi: 281, where Bezborodko’s letter to Potëmkin, reporting that the funeral took place ‘yesterday’, is misdated 28 July 1784. The letter’s contents, and the collateral evidence of KfZh, place it at 28 June. Montefiore, 553, n. 3, unaccountably dates it 29 June, which invalidates his account of a funeral on 27 July, pp. 312–4.

· 140. KfZh (1784), 380.

· 141. SIRIO, xxvi: 281, Bezborodko to Potëmkin [28 June 1784].

· 142. RS (Sept. 1879), 151, C. to U. Ia. Lanskaia, oddly dated 25 June rather than 26 June.

· 143. KfZh (1784), 382–4.

· 144. AKV, xxi: 462, E. Polianskaia to S. R. Vorontsov, 6 July 1784.

· 145. AKV, xxxi: 444, A. R. to S. R. Vorontsov, 21 July 1784.

· 146. Lettres au Prince de Ligne, 47, 18 Aug. 1784; J. T. Alexander, ‘Aeromania, “fire balloons”, and Catherine the Great’s ban of 1784’, The Historian, 58 (1996).

· 147. KfZh (1784), 396, 398–9, 442–7; Sochineniia, xii:.

· 148. Grimm, 337, 25 Apr. 1785; AKV, xxxi: 448, A. R. to S. R. Vorontsov, 29 Aug. 1784; KfZh (1784), 452–4.

· 149. KfZh (1784), 456–9.

· 150. Grimm, 318, 322, 9 and 26 Sept. 1784.

· 151. Beer and Fiedler, i: 482, 484, Cobenzl to Joseph, 3 Nov. 1784.

Chapter 11

· 1. KfZh (1785), 221–2.

· 2. Madariaga, 484; Alexander, 218; Cross, ‘By the Banks of the Thames’, 243, quoting S. R. Vorontsov.

· 3. Beer and Fiedler, ii: 37, Cobenzl to Joseph, 14 May 1785; Alexander, 217; Grimm, 336, 24 Apr. 1785.

· 4. Jones, Emancipation of the Russian Nobility, ch. 8; Madariaga, 295–9.

· 5. D. Griffiths and G. Munro, eds., Catherine II’s Charters of 1785 to the Nobility and the Towns (Bakersfield, CA, 1991), passim, esp. p. lxiv, introduction by Griffiths.

· 6. KfZh (1785), 281, 307; Coxe, ii: 290–5; Ségur, ii: 262–3.

· 7. Zavadovskii, 289, 28 Apr. 1785.

· 8. PSZ, xxii: 16,381, 28 Apr. 1786.

· 9. Grimm, 342, 1 June 1785.

· 10. Lettere, 162, 31 May 1785.

· 11. SIRIO, xv: 23, C. to Paul and Maria Fëdorovna, 16 June 1785.

· 12. Lettere, 162, 8 June 1785.

· 13. Coxe, i: 444, 424, 422.

· 14. R. E. Jones, Provincial development in Russia: Catherine II and Jakob Sievers (New Brunswick, NJ, 1984); N. V. Sereda, Reformy upravleniia Ekateriny Vtoroi (Moscow, 2004). A. Jones, ‘A Russian bourgeois’s Arctic Enlightenment’, Historical Journal, 48 (2005), 623–46, shows that merchant civic involvement was not confined to the central provinces.

· 15. Grimm, 343, 20 June 1785.

· 16. KfZh (1785), 311; Lettere, 162, 31 May 1785.

· 17. KfZh (1785), 281–360, passim.

· 18. KfZh (1785), 340.

· 19. KfZh (1785), 354–5; Cross, 298.

· 20. KfZh (1785), 363–7.

· 21. Ségur, ii: 265–6.

· 22. D. V. Tsvetaev, ‘Ukazy i pis’ma Imperatritsy Ekateriny Velikoi’, Zhurnal ministerstva iustitsii (Dec. 1915), 195, C. to Viazemskii, 16 June 1785; Grimm, 342, 14 June.

· 23. KfZh (1785), appendix, 45.

· 24. Grimm, 344, 28 June 1785.

· 25. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, 10 May 1786 NS, quoted in M. R. Key, Catherine the Great’s Linguistic Contribution (Carbondale, IL, 1980), 62, an odd but not wholly negligible book.

· 26. SK, 6812; Madariaga, Short History, 99.

· 27. Belekhov and Petrov, Ivan Starov, 103–14.

· 28. SIRIO, xv: 23, C. to Paul and Maria Fëdorovna, 8 June 1785.

· 29. Gerchuk, Bazhenov, 123–63.

· 30. Parkinson, 212, 19 Nov. 1792.

· 31. Madariaga, 524–5; McGrew, 195–6.

· 32. Grimm, 167, 2 Jan. 1780.

· 33. Zimmerman, 245–6, 17 Apr. 1786.

· 34. Pis’ma N.I. Novikova, eds. M. V. Reizin, et al (SPb, 1994), 42; Jones, Nikolay Novikov, 185–91; Marker, Publishing, 220–6; Zimmerman, 247, 22 Apr. 1787.

· 35. Grimm, 372, 10 Nov. 1785.

· 36. Diderot, Oeuvres, ed. L. Versini (Paris, 1995), iii: 515, 546 (paras viii, lxxv).

· 37. Grimm, 372–3, 23 Nov. 1785.

· 38. Piliavskii, Kvarengi, 121.

· 39. Ibid., 64.

· 40. KfZh (1785), 704.

· 41. Piliavskii, Kvarengi, 122.

· 42. Khrapovitskii, 19 and 21 Apr. 1786.

· 43. MP, ii: 343; G. Seaman, ‘The national element in early Russian opera’, Music and Letters, 42 (1961), 260–1. Lettres de Cte Valetin Esterhazy a sa femme 1784–1792, ed. E. Daudet (Paris, 1907), 318–9.

· 44. G. Moracci, ‘“Bolee truda nezheli smekha”: Pis’mo Ekateriny II L’vu Aleskandrovichu Naryshkinu’, Russian Literature, 52 (2002), 243–9.

· 45. L. D. O’Malley, The dramatic works of Catherine the Great: Theatre and politics in eighteenth-century Russia (Aldershot, 2006), 140–67.

· 46. Lopatin, 209, Potëmkin to C., 6 Oct. 1786.

· 47. Zimmerman, 244, C. to Dr Zimmerman, 10 Jan. 1786.

· 48. Grimm, 328, 17 Dec. 1786.

· 49. Sochineniia, iv: appendix, 189–219; Khrapovitskii, 163, 29 Sept. 1788; 167, 5 Oct.; 174, 15 Oct.

· 50. AKV, xxi: 467, Elisaveta Polianskaia to S. R. Vorontsov, 1 Jan. 1787.

· 51. Krapovitskii, 21, 17 Dec. 1786; Lopatin, 212, C. to Potëmkin, 18 Dec.; A. G. Brikner, ‘Zel’mira: epizod iz istorii tsarstvovaniia imperatritsy Ekateriny II’, Istoricheskii vestnik (1890), 277–303; 551–72.

· 52. Zavadovskii, 276–7, 26 Jan. 1783.

· 53. Bentham, iii: 310, S. Bentham to J. Bentham, 6/17 Sept. 1784; KfZh (1784), appendix, 71, 26 Sept.

· 54. ‘Pis’ma grafa A.R. Vorontsova k bratu ego grafu Semenu Romanovichu i ego supruge, 1783–1785’, AKV, xxxi: 463–4, 24 Oct., 1 Nov. 1784; Bezborodko, 279, 23 July 1785; Grimm, 333, 15 Apr. 1785.

· 55. Coxe, i: 245.

· 56. Khrapovitskii, 23, 17 Jan. 1787.

· 57. KfZh (1787), appendix: 5, C. to Ia. A. Brius, 17 Jan. 1787; Bychkov, 166, C. to N. V. Repnin, 16 Jan. 1787.

· 58. Istoricheskii ocherk Smolenska (SPb, 1894), 55–7.

· 59. Khrapovitskii, 23–4.

· 60. Slova i rechi Georgiia Koniiskago, Arkhiepiskopa Mogilevskago (Mogilev, 1892), 242.

· 61. Engelhgardt, 54.

· 62. Bentham, iii: 523, 525–6, J. Bentham to G. Wilson, 9/20 Feb. 1787.

· 63. AKV, xii: 35, P. V. Zavadovskii to A. R. Vorontsov, 8 Mar. 1787.

· 64. Ségur, iii: 31.

· 65. Lettere, 166, 30 Jan 1787.

· 66. Lettere, 167, 6 Feb. 1787.

· 67. Zimmerman, 247, 22 Apr. 1787; V. S. Ikonnikov, ‘Kiev v 1654–1855 gg.’, Kievskaia starina (Sept. 1904), 273.

· 68. Quoted in L. Wolff, Inventing Eastern Europe, 127, 130.

· 69. Lettere, 175, 15 Mar. 1787.

· 70. Zimmerman, 247, 22 Apr. 1787.

· 71. Grimm, 393, 8 Feb. 1787; Khrapovitskii, 28, 20 Mar.; Montefiore, 357–62.

· 72. Khrapovitskii, 26, 22 Feb. 1787.

· 73. Archivo del General Miranda, Viajes: Diarios 1785–1787 (Caracas, 1929), ii: 256, 11 Feb. 1787.

· 74. Lettere, 170, 20 Feb. 1787; 175, 15 Mar.

· 75. Khrapovitskii, 24, 7 Feb. 1787. The abbess was the former Countess Anna Pavlovna Iaguzhinskaia.

· 76. Lettere, 169, 16 Feb. 1787.

· 77. Baedeker’s Russia 1914 (London, 1971 edn.), 381.

· 78. N. Ia. Ozeretskovskii, Puteshestvie po Rossii 1782–1783, ed. S. Kozlov (SPb, 1996), 135, diary, 12 June 1783; Archivo del General Miranda, ii: 259, 15 Feb. 1787.

· 79. KfZh (1787), appendix.

· 80. Ibneeva, Puteshestviia Ekateriny, 145–6.

· 81. SIRIO, 23: 396, 2 Apr. 1787; ibid., 703–5, ‘Vedomost’ o den’gakh, perevodimykh k statskomu sovetniku baronu Grimmu’.

· 82. Khrapovitskii, 25–32, 15 Feb.–21 Apr. 1787; I. Reyfman, Ritualized violence Russian style: The duel in Russian culture and literature (Stanford, CA, 1999), 52–3.

· 83. Khrapovitskii, 32, 16 Apr. 1787; Madariaga, Short History, 207–8.

· 84. Ibneeva, Puteshestviia Ekateriny, 140–4 (142).

· 85. Lettere, 179, 1 Apr. 1787; Khrapovitskii, 30, 4 Apr.

· 86. Bantysh-Kamenskii, Spiski, 159.

· 87. A. M. Panchenko, ‘Potemkinskie derevni kak kul’turnyi mif’, XVIII vek, 14 (1983), 93–104.

· 88. SIRIO, xv: 105, C. to Paul and Maria Fëdorovna, 14 May 1787; Madariaga, 373. Kherson had actually been founded in 1778.

· 89. Ozeretskovskii, Puteshestvie, 131, diary, 22 May 1783.

· 90. O. I. Eliseeva, Geopoliticheskie proekty G. A. Potemkina (M, 2000), 191–216.

· 91. Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla, ch. 4; A. Schönle, ‘Garden of the Empire: Catherine’s appropriation of the Crimea’, Slavic Review, 60 (2001), 1–23.

· 92. S. Dickinson, ‘Russia’s First “Orient”: Characterizing the Crimea in 1787’, Kritika, 3 (2002), 22–4; Khrapovitskii, 28, 14 Mar. 1787.

· 93. Khrapovitskii, 38–9, 8 June 1787; 40, 21 June.

· 94. Papmehl, Metropolitan Platon, 48–9.

· 95. D. Smith, The Pearl: A true tale of forbidden love in Catherine the Great’s Russia (New Haven, CT, 2008), 75–84 (75).

· 96. Zimmerman, 251, 3 Dec. 1787.

· 97. Lopatin, 223, C. to Potëmkin, 24 Aug. 1787; 229–30, Potëmkin to C., 16 Sept; 232, Potëmkin to C., 24 Sept; 238, C. to Potëmkin, 2 Oct.; 240, C. to Potëmkin, 9 Oct.

· 98. Alexander, 264, 269; Madariaga, 396–405; Lopatin, 329, 16 Dec. 1788.

· 99. Khrapovitskii, 215, 18 Dec. 1788.

· 100. Madariaga, 401.

· 101. Lopatin, 300, C. to Potëmkin, 3 July 1788; 303, 17 July.

· 102. Madariaga 399–400, Montefiore, 360–1.

· 103. Khrapovitskii, 277, 21 Apr. 1789; Alexander, 219–21.

· 104. Lopatin, 355, C. to Potëmkin, 29 June 1789.

· 105. Madariaga, 540–1.

· 106. Lopatin, 372, Potëmkin to C., 22 Sept. 1789.

· 107. Lopatin, 379, C. to Potëmkin, 18 Oct. 1789.

· 108. A. Iu. Andreev, Russkie studenty v nemetskikh universitetakh XVIII–pervoi poloviny XIX veka (M, 2005), 182–208.

· 109. Madariaga, 541–5; C.’s notes in A. N. Radishchev, A Journey from St Petersburg to Moscow, trans. L. Wiener, ed. R. P. Thaler (Cambridge, MA, 1958), 239–40, emphasis in the original.

Chapter 12

· 1. Khrapovitskii, 331, 3–4 May 1790; KfZh (1790), 217.

· 2. Khrapovitskii, 333, 23 May 1790.

· 3. KfZh (1790), 269; Zavadovskii, 329–30, 14 June 1790.

· 4. KfZh (1790), 301–2, 26 June 1790; Lopatin, 419, 28 June; Grimm, 493, 12 Sept.

· 5. Alexander, 281–2; Madariaga, 413–4; Lopatin, 426, 9 Aug. 1790.

· 6. Lopatin, 426, 9 Aug. 1790; KfZh (1790), 425–43; MP, iii: 83–4.

· 7. Runkevich, Aleksandro-Nevskaia Lavra, ii: 146; S. K. Batalden, Catherine II’s Greek Prelate: Eugenios Voulgaris in Russia, 1771–1806 (New York, 1982), 79–80 and passim.

· 8. Lopatin, 429, 29 Aug. 1790.

· 9. Stedingk, 21, 10 Oct. 1790 NS.

· 10. Khrapovitskii, 349, 1–5, 7 Oct. 1790.

· 11. Grimm, 500, 27 Sept. 1790.

· 12. Stedingk, 99, 17 Mar. 1791 NS; 23, 10 Oct 1790 NS.

· 13. Stedingk, 78, 8 Feb. 1791 NS; 33, 18/27 Oct. 1790.

· 14. Khrapovitskii, 350, 24 Oct. 1790.

· 15. Stedingk, 40, J. J. Jennings to G. de Franc, 13 Nov. 1790 NS.

· 16. KfZh (1790), 614.

· 17. Stedingk, 44–5, 26 Nov. 1790 NS.

· 18. SIRIO, xlii, 123–4; Stedingk, 45, 26 Nov. 1790 NS; Khrapovitskii, 350–1, 25, 29, 31 Oct., 1, 5, 6, 10 Nov. 1790.

· 19. Stedingk, 57–8, 29 Dec. 1790 NS.

· 20. V. S. Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov (M, 1992), 187–97; P. Longworth, The art of victory: The life and achievements of Field-Marshal Suvorov (London, 1965), 165–74.

· 21. Montefiore, 450 (Damas); A. V. Suvorov, Pis’ma, ed. V. S. Lopatin (M, 1986), 207, Suvorov to Potëmkin, 11 Dec. 1790.

· 22. Montefiore, 580, n. 22; Stedingk, 65, 14 Jan. 1791 NS.

· 23. A. Zorin, ‘Redkaia veshch’: ‘sandunovskii skandal’ i russkii dvor vremen Frantsuzskoi revoliutsii’, Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 80 (2006), 91–110. See also, W. Rosslyn, ‘Petersburg actresses on and off stage (1775–1825)’, in St Petersburg 1703–1825, ed. Cross, esp. 122, 140.

· 24. M. Duffy, The Englishman and the foreigner (London, 1986), 40, pl. 86.

· 25. A. Cross, ‘Catherine in British caricature’, in Catherine the Great and the British: A pot-pourri of essays (Nottingham, 2001), 33–8; Alexander, 289.

· 26. J. Black, British foreign policy in an age of revolutions, 1783–1793 (Cambridge, 1994), 285–91.

· 27. Khrapovitskii, 359, 15 Mar. 1791; Madariaga, 417–9.

· 28. Stedingk, 112, 8 Apr. NS.

· 29. Khrapovitskii, 361, 7–8 Apr. 1791. Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov, 228, ascribes these words to Potëmkin.

· 30. M. S. Anderson, Britain’s discovery of Russia 1553–1815 (London, 1958), 154–85.

· 31. Alexander, 289; Parkinson quoted in Cross, 328.

· 32. P. Schroeder, The Transformation of European politics 1763–1848 (Oxford, 1994), 81.

· 33. Stedingk, 103–4, 25 Mar. 1791 NS; Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov, 215.

· 34. Tooke, iii: 365. On this influential work, see D. Griffiths, ‘Castéra-Tooke: the first Western biographer(s) of Catherine II’, SGECRN, 10 (1982), 50–62.

· 35. Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla, 138–41.

· 36. Tooke, iii: 367–8.

· 37. Quoted in Wortman, Scenarios, 145.

· 38. Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla, 126–7.

· 39. Stedingk, 137, 18 May 1791 NS; Grimm, 519, 29 Apr. 1791.

· 40. Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla, 128–30; Madariaga, 424.

· 41. See R. Butterwick, ‘Political discourses of the Polish Revolution, 1788–1792’, English Historical Review, 120 (2005), 695–731.

· 42. Constitution quoted in J. Michalski, ‘The meaning of the Constitution of 3 May’, in Constitution and reform in eighteenth-century Poland, ed. S. Fiszman (Bloomington, IN, 1997), 271.

· 43. Madariaga, 420–44; Schroeder, Transformation of European politics, 83–6 (86).

· 44. Khrapovitskii, 371–2, 16 Aug. 1791.

· 45. Lettres de Cte Valentin Esterhazy a sa femme 1784–1792, ed. E. Daudet (Paris, 1907), 305, 12 Sept. 1791.

· 46. Lettres de Esterhazy, 288, 4 Sept. 1791; Grimm, 558, 16 Sept.; 560, 23 Sept; Khrapovitskii, 374–5, 16 Sept.

· 47. Lettres de Esterhazy, 301, 9 Sept. 1791.

· 48. Madariaga, 425–6.

· 49. Lopatin, C. to Potëmkin, 468, 16 Sept. 1791; 470, 30 Sept.

· 50. Tooke, iii, 385.

· 51. Lopatin, 470, C. to Potëmkin, 3 Oct; Potëmkin to C., 4 Oct.; Khrapovitskii, 374–6; Montefiore, 481–6.

· 52. Lettres de Esterhazy, 347, 29 Oct. 1791.

· 53. Suvorov, Pis’ma, 226–7, to D. I. Khvostov, [30 Oct.] and 12 Dec. 1791; Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov, 224–7.

· 54. Khrapovitskii, 377, 12 Oct. 1791; Grimm, 561, 13 Oct.

· 55. Obshchii arkhiv Ministerstva Imperatorskago Dvora: Opisi domov i dvizhimago imushchestva kniazia Potemkina-Tavricheskago, kuplennykh u naslednikov ego Imperatritseiu Ekaterinoiu II (M, 1892), passim; Montefiore, 344; Batalden, Catherine II’s Greek Prelate, 75–6.

· 56. Grimm, 605, 27 Aug. 1794.

· 57. Belekhov and Petrov, Ivan Starov, 81–102; A. G. Cross, ‘British sources for Catherine’s Russia: 1) Lionel Colmore’s Letters from St Petersburg, 1790–91’, SGECRN, 17 (1989), 31.

· 58. Parkinson, 37, 17 Nov. 1792.

· 59. Cross, 274–6.

· 60. SIRIO, xlii, 19 Jan. 1793.

· 61. Khrapovitskii, 346, 2 Sept. 1790; 405, 22 July 1792.

· 62. Madariaga, 412; Alexander, 281; KfZh (1796), appendix II, ‘Vypiski iz arkhivnykh del’, 18. Catherine translated Plutarch into Russian from the Latin, probably using one of the widely available Greek-Latin parallel editions of his work: see Khrapovitskii, 325, 331, 559.

· 63. The Memoirs of Catherine the Great, ed. and trans. Cruse and Hoogenboom, xlix–liv, ‘Introduction’ by Hoogenboom.

· 64. Grimm, 609, 29 Aug. 1794; SIRIO, xlii: 320–21, undated, 1792.

· 65. J. P. LeDonne, Absolutism and ruling class: The formation of the Russian political order 1700–1825 (New York, 1991), 21; idem, Ruling Russia, 350.

· 66. Proskurina, Mify imperii, 279–314.

· 67. Alexander, 286, 294–5, 321; Madariaga, 565–7; Parkinson, 48, 1 Dec. 1792 NS.

· 68. Cross, 79–81; Montefiore, 436–7, 576, n. 43; Khrapovitskii, 403, 6 July 1792.

· 69. Faggionato, Rosicrucian Utopia, 208–16; Madariaga, 527–30; Jones, Nikolay Novikov, 203–15.

· 70. Alexander, 305.

· 71. A. Cross, ‘Condemned by correspondence: Horace Walpole and Catherine “Slay-Czar”’, in Cross, Catherine the Great and the British, 25.

· 72. See, for example, R. Butterwick, ‘Deconfessionalization? The policy of the Polish Revolution towards Ruthenia, 1788–1792’, Central Europe, 6 (2008), 91–121.

· 73. R. H. Lord, The second partition of Poland: A study in diplomatic history (Cambridge, MA, 1915), 84–7, 512–16, remains the classic work. See also Eliseeva, Geopoliticheskie proekty, 272–89.

· 74. Quoted in Lord, Second partition, 307.

· 75. Schroeder, Transformation of European politics, 96, 104–5, 122–3.

· 76. Zavadovskii, 340, 15 Nov. 1794.

· 77. Schroeder, Transformation of European politics, 144–50; Madariaga, 441–51; Alexander, 319.

· 78. KfZh (1796), appendix ii, ‘Vypiski iz arkhivnykh del’, 18.

· 79. Grimm, 565, 14 Apr. 1792; 593, 11 Feb. 1794; 601, 3 Apr.

· 80. Marker, Publishing, 226–9.

· 81. ‘Kak gotovilos’ ekaterinoslavskoe dukhovenstvo k vstreche imper. Ekateriny II’, Kievskaia starina, 1887, no. 4, 797–8.

· 82. L. G. Kisliagina, ‘Kantseliariia stats-sekretarei pri Ekaterine II’, in Gosudarstvennye uchrezhdeniia Rossii XVI-XVIII vv., ed. N. B. Golikova (M, 1991), 185–9.

· 83. KfZh (1795), appendix ii, ‘Vypiski iz arkhivnykh del’, passim, quoted at 193–4 (Orlov); Grimm, 644, 25 Aug. 1795 (Suvorov); SIRIO, xlii: 256–7 (telescope).

· 84. Khrapovitskii, 328, 18 Mar. 1790.

· 85. Grimm, 597, 14 Feb. 1794.

· 86. A. Odom and L. P. Arend, A Taste for Splendour: Russian Imperial and European treasures from the Hillwood Museum (Alexandria, VA, 1998), 212–4.

· 87. KfZh (1795), appendix ii, 122, 173, 175.

· 88. KfZh (1795), appendix ii, 185–6.

· 89. Memoirs of Countess Golovine: A lady at the Court of Catherine II, trans. G. M. Fox-Davies (London, 1910), 129.

· 90. Alexander, 321; Grimm, 570, 13 Aug. 1792; KfZh (1795), appendix ii, 234, 246, 248; ibid. (1796), 34.

· 91. Grimm, 669, 18 Feb. 1796.

· 92. Grimm, 583, 14 May 1793.

· 93. Khrapovitskii, 404, 9–11 July 1792; Grimm, 618, 16 Jan. 1795; KfZh (1795), 65–80, 89–90.

· 94. Quoted in W. B. Lincoln, Nicholas I: Emperor and autocrat of all the Russias (London, 1978), 49.

· 95. Khrapovitskii, 378, 16 Oct. 1791.

· 96. Sochineniia, xii: 702; SIRIO, xlii: 267. Cf. Alexander, 297–9.

· 97. Grimm, 591, 11 Feb. 1794.

· 98. Parkinson, 226, 18 Feb. 1794.

· 99. Tooke, iii: 434.

· 100. Stedingk, 81–2, 14 Feb. 1791 NS; A. Gribovskii, Zapiski o Imperatritse Ekaterine Velikoi, 2nd edn. (M, 1864), 29.

· 101. C. F. P. Masson, Mémoires secrets sur la russie pendant les règnes de Catherine II et de Paul Ier (Paris, 1863), 70–1.

· 102. Alexander, 322–4.

· 103. KfZh (1796), 667–76; 724–5; RBS, Pritits-Reis (SPb 1910), ‘Anna Protasova’.

· 104. Alexander, 324–5; McGrew, 187–9; KfZh (1796), 736–48.

Epilogue

· 1. Karlik favorita: Istoriia zhizni Ivana Iakubovskago, ed. V. P. Zubov (Munich, 1968), 41.

· 2. Zapiski, mneniia i perepiska admiral A. S. Shishkova, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1870), i: 9–10.

· 3. Wortman, Scenarios, 171–2; McGrew, 210.

· 4. Madariaga, 569–70; McGrew, 184–5, 190, and ch. 6 passim.

· 5. Parkinson, 22–3, 143.

· 6. Memoirs of Countess Golovine, 129.

· 7. See Hughes, ‘The funerals of the Russian emperors and empresses’, 395–419.

· 8. Memoirs of Countess Golovine, 130–2.

· 9. M. B. Asvarishch, et al, Tsareubiistvo 11 Marta 1801 goda (SPb, 2001), 69, no. 24.

· 10. McGrew, 194.

· 11. Asvarishch, Tsareubiistvo, 24–32.

· 12. Asvarishch, Tsareubiistvo, 67, no. 28.

· 13. Wortman, Scenarios, 172–3; M. Safonov, Zaveshchanie Ekateriny II: Roman-issledovanie (SPb, 2002), 216–26; Asvarishch, Tsareubiistvo, 23, no. 22.

· 14. Asvarishch, Tsareubiistvo, 69, no. 25.

· 15. Zapiski A. A. Iakovleva, byvshego v 1803 godu ober-prokurorom Sv. Sinoda, ed. V. A. Andreev (M, 1915), 36, note; Sobranie rechei…Amvrosiem Mitropolitom Novgorodskim i Sanktpeterburgskim (M, 1810), 17, 66–7.

· 16. P. Hayden, ‘Tsarskoe Selo: The History of the Ekaterininskii and Aleksandrovskii Parks’, in A sense of place: Tsarskoe Selo and its poets, eds. L. Loseff and B. Scherr (Columbus, OH, 1993), 28.

· 17. A. Makhrov, ‘Architecture and politics: Catherine the Great’s “Greek Project” in the works of Nikolai L’vov’, SGECRN, 26 (1998), 12; Wortman, Scenarios, 153, 160, 172–3.

· 18. McGrew, ch. 10.

· 19. PSZ, xxvi: 19,779, 12 Mar. 1801. This section draws in revised form on materials first discussed in my article, ‘The posthumous reputation of Catherine II in Russia, 1797–1837’, SEER, 77 (1999), 646–79, where further references may be found.

· 20. A. G. Cross, ‘Contemporary responses (1762–1810) to the personality and career of Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova’, Oxford Slavonic Papers, NS 27 (1994), 56; The Russian Journals of Martha and Catherine Wilmot, ed. the Marchioness of Londonderry and H.M. Hyde (London, 1935), 52, Martha’s Journal, 23 Sept. 1803.

· 21. A. Malinovskii, ‘Svedeniia dlia zhizneopisaniia Kniagini Ekateriny Romanovny Dashkovoi’, appendix to S. R. Dolgova, ‘E.R. Dashkova i sem’ia Malinovskikh’, in Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova: Issledovaniia i materialy (SPb, 1996), 78.

· 22. Russian Journals, 206, Catherine to her sister, Alicia, 2 Dec. 1805.

· 23. K[niaginia] D[ashkova] and A. K., Podlinnye Anekdoty Imperatritsy Ekateriny Velikoi Premudroi Materi Otechestva (M, 1806), iii.

· 24. V. Iu. Afiani, ‘Stanovlenie zhurnal’noi arkheografii v Rossii v pervoi treti XIX v.’, Arkheograficheskii ezhegodnik za 1989 god (M, 1990), 30.

· 25. Zapiski kasatel’no Rossiiskoi Istorii: Sochineniia Gosudaryni Imperatritsy Ekateriny II, 6 parts (SPb, 1801); Filosoficheskaia i politicheskaia perepiska Imperatritsy s Doktorom Tsimermannom etc. (SPb, 1801); Ermitazhnyi Teatr Velikiia Ekateriny etc. etc. (M, 1802); Perepiska Rossiiskoi Imperatritsy Ekateriny II s gospodiny Vol’tera etc., 2 parts (M, 1803).

· 26. [N.M. Karamzin], Pokhval’noe slovo Ekaterine Vtoroi (M, 1802).

· 27. P. Kolotov, Deianiia Ekateriny, Imperatritsy i Samoderzhitsy Vserossiiskiia, 6 parts (SPb, 1811).

· 28. I. S[reznevskii], Dukh Ekateriny Velikiia etc. etc. (SPb, 1814), foreword, n.p.

· 29. Russian Journals, 386, 388, Martha’s Journal, 7 Oct. 1808.

· 30. F. F. Vigel, Zapiski, ed. S. Ia. Straikh, 2 vols. (M, 1928), i: 100.

· 31. P. Sumarokov, Progulka po 12-ti guberniiam s istoricheskimi i statisticheskimi zamecheniiami v 1838 godu (SPb, 1839), 202.

· 32. D. Davydov, Voennye zapiski, ed. V. Orlov (M, 1940), 415; idem, Sochineniia (M, 1985), 129.

· 33. A. I. Gertsen, Sobranie sochinenii, 30 vols. (M, 1954–65), vii: 53; A. Herzen, My past and thoughts, trans. C. Garnett, 4 vols. (London, 1968), ii: 531.

· 34. 1857–1861: Perepiska Imperatora Aleksandra II s Velikim Kniazem Konstantinom Nikolaevichem; Dnevnik Velikago Kniazia Konstantina Nikolaevicha, eds. L. G. Zakharova and L. I. Tiutiunnik (M, 1994), 212, diary, 13 Dec. 1859.

· 35. Herzen, My past and thoughts, ii: 448.

· 36. A. P. Kern, Vospominaniia, dnevniki, perepiska (M, 1989), 115; Zapiski Sverbeeva, i: 242–4; ii: 283–4.

· 37. T. A. Alekseeva, Vladimir Lukich Borovikovskii i russkaia kul’tura na rubezhe 18–19 vekov (M, 1975), 105–6.

· 38. A. Grigor’ev, Vospominaniia, ed. B. F. Egorov (M, 1988), 37.

· 39. Russian Journals, 386, Martha’s Journal, 7 Oct. 1808.

· 40. K. Sh-v, ‘Tsaritsyno’, Vestnik Evropy, 11 (1804), July, 219–22.

· 41. P. A. Viazemskii, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, v: 127–8; A. F. Merzliakov, ‘Rassuzhdenie o Rossiiskom slovesnoti v nyneshnem ee sostoianii (1812)’ reprinted in Literaturnaia kritika 1800–1820-kh godov, ed. L. G. Frizman (M, 1980), 125.

· 42. Sochineniia Nikolaia Grecha, 3 vols. (SPb, 1855), iii: 320–1.

· 43. K. N. Batiushkov, Opyty i stikakh v proze, ed. I. M. Semenko (M, 1977), 80.

· 44. Literaturnaia kritika, ed. Frizman, 36–7, 43.

· 45. Poliarnaia zvezda, eds. V. A. Arkhipov et al (Moscow-Leningrad, 1960), 15.

· 46. Pushkin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, xiii: 178, to A. A. Bestuzhev, late May/early June 1825.

· 47. Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, 12 vols. (Philadelphia, PA, 1874–7), ii: 115.

· 48. PSZ, xxvi: 19,904, 5 June 1801.

· 49. Parkinson, 61; V. Khodasevich, Derzhavin: A biography, trans. A. Brantlinger (Madison, WI, 2007), 93–4; N. Riasanovsky, Nicholas I and Official Nationality 1825–1855 (Berkeley, CA, 1969), 116–7.

· 50. M. V. Klochkov, ‘Nakaz imperatritsy Ekateriny II v sudebnoi praktike’, Sbornik statei v chesti M. K. Liubavskago (Petrograd, 1917), 1–18.

· 51. Arkhiv brat’ev Turgenevykh, vyp. 6: Perepiska Aleksandra Ivanovicha Turgeneva s kn. Petrom Aleksandrovichom Viazemskim, chast’ I: 1814–1833 gody (Petrograd, 1921), 295, Aug. 1833; Dekabrist N. I. Turgenev: Pis’ma k bratu S. I. Turgenevu, ed. N. G. Svirin (M, 1936), 245, 15 Dec. 1817; Madariaga, Politics and Culture, 236.

· 52. AKV, xxi: 361.

· 53. Karamzin’s Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia, ed. and trans. R. Pipes (New York, 1972), 133.

· 54. M. M. Speranskii, Proekty i zapiski, ed. S. N. Valk (Moscow-Leningrad, 1961), 20, 140.

· 55. Memoirs of Countess Golovine, 35.

· 56. For detailed references, see my essay ‘“Prosveshchenie”: Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century Russia’, in Peripheries of the Enlightenment, eds. R. Butterwick, S. Davies and G. Sanchez-Espinoza, Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century(2008:01).

· 57. Sochineniia Derzhavina, ed. Grot, iii: 211–3.

· 58. ‘O nravstvennom sostoianii voisk Rossiiskoi imperii i v osobennosti Gvardeiskogo korpusa’, ed. N. A. Kargopolova, Reka vremen, 1 (1995), 40.

· 59. A. Viskovatov, Kratkaia istoriia Pervago Kadetskago Korpusa (SPb, 1832), 35, 38, 46–8.

· 60. Polevoi, Literaturnaia kritika, 168–9.

· 61. M. A. Gillel’son, P. A. Viazemskii: zhizn’ i tvorchestva (Leningrad, 1969), 225–8.

· 62. A.I. Kornilovich, Sochineniia i pis’ma (Moscow-Leningrad, 1957), 211.

· 63. Shishkov, ‘Dostopamiatnye skazaniia’, 20; M. Al’tshuller, Predtechi slavianofil’stva v russkoi literature: Obshchestvo ‘Beseda liubitelei russkogo slova’ (Ann Arbor, MI, 1984), 36–7.

· 64. Sumarokov, Cherty Ekateriny Velikiia, xix, 46, 48–9.

· 65. Dolgorukov, Kapishche moego serdtsa, 235.

· 66. A. S. Pushkin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 17 vols. (M, 1937–59), ix: 32, note.

· 67. I. I. Dmitriev, Vzgliad na moiu zhizn’ (SPb, 1895), 161.

· 68. Ostaf’evskii arkhiv kniazei Viazemskikh, t. 2: Perepiska P.A. Viazemskago s A.I. Turgenvym 1820–1823 (SPb, 1899), 45–6, 11 Aug. 1820.

· 69. A. G. Tartakovskii, Russkaia memuaristika XVIII-pervoi polovine XIX v.: Ot rukopisi k knige (M, 1991), 215, 218–9.

· 70. M. Mokrousova, ‘A. I. Turgenev–sobiratel’ istochnikov po istorii Rossii’, Sovetskie arkhivy, 1974: 4, 40–1.

· 71. See S. Dixon, ‘Pushkin and history’, The Cambridge Companion to Pushkin, ed. A. Kahn (Cambridge, 2006).

· 72. Khrapovitskii, 31, 13 Apr. 1787. See also A.A. Vasil’chikov, Semeistvo Razumovskikh, vol. V (SPb, 1894), 1–35; L. Maikov, Pushkin: Biograficheskie materialy i istoriko-literaturnye ocherki (SPb, 1899), 397–413.

· 73. Imperatorskoe russkoe istoricheskoe obshchestvo, 1866–1916 (Petrograd, 1916), 4–5, 60.

· 74. SIRIO, xiii: i.

· 75. This section draws, in revised form, on sources first discussed in my ‘Catherine the Great and the Romanov Dynasty: The case of the Grand Duchess Mariia Pavlovna (1854–1920)’, in Russian Society and Culture and the Long Eighteenth Century, eds. Bartlett and Hughes (Münster, 2004), 195–208, where further references may be found.

· 76. S. S. Trubachev, ‘G.P. Danilevskii: biograficheskii ocherk’, in G.P. Danilevskii, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 8th edn., 24 vols. (SPb, 1901), i: 44, 46, 61, 79–88; ‘Vospominaniia E. N. Opochinina’, ed. E. V. Bronnikova, Vstrechi v proshlym, 7 (M, 1990), 65; M. M. Stasiulevich i ego sovremenniki v ikh perepiske, ed. M. K. Lemke, 5 vols. (SPb, 1911–13), v: 326–7.

· 77. A. Bogdanovich, Tri poslednikh samoderzhtsa (M, 1990 edn.), 133, 27 Jan. 1890.

· 78. C.A. Stoddard, Across Russia: From the Baltic to the Danube (London, 1892), 74, 40.

· 79. F.-X. Coquin, ‘Le monument de Catherine II à Saint-Pétersbourg’, in Catherine II et L’Europe, ed. Davidenkoff, 21–2.

· 80. SIRIO, xiii: xii-xiii.

· 81. V.O. Kliuchevsky, Sochineniia, 8 vols. (M, 1956–9), v: 309–11.

· 82. Bil’basov, passim; Dnevnik gosudarstvennogo sekretaria A. A. Polovtsova, ed. P. A. Zaionchkovskii, 2 vols. (M, 1966), ii: 260, 15 Jan. 1890; 341, 8 Jan. 1891; P. A. Zaionchkovskii, Rossiiskoe samoderzhavie v kontse XIX stoletiia: Politicheskaia reaktsiia 80-kh–nachala 90-kh godov (M, 1970), 285–6.

· 83. See A. Pyman, The life of Aleksandr Blok: I, The distant thunder, 1880–1908 (Oxford, 1978), 51.

· 84. For example, L. Zhdanov [L. G. Gel’man], V setiakh intriga: Dva potoka. Istoricheskii roman vremeni Ekateriny II (SPb, 1912); M. Evgeniia, Liubovniki Ekateriny (M, 1917).

· 85. Velikii kniaz’ Nikolai Mikhailovich, Russkie portrety XVIII i XIX stoletii, 5 vols. (SPb, 1905–9); J. E. Bowlt, The silver age: Russian art in the early twentieth century and the ‘World of Art’ group (Newtonville, MA, 1979), 166–7; R. Buckle, Diaghilev(London, 1979), 84–8.

· 86. Dnevnik V. N. Lamzdorfa (1886–1890), ed. F. A. Rotshtein (Leningrad, 1926), 93–4, 15 Jan. 1888; 203, 24 Mar. 1889.

· 87. Dnevnik Polovtsova, ii: 203, 31 May 1889.

· 88. N. Notovich, L’Empereur Alexandre III et son entourage (Paris, 1893), 93.

· 89. R. Wortman, ‘The Russian empress as mother’, in The family in imperial Russia: New lines of historical research, ed. D. L. Ransel (Urbana, IL, 1978), 61.

· 90. Sir G. Buchanan, My mission to Russia and other diplomatic memories, 2 vols. (London, 1923), i: 175–6.

· 91. John Hanbury-Williams, The Emperor Nicholas II: As I knew him (London, 1922) 58, diary, 4 Oct. 1915.

· 92. Suvorov, Pis’ma, 204, to I. M. [José] Ribas.

· 93. The plant’s formal name was cardamine nivalis: see A. K. Sytin, ‘P. S. Pallas, P. I. Shangin i Ekaterina Velikaia’, Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki, 2 (1997), 124.

· 94. Shcherbatov, 235.

· 95. Diderot, Mémoires pour Catherine II, ed. P. Vernière (Paris, 1966), 197–8; D. Griffiths, ‘To live forever: Catherine II, Voltaire and the pursuit of immortality’, in Russia and the World of the Eighteenth Century, eds. Bartlett, Cross, Rasmussen, 446–68.

· 96. Grimm, 77, 2 Feb. 1778.

· 97. Shcherbatov, 255, 241–5, 251–3, (241). Compare Martha Wilmot’s reflections on a present given to Princess Dashkova: ‘It was the first present she ever receiv’d from Katherine the Second, & certainly serv’d to recall the most interesting period of a friendship which then existed assuredly, as Katherine was only a Grand Dutchess; but for which sentiment they say a Crown very very rarely leaves room & I doubt whether the Great Katherine form’d an exception to the general observation.’ Russian Journals, 159, Martha’s Journal, 1 Dec. 1805 NS.

· 98. KfZh (1790), 160.

· 99. See K. Rasmussen, ‘Catherine II and the image of Peter I’, Slavic Review, 37 (1978), 51–69.

· 100. Cross, 322–3.

FURTHER READING

There is no shortage of primary material in translation to guide the English-speaking reader straight to the heart of Catherine’s sensibility. The latest edition of The Memoirs of Catherine the Great, ed. and trans. Mark Cruse and Hilde Hoogenboom (New York: Random House, 2005), also offers a perceptive introduction to the circumstances of their composition. No less entrancing is Love & Conquest: Personal Correspondence of Catherine the Great and Prince Grigory Potemkin, ed. and trans. Douglas Smith (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004). Correspondence of Catherine the Great when Grand-Duchess, with Sir Charles Hanbury-Williams and Letters from Count Poniatowski, ed. and trans. the Earl of Ilchester and Mrs Langford Brooke (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1928), gives a unique insight into Catherine’s political ambitions at the Court of Empress Elizabeth. Unfortunately it has not been reprinted. Neither is there a modern translation of the empress’s Nakaz, though two contemporary English versions have been published by W. F. Reddaway, ed., Documents of Catherine the Great (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1931), and Paul Dukes, ed., Russia Under Catherine the Great: Volume 2 Catherine the Great’s Instruction (NAKAZ) to the Legislative Commission, 1767 (Newtonville, MA: Oriental Research Partners, 1977). Diderot’s pungent ‘Observations on the Nakaz’ are translated in Diderot, Political Writings, ed. John Hope Mason and Robert Wokler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). While Antony Lentin, ed., Catherine the Great and Voltaire (Newtonville, MA: Oriental Research Partners), offers a selection of their correspondence in translation, the French originals are readily available in the magisterial edition by Theodore Besterman, published by the Voltaire Foundation.

Among the few Russian memoirs available in English, one of the most attractive and informative is the Memoirs of Countess Golovine: A Lady at the Court of Catherine II, trans. G. M. Fox-Davies (London: David Nutt, 1910), which covers the latter part of the reign. Far more self-absorbed are The Memoirs of Princess Dashkova, trans. and ed. Kyril Fitzlyon, recently reissued with an introduction by Jehanne M. Geith (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995). A sense of the riches buried in British archives can be gathered from three very different published journals: Diaries and Correspondence of James Harris, First Earl of Malmesbury, ed. Third Earl of Malmesbury, 4 vols. (London: Richard Bentley, 1844); A Lady at the Court of Catherine the Great: The Journal of Baroness Elizabeth Dimsdale, 1781, ed. Anthony Cross (Cambridge: Crest Publications, 1989); and John Parkinson, A Tour of Russia, Siberia and the Crimea, 1792–1794, ed. William Collier (London: Frank Cass, 1971). Each offers unique insights into Catherine and her times. The Russian experiences of Dimsdale and Parkinson, along with hundreds of others, are explored in Anthony Cross, By the Banks of the Neva: Chapters from the Lives and Careers of the British in Eighteenth-Century Russia(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). The same author’s companion volume, By the Banks of the Thames: Russians in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Newtonville, MA: Oriental Research Partners, 1980), brings to life the Russians who journeyed in the opposite direction. Much the most sophisticated of these was Nikolai Karamzin, whose Letters of a Russian Traveller has been published in an excellent translation by Andrew Kahn in Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 2003:04 (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2003). For the broader context, see Sara Dickinson, Breaking Ground: Travel and National Culture in Russia from Peter I to the Era of Pushkin (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2006).

The most important (and appropriately weighty) study of Catherine’s reign in any language remains Isabel de Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981), which has been reprinted several times. My debts to this book and its author are profound. No less incisive are the essays collected in Isabel de Madariaga, Politics and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russia (London: Longman, 1998). John T. Alexander, Catherine the Great: Life and Legend (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989) ranks as the first modern scholarly biography, particularly interesting on medical matters and also strong on social history. Roderick E. McGrew, Paul I of Russia 1754–1801 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992) explores the troubled life of Catherine’s son. Like its subject, Simon Sebag Montefiore, Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin (London, 2000) is scintillating, wayward and occasionally overblown: but it is packed with insight on the fluctuations of Court politics and remains obligatory reading on the 1780s. The need for a modern scholarly biography of Princess Dashkova is only partly fulfilled by A. Woronzoff-Dashkoff, Dashkova: A Life of Influence and Exile (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 97, 3 (2008)). The best starting-point in English is Sue Ann Prince, ed., The Princess and the Patriot: Ekaterina Dashkova, Benjamin Franklin, and the Age of Enlightenment(Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society, 2006).

Having celebrated its tricentenary in 2003, Catherine’s capital city is famous primarily as a glittering icon of secular cosmopolitanism. It is not always easy to recall that much of it was a building site in the eighteenth century. For a helpful reminder, see Christopher Marsden, Palmyra of the North: The First Days of St Petersburg (London: Faber and Faber, 1942), which wears its learning lightly. W. Bruce Lincoln, Sunlight at Midnight: St Petersburg and the Rise of Modern Russia (Oxford: Perseus Press, 2001) offers a more up-to-date treatment, as do the contributors to Anthony Cross, ed., St Petersburg, 1703–1825 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003). Dmitry Shvidkovsky, The Empress and the Architect: British Architecture and Gardens at the Court of Catherine the Great (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996) brings together in a single, beautifully illustrated volume the author’s outstanding essays on Tsarskoye Selo and Pavlovsk. Though it is full of fascinating information about the fate of Pavlovsk in Soviet times, Suzanne Massie’s tantalising Pavlovsk: The Life of a Palace (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1990) never quite tells you what you want to know about its early history. An exhaustive and very well-illustrated study of Falconet’s monument is provided by Alexander M. Schenker, The Bronze Horseman: Falconet’s Monument to Peter the Great (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), though he makes the fractious sculptor seem more saintly than he was by needlessly blackening the reputation of Ivan Betskoy. Geraldine Norman, The Hermitage: The Biography of a Great Museum (London: Jonathan Cape, 1997) breathes life into a unique institution, and very engagingly too.

Although the religious side of Catherine’s Court is harder to penetrate, there are helpful essays in Michael Schaich, ed., Monarchy and Religion: The Transformation of Royal Culture in Eighteenth-Century Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). Exhibition catalogues tell us a great deal about this and almost every other aspect of the empress’s life and reign. Among the informative English-language editions published in recent years is Catherine the Great: Treasures of Imperial Russia from the State Hermitage Museum, Leningrad (London: Booth-Clibborn Editions, 1990). Fuller still are Treasures of Catherine the Great (London: Hermitage Rooms at Somerset House, 2000) and Catherine the Great & Gustav III (Helsingborg: Nationalmuseum, 1999). Both Cynthia Hyla Whittaker, ed., Russia Engages the World, 1453–1825(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004) and An Imperial Collection: Women Artists from the State Hermitage Museum (London: Merrell, 2003) have plenty to say about Catherine. So does British Art Treasures from Russian Imperial Collections in the Hermitage, eds. Brian Allen and Larissa Dukelskaya (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996). Among permanent exhibits, Hillwood Museum stands out: anyone within reach of Washington D.C. should make the pilgrimage and purchase the exemplary catalogue by Ann Odom and Liana Paredes Arend, A Taste for Splendor: Russian Imperial and European Treasures from the Hillwood Museum (Alexandria, VA: Art Services International, 1998).

Although books written for scholars can sometimes seem hard going, even to the initiated, the best work on Catherine’s Russia is stylish and penetrating. Richard S. Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, vol. 1: From Peter the Great to the Death of Nicholas I (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995) is a brilliant study of the ways in which the ritual presentation of the monarchy inspired the loyalty of its leading subjects. Whereas Wortman emphasises the secularising influence of classical Roman models, Gary Marker, Imperial Saint: The Cult of St Catherine and the Dawn of Female Rule in Russia (DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2007), reveals the persistence of religious symbolism in Court culture, focusing on Catherine I in an interpretation which carries broader implications for the remainder of the eighteenth century. John LeDonne, Ruling Russia: Politics and Administration in the Age of Absolutism, 1762–1796 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984) is a powerful study of patronage. David L. Ransel explores a key interest group in The Politics of Catherinian Russia: The Panin Party (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1976). Complementary studies of the nobility are offered by Robert E. Jones, The Emancipation of the Russian Nobility, 1762–1785 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973), and Paul Dukes, Catherine the Great and the Russian Nobility: A Study Based on the Materials of the Legislative Commission of 1767 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967). One gets a good sense of the ways in which nobles assimilated and imitated Court culture from Priscilla Roosevelt, Life on the Russian Country Estate: A Social and Cultural History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995), and from Douglas Smith, The Pearl: A True Tale of Forbidden Love in Catherine the Great’s Russia (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), an imaginative recreation of Count Nikolay Sheremetev’s marriage to a serf actress, particularly good on the setting in which they lived. John T. Alexander, Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980) is a first-class social history of Moscow in the early 1770s. Catriona Kelly, Refining Russia: Advice Literature, Polite Culture and Gender from Catherine to Yeltsin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) offers a brilliant (and often very funny) way into the history of Russian manners. Rafaella Faggionato, A Rosicrucian Utopia in Eighteenth-Century Russia: The Masonic Circle of N.I. Novikov (Amsterdam: Springer, 2005) is the most significant recent study of Freemasonry, though the English translation is inelegant. W. Gareth Jones, Nikolay Novikov: Enlightener of Russia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984) remains the single most important study of the Enlightenment in Russia, a subject which awaits a full-scale treatment. See also Russia in the Age of the Enlightenment: Essays in Honour of Isabel de Madariaga (London: Macmillan, 1990) and my own essay ‘“Prosveshchenie”: Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century Russia’, in Peripheries of the Enlightenment, eds. Richard Butterwick, Simon Davies and Gabriel Sanchez-Espinoza, Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 2008:01. On the wider context, try Larry Wolff, Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994), a clever book which may overestimate the extent to which the Poles and Russians needed the philosophes to alert them to the problem of their own backwardness. Foreign policy is expertly covered by H. M. Scott, The Emergence of the Eastern Powers 1756–1773 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001) and Isabel de Madariaga, Britain, Russia and the Armed Neutrality of 1780: Sir James Harris’s Mission to St Petersburg during the American Revolution (London: Hollis and Carter, 1962), which ranges much more widely than its title might imply. I have commented on some of these scholars’ conclusions in two earlier attempts to set Catherine and her reign in the broader context of the history of eighteenth-century Europe: The Modernisation of Russia, 1696–1825 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999) and Catherine the Great: Profile in Power (Harlow: Longman, 2001). Both these books give lists of further reading.

Readers of Russian will learn much from attractively written books by Evgenii Anisimov, Zhenshchiny na rossiiskom prestole (St Petersburg: Norint, 1998), and Aleksandr Kamenskii, Pod seniiu Ekateriny: Vtoraia polovina XVIII veka (Moscow: 1992), the first study of Catherine’s reign to be published in Russia since the Bolshevik revolution in 1917. Despite its title, V. S. Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov (Moscow: Nauka, 1992) has just as much to say about Catherine: this book’s rehabilitation of Potëmkin, based on the author’s excellent editions of the correspondence of the two men, underpins the argument of Montefiore’s English biography. More specialised are the work of the legal scholar, O. A. Omel’chenko, ‘Zakonnaia monarkhiia’ Ekateriny II: Prosveschennyi absoliutizm v Rossii (Moscow, 1993), and two studies of the relationship between literature and politics by Andrei Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla: Literatura i gosudarstvennaia ideologiia v Rossii v poslednei treti XVIII–pervoi treti XIX vek (Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2001), and Vera Proskurina, Mify imperii: literatura i vlast’ v epokhu Ekateriny II(Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2005), who is not always quite so convincing. In the late 1880s, V. A. Bilbasov completed only two volumes of what promised to be a massive biography before running into trouble with the censors. His Istoriia Ekateriny Vtoroi, 2 vols (SPb-Berlin, 1890–91), remains the most detailed study of Catherine’s life before 1763. The troubled relationship between Catherine and her husband is explored in unprecedented detail by O. A. Ivanov, Ekaterina II i Petr III: istoriia tragicheskogo konflikta (Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf, 2007), a book which reached me just as my own went to press. Ekaterina II: Annotirovannaia bibliografiia publikatsii, eds. I. V. Babich, M. V. Babich and T. A. Lapteva (Moscow: Rosspen, 2004), is an invaluable guide to the voluminous published sources on Catherine and her reign. Students of St Petersburg will find a very helpful bibliography of Russian work by A. M. Konechnyi in Europa Orientalis (1997, no. 1). No less crucial for the history of eighteenth-century Russian painting is the illustrated catalogue of the State Russian Museum in St Petersburg–Gosudarstvennyi russkii muzei, Zhivopis’: XVIII vek, ed. Grigorii Goldovskii (St Petersburg: Palace Editions, 1998)–which carries a limited amount of summary information in English.