Prologue
3 “Aquitaine, wrote Ralph”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 1, p. 293.
5 “When they set themselves”: Ibid.
5 “Nowadays, scornfully wrote”: Geoffrey of Vigeois, Delisle, vol. 12, p. 450,
6 “Unlike their counterparts”: Barber, p. 79.
6 Arrival of the troubadours: Briffault, p. 85.
A Child in the Land of Love
7 “Duke William IX”: In the following account of Eleanor’s grandparents and parents I have relied mainly on Alfred Richard’s Histoire des comtes de Poitou, 778-1204, unless otherwise indicated.
9 Pope Urban’s speech at Clermont: Viorst, pp. 40-44.
11 “In the fall of 1096”: During the First Crusade, Count Raymond of Toulouse was better known as Raymond of Saint-Gilles.
12 William IX’s Crusade: Oldenbourg, pp. 175, 182; Runciman, vol. 2, pp. 28-29.
13 “At home again, his restlessness”: Ordericus Vitalis, vol. 3, p. 300. Prior to William’s stay in Antioch, he had had other opportunities to hear Moorish music. His father, William VIII (Guy-Geoffrey), is said to have brought back captured female singers from an expedition against the Moors in 1064. and William also must have heard this type of music while courting Philippa in Aragon.
13 William’s love poems: Creekmore, p. 39; Flores, Medieval Age, p. 102; Marks, p. 73.
13 “Although Philippa’s dream”: Bertrand followed his father to Syria and died there in 1112. Since his heir, half brother Alphonse-Jourdain, was only nine. William was able to take back Toulouse for his wife in 1113.
14 “William of Malmesbury related”: William of Malmesbury, vol. 2, pp. 510-511.
14 Founding of Fontevrault: Marks, p. 62; White, p. 60.
14 “Flinging himself”: William of Malmesbury, vol. 2, pp. 510-511.
15 “But William replied jokingly”: Ibid.
16 “Among the women”: James, Letters, p. 181.
17 “One chronicler contended”: Richard, vol. 1, p. 478. Ralph of Diceto asserts that young William’s rebellion began in 1112. At that time, however, he was only thirteen, and furthermore, William had not yet met Dangereuse.
17 Portrait of Aenor: In fairness to Eleanor’s mother, we know virtually nothing of her life or feelings. As the Bulloughs point out in The Subordinate Sex (p. 3): “About the only way a woman managed to appear as an individual in the historical record was when she scandalized her contemporaries.” Unlike both her mother and her ‘daughter. Aenor did nothing shocking. Thus even though she appears colorless, this may not have been the case.
17 “There is a story”: Bregy. p. 91. Author does not cite source of this quote. However, I have included it because it is typical of the kind of thing said about Eleanor.
17 Eleanor’s date of birth: Some chroniclers give the date as 1120, but since her age was recorded as eighty-two when she died in 1204, the year 1122 must be correct.
18 “She was named”: Geoffrey of Vigeois, Delisle, vol. 12. pp. 434-435.
20 “How much I tupped them”: Creekmore, p. 41.
20 William IX’s Spanish Crusade: Marks, p. 86.
20 “My friends”: Ibid., p. 87.
21 Description of Eleanor’s education and training are entirely inferential: Holmes, pp. 227-228; Evans, pp. 116-120; Rowling, p. 84.
24 “Her name first appeared”: Richard, vol. 2, pp. 10-11, 18.
25 Life of Radegonde: Encyclopedia of Catholic Saints, Aug., pp. 69-72; Marks, pp. 1-10.
26 “Meeting at the Abbey of Montierneuf”: James, Letters, p. 199.
27 “Once, some fifteen years earlier”: Ibid., p. 8.
27 “We have petitioned you”: Williams, p. 132.
27“The bishop of Poitiers”: Ibid., p. 133.
28 William’s betrothal: Richard, vol. 2, p. 51. Geoffrey of Vigeois claimed that William actually married Emma, but subsequent events do not bear out this allegation.
31 “Throughout Aquitaine”: Geoffrey of Vigeois, Delisle, vol. 12, p. 435.
32 William X’s death: Ordericus Vitalis, vol. 4, p. 175.
The Devil and the Monk
33 Louis the Fat at Béthizy: Suger, Vie, pp. 280-282; Richard, vol. 2, pp. 57-58.
34 “The boy, says Walter”: Walter Map, p. 285.
34 “The fall ‘so dreadfully’ ”: Ordericus Vitalis, vol. 4, p. 129.
35 Louis’s journey to Bordeaux: Geoffrey of Vigeois. Delisle, vol. 12, p. 435; Richard, vol. 2, pp. 59-60.
36 “Ringing in his ears”: Molinier, p. 128.
37 “A great crowd”: Geoffrey of Vigeois. Delisle, vol. 12, p. 435.
38 “The Franks to battle”: Kelly, p. 13, citing Raoul of Caen.
39 “Scarcely the tongue”: Chronique de Morigny, p. 68.
39 Wedding menu is inferential: Holmes, pp. 87-88, 93.
39 “Saint James”: Flores, Anthology, p. 13.
39 “Perhaps Marcabru”: Ibid., pp. 15—25.
39 “The French clerks”: Briffault, p. 53.
40 Eleanor and Louis’s wedding: Ordericus Vitalis, vol. 4, p. 181; Richard, vol. 2. p. 61.
41 Trip to Poitiers: Suger, Vie, p. 283; Richard, vol. 2, pp. 60-61.
42 “With no father”: Dangereuse lived a long and full life; she did not die until 1151.
42 “In a holiday mood”: Ordericus Vitalis, vol. 4, p. 182.
43 Death of Louis the Fat: Suger, Vie, p. 285; Ordericus Vitalis, vol. 4, p. 181.
43 Troubles with the dowager queen: Molinier, p. 150.
44 “For the first time within memory”: Briffault, p. 247, n. 77. Briffault and others agree that the introduction of Provençal poetry and “courtly” ideas into northern France was largely due to Eleanor and, later, to her daughters. Marie and Alix.
45 “In his personal routine”: The Notre Dame referred to was a church dating back to Merovingian times. The cathedral we know today was not begun until 1163.
45 “Odo de Deuil”: Odo de Deuil, p. 3. From a letter written to Suger in the winter of 1148 while on the Second Crusade.
46 “In sex Louis”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 90.
46 Description of Paris: Holmes, pp. 77-107.
48 “Peter Abélard blazed”: John of Salisbury, Metalogicon, p. 95.
48 “It seems inconceivable”: Abélard. p. 15.
49 “He would always remain”: Suger, Vie, p. 267.
49 “The queen Suger”: Ibid., p. 280.
49 “He had such a great knowledge”: Suger, Oeuvres, p. 382.
49 “In recent years”: James, Letters, p. 112.
50 Political situation in Orléans and Poitiers: Richard, vol. 2, pp. 61—68.
51 “His demands were positively”: Molinier, p. 151.
53 “Unlike previous French queens”: Facinger, pp. 28—29.
53 Toulouse expedition: Ordericus Vitalis, vol. 4, p. 221.
54 “Eleanor’s private feelings”: Her ideal man was not very different from that of most women in the twelfth century.
54 “Still. perhaps from pitv”: Later Louis gave the vase to Suger. It can be seen today in the Louvre with the following inscription:
Hoc vas Sponsa dedit Aenor Regi Ludovici, Mitadolus avo. mihi Rex. sanctisque Sugerus.
Eleanor, his wife. gave this vase to King Louis. Mitadolus gave it to her grandfather, the king gave it to me, I, Suger give it to the Saints.
54 “She would make a holiday”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 77.
55 “That year the archbishopric”: James, Saint, p. 153.
56 “Like Eleanor”: John of Salisbury. Hist. Pont., p. 14.
56 Marriage of Ralph and Petronilla: Richard, vol. 2, pp. 78-79.
57 “Innocent’s response”: James, Letters, p. 361.
57 “In January 1143”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 79.
Behind the Red Cross
59 “But Louis, feeling his soul”: Gervaise, vol. 3, p. 94.
60 Bernard’s letters to Pope Innocent and Louis VII: James, Letters, pp. 362-365.
61 “In early 1144”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 81.
63 Suger’s Gothic cathedral: Heer, p. 397.
64 “No one would have taken”: Gervaise, vol. 3, p. 98.
64 “His whole body”: Alan, bishop of Auxerre, trans. in Coulton, Life in the Middle Ages, p. 162.
65 “His hostility”: James, Saint, p. 40. Bernard succeeded in shaming his sister; two years later she entered a convent.
65 “It is ironic”: James, Letters, pp. 174-177.
65 “Bernard remembered the queen”: Ibid., p. 175.
66 “By the time she had finished”: James, Saint, p. 159; Williams, p. 215; Richard, vol. 2, p. 81.
66 “My child”: Migne, vol. 185, pp. 332 and 527.
67 “The papal bans”: John of Salisbury, Hist. Pont., pp. 12, 14; Molinier, p. 150, n. 4.
67 “Following the havoc”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 82.
68 “That year of 1145”: Ibid., p. 84.
68 “Then in the closing days”: Oldenbourg, p. 319.
69 “Although rumors of disturbances”: Runciman, vol. 2, p. 247.
69 “At Christmas court”: Odo de Deuil, p. 7; Chronique de Morigny, p. 85.
70 “Among those who voiced disapproval”: Odo de Deuil, p. 7, n. 6.
71 “And since there was no place”: Ibid., p. 9. Other chroniclers claim that the platform, except for the portion Louis stood on, collapsed, but no one was injured. Odo fails to mention the incident.
71 “Soon Bernard’s supply”: Ibid.
72 “Later, after the newly blessed cruciati”: It is a dramatic story but probably not true. The tale is mentioned in Gervaise, vol. 3, p. 118. and has been repeated by numerous writers, including some fairly modern ones. “This band of mad-women practiced Amazonian exercises and performed a thousand follies in public” (Strickland, vol. 1, p. 246).
72 “William of Newburgh”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, pp. 92-93.
73 “To him, taking the cross”: Oldenbourg, p. 324.
74 “William of Tyre relates”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 179.
74 “At Fontevrault”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 85.
75 “Finally, at Christmas”: Williams, p. 274.
75 “For this purpose”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 1, p. 498.
76 Etampes conference: Odo de Deuil, pp. 13—15.
76 “Suger was only slightly”: Ibid., p. 15. n. 36.
77 “The crowds and the king’s wife”: Ibid., p. 19.
80 “Somewhere in that unruly torrent”: Marks, pp. 138-143. Rudel did not return. Either he was killed or he may have entered a monastery in Antioch and died there.
To Jerusalem
82 “Her critics”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 180.
83 “Odo de Deuil”: Odo de Deuil, p. 21.
84 “Resigning herself”: Odo includes only four brief references to Eleanor, and in not one of them does he call her by name. It has been suggested that Odo’s work may have been subsequently revised, and all extensive references to Eleanor excised. For example, in the following passage, it would seem that a lacuna occurs: “Occasionally the empress wrote to the queen. And then the Greeks degenerated into women; putting aside all manly vigor, both of words and of spirit, they lightly swore whatever they thought would please us, but they neither kept faith with us nor maintained respect for themselves.” Odo de Deuil, p. 57.
84 “The bishop of Langres”: Ibid., p. 27.
85 “To the thirteen-year-old”: Anna Comnena, p. 248.
86 “Odo, having nothing”: Odo de Deuil, p. 33.
86 “In a mood”: Delisle, vol. 15, p. 487.
86 “For the other countries”: Odo de Deuil, p. 41.
87 “Instead, in some bewilderment”: Ibid., p. 45.
87 “The only Greeks”: Ibid.
87 “Because of this”: Ibid., p. 57.
87 “In other words”: John of Salisbury, Hist. Pont., p. 54.
87 “Since the bodies”: Odo de Deuil, p. 47.
88 “While Rome had sunk”: Ibid., p. 63.
89 “Even Eleanor and Louis”: Ibid., p. 61, n. 5. Odo is vague about their accommodations. Some historians have concluded that they were lodged in Manuel’s palace, the Blachernae, but I believe that if they had been invited to share the royal residence, Odo would have mentioned it. Probably he avoided doing so because he wished to gloss over the snub.
89 “Touring the Blachernae”: Odo de Deuil, p. 65.
90 “Her fortunes transformed”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 174.
91 “Conscientiously she organized”: Odo de Deuil, p. 67.
93 “Odo tells us”: Ibid., p. 67.
93 “One day”: Ibid., p. 75
94 “It was feared”: Ibid., p. 83.
94 “The victorious Turks”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 168.
95 “Louis, nevertheless”: Odo de Deuil, p. 91.
96 “Most likely Conrad”: Ibid., p. 99.
96 “Although you do not fear”: Ibid., p. 105.
96 “Eventually he came across”: Ibid.
96 “Perchance”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 174.
97 “Filled with joy”: Ibid., p. 175.
98 “Harassed at every step”: Odo de Deuil, p. 111.
99 “At noon”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 175.
99 “Although there was no avenue”: Odo de Deuil, p. 119.
99 “William of Tyre”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 176.
100 “His royal bodyguard”: Odo de Deuil, p. 119.
100 “No aid came”: Ibid., p. 117.
100 “With tremulous voice”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 177.
100 “By many of the Franks”: These charges would pursue Eleanor down to modern times. “The freaks of Queen Eleanor and her female warriors were the cause of all the misfortunes that befell King Louis and his army, especially in the defeat at Laodicea.” Strickland, vol. 1, p. 246.
101 “With this food”: Odo de Deuil, p. 129.
102 “Let us, the king insisted”: Ibid., p. 131.
102 “It is not difficult”: Ibid., p. 133.
103 “It was more like”: Hill, Gesta Francorum, p. 76; Munro, p. 19.
104 “Thirteen years earlier”: Runciman, vol. 2, p. 199.
104 Raymond’s reception of the Crusaders: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 180.
107 “While Louis had been”: In justice to Louis, it should be noted that as a rule the Capetian kings were faithful husbands; only two bastards were recorded for the fourteen kings of their dynasty (Fawtier, p. 52).
108 “Undoubtedly he recalled”: John of Salisbury, Hist. Pont., p. 52.
108 “How Louis initially reacted”: Ibid., p. 53.
108 “So when Louis objected”: Ibid.
108 “Five years earlier”: James, Letters, p. 371.
109 “Louis could not deny”: Their kinship was extremely complicated. Another way of reckoning was that Eleanor’s great-grandmother Aldeardis was an aunt of Louis’s mother, Adelaide.
109 “However deeply moved”: John of Salisbury, Hist. Pont., p. 53.
109 “He boldly persuaded”: Ibid.
110 “The archbishop would say”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 180.
110 “The anonymous chronicle”: Minstrel of Reims, p. 258.
111 “The chronicles provide”: John of Salisbury, Hist. Pont., p. 53.
111 “Louis’s arrival in Syria”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 181.
The Unwanted Crown
112 “At the Jaffa Gate”: William of Tyre, ‘vol. 2, p. 183.
113 “John of Salisbury”: John of Salisbury, Hist. Pont., p. 53.
114 “At this time, Frankish Syria”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 182.
114 “In mid-May”: Ibid., p. 185.
114 “Among the Crusaders”: Ibid., p. 181.
115 “This was, to put it mildly”: Runciman, vol. 2, p. 281.
115 “On Saturday, July 24”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, pp. 187-190.
116 “Arab historian”: ibn-al-Qalanisi, trans. in Gabrieli, p. 59.
117 “On both sides”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 194.
117 “Slowly the crusading army”: John of Salisbury, Hist. Pont., p. 58.
118 “Thinly disguised”: Delisle, vol. 15, pp. 509—510.
118 “O eternal God”: Hill, Gesta Francorum, p. 102.
118 “She had climbed”: Ibid., p. 99.
119 “Many thinking men”: John of Salisbury, Hist. Pont., p. 11.
119 “Less charitable chroniclers”: Delisle, vol. 12, p. 88.
121 “Nevertheless, Eleanor’s determination”: Ibid., p. 53.
121 “The king was appealed”: Ibid., p. 60.
121 “Whatever adventures”: Delisle, vol. 15, p. 513.
121 “After we were welcomed”: Ibid.
122 “As William of Tyre”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 197.
122 “Wearied by killing”: Ibid.
123 “According to one of Louis’s letters”: Delisle, vol. 15, p. 518.
124 Meeting at Tusculum: John of Salisbury, Hist. Pont., pp. 61—62, 81.
126 “Some miles southeast”: Delisle. vol. 15, p. 518.
127 “To the king returning”: Gervaise, vol. 3, p. 349.
128 “To her consternation”: Some of Eleanor’s recent interpreters have preferred to conclude that she was already pregnant when she arrived at Tusculum (Kelly, p. 70). This seems unlikely because for several years, and especially once the matter of a divorce was broached in Antioch, abstinence from any physical relations between Eleanor and Louis was certainly total. By then, Eleanor wanted nothing more to do with Louis as a husband, and she would hardly have run the risk of another pregnancy.
128 “To those who later recalled”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 1, p. 291.
130 “If luck failed”: Fawtier, p. 50.
131 “With him at Barfleur”: Henry of Huntingdon, p. 306.
131 “The king embarked”: William of Malmesbury, vol. 2, p. 496.
132 “The small boat”: Ibid., p. 497.
132 “Prince William”: Henry of Huntingdon, p. 307.
132 “Most appalled”: Ibid., p. 383.
133 “Two years after the birth”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 1, p. 482.
134 “He was, wrote Walter”: Walter Map, p. 296.
134 “Headstrong, intolerant”: Gesta Stephani, p. 91.
134 “Men said”: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 200.
134 “In the north country”: Richard of Hexham, p. 152.
135 “In the Isle of Ely”: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 199.
135 “The best description”: Henry of Huntingdon, p. 400.
135 “Judging from a letter”: James, Letters, p. 474.
136 “Once, he had met”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 309.
Stalking the Planta Genesta
138 “There were Frankish”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 108.
142 “This appalling blasphemy”: Robert of Torigni, p. 162.
142 “His close-cropped”: Walter Map, pp. 297, 302.
143 “William of Newburgh tried”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 93.
144 “On the other hand”: Walter Map, p. 297.
146 “According to Gerald”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 300. After 1184, Gerald became a royal chaplain at Henry’s court and as such was an eyewitness. to the last years of his reign. Disappointed, however, over the king’s refusal to confirm his election to the see of St. David’s, he took a belated revenge by composing a lengthy tract, De Principis Instructione (For the Instruction of Princes), viciously detailing the follies and vices of Henry and his sons.
146 “That night, Geoffrey”: Robert of Torigni, p. 163.
147 “In late September”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 104.
147 “In Eleanor’s lifetime”: Migne, vol. 212, p. 1057.
147 “The Minstrel of Reims”: Minstrel of Reims, p. 258.
148 “On March 21, 1152”: Delisle, vol. 12, p. 127.
148 “A chronicler of a later century”: Bouchet, p. 141.
149 “Near the city of Blois”: Salmon, p. 135. Later that year. Theobald of Blois was betrothed to Eleanor’s two-year-old daughter, Alix. They were married in 1164.
151 “Under the direction”: Walter Map, p. 298.
151 “Anything he had once heard”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 215.
151 Map’s description of Matilda and Henry: Walter Map, pp. 62, 298-299.
152 “Although fairly slender”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 214.
152 “Constantly in motion”: Peter of Blois, in Migne, vol. 207, p. 66; Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 160; Walter Map, pp. 213-214; Ralph Niger, p. 169.
153 “Since we know”: Robert of Torigni, pp. 164-165; Richardson, p. 194.
153 “Burning with hatred”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 175.
154 “Backed by his brother”: Robert of Torigni, p. 165.
154 “At a furious rate”: Ibid., pp. 169—170.
154 “Bereft of hope”: GestaStephani, p. 149.
155 “At the Abbey of Saint-Maixent”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 111.
155 “It was at Fontevrault”: Round, Cal. Doc., p. 375.
157 “In the midst”: Richard, vol. 2, pp. 113—114.
157 “A man who detested”: Henry of Huntingdon, p. 291.
158 “It has been suggested”: Richard, vol. 2. p. 115.
159 “The castle of Angers”: Marks, p. 156.
159 “The son of an archer”: Ibid., p. 161.
160 “The duchess of Aquitaine”: Hill and Bergin, vol. 1, p. 38.
160 Bernard’s view of Eleanor: Ibid., pp. 42-43, 50-52.
160 “I am not one to scorn”: Ibid., p. 52; trans. by Marks, p. 166.
161 Henry’s invasion: Henry of Huntingdon, pp. 290—291.
161 “It was, the chronicles tell us”: Gesta Stephani, p. 157.
162 “On August 17”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1, p. 155.
162 Treaty of Winchester: Delisle and Berger, vol. 1, p. 61.
162 “He understood, too”: Henry of Huntingdon, p. 296.
162 “Around Easter”: Ibid.
163 “In the previous year”: Walter Map, p. 299. Henry’s other known illegitimate son, William Longspee or Longsword. may also have been born during his 1153—54 visit to England.
165 “Toward the end of October”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1, p. 159; Henry of Huntingdon, p. 296.
165 “Still, people hoped”: Henry of Huntingdon, p. 297.
165 “The weatherbeaten youth”: Gerald of Wales. DPI, p. 157.
166 “The royal vessel landed”: Henry of Huntingdon, p. 296.
167 Description of London: William Fitz Stephen, pp. 2-13.
168 “There daily you may find”: Ibid., p. 5.
168 “Eleven days later”: Gervase of Canterburv. vol. 1, p. 159.
168 “Immediately afterward”: English Historical Documents, vol. 2, p. 407.
169 “Once Henry and Eleanor”: Henry of Huntingdon, p. 296.
169 “As for Eleanor”: Strickland, vol. 1, p. 255.
Queen of the English
170 “Some made sleds”: William Fitz Stephen, p. 11.
170 “Around the entrance”: In the twelfth century, the official language of England was Norman French. I presume that eventually Eleanor was able to understand something of what was said when subjects addressed her in English.
170 “Ever since Christmas”: Gervase of Canterbury. vol. 1. p. 160.
171 “Otherwise the chronicles”: Eyton. p. 85. n. 5. In addition to Emma. Henry had another illegitimate sister. Aldewide.
172 “Theobald had assured him”: Brooke and Brooke, p. 88.
172 “Thomas was a slender”: Icelandic Saga, trans. in English Historical Documents, vol. 2, p. 704, n. 6.
172 “Born in London”: William Fitz Stephen, p. 14.
174 “The assignment”: Ibid., p. 19.
174 “In early June”: Hall, Court Life under the Plantagenets, p. 57-59.
175 “Roger of Hovedon”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 1, p. 256.
175 “They became inseparable”: William Fitz Stephen, p. 20.
175 “In contrast to his master”: Migne, vol. 207, pp. 195-210.
175 “Various anecdotes”: William Fitz Stephen. pp. 24—25.
176 “He ordered his hall”: Ibid., pp. 18—21.
176 “So sumptuous”: Ibid., p. 25.
177 “It was said that he adored”: John of Salisbury, Materials, vol. 2, p. 302.
177 “And in a letter”: Materials, vol. 7, p. 307.
179 “He delighted beyond measure”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 214.
180 “Whoever promises”: Richard Fitzneale, p. 122.
181 “Working with Richard”: Caenegem, p. 460.
182 “The pipe rolls show”: Pipe Roll 2 Henry II, p. 4; Pipe Roll 3 Henry II, p. 71.
182 “During her first four years”: Pipe Roll 2 Henry II, p. 34.
182 “Perhaps at this time”: Holmes, p. 31.
182 “In the end”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 114.
183 “In July”: Eyton, p. 18.
183 “In England”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 102.
184 “The various subdivisions”: Richard, vol. 2, pp. 151-153.
184 “That fall, however”: Ibid., pp. 122-123.
186 “Owain’s forces”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 107.
187 “On September 8”: Eyton, p. 30.
187 “A woman of Saint Albans”: Norgate, Richard, p. 2. Richard’s milk brother, Alexander Neckam, would become known as the author of a treatise on natural science.
187 “A prophecy attributed”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 2, p. 67.
188 “When Henry promised”: Peter of Blois, Letter 14, in Migne, vol. 207, pp. 48-49.
189 “He was slow”: Walter Map, p. 303.
189 “But even though the discomforts”: Ibid., p. 298.
189 “The meat, half-cooked”: Peter of Blois, Letter 14, in Migne, vol. 207, pp. 48-49.
189 “By December”: Eyton, pp. 29-41.
190 “A writ issued”: Ibid., p. 40.
190 “According to the pipe rolls”: Ibid., p. 42.
191 “The discipline”: Labarge, p. 46.
191 “At the same time”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 215.
192 “Two hundred and fifty footmen”: William Fitz Stephen, pp. 29-33.
194 “Now he proposed”: Robert of Torigni, p. 196.
195 “Not only was it granted”: Ibid., p. 198.
197 “Perhaps Walter Map”: Walter Map. p. 303.
197 “Henry was not so crass”: Robert of Torigni, p. 200.
198 “Not wishing to inconvenience”: Ibid., p. 202.
198 “Nevertheless, some years later”: Materials, vol. 5. p. 525.
199 “Within a week”: Robert of Torigni, p. 203.
199 “Foolish superstition”: William Fitz Stephen, p. 33.
Betrayals
203 “To judge from the pipe rolls”: Eyton, p. 51.
203 “For the repair”: Pipe Roll 6 Henry II, p. 49.
204 “After a difficult”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 1, p. 303.
204 “On November 2”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 1, p. 258.
204 “Having satisfactorily demonstrated”: William of Newburgh. vol. 1, p. 159.
205 “In a last pathetic letter”: John of Salisbury, Letters, p. 249.
206 “He strengthened”: Robert of Torigni, p. 209.
206 “Taking advantage”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 141.
207 “The fact that he had not”: Migne, vol. 207, p. 221.
210 “The chancellor, however”: Herbert Bosham, p. 180.
210 “Even though Eleanor”: Pipe Roll 8, Henry II, p. 43.
210 “You do not yet fully comprehend”: Herbert Bosham, pp. 180-181.
211 “According to Becket’s close friend”: John of Salisbury, Materials, vol. 2, p. 305.
211 “Richard, he demanded”: Herbert Bosham, vol. 3, p. 182.
212 “Putting off the secular”: William Fitz Stephen, pp. 37—39.
212 “By the eyes of God”: Guernes, p. 23.
213 “Becket’s tactless haste”: According to Eyton, p. 174, n. 1, Henry did not appoint another chancellor until 1173, although the duties of the office were unofficially assigned to others.
213 “As Eleanor could have predicted”: William Fitz Stephen, p. 43.
213 “Eleanor, too, was anxious”: Ibid., p. 41.
214 “Judging from the pipe rolls”: Pipe Roll 9 Henry II, p. 71.
214 “By this time”: There is no trace of any writs issued in Eleanor’s name after September 1163 (Richardson, p. 197).
214 “The king’s courtiers”: William Fitz Stephen, p. 41.
215 “By God’s eyes”: Edward Grim, p. 374.
215 “For some time now”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 141.
216 “At Woodstock now”: Edward Grim, p. 373.
217 “Before his listeners”: Materials, vol. 4, p. 202.
217 “My lord of Canterbury”: Ibid.
217 “Thomas pointed out”: Ibid.
218 “He was not demanding”: “Roger of Pontigny,” p. 26.
218 “What was done”: Ibid.
218 “By the eyes of God”: Ibid.
218 “The behavior of some clerks”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 141.
219 “The whole day passed”: Herbert Bosham, p. 274.
219 “Meeting Thomas”: “Roger of Pontigny,” pp. 27-29.
220 “Eleanor and Henry celebrated”: Eyton, p. 66.
221 “On January 25”: Ibid., p. 69.
221 “At which point”: “Roger of Pontigny,” p. 33.
222 “After the provisions”: Ibid., pp. 36—37.
222 “Becket’s reaction”: Ibid.
223 “He and Eleanor spent”: Eyton, p. 71.
224 “Henry’s taunts”: Herbert Bosham, p. 294.
225 “One chronicler states”: Ibid., p. 299.
225 “At the castle doorway”: William Fitz Stephen, p. 57.
226 “Where are you going?”: William of Canterbury, p. 39
226 “According to one chronicler”: “Roger of Pontigny,” p. 52.
226 “Others claim”: William of Canterbury, p. 39; Edward Grim, p. 399.
226 “When Henry learned”: “Roger of Pontigny,” p. 55.
226 “Be it known to you”: English Historical Documents, p. 734.
227 “Who was Archbishop”: Herbert Bosham, p. 332.
227 “Then the king of France”: “Roger of Pontigny,” p. 59.
227 “Christmas 1164”: Materials, vol. 6, p. 72.
228 “The next day”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 142.
228 “In the dead of winter”: Herbert Bosham, pp. 358-359.
229 “After Henry’s departure”: Eyton, p. 85. - .
230 “In July, the bishop”: Materials, vol. 5, p. 197.
231 “In August 1165”: Gerald of Wales. DPI, p. 290.
231 “Later it would be recalled”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 1, p. 267.
231 “In Angers. Eleanor”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 1, p. 329.
232 “The Poitevins”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1, p. 205.
232 “In fact. some Poitevin”: Materials, vol. 6, p. 266.
232 “In early March”: Eyton, p. 91.
232 “Once back on the Continent”: Ibid., pp. 92—97.
233 “Crossing the Channel”: Ibid., p. 108.
233 “There, on Christmas Eve”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 1, p. 325. Robert of Torigni (p. 233) places John’s birth a year later, in 1167. This seems to be an error, because at the time that Eleanor would have had to conceive in order to give birth in December 1167, she was in England and Henry on the Continent.
The Court of Love
234 “Her crisped locks”: The Ballad of Fair Rosamond, in Child, vol. 7, pp. 283—291.
234 “Rosamond Clifford”: Archer, p. 531.
235 “In the densely forested park”: Child, vol. 7. pp. 283—291.
235 “The first association”: Heltzel, p. 100.
235 “Except for this particular chronicle”: In a ballad written about 1685, Queen Eleanor’s Confession, she makes a deathbed confession of Rosamond’s murder to Henry and William Marshal, who have disguised themselves as friars.
235 “Gerald of Wales”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 165.
236 “A chronicler tells”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 257.
236 “Rosamond was then interred”: Ralph of Higden, p. 53.
238 “To that end”: Pipe Roll 13 Henry II, pp. 2-3.
239 “One account claims”: Eyton, p. 109.
239 “At Winchester”: Ibid., p. 112.
240 “Girding himself”: Robert of Torigni, pp. 235-236.
241 “As a result”: Guillaume le Maréchal, I. 1869-88.
243 “He opened the parley”: William of Canterbury, p. 73.
245 “On the whole matter”: Herbert Bosham, p. 418.
245 “Finally, he turned to Louis”: Alan of Tewkesbury, p. 347.
245 “Turning to the archbishop”: Herbert Bosham, p. 423.
247 “Life expectancy”: Holmes, pp. 226-227.
247 “In the opinion of one chronicler”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 145.
249 “It is believed that John”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 373.
250 “In her time”: Creekmore, p. 40.
251 “The inferiority of the female”: Adams, p. 199.
253 “There is little”: Andreas Capellanus, pp. 81-82.
254 “The remnants of the royal family”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 1, p. 334.
255 “In early August”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi, vol. 1, p. 6.
255 “And in that year”: Edward Grim, p. 435.
255 “In July”: Materials, vol. 7, pp. 326-333.
255 “In the end”: English Historical Documents, p. 756.
256 “He would even ignore”: William Fitz Stephen, p. 116.
256 “As he set out”: Herbert Bosham, p. 478.
256 “He had brought with him”: William Fitz Stephen, p. 122.
257 “Their evil accusations”: Ibid., p. 127.
257 “Exasperated, the king”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 161.
257 “I have nourished”: Materials, vol. 2, p. 429.
257 “Nor was it noticed”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 162.
257 “Once admitted”: Edward Grim, p. 431.
257 “Stop your threats”: Materials, vol. 2, p. 432.
257 The murder of Becket: Ibid., pp. 433-438.
259 “While the body”: Ibid., p. 15
259 “At the messenger’s”: Arnulf, bishop of Lisieux, Letter to Pope Alexander, in English Historical Documents, p. 770.
259 “At Winchester”: William Fitz Stephen, p. 149.
260 “Almost everyone”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 165.
261 “Once Marie’s husband”: Walter Map, p. 282.
261 “To Gerald of Wales”: Ibid., p. 281.
262 “Possibly she accepted”: Ralph of Higden, p. 31.
262 “The Young King”: Guillaume le Maréchal, 1.1956-8.
262 “He was beautiful”: Walter Map, p. 178.
262 “On another occasion”: Robert of Torigni, p. 253.
263 “He may have been noble”: Walter Map, p. 179.
263 “Baseness of temper”: Ibid.
263 “Foolishly liberal”: Robert of Torigni, p. 305.
263 “He was a restless”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 234.
263 “He was tall in stature”: Itinerary of Richard I, trans. in Hassall, p. 100.
264 “Gerald of Wales”; Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 177.
264 “Roger of Hovedon”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi vol. 1, p. 297.
264 “Afterwards between you and your son”: Jordan Fantosme, p. 203.
265 “For those who kept track”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 1, p. 368.
The Wheel of Fortune Turns
266 “Anything that smacked”: Guillaume le Maréchal, 1.2399.
267 “Henry did not care”: Ibid., 1. 2637-95.
268 “Gervase of Canterbury”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1, p. 242.
268 “The anonymous chronicler”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi, vol. 1, p. 42.
268 “William of Newburgh”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 171.
268 “Richard Fitzneale”: Richard Fitzneale, pp. 65-66.
271 “Louis replied”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 170.
271 “Soon after”: Ibid.
271 “Apparently undisturbed”: Pipe Roll 19 Henry II, p. 55.
271 “Pious queen”: Migne, vol. 207, pp. 448-449.
272 “In that spring of 1173”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1, p. 243.
273 “On the twenty-ninth”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 1, p. 368.
274 “Only a few months earlier”: Richard le Poitevin, in Delisle, vol. 12, p. 419.
274 “The sole annalist”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1, p. 242.
275 “A twentieth-century historian”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 170, n. 2.
275 “On Whitsunday”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 1, p. 379.
276 “Eleanor was carried”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 1. p. 380.
276 “Lord, if in my heart”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 1, p. 382.
277 “His footsteps”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1, p. 248.
277 “Brien, what news”: Jordan Fantosme, p. 369.
278 “Furthermore, King Henry”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi. vol. 1, pp. 77-79.
278 “The king and his four sons”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 1, p. 396.
279 “Tell me, Eagle”: Richard le Poitevin, in Delisle, vol. 12, p. 420.
281 “During that year”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 1, p. 404.
281 “The winter was so severe”: Robert of Torigni, p. 270.
281 “Entries in the Pipe Rolls”: Pipe Roll 23 Henry II, p. 166.
281 “For 2 cloaks”: Pipe Roll 24 Henry II, p. 128.
281 “In 1117, the chroniclers”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 1, p. 456.
282 “Gerald of Wales”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, pp. 165-66, 232.
282 “Had he not publicly”: Gerald of Wales, De Vita Galfredi, p. 368.
282 “Philip and his young friends”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici, vol. 1, p. 240; Robert of Torigni, pp. 282-83.
283 “Said the martyr”: Robert of Torigni, pp. 282—83.
283 “The coronation was rescheduled”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 1, p. 518.
283 “On September 18”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 45.
283 “In perhaps a more impartial”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 223.
284 “His imprisonment of Eleanor”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 282.
284 “Ralph of Diceto”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 1, p. 399.
285 “Henry the young king”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 2, p. 43.
286 “The troubadour Bertran de Born”: Clédat. p. 44.
287 “While Geoffrey expressed”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 2, pp. 18-19.
288 “War was in his heart”: Walter Map. p. 180.
288 “Where is your filial”: Peter of Blois, in Migne, vol. 207, p. 110.
288 “It was said that the Young King”: Walter Map, p. 179.
289 “On Saturday, June 11”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 26.
289 “What news”: Geoffrey of Vigeois, in Delisle, vol. 18, pp. 218—219.
289 “Dismissing those who had crowded”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 27.
289 “She asked Agnellus”: Ralph of Coggeshall, pp. 272-273.
290 “In 1184, she received”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici, vol. 1, p. 305.
290 “Apparently, her household”: Pipe Roll 30 Henry II, p. 39.
290 “We know that she spent Easter”: Pipe Roll 30 Henry II, p. 70.
290 “Reveling in her freedom”: Ibid., p. 135.
291 “Ordered to attend”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici, vol. 1, pp. 319—320.
291 “No expense”: Pipe Roll 31 Henry II, p. 44.
292 “Arming his castles”: Roger of Hovedon. vol. 2. pp. 50-51.
292 “Those who cast their eyes”: Ibid., pp. 36-50.
292 “On his orders”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici, vol. 1, p. 338.
293 “I wonder, he once mused”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 293.
294 “William of Newburgh claimed”: William of Newburgh. vol. 1. p. 235.
294 “When he refused to yield”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici vol. 1. p. 350.
294 “His body was laid”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 235.
294 “Overcome, Philip Augustus”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 176.
296 “Despite Henry’s age”: Ibid., pp. 256-257.
296 “Now. cried Richard”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1, p. 435.
297 “O God, he cried”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 283.
297 “By God’s legs”: Guillaume le Maréchal, 1. 8837-47.
298 “Marshal, sweet gentle sir”: Ibid., 1. 8955—90.
298 “As Richard advanced”: Gerald of Wales, DPI p. 296.
298 “When Roger returned”: Guillaume le Maréchal, 1.9051—2.
299 “Is it true”: Ibid., I. 9083-4.
299 “Say no more”: Gerald of Wales, DPI. p. 295.
299 “In the final hours”: Ibid., p. 297.
299 “One could not tell”: Guillaume le Maréchal, 1.9294—8.
299 “Then he knelt”: Gerald of Wales. DPI, p. 305.
299 “At that moment”: Ibid. There is no need to place any credence in this detail. According to Broughton (p. 88) the belief that the wounds of a slain man will bleed afresh at the approach of the murderer was widespread in the twelfth century, and by applying this belief to Richard, the chroniclers were simply demonstrating the strained relations between father and son. Actually, it was not Richard who destroyed Henry but the Young King and John.
299 “It was, a chronicler said”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici, vol. 2, p. 71.
Autumn and After
300 “But Eleanor, perhaps using”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 2, p. 67.
301 “With a sagacity”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 112.
301 “Only William of Newburgh”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 293.
302 “Roger of Wendover”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 2, p. 77.
302 “In the midst of her journeying”: Around this time she must have received news that her daughter Matilda had died on July 28.
302 “So complete was his security”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 2, p. 68.
302 “Briefly, Richard and Eleanor”: John’s betrothed, Princess Alice of Maurienne, had died.
302 “Through the nave”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 117.
303 “Three days of festivities”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 2, p. 81.
303 “When Abbot Samson”: Jocelin of Brakelond, p. 46.
304 “The king, people said”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 306.
304 “Although Gerald of Wales’s”: Gerald of Wales, De Vita Galfredi, p. 420.
305 “Already along the coast”: Richard of Devizes, p. 394.
305 “Whoever shall kill”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Ricardi, vol. 1, pp. 110-111.
306 “To judge from the charters”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 268.
306 “His contemporaries”: Itinerary of Richard I, trans. in Hassall, p. 100.
306 “Already people called him”: Hill and Bergin, vol. 1, p. 111. The practice of calling brave men lions was not limited to Richard Lionheart. His great-grandfather Henry I had been called the Lion of Justice; Duke Henry of Saxony was also known as the Lion, and so was King William of Scotland.
308 “Eleanor distrusted him”: Gerald of Wales, De Vita Galfredi, p. 379.
309 “There was no fault”: Richard of Devizes, p. 402; Ambrose, in Stone, p. 26.
310 “Many know what I wish”: Richard of Devizes, p. 402.
310 “Declared Philip violently”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 195.
311 “And as if all this”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 2, p. 101.
312 “Calling together the bishops”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 231.
312 “Pretending to be a woman”: Ibid., p. 236.
312 “Sitting on a rock”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 2. p. 113.
313 “That day the crusading camp”: Ambrose, in Stone, pp. 40-41.
314 “Grossly offended”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1, p. 514.
314 “Ten days after the fall”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici, vol. 2, pp. 182- 183.
315 “On January 20, 1192”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 257.
315 “Fearing that the light-minded youth”: Richard of Devizes, p. 432.
315 “All the great men”: Ibid.
316 “Sweet Lord”: Ambrose, in Stone, p. 159.
317 “On December 28”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, pp. 278-279.
317 Anselm’s story: Ralph of Coggeshall, pp. 53—60.
320 “In the meantime, Eleanor”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1, p. 515.
320 “Her attitude was probably”: Roger of Hovedon. vol. 2, p. 281.
320 “His death, it was decided”: The mark was not a coin but a unit of account equivalent to eight ounces of silver or 120 silver pennies.
321 “The kingdom was stripped”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 399.
321 “From Haguenau”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, pp. 290—291.
321 “It is said that I”: Halliwell-Phillipps, pp. 7—9.
321 “He was always cheery”: Ralph of Coggeshall, p. 58.
322 “Feeble the words”: Richard Coeur de Lion, Sirventes, trans. in Norgate, Richard the Lion Heart, p. 278.
322 “I am all defiled”: Wood, vol. 1, pp. 14-23.
323 “Quick to realize”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 286.
324 “On February 4”: Ibid., p. 310.
324 “Her eldest son”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 2, p. 114.
324 “Once Richard’s release”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 297.
324 “With Richard, she made”: Ibid., p. 316.
324 “Not until May 12”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1. p. 527.
324 “Think no more of it”: Guillaume le Maréchal, 1. 10365—419.
325 According to the chronicles”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 325.
326 “We know that on one occasion”: Pipe Roll 9 Richard I, 98; Round, Cal. Doc., p. 388.
327 “When finally Philip”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 290.
328 “A surgeon of sorts”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 453.
328 “With an old friend”: Round, Cal. Doc., p. 472.
328 “He bequeathed”: Nichols, p. 11.
328 “What evil”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 453.
328 “On Tuesday, April 6”: Ralph of Coggeshall, p. 96.
329 “For his greed”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 454.
The Last Battle
330 “Ranulph de Glanville”: De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae and Le Trés Ancien Coutumier de Normandie. trans. in Warren, King John, p. 49.
331 “On the evening of April 10”: Guillaume le Maréchal, I. 11877—908.
331 “Hostis naturae”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 402.
331 “Henry had wanted”: Ibid., p. 235.
332 “During Richard’s last hours”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 334.
333 “While these matters”: Magna Vita, pp. 288-291.
333 “Finally, on Easter Sunday”: Ibid., pp. 291—295.
334 “Unheeding of her age”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 457.
335 “On May 27”: Ralph of Coggeshall, p. 99; Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 458.
335 “Toward the end of April”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 335.
335 “From her ducal inheritance”: Round. Cal. Doc., pp. 472—473.
336 “Justice was dispensed”: ]bid., p. 335.
336 “Petronilla”: Neither Petronilla’s later life nor the date of her death is recorded.
337 “At La Rochelle”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 239.
337 “In July, she swallowed”: Oeuvres de Rigord, vol. 1, p. 146; Richard, vol. 2, p. 353.
338 “Unable to stand”: Roger of Hovedon. vol. 2, p. 463.
339 “At the conclusion”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 2. p. 92.
339 “Eleanor’s chests”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 472.
341 “There was something about the child”: Blanche of Castile. the mother of Saint Louis, became regent of France during her illustrious son’s youth.
341 “While she was staying”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 480.
342 “Early in 1200”: Ralph of Diceto. vol. 2, p. 170.
342 “On seeing that the king”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 483.
343 “At the beginning of October”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 2, p. 170.
344 “By the middle of March”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 2, p. 201.
344 “But John had no such intention”: Hardy, Rotuli Chartarum, pp. 102—103.
346 “It was not until July 19”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 500.
346 “Using the Lusignans”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 2, p. 93.
346 “John airily replied”: Ralph of Coggeshall, p. 136.
347 “At Gournay”: Round, Cal. Doc., p. 475.
347 “Ever since his peace treaty”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 2. p. 93.
348 “In the meantime, Arthur”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 2, p. 203.
348 “But in the end”: Ralph of Coggeshall, p. 137.
349 “By Monday, July 31”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 2, pp. 203-204.
349 “With John came William”: Histoire des dues de Normandie et des rois d’Angleterre, p. 94.
349 “Dawn was breaking”: Ralph of Coggeshall, pp. 137-138.
350 “Venting his frustration”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 2, p. 205.
350 “Having secured his prisoners”: Ibid., p. 204.
351 “That year, John kept Christmas”: Ibid., p. 206.
351 “In November. John had released”: Ralph of Coggeshall, p. 139.
351 “The king addressed him”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 2, p. 205.
352 “Afterward, a chronicler said”: Ralph of Coggeshall, pp. 140-141.
352 “In February”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 2, p. 205.
353 “Opinion about the death”: Ibid., p. 206.
353 “The chronicler described”: Luard. Annals of Margam, p. 27.
353 “We send to you brother John”: Hardy, Rotuli Litt. Pat., p. 28.
353 “It has been suggested”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 424; Powicke, p. 476.
354 “Messengers came to John”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 2, p. 207.
354 “In the meantime”: Ibid.
354 “Whoso is afraid”: Guillaume le Maréchal, I. 12721-42.
354 “On December 5”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 2. p. 208.
355 “Those Norman barons”: Ibid., p. 214.
355 “She would not live”: In 1259, Henry III, John’s son and Eleanor’s grandson, gave up all claims to Normandy. Anjou, Maine, Touraine, and Poitou. The southern portion of Aquitaine, however, continued to be a source of discord between England and France for centuries. Not until the midfifteenth century would the last of Eleanor’s inheritance be incorporated into France. 355 “The chroniclers were too busy”: Peter of Blois, in Migne, vol. 207, p. 431.
355 “On April 1, 1204”: Luard, Annals of Waverley, p. 256.