Preface
1. Jones The Tower p. 53
2. Botfield and Turner, Manners II, i
3. Parsons C&H, p. 17
4. Parsons C&H p. 3, Hilton, Queens Consort, pp. 199, 203
1 The Backdrop
1. Foedera 209. On marriages as a means of autonomy see Parsons ‘Mothers Daughters’ and authorities cited there.
2. Parsons Q&S p. 7, Warren Henry II p. 42–5, Warren King John p. 19, Poole Domesday Book to Magna Carta p. 163, Turner Eleanor of Aquitaine p. 103, 105–6, 108
3. Turner p. 109, Warren King John pp. 21–3, Warren Henry II p. 47
4. Warren p. 117, Poole p. 329 Turner p. 194, Green Lives of the Princesses Vol I p. 264, 270–3, 278
5. Green, 1 pp. 284–287 Turner p. 289. On the dowry debate, the suggestion that Gascony was an actual part of the dowry is unlikely given Eleanor of Aquitaine’s influence and the later abandonment of the claim by Alfonso X. Given the destruction of key documents at the time of Eleanor and Edward’s wedding, the true facts are unlikely ever to be known: Cerda in Cahiers De Civilisation Medievale 54, 2011 p. 225.
6. O’Callaghan Alfonso X and the Cantigas de Santa Maria p. 39, Green Vol 1 pp. 287–289 Turner King John: England’s evil king? pp. 102–3, Bowie The Daughters of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine pp. 119–122 gives the best available account of the Alfonsine invasion.
7. Bianchini The Queen’s Hand p. 5, Lomax The Reconquest of Spain pp. 119–20, 122, Green Vol 1 p. 279–282, 293, Parsons QCB p. 203–5, 207, Pratt, Gorey, The Battles that Changed History p. 104
8. Green Vol 1 299–300, Lomax p. 126–7, Pratt, Gorey p. 106–110,
9. Ridder Simoens, A History of the University in Europe Vol 1 p. 92 Green p. 283. Eleanor’s grandfather Alfonso IX of Leon founded the stadium of Salamanca in 1218, presumably in imitation of Palencia. On troubadour patronage: ed. Akehurst A Handbook of Troubadours p. 273, McCash Cultural Patronage of Medieval women pp. 15–16,. Bowie, The Daughters of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine pp. 165–7 considers Eleanor’s promotion of the Becket cult.
10. Green Vol 1 p. 283–4, 286–7 289 Labande, Les Filles de Aliénor pp. 106–8.
11. HMS p. 38, 224, 242, 244, 338, CSM 1: 229
12. HMS p. 244–5, Bianchini p. 7, 73. For arras generally see Institutes of the Civil Law of Spain Vol 1 Title VII del Rio, Rodruiges, Palacios Women in Medieval Society ed. Bolton Stuard p. 77
13. HMS p. 245, Green Vol 1 pp. 289–90, O’Callaghan p. 245, Bianchini p. 71–77
14. Martinez Alfonso X p. 33, Szabolcs de Vajay (1989), p. 379,.
15. Green Vol 1 p. 303, 305, Martinez p. 29, Bianchini p. 238, 246 Lomax p. 131, O’Callaghan p. 335, Shadis 34–5, 41,.
16. Martinez p. 35–36 PCG II 718a. The children of the match were: King Alfonso X of Castile (November 23, 1221–1284) Fadrique (September 1223–1277), Fernando (1225–1243/1248) Leonor (1227–?,)Berenguela, (1228–1288/89), Enrique ‘El Senador’ (March 1230–August 1304) Felipe (1231–1274), Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo and Seville (1233–1261), Juan Manuel (1234–1283) Lord of Villena.
17. On John of Brienne see generally Perry John of Brienne King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople c 1175–1237. In particular see pp. 29–30, pp. 40–6, pp. 79–80, pp. 128–31
18. Shadis, p. 1; Martinez Alfonso X p. 32–3, O’Callaghan Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain p. 84, 87, 88, HMS p. 339–340, 344.
19. Warren Henry II p. 109, Warren King John pp. 43, 65 Churchill, History of the English Speaking Peoples Vol 1 p. 181
20. Monicat, M.J. Recueil des Actes de Philippe Auguste Roi de France, 1996.
21. Du Fresne Histoire des Comtes de Ponthieu p. 144. Baldwin, The government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power p. 201, Malo Un grand Feudataire: Renaud de Dammartin et le coalition de Bouvines
22. Poole From Domesday to Magna Carta p. 453, Powicke Loss of Normandy pp. 190–5, Baldwin The Government of Philip Augustus pp. 201–203
23. Malo p. 224. There is an eerie parallel between the story of Renaud’s fate and one of the versions of the fate of that other military man and seducer of heiresses Lord Bothwell. He too is reported to have spent the rest of his days chained in a dark hole to a chain of miniscule length. It gives one pause to wonder whether a moralist’s wish is father to the thought in such details.
24. Du Fresne p. 145, Malo pp. 220–3, Baldwin p. 342
25. DRH Book IX, C, XVIII, Foedera 216.
26. Foedera 217, 219, CM iii 327–8 Martinez p. 41. HIII vol 1 178–9,
27. Parsons Q&S p. 8, 260, Laurentie Saint Ferdinand p. 104–5. De Rebus Hispaniae reports concern that Ferdinand might involve himself with ‘illicit women’ and ‘dissipation in … wantonness’ which predated Ferdinand’s first marriage (9.10). This apparently resurfaced when he was widowed (9.80).
28. The other children of the marriage were Luis (1243–1269) Ximen (1244) and Juan (1245).
2 Eleanor’s Early Years
1. Strickland Lives of the Queens of England Vol 1 p. 79, Parsons Mothers, Daughters, pp. 66–68
2. DRH Book 9 Chap 18. He describes the last two children as ‘parvulus’ or very young. DRH 9.12, Laurentie p. 107, Parsons Birth/Children pp. 247–8, Botfield & Turner p. 99
3. PCG II 1057.
4. Gonzalo Conquistas 86–87, DRH book 9 ch 1, PCG II 1059
5. For the campaigns see the PCG, II 1045–47, 1057, 1052, 1065, 1069–72, 1075–1131; Gonzalo, pp. 515–631, Ballesteros, p. 67, Martinez p. 43, Laurentie p. 126–7, 130, 137–8, Lomax p. 149.
6. Laurentie pp. 141–2. PCG II p. 718a. Martinez p. 20
7. PCG 1077 1125–1131, Laurentie p. 148, 150, 158–9, 160, 162–5, Lomax p. 150–1, 153, 155
8. PCG II 1132, Martinez p. 95, Laurentie pp. 169–70. 171–2. The list of attendees replicates the order given in De Rebus Hispaniae, reinforcing the inference made above that Eleanor was the middle child.
9. PCG II 1132–3, pp. 772–3. Martinez pp. 97–98, 99–101, Ballesteros pp. 55, 60, Laurentie p. 173–5, 177 179,184–5
10. PCG, II 1046–7, 1125–30 1131–2. Paris is quoted in Lomax p. 156. See also Lomax p. 136 dealing with the admiration caused by the taking of Cordoba in 1236.
11. Laurentie p. 130, 165, 170, Macdonald Chapter 7 in Ed Burns The Worlds of Alfonso the Learned …
12. González, Fernando III, vol. 1, p. 418. O’Callaghan p. 65, Macdonald, Burns Iberia and the Mediterranean World in the Middle Ages pp. 119–20
13. Siete Partidas Part II, O’Callaghan Learned King pp. 135–6. The chronology of the Setenario as compared to the Siete Partidas and Ferdinand’s role in the former is still a matter of considerable academic debate.
14. O’Callaghan The Learned King p. 136 Lourie A Society Organised for War: Powers A Society Organised for War: Contamine War in the Middle Ages 55–56. On Vegetius: Allmand The De Re Militari of Vegetius: The Receptions, Transmission and Legacy of Roman text in the Middle ages pp. 96–104.
15. Barton The Aristocracy in Twelfth Century Leon and Castile pp. 168–170, Glick From Muslim Fortress to Christian Castle pp. 13–29, 105–113. Scott History of the Moorish Empire in Europe vol 3 467–8, 522–3. The role of the castle in medieval times is still hotly debated. As regards the size of Cordoba, some think 350,000 is a safer figure to use: Crow, Spain the Root and the Flower p. 56–7
16. Abulafia Christian Jewish Relations 1000–1300 p. 111 114, Ray The Sephardic Frontier 93–4 Martinez pp. 4-, Baer A History of the Jews in Christian Spain p. 122.
17. Abulafia p. 112–4 Baer p. 122. Todros Ben Judah wrote poems in Hebrew praising Alfonso ‘the poet king’.
18. Ray pp. 1–71, 98–104, Abulafia p. 115
19. Scott p. 518–21
20. Crow, The Root and the Flower p. 55, 66–7, 70
21. Tabaa The Medieval Islamic Garden: Typology and Hydraulics p. 304, 313 Stoksad and Stannard pp. 27–9, Gardens of the Middle Ages. The image of paradise as a garden beneath which a river flows occurs no fewer than twenty four times in the Koran, Tabaa p. 320.
22. Tabaa pp. 304–5, 318–9. Gardens Landscape and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain D Fairchild Ruggles p. 157, Dickie, Islamic Garden in Spain pp. 96–8,
23. Tabaa p. 315, 321, 324, Stuart p. 42, Al-Maqquarĭ, quoted in Bargebuhr, The Alhambra, A cycle of Studies in Medieval Spain p. 144, See also Ruggles p. 50, 147–8, Stoksad/Stannard p. 28.
24. Stuart Gardens of the World p. 35, Ibn Khaqan quoted at Thacker p. 36.
25. Burns in Castle of Intellect, Castle of Force in Ed Burns The Worlds of Alfonso the Learned, O’Callaghan Alfonso and the Cantigas de Santa Maria p. 46, CSM 1: 122.
26. Alfonso’s presence is noted at Cordoba, Murcia, Jaén and the Algarve and in the siege and capture of Seville: PCG, chaps. 1048 1060, 1065; Gonzalez, Fernando III, vol. 1, pp. 101–7
27. Chronique de Guillaume de Nangis records that in 1244 the Emperor of Constantinople sent ‘ses trois fils, Alphonse, Jean et Louis, encore enfants’ to Louis IX of France. For the later contacts between Alfonso and the younger Briennes see Perry John of Brienne p. 165
28. Martinez p. 40, 45, 50.
29. Martinez p. 47, 74–75 77
30. Alfonso Cantigas de Santa Maria, Enrique Almadis de Gaula
31. Martinez p. 49, Siete Partidas Part II Title VII Law xi, Law ii-iv, vii, vii, x
32. Part II Title VII Law xi, Part V
33. Setenario p. 13, O’Callaghan Alfonso and the Cantigas de Santa Maria 43, Snow in Akehurst ed. A Handbook of Troubadours p. 274 Martinez p. 57
34. Law x
35. C47/4/5 Parsons Q&S pp. 23–5, C&H p. 104
3 The English Side of the Equation
1. Trivet Annales Sex Regum Angliae p. 282, Carpenter, The Minority of Henry III p. 1, C13 p. 19, Howell Eleanor of Provence p. 15
2. HIII Vol 2 p. 573 C13 p. 19
3. CM v 269–270, Staniland ‘The Nuptials of Alexander III of Scotland and Margaret Plantagenet’ 20–45, HIII Vol 2 p. 573
4. CM v 335, Wilkinson Eleanor de Montfort p. 9, Walker, Medieval Wales 113, 115–6, Carpenter Reign p. 97
5. Carpenter Reign p. 97, 202, 209, Kanter Peripatetic and Sedentary Kingship. His favourite locations were London, Windsor, Woodstock, Reading, Kempton, Marlborough, Clarendon, Winchester, Gloucester and Marwell
6. HIII p. 196 C13 p. 19
7. Carpenter Minority p. 153, 193, C13 p. 89, Weir Eleanor of Aquitaine p. 177, Church King John New Interpretations p. 171
8. Howell 2, 23–4, HKW I 125, 501–2
9. Howell pp. 27, 30, 35, 45, 65–7. Later chronicles do float the possibility that there were two other sons between Edmund and Katherine, and two more after her. But see Howell: ‘The Children of Eleanor of Provence and Henry III’ convincingly rebutting this suggestion.
10. Howell p. 32–3, 55, 99, Ridgeway The Lord Edward pp. 90–3
11. Howell 94, 167, 194, 196 274–7, Parsons QI p. 150
12. Crawford Letters pp. 54–67. See also Howell p. 75
13. Foedera 253, Denholm Young 43, 47–48, HIII p. 196
14. Denholm Young pp. 15, 21, 27, 49, 51, Appendix 2 HIII pp. 196–7, Howell p. 38
15. CM v pp. 295–6, Rishanger p. 6, Maddicott p. 9, 109, 350–1, Mon franc I p. 124, C13 pp. 113–4
16. Maddicott p. 5,17–18, HIII pp. 203–4. Montfort had first courted Renaud of Dammartin’s daughter Matilda of Boulogne, who was instead married to the King of Portugal: Wilkinson Eleanor de Montfort p. 62
17. Wilkinson p. 65, Maddicott pp. 25–6
18. CM iv 213, v 290, Maddicott p. 31, 49–51, 121 HIII pp. 205–6, C13 p. 114, Carpenter Reign p. 223
19. Carpenter Reign p. 238, Wilkinson p. 91, Maddicott pp. 120–2
20. Howell pp. 25–6, 30–33
21. Ridgeway King Henry III and the ‘Aliens’ p. 89, Howell p. 49–50 Jobson p. 8
22. Howell p. 52, 78
23. CPR (1272–81) p. 188, Clifford Knight of Great Renown 11–12
24. CM iv 598, 628, Ridgeway Aliens p. 85, 88, Howell 53–4, DBM pp. 80–1
25. Carpenter Reign p. 190, Jobson p. 10
26. Ridgeway ‘Politics’ 245–6
27. CM v 348–51, vi 222–5, Carpenter Reign p. 191, Howell p. 67
28. CR 1251–3 272–3, 283, 431 CM v 351–3, 359 vi 222–5, Howell p. 67–9,
29. Jobson 12–13, Weiler Henry III and the Staufen Empire 133, 147–9 Carpenter Henry III and the Sicilian Affair
30. CR 1237–42 476, 1242–7, 5, 45, 118, CLR 1240–5 174, E 101/349/17, 24, Howell p. 76
31. Green Vol 2 p. 297
32. E101/349/18, CPR 1237–42 523, Parsons Q&S p. 55, Prestwich pp. 6–7, Howell 81.
33. Prestwich p. 7
34. Kanter p. 25, Prestwich p. 111, Prestwich ‘The Piety of Edward I’ pp. 120–8
35. CLR 1240–5 286, CLR 1245–51, 65, AM ii 337, CM iv 639
36. CLR 1240–45, 31, 60, 90, 323, Wait Household and Resources 1–8, 203–6, Ridgeway The Lord Edward 91
37. Wilkinson p. 89, Maddicott p. 95. It is just possible that Simon junior and Guy, were part of his household, but it seems more plausible that they had a military education within their own household in Gascony.
38. CR 1242–7 30, 141 Prestwich p. 5, Morris pp. 10, 19
39. Prestwich p. 6
40. Howell 82
41. CM iv 147, 166–7 Morris 13
4 The Marriage
1. CM v 277–90, Powicke C13 pp. 108–9 Maddicott p. 107, Prestwich pp. 8–9
2. CM 368, 370, Studd The Marriage of Henry of Almain and Constance of Bearn, Goodman, Alfonso X and the English Crown, p. 41, Marsh English Rule in Gascony p. 36, Linehan Spain a Partible Inheritance 1157–1300 Ch 4, Trabut-Cussac L’Administration Anglaise en Gascogne, xxix-xxx, Parsons Q&S p. 12
3. Foedera 290.
4. CM v 365, 370, 513, CR 1254–1256, 240, Henry III 232, Marsh, English Rule in Gascony 135, 143, 151, Lodge Gascony under English Rule 42–43, 48, Ballesteros Alfonso X 92–96, Trabut-Cussac xxix-xxx, HMS 361–362, Goodman 41–2, Parsons Q&S p. 12
5. CM v 397–8, CPR 1247–58, CIR 1251–3 37–8, 191, 442–3, 465, 471, 475, 486,508–9, CHEC 44–46, 219.
6. CPR 1247–58 291, CIR1251–1253, 486, CHEC 44–46
7. Bianchini p. 244–5
8. O’Callaghan p. 223, 346, 361, Ballasteros 89, 96–99 Tolley Eleanor of Castile and the ‘Spanish Style’ pp. 181–184
9. Foedera 292, Maddicott 121–3, Lodge p. 42
10. Foedera 295
11. Foedera 296–8, CPR 1266–72 736–7, CChR ii 192–3. Berengaria and Isabella of Angoulême’s dowers can be found at Foedera 84, 161, 219 CChR ii 218
12. Foedera 299–301, CM v 450, Prestwich 11, Powicke Henry III and the Lord Edward vol 1 p. 232–3, Studd The Lord Edward, 4–19
13. See Chapter 13 where the rules of inheritance in Ponthieu are considered.
14. RG p. lxviii, Foedera 300, 304, Parsons Q&S p. 15 and footnote 27 as to the anomalous fact of a male ayo for a princess
15. Other examples of Alfonso’s pride in his descent can be seen when he castigated his brother Felipe in 1272 by reference to the lineage which he had and his duty to it, by reference to both mother and father and in the Siete Partidas where he emphasises that one of the two most important qualities in a queen is high birth.
16. Bensch Barcelona and its rulers 234–76 esp 262 Hughes From Brideprice to Dowry 262–96, Barton Aristocracy 53–55, Dillard Daughters of the Reconquest 46 Adair Countess Clemence at 63–4 in ed. Vann Queens Regents Potentates, Scott, Siete Partidas Vol IV p. xx; Alfonso’s reforms: Siete Partidas Part IV Title XI law vii.
17. Bianchini p. 343, Laurentie p. 173, Parsons Q&S p. 16, Martinez 41, 111–112
18. Martinez pp. 111–112
19. Parsons Birth 250–253
20. Macdonald pp. 187–8
21. Parsons Q&S p. 16
22. CR 1253–4 74–5, 156. CLR 1251–60 158, 162–70, CR 1253–4 121 CM v 446–7
23. Trabut-Cussac 3 n 1, 7 RG p. lxix, no 3658,
24. Trabut-Cussac p. 3–8, Prestwich 14, RG vol I no 4275, 42788 p. lxix
25. Trabut-Cussac p. 5, 7, Parsons Q&S p. 16 note 29, RG p. xxix, lxix, 3463, 3472, 3479, 3439, 3478, 3573, 4552
26. Foedera 310 Trivet pp. 282–3, Shadis Berenguela of Castile (1180–1246) and Political Women in the High Middle Ages
27. Trabut-Cussac 7, 11, RG p. xxix, Foedera 310, Lodge p. 49
28. Trabut-Cussac p. 7, RG p. xxix, Howell p. 130, 135
29. Parsons Mothers, Daughters p. 66
30. Macfarlane 1972: 13, 16–17 quoted in Parsons Mothers Daughters. Numerous other examples can be cited – see Parsons Mothers Daughters p. 67
31. Parsons Birth p. 256–7
32. Parsons Birth p. 257, Itineraire 178, RWH 1285–1286. Trabut-Cussac and Parsons favour the view that the commemoration is for Anonyma 1255, Salzman p. 85 inclines to the view that the commemoration was for an Acre casualty.
33. RG Vol IV (Supplement) pp. 24–28
34. RG II no 597, Prestwich p. 127–8
35. Trabut-Cussac p. 10, HIII vol 1 pp. 208–13
36. Maddicott pp. 110–111
37. Howell p. 145, Ridgeway Politics 170–6, Reg Innocent IV no 7683
38. Trabut-Cussac p. 8 RG Vol IV, which covers the period of the 1254–55 stay.
39. Trabut-Cussac p. 11, Lodge p. 50
40. Powicke p. 211, CM iv p. 594. v p. 368.
41. Trabut-Cussac p. 11–2
42. Trabut-Cussac pp. 11–14
43. RG Vol IV pp. xxvii-ix for Henry III, pp. xxx–1 for Edward
44. Trabut-Cussac p. 8
45. Prestwich pp. 11–12 RG pp. 35–52
46. CR 1254–6 p. 219–20
5 The First Years in England
1. CPR 1247–66 381 CCR 1254–56 128, 136, 144–5, Jobson p. 13, Carpenter Sicilian Business, Bowie Daughters pp. 165–7
2. Ackroyd London Under 2011 pp. 41–43, 53–5 Jones Tower p. 19–22, Benham Old St. Paul’s Cathedral pp. 6–8
3. Gater & Wheeler Survey of London Vol 16 158–164, Vol 18 pp. 1–2, 51–60 Thornbury Old and New London Vol 1 149–158, Vol 3 p. 98–100 Page ed. History of the County of London Vol 1 London within the Bars p. 507
4. CM v 513 CCR 1254–6 p. 225 RG 3968
5. Howell 74–5
6. Parsons Q&S p. 139
7. CPR 1247–58 389–90, CCR 1254–56 114, 132–3 212, 391.
8. CIR 1254–6 389–90 Shirley Royal letters 506, Foedera 372
9. CCR 388–91, 318, CPR 458, 506 CM v 585–6
10. CPR 1247–58 324, 385 Tolley Spanish Style
11. Ballesteros 117–8, 191–2
12. CM 575–6 CCR 1254 368, 1256 23 1251–60 318, 320, 330 336, 339 348 352 410 469, CPR 1247–58 567, CPR 1258–66 34 Johnstone Edward of Carnarvon pp. 88–9
13. Foedera 353, Denholm-Young pp. 86–9,
14. CCR 1256–9 284–5 CCM 649 657–9 Denholm-Young pp. 95–6, Martinez pp. 180, 308
15. CCR 1254–56 389–91, Denholm Young p. 84
16. CM v 538–9
17. Studd Itinerary p. 30, Morris p. 25
18. AM vol. 3 p. 200 Prestwich p. 17, Howells p. 146
19. CM v 539, 597 Prestwich pp. 17–18 Jobson pp. 13, 16 Lloyd History of Wales ii 717–22, DBM 175–7,
20. CR 1256–59, Wait Household and Resources 287–9 Howell 148 Jobson 16–17, Prestwich 23.
21. CM 679, CPR 1247–58, 644, CCR 1279–88 180, Howell 148, Jobson 17 Ridgeway The Lord Edward and the Provisions of Oxford 95
22. Bracton vol 2 p. 268–272 makes plain that a person receiving property designated as dower without the consent of the wife would not be entitled to hold it against her.
23. CM v 640 Smith Llewelyn 94, 101–6, Jobson p. 16
24. Prestwich p. 23 Huscroft pp. 16–20, 187–196, 219–220 Studd thesis p. 43
25. Carpenter Reign pp. 192–3, Jobson 17–18
26. Paris v 634, 676–7, Maddicott p. 145, 154, Jobson 10, 18,
27. Jobson 10–14
28. Carpenter Reign pp. 187–8, Jobson 20. Peter de Montfort was of a Worcestershire family and linked to the Savoyard interest. The Norfolk siblings probably had an additional grudge against Pembroke: their mother was the daughter of William Marshal and would have had claims on the estate following the death of the male line in 1245: Morris Bigod Earls p. 52
6 Dissent, Defeat, Victory
1. CPR 1247–58 641, DBM 4, 66–7, 72–4, Jobson 20–1, Carpenter Reign 187–90, Burt Chapter 4, Howell p. 154–5.
2. Flores iii 253–4, DBM 90–3 104–5, 258–9 Prestwich 25, Howell 157 Jobson 24 – 25.
3. CPR 639, 641, Foedera 374, 378 Flores iii 253–4, DBM 92–3, 258–9. CM v 697–8 Jobson 26
4. CM v 653–4, HIII I 385, Jobson 34, Morris 39, Prestwich 27–8 Parsons Q&S p. 17
5. Prestwich p. 28 Jobson 34–5, Morris 40, 43
6. Carpenter Reign pp. 235–7, 250 Burt Ch 4
7. Siete Partidas 1,1,11
8. CM v 744–5, Flores ii 424–5 Maddicott 185, Morris 40–41 Jobson 34, 37, Jobson 34 Barker The Tournament in England 1100–1400 23, HIII I, 400–401
9. HIII I 408–9, Bémont p. 173, Howell 162–3 Jobson 38
10. Shirley Royal letters ii 802, CCR 1259–1261 259 Parsons Q&S p. 17, HIII II 693 Howell 165
11. DBM 220–3 Prestwich 32, Maddicott 194, Howell 163–4 Jobson 48–51 Studd Acts of the 742, 715, 733–4 Parsons Q&S 17, 263
12. CM 46–7, Ann London I 54–5, DBM 228, 230, 232 Jobson 49 Howell 164 Morris 45,
13. Prestwich 33, Studd 790–2, Jobson 52–4 Maddicott 199, Morris 45, 47 Smith Llywelyn 127–31
14. CCR 1259–61 134, 301
15. Maddicott 200, Morris 46–7, Jobson 54–5.
16. CPR 1258–66 126, 181, Prestwich 24, 34, Jobson 55 Huscroft Thesis p. 19
17. Annales London p. 54, Prestwich 34, Jobson 55, Morris 47
18. Saul For Honour and Fame p. 36 Crouch Tournament 44, 53–4, Willam of Newburgh ii p. 422
19. Morris 48, Jobson 61, Parsons Q&S p. 22
20. Maddicott p. 194 and Burt Chapter 4 confirm.
21. CR 1259–61 467, Howell 179–80, Jobson 62, Prestwich 35
22. Flores ii 466–7, Howell 180 Jobson 62–3, Morris 49–50 Maddicott 207, 209, Prestwich 35,
23. Howell 180–1, Studd Itinerary 57–8 Prestwich 37, Trabut-Cussac 22–7
24. Larroque, Le Chateau Fort de Mauléon, Beresford New Towns of the Middle Ages 352–3. On Eleanor’s intervention: SC 1/11/3
25. Gerv Cant ii 211, Prestwich 32, Morris 52–3, Jobson 78 3 Howell 181 Carpenter Reign 271
26. CR 1261–4 133, Morris 53 Prestwich 38, Howell 188
27. Ann Dunstable 220 Morris 53–4, Prestwich 38 Jobson 79–80, 83, 86 HIII II 437, Howell 187–8, 193–4
28. Flores ii 478, Prestwich 39 HIII II 438 Jobson 84 86–7
29. CPR 1258–66 264–6 Jobson 88 Prestwich 39, 91 HIII II 439
30. Morris 55, Jobson 90–1
31. Flores ii 482, Prestwich 39, 41, HIII II 439, Morris 56, Jobson 91, 93
32. CR 1261–3 308-Flores 482–3, HIII 440, 9, Prestwich 40 Jobson 95
33. Foedera 430, Flores ii 484–5, Prestwich 41 Parsons Q&S 196 Maddicott 245–6 Denholm Young 142 Jobson 102
34. CIR 1261–64 308–9 Dunstable 225 Howell 199 Jobson 102
35. Howell 195, 197
36. CCIR 1256–59 2–3, CPR 1258–66 p. 220, CChR 2.84 Parsons Birth
37. Parsons notes the absence of gossip as to the lack of an heir as a mystery and favours 1280–1281 for the birthdate of the ‘missing’ son: Birth p. 264. On the possible 1260 birth: Studd Acts 824
38. CPR 1258–66 325. Dunstable 227, DBM 266–7, 333–6, Maddicott 257, 259 Jobson 104–5, Prestwich 41,
39. Maddicott 263, Jobson 108 Carpenter A Noble in Politics p. 324
40. AM iii 227, Flores ii 487, Gloucester ii 743–6, Shirley Letters Vol II p. 253–4, CM 61 Ger Cant ii 234, HIII II 456–8 Jobson 108, Maddicott 26–5 Morris 60 Howell 151,
41. Maddicott 265 Denholm Young 125 Jobson 108–9
42. CPR 362 AM iii 232, Denholm Young 126–7 HIII II 459–61 Jobson 108–10 Prestwich 43
43. Parsons Q&S p. 164 McKitterick, Trinity Apocalypse p 20.
44. Carpenter Battles of Lewes and Evesham 17–18, 20, 22–3, Jobson 109–114 Carpenter 20–1, Jobson 112–4 Denholm Young 128 Powicke 464, Prestwich 44
45. AM iii 232 Sadler Second Barons War pp. 53–4, 61–2 Denholm Young 128, Jobson 115 Morris 62, Vegetius p. 91 Carpenter 33.
46. Wykes 151–2, Maddicott pp. 272–5, 282, Jobson 117
47. CPR 318, 343, 364, 374, Flores iii 261, CM 63, AM iii 232–3 Ann Lond 64, Carpenter Battles 35, Jobson 117, 121 HIII II 465, Prestwich 45 Maddicott 272–5
48. Maddicott 287, Carpenter Reign pp. 281–291.
49. Hilton Royal Consorts p. 191 Maddicott 282
50. CPR 324–9
51. Jobson 123 Howell 214
52. CLR 5.142–43
53. Maddicott 307, HIII II 486 Jobson 130
54. CLR 5.150, Parsons ‘Birth’ p. 258
55. Maddicott 309–10 318, 321 Jobson 133–5
56. CPR 1258–1266 p. 400 Parsons Q&S p. 161, 188, 192
57. Flores iii 264 CPR 1258–66 420, CR 114 Maddicott 322, 330 Parsons 24
58. Maddicott 329–333 Jobson 135–6 Morris 65
59. Prestwich 49, Jobson 136–40 Maddicott 334–9
60. Maddicott 339 Jobson 140–141
61. Morris 67, Carpenter, Battles 50–4, Jobson 140–2
62. Jobson 141, 144 Cox Battle of Evesham 13–14, Carpenter Battles 58–9, Carpenter last hours of Simon de Montfort 395–406
63. CM 80, AM iv pp. 173–5, Jobson 144, 146 Maddicott 342
7 Queen in Waiting
1. Shirley Royal Letters 440, Morris 71, Jobson 150
2. CClR 1264–68 pp. 70–71, Maddicott 326, 335–6. Botfield & Turner pp. 9–10, 65–6. AM iv 175, Jobson 150
3. Jobson 150–2
4. CIM I nos 609–940 CPR 1258–66 465, 466, 467, 493, AM ii 367, Robert of Gloucester ii 768, AM iii 239
5. CPR 1258–1266 453 Parsons Q&S 146–7, 188 Shirley Royal letters no 647 Translation author
6. CPR 1258–1266 458 466, 476, 522, 555, 578, Parsons Q&S p. 164, 180, 188, 189. Haselbury was only held for a few weeks.
7. CPR 1258–66 492 Prestwich 55, Howell 234, Jobson 153–4,
8. CPR 1258–66 653, Prestwich 55, Jobson 154 Powicke II 518–9, Morris 73–4
9. CPR 1258–66 617, Howell p. 235, CR 1268–72, 49, De Antiquis Legibus Liber p. 87.
10. Powicke II 532–8, Jobson 157–8 Morris 78
11. Morris 79, Jobson 159–60
12. CPR 1258–66 638, CPR 1266–72 460, 484, CChR ii 149–50, Parsons 170, 188
13. Leicestershire: Parsons 126 179, CPR 1266–72 168, 179, CChR I 133. Norfolk: Parsons 182, CPR 1266–72 372, CChR I 133. Northampton: Parsons 184, CPR 1266–72 168, 179, CChR ii 133. Spelhoe was a now defunct district which contained several villages including Kingsthorpe and Overstone: Weston Favella A History of the County of Northampton: Volume 4, pp. 63–64. Stafford: CPR 1272–81 471–2, Parsons 190. Queen’s Gold: CPR 1266–72 p198
14. CPR 1266–72 p. 169, 243, 262, 305, 317, 343, 391, 401, Parsons Q&S p. 101
15. CPR 1266–72 pp. 360, 402, Parsons Q&S p. 126
16. CCR 349, Parsons C&H 33, 36
17. CCR 349, Parsons C&H 26, 86–7, 97, 98–9
18. Howell 145, 168
19. CLR 6 no 272, CPR 1266–72 p. 349, Parsons C&H p. 28, AM iv 212, Coss The Knight in Medieval England 120
20. Flores iii 14 AM iv 217–8 Prestwich p. 68, Powicke 562
21. CPR 1266–72 425, C Ch R (1257–1300) 177 149, Lloyd English Society and the Crusade 113–5, Prestwich p. 70, Howell 246
22. Lloyd The Lord Edward’s Crusade 126–7, Morris p. 87
23. Prestwich p. 72 Morris p. 89, Studd thesis pp. 826–7 Powicke 2 576, Johnstone Wardrobe p. 12, CPR 1266–72 412, Martinez pp. 185–6
24. Powicke p. 570, Lethaby Westminster Abbey and the King’s Craftsmen A Study of Medieval Building p. 119, Wilson Westminster Abbey p. 27
25. AM iv 27, 226–7 Carpenter Reign pp. 409–25 Howell The Children of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence p. 67 Powicke 2 p. 569, 575 Carpenter Westminster Abbey in Politics in TCE vii 48–59
26. CR 1268–72 p. 162, Parsons Q&S 28 C&H 53 Morris 91, Ledger book of Vale Royal pp. 1–19
8 The Crusade
1. Morris p. 90, 92, Lloyd 116–24 Powicke II pp. 577–9 Prestwich p. 70
2. Parsons Q&S pp. 26, 97, 170, 179, 182, 184
3. Prestwich p. 73, Powicke II 583, Foedera 484 Howell p. 250 Huscroft Thesis pp. 20–22, 24–26
4. CPR 431 CR 1268–72 211–2, 290–1, Liber de Antiquibus Legibus 125 Hilton p. 192 Wykes 236 Prestwich p. 73 Ann Winchester 109 Powicke II p. 580, Huscroft thesis p. 22. 26–32
5. Tyerman God’s War pp. 810–812, Powicke p. 598–9 Morris 93–4, Dunbabin Charles 1 of Anjou 3–5, 57, 195–7 Clifford 19, Prestwich 73–74
6. Fadrique was back in Castile by March 1272, counselling the king during the early phase of the nobles’ conspiracy The World of Alfonso the Learned and James the Conqueror Chapter 7
7. Powicke pp. 598, 608–9 Dunbabin pp. 194, 196–7
8. Tyerman God’s War p. 812, Sainte-Chappelle p. 815, Clifford p. 42, Parsons Viscountess Jeanne p. 141
9. Foedera 501 CPR 1266–72 528, 611 AM iv 239–241, CM 131, Salzman p. 31 HIII II 599, 607–8, Denholm Young p. 150 Prestwich p. 74–5 Morris 106, Studd Marriage of Henry of Almain pp. 175–7
10. Martinez, pp. 181–2, Ballesteros 460–475
11. Clifford 22 Tomasi et al. Palaces of Sicily, 46–55. Caronia, et al. La Cuba di Palermo, Lacy, The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, p. 392.
12. Parsons Birth p. 260, Liber de Antiquibus Legibus p. 171
13. Denholm Young pp. 150–151 Maddicott 370–1, Morris 106, Inferno xii 118–20.
14. Tyerman The Crusades 45–46, Tyerman God’s War pp. pp 784–799. 807, Runciman A History of the Crusades pp. 314–329,
15. Prestwich p. 75, Asbridge The Crusades p. 643
16. Liber de Antiquibus Legibus 143 HIII II p. 600–602 Prestwich pp. 75–6 Asbridge p. 643
17. Asbridge p. 643 Morris p. 98–9 HIII II p. 602
18. Denholm Young pp. 151–2 Parsons Birth p. 259, Crouch William Marshal: Knighthood War and Chivalry 1147–1219 p. 20. Rishanger 78 suggests the news was not obtained until landing in Sicily on the return journey, but this seems implausible.
19. Clifford p. 27
20. Powicke p. 602 Prestwich p. 75–6. Ibn al furat 157–9 in Riley Smith, Levillan Encyclopedia of the Papacy p. 657 Tyerman God’s War p. 813. There is an isolated suggestion based on a fairly liberal reading of a single letter of 1275 that Edward did consent, but this seems implausible. As Clifford p. 28 notes, if he had done, there would have been no motive for the later attack on him.
21. Salzman p. 35 Houseley Fighting for the Cross – 86–8
22. Israel and the Palestinan Territories Thomas/Kohn p. 235 Itineraria Phoenicia Lipinski p. 304, http://www.akko.org.il/en/, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Archaeology/Akko.html The websites give a detailed account of the buildings. The former also provides a number of photographs of the Hospitallers’ compound
23. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Early%20History%20-%20Archaeology/Akko-%20The%20Maritime%20Capital%20of%20the%20Crusader%20Kingdom
24. Vegetius: The timing can be fixed courtesy of the inscription ‘Maistre Richard, votre clerc, que vostre livere escrit, En la ville d’Acre sans nul contredit’. Lewis Thorpe, ‘Maistre Richard, A Thirteenth-Century Translator of the ‘De Re Militari,’ of Vegetius.’ Scriptorium 6 (1952) 39–51. M. D. Legge, ‘The Lord Edward’s Vegetius.’ Scriptorium 7 (1953), 262–65. The Polos: Travels of Marco Polo Chs 1–9 (Yule and Cordier 1902, Project Gutenberg) detail the travels of the senior Polos.
25. Houseley pp. 174–176 Saul For Honour and Fame p. 35
26. Prestwich p. 80–81, 240–1 Tyerman God’s War p. 813, Tyerman England and the Crusades pp. 126–30
27. Denholm Young p. 152
28. Morris p. 100 Guisborough 208–10, Holinshead Vol II p. 474–5 Ibn al-Furat xi-xii 157–9, Gestes des Chiprois 779.
29. Foedera 495, Parsons Q&S 29–30 Hilton p. 193
30. HIII p. 603, 605–6
31. Salzman 32 Foedera 497 Les Registres de Gregoire X et Jean XXI ed. Guirard and Cadier no 817, Powicke p. 608
32. Foedera 497, 488 Parsons FW, p. 210, HIII p. 606 Morris p. 102–3, Prestwich p. 82 Salzman p. 33
9 The Triumphant Return
1. Foedera 497, 499 Powicke ii p. 589, Tyerman God’s War p. 813
2. Liber de Antiquibus Legibus 158, Rishanger 78 Registres de Gregoire X nos 209, 326, 814, Prestwich p. 83, HIII ii 608–12 Ormrod Edward III p 15. Simon the younger had died.
3. Foedera 499, 500, 501 Prestwich 83, HIII II 608, Salzman 34–5, Dunbabin 186–7 Parsons Q&S p 30
4. Foedera 504, HIII II p. 612, Prestwich p. 83–4 Salzman p. 35, AJ Taylor Master James of St George EHR LXV 1950 433–57
5. Foedera 503 Salzman 36 HIII p. 614
6. O’Callaghan Alfonso X and the Cantigas Santa Maria, pp. 128–133, Ed Valladolid The Chronicle of Alfonso X p. 3, HMS, p. 374 Martinez p. 242–6, 354
7. Morris p. 108, Parsons Q&S p. 31
8. SC/1/18/88–90, Guisborough pp. 110–11, Prestwich p. 85 RG vol iii p. x, Trabut-Cussac p. 41
9. Trabut-Cussac p. 41, 42–4, 47, Prestwich 85, Salzman 37 RG vol iii p. x Morris p. 109. Studd The Marriage of Henry of Almain p. 162–177
10. Foedera 505, 506, Lodge p. 54–6 RG iii p. x, Salzman 37 Trabut-Cussac p. 43. One of Gaston’s sureties was Sir Arnald de Gaveston
11. Chron Bury p. 56, AM ii 385 Parsons, Birth p. 252–3
12. Foedera 506 Salzman 37 Trabut-Cussac p. 45 Chaytor, A History of Aragon and Catalonia Ch 6
13. Foedera 506 Morris 109, Trabut-Cussac p. 42–5 Huscroft Thesis p. 87
14. Powicke p. 615
15. Itinerary, Foedera 507 Morris p. 110, Trabut-Cussac pp. 46–7 Salzman pp. 38–9. RG vol 3 p. x
16. CCIR 1272–1279 70–71 Liber De Antiquis Legibus p. 170 Parsons Q&S p. 31 Parsons English Administration, p. 388
17. CCR 1272–9 97, CPR 1272–81, 55–6, Foedera 513, 514, Flores iii, 43, HIII II p. 616–7, Salzman pp. 39–40 Itinerary, Parsons Q&S p. 31, Morris p. 110 Howell pp. 288–9
18. CCR 1272–9 68–71, Prestwich p. 89,
19. Foedera 515, Prestwich p. 90, Howell p. 290, Richardson The coronation of Edward I 97–8
20. CLR 1226–40, 444, AM iv 259–60, Morris 111–112 Liber de Antiquibus Legibus p. 13, Howell 23
21. Parsons Q&S p. 70, 73, Morris 113–115, Howell 18–20 266–70
22. Morris 129
23. Itinerary, Foedera 517, Morris p. 119
24. Parsons Q&S 39 Johnstone Wardrobe p. 397 Prestwich p. 126
10 The Queen’s Work
1. Parsons Q&S 122, McFarlane Had Edward I a Policy p. 248–67, Spencer Nobility and Kingship in Medieval England p. 6–7, 28, Wolffe Royal Demesne 45–6, 52–5, 65–66
2. Parsons Q&S 85. I am indebted to Michael Prestwich who has pointed out to me that the figures arrived at in this passage may not be bomb proof. In particular, some of the figures used may be post mortem expenditure on items such as the crosses, which were obviously exceptional.
3. Parsons Q&S p. 72 78, 80–81, 83, 122, Howell 164, 262–3, 273–4. On Eleanor of Provence’s approach: Paris CM 299, Howell p. 155–6, Treharne 78–9
4. Parsons Q&S p. 84, 123, Guisborough 216, AM iv 363
5. Examples of correspondence can be found at SC 1/30/54, 1/10/54, 1/11/51, 1/29/190, 1/29/205, 1/10/50, 1/10/53, and other examples can easily be found. Parsons pp. 114–6 Howell 116, 140
6. Reg Pecham ii 619–20, trans 767–8, iii 937–8, translation author, with help from Tout Chapters v 270–1, Parsons Q&S pp. 120–1
7. Parsons Q&S p. 123 Howell p. 278
8. Itinerary, Howell p. 294 Parsons Q&S 184–5, 159, 195
9. Itinerary Parsons Q&S pp. 164, 194
10. Itinerary Parsons Q&S 188–90, Letters of the Queens of England 60, quoted by Howells at p. 294
11. CChR ii 143, 192–3, Parsons Q&S p. 127. A further assignment of Gascon property followed in June 1280: CPR 1272–1281
12. Parsons pp. 128, 182–4, Blomfield History of Norfolk volume 6, pp. 297–302. Powicke II p. 704
13. Parsons Q&S pp. 127–9 176–179, Parsons C&H p. 154
14. The letters SC 1/11/11 SC 1/29/190 are set out at Parsons p. 129–131. The acquisitions are summarised at Parsons p169–70, 195 and are analysed by Parsons at pp. 129–131. See also Itinerary
15. Parsons Q&S p. 128 134–6 HIII II 704 RWH 1286–9 xv
16. Parsons Q&S p. 127, 136–7 Johnstone Wardrobe and Household of Henry 390
17. Parsons Q&S pp. 107, 130–1, 176–7
18. Parsons C&H pp. 18–19, 20
19. Parsons Q&S p. 103–8
20. Parsons Q&S pp. 76–7, C&H p. 20, Costain p. 39,
21. Parsons Q&S p. 103, 144–5, 192 LR p. 40, C&H 75n 93n Manners 100–1, Tout v 236–7, 271n, Prestwich 124
22. Parsons Q&S p. 108, 110 Some other examples are summarised at L&R p. 35
23. Parsons Q&S p. 110, 112 Tout p. 238
24. Parsons Q&S pp. 104–105, 181 Denholm-Young Seignorial Administration 140–1
25. Parsons Q&S p. 109–10, 113–14 Adam Bassett lost his post because he was £30 in arrears
26. Parsons Q&S pp. 74, 152, 163
27. Parsons Q&S p. 74 101, 135, 250
28. Parsons Q&S p. 102, 156, 272 Rolls of Chester ed. Stewart-Brown 214, 215, 230, 239 L&R 37
29. Parsons Q&S p. 43–4
30. Parsons Q&S 104, 109, 187, 305 C&H 21, 93 LR 35, Spencer Nobility and Kingship 188, 199, 202, 209. Cressingham, whose talents were snapped up by Edward after Eleanor’s death, died at Stirling Bridge and was skinned by the Scots: Guisborough p. 303
31. Parsons Q&S p. 154 C&H p. 22, Reg. Pecham 1 38–9 Spencer, p. 28, Prestwich p. 105
32. CCIR 1279–1288, 18, CPR 1281–92 62, 173, 184, 193, 213 CCLR 1288–96 91 224–5, Parsons Q&S p. 78–80
33. Huscroft Expulsion p. 133–4 Parsons Q&S pp. 79, 140 L&R p. 30, 48
34. SC 1/30/53, Parsons Q&S p. 139–141, Howell p. 299
35. Parsons Q&S 79–80, 139, 142 150
36. Huneycutt The High Medieval Queen, Parsons Intercession p. 148. Rodin’s sculpture is in Victoria Gardens
37. CPR 1281–92 38 (with Edmund the King’s brother) 194, 218. Parsons Intercession p. 147, 149, 156
38. Gesta Abbatum Sancti Albani ed. Riley pp. 410–11 Parsons C&H p. 8 Q&S p. 153 Howell 86, 91–2, 161. The petition of the townsfolk is at SC 1/11/90 reproduced and translated at Transactions of the St Albans and Hertfordshire Architectural and Archaeological Society (1929), p.263.
39. Parsons Intercession p. 151 Q&S 4–5, 38, 44 SC 1/30/44 Reg Pecham ii 555, 765–66
11 The Queen and Her Interests
1. Cotton Nero D II f 179v Morris 142–3 Binski The Early Portrait pp. 211–15. I differ from Binski on the extent to which Henry III’s effigy shows his sleepy eye. Readers will be able to form their own view.
2. Reg Pecham ii 56–7, 555, 765–66, Parsons Q&S pp. 4–5
3. SC 1/15/66, 1/30/44 Parsons Q&S 43–4, Intercession p. 152
4. Green Vol 2 325, 335, Vol 3 p. 14–15
5. CPR 1281–1292 414, Parsons Q&S 132, 134, 309 L&R p. 28, Raban Mortmain Legislation and the English Church 1279–1500 p. 76
6. Parsons C&H 66, 76, 159, Botfield and Turner Manners p. 97
7. Part II Title VII Law 8
8. Parsons Q&S p. 51, 275 Powrie p. 102, Gee Women Art and Patronage p. 60, Steane The Archaeology of the Medieval English Monarchy
9. Martin The History and Description of Leeds Castle, HKW ii 695–8, 973, 504, Tolley p. 175–6 Gee p. 59 Parsons Q&S p. 246
10. Parsons Q&S 53, C&H p. 11, English Administration p. 376, 397. Re forks: In the delightfully named ‘Coryat’s Crudities Hastily Gobbled up in five months travel in France Italy etc’ (1611). The use of a fork was considered a laughable Italian affectation by Ben Jonson in Volpone Act IV Scene 1.
11. Landsberg the Medieval Garden p. 128 Parsons Q&S p. 51–2 C&H p. 12, Tolley p. 184–5.
12. RWH 3243, 3224, 3245, Parsons C&H 12, 100, 124, 150 QS 54 English Administration p. 376, Tolley p. 176, Harvey Medieval Gardens p. 78 McLean Medieval English Gardens pp. 102, 228
13. Parsons Q&S p. 53 C&H 70,104 Manners, 102 Harvey, p 78 Landsberg, p. 86, Tolley p. 176
14. Parsons Q&S p. 53 HKW ii 695–8, Harvey pp. 82, 103–6 Tolley p. 176 Gee p. 61, Landsberg p. 60
15. Gee p. 60 Parsons English Administration p. 376, 398, HKW II ii 970–2, McLean 1981 p. 102, Harvey p. 78
16. Harvey pp. 127–30, Hobhouse plants in Garden History p. 78 Taylor Global migrations of ornamental plants p. 26 AM Coates Flowers and their histories pp. 11–12, Tolley p. 176 RHS Gardening p. 159 McLeod In a Unicorn’s Garden p. 199. The Cailloel is also referred to as Cailhou and Kaylewell
17. Landsberg p. 128 Gee p. 61, HKW II 53
18. Foedera 568 Prestwich 115–7 Parsons Q&S 55, 276 Morris p. 174, Steane Archaeology, Almond Medieval Hunting Chapter 3. On Quenington see A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 2 (1907), p. 113. In all probability the two names of Quenington and Down Ampney represent one event – a holiday with the substantial party divided between a couple of premises in the neighbourhood. Down Ampney at that stage appears to have been less of a place than Quenington, and began to acquire a church of its own only in the 1260’s and courtesy of the Quenington preceptor
19. Tolley p. 173–5, Parsons C&H p. 19 Davis Medieval Warhorse pp. 9–11
20. Parsons Q&S p. 53, 276 English Administration p. 376, 398 QCB p. 178 Harvey p. 106 Yapp Birds of English Medieval Manuscripts 343, Hutchinson ‘Attitudes towards Nature’ 5–37 Prestwich p. 115
21. Chess: Ancient precursors and related games (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002) Vale, The Princely Court: p. 177 Parsons Q&S p. 12 Gee Women Art and Patronage p. 63
22. Branner Manuscript Painting in Paris pp. 3–7 Parsons QCB p. 178.179, 94 Tolley p. 170
23. Parsons Q&S p. 3 C&H p. 13 note 39.
24. Tolley p. 170–171, Thorpe ‘Master Richard: A Thirteenth Century Translator of the ‘De Re Militarii of Vegetius’’ 39–50, Legge ‘The Lord Edward’s Vegetius’, Morgan The Douce Apocalypse pp9, 41, 96
25. Parsons C&H p. 13 QCB 179, 195, Escanor lines 15597–15746, The paintings are described at HKW 129, 502, 760, 914, 916
26. Parsons English Administration p. 376, QCB p. 181–2 Spiegel ‘Pseudo-Turpin, the Crisis of the Aristocracy …’ 207–23, Romancing the Past: pp. 71–74, 78–80
27. Entwistle The Arthurian Legend in the Literatures of the Spanish Peninsula 109, 113 de Malkiel Arthurian Literature in Spain and Portugal in Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages pp. 406–7 Hilton p. 197 Parsons Q&S p. 28, 265, QCB 182, Procter Alfonso X 15–19 113, Keller Alfonso X 150–2
28. Binski The Painted Chamber at Westminster, Parsons QCB p. 184 Green 2: 284
29. Parsons QCB p. 179, C&H pp. 63–4, 190 Botfield & Turner p. 136. The link to the Trinity Apocalypse is more controversial: see Gee 46–48. Suzanne Lewis will be making the full case in favour of the link to Eleanor in a forthcoming book.
30. Parsons C&H p. 8, 17 Taylor Alms and Oblations pp. 107–108 Wilkinson p. 119
31. Hinnebusch The Early English Friars Preachers 34–7, 44–5, 78–9, Parsons C&H p. 16–17, PPR p. 114, 116–117
32. Parsons PPR p. 111, Howell pp. 23, 44, 65,93–6 258–9
33. Howell pp. 94–5 Wilkinson p. 12, 83
34. Parsons PPR p. 108, 113, C&H 30–1, 63–4 71bis, 74, 78, 94, 95, 102, 117, Botfield & Turner p. 136, New Cambridge Medieval History V Abulafia pp. 274–5 Traditionally the rosary is attributed to St Dominic, but the material does not support this attribution. However, it is certainly the case that prayer counting by reference to paternoster and ave beads was a developing practice, and one encouraged by the Dominicans: Binz Mysteries of the Rosary p. 3, Reinburg Prayer and the Book of Hours pp. 39–40 Dodd, Musson The Reign of Edward II new perspectives p. 227, Parsons p. 41–2, 271
35. Parsons PPR pp. 118–9, 121–2
12 The Queen’s Family
1. Morris p. 231, Taylor Alms and Oblations pp. 108–9, HKW ii p. 698
2. Parsons Birth p. 262 irons out the difficulties in the sources which suggest a later date, or a different name. Richardson & Sayles ‘The English Parliaments of Edward I’ 136, CCR 1272–9, 197–8, AM iv 263 Parsons p. 263 Prestwich p. 101.
3. Green Vol 2 pp. 402–403. The upheavals of the Barons’ war and Eleanor’s early insignificance from the chroniclers point of view disrupt the statistics prior to 1265
4. Prestwich p. 126 opts for the figure of 14 based on the strict evidence, Parsons for 16, including the child of the first year of the marriage and the unnamed boy hypothesised for 1280–1. On grand multiparity see Bugg, G.J., Atwal, G.S. and Marchs, M. (2002) Grand multipara in modern setting. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 109, 249–253, Humphrey, M.D. (2003)
5. Itinerary p. 46 Parsons Birth p. 257, 263
6. Phillips Edward II 47–8, 50, 51–2 Tout ii 166 AM iii 392 Johnstone 24, 26–7
7. Parsons C&H p. 10, Green Vol 2, 282–5, 303–4, 414
8. Trivet 310, Parsons Q&S p. 4 note 4, 9 Green Vol 2 p. 406–7, 412, 414, 420, 421, 423
9. Green Vol 3 p. 4, 19, 39 Gee pp. 19, 22–24, 49, 149–50
10. Parsons C&H p. 10–11, 75, 82, 96, 105, 108, 111, 116, 119, 124
11. Salzman p. 47, Manners p. 96, Johnstone Edward of Carnarvon 76, Szabolcs de Vajay (1989), p. 393. Parsons C&H p. 76 was unable to trace the lineage of Rotheric, and there still appears no obvious candidate amongst Alfonso’s numerous illegitimate progeny
12. Parsons C&H pp. 11, 64 65, 114, 77, 68–9, 101 Viscountess Jeanne p. 283–4, 286. Mathilde de Dammartin was also known as Agathe in some records
13. Parsons C&H p. 11, 69, 77, 114 Countess Margaret pp. 669–680
14. Parsons Q&S p. 87 C&H 158–60 p. 35–6. The butler’s role was not quite the superior one it was in the Victorian era; there were also heads of the pantry, the kitchen, the wardrobe, the chamber and the treasury
15. Parsons C&H 33–35, 53, 55
16. Parsons C&H 38–9, 155
17. Parsons C&H p. 14–15, 37–8, 139
18. Parsons Q&S p. 89
19. Parsons Q&S p. 90, 91 Ch1 n 87; RWH 1286–9 p. 108
20. Moorman Church Life in England p. 169. Parsons Q&S 97 Morris p. 117, Huscroft PHD, Prestwich p. 234 Reg Peckham I, 46–7; AM iv 373
21. Parsons C&H 19, 77 Q&S p. 47, 143
22. Parsons Q&S p. 35, 160, 182, 268 C&H 61, 74, 110, 155. Parsons describes the relationship with Grandison as ‘intriguing’.
23. Parsons C&H p. 42–44, 45–6, Countess Margaret p. 671–3
24. CClR 1279–1288 67–68, Parsons C&H p. 15, 44, 46, 48, 97
25. Parsons C&H p. 49–52, 76 Morris pp. 118, 133, 159, 161
26. CChR ii 190–1, 214, Parsons C&H p. 33, 53 Q&S 189, Spencer p. 187 202
27. Parsons Countess Margaret 670–1, 676–8
28. Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 242, DNB John de Vescy
13 The Golden Years
1. Itinerary Foedera 519 Clifford 47, Smith Llywelyn 367–9, Morris 138
2. CPR (1272–81) pp. 77, 85, 98, Foedera 520, Clifford 47 Howell p. 294
3. CCR 1272–9, 197–8, AM iv 263
4. Itinerary, Foedera 521 CFR (1272–1307) p. 45 Clifford 42
5. Foedera 527–8 Itinerary, Prestwich pp. 174–5, Salzman p. 48–9
6. Morris p. 125 Mundhill The King’s Jews p. 133, Watt The English Episcopate the state and the Jews p. 141 Abulafia p. 116
7. Each of Abulafia p. 102, Roth History of the Jews p. 71, and Huscroft Expulsion p. 120 see the Statute as a well meaning but highly imperfect attempt to provide a commercial modus vivendi for the Jewish population. See also Mundhill The Kings Jews p. 138, 153–4. On Burnell’s views, see his attempts to impede Archbishop Pecham in his aggressive stance against the Jews in the 1280s: Mundhill The King’s Jews pp. 139–40
8. Prestwich p. 175, Salzman p. 49–50 Morris 141
9. Chapter 10 above, SC 1/30/135, SC1/30/97
10. World of James of Aragon Chap 7,. Ballesteros, Alfonso X, chap. 15.
11. Morris p. 127–8 HKW ii 715–23, Jones p. 51, Goodall pp. 200–201, Siete Partidas II.XI.ii
12. AM iv, pp. 266–7, FW, p. 216, Itinerary, Prestwich p. 316, Salzman 49, Perry p. 165
13. Maddicott p. 371, Morris 141, Salzman 50–51
14. Itinerary, AM ii p. 122
15. Beresford p. 15 The Parish of St Andrew Holborn pp. 11–12. AM ii p. 122
16. J Morris Welsh Wars p. 115–116
17. Ballesteros pp. 818–27, Macdonald ‘Alfonso the Learned and Succession’ 647–53 The World of James of Aragon…, chap. 3, n. 46 González, Fernando III, vol. 2, 107–9
18. AM ii p. 123 Morris p. 121, 145 Clifford p. 49.
19. Itinerary, Kanter p. 40
20. Morris p. 147 Parsons Q&S 272
21. Morris p. 150, 154 Vegetius p. 91 see also p. 56 J Morris 130, 138–9. See Caesar’s deforestation of the holy grove of Massillia Bellum Civile book 3, Vegetius p. 62 advising the opening of safe ways without regard to the labour involved.
22. Ledger book of Vale Royal Abbey p. 5, Clifford p. 51. As usual, Alfonso’s name is wrong: Alfunso.
23. AM p. 124 Vegetius p. 91 J Morris p. 142
24. Beresford pp. 37–8
25. Itinerary, Parsons Birth p. 263 Green vol 2 p. 321 CChR 209,
26. Foedera 536, 544, 545, 554, Green Vol 2 p. 321
27. Foedera 549–50, Prestwich p. 317, Lloyd The English Wool trade in the Middle Ages 66–69 Clifford p. 52. Re the selection of the younger son: John’s elder brother Godfrey died in puberty and no distinguished match appears to have been made for him. He was betrothed, but only very shortly before his death, to Margaret, daughter of the Count of Berg, as part of which transaction the Count’s claim to the Duchy of Limburg was sold to John of Brabant; it seems more than likely that this was a death bed match made to lend colour to the financial transaction
28. Foedera 554
29. Ballesteros, Alfonso X, pp. 786, 860–66 Foedera 540–1, 607 Flores iii, 48, Prestwich p. 316 Parsons QS 43, 272
30. Prestwich 120, Morris 162 Salzman 54–5, Saul pp. 78–9
31. Green Vol 2 p. 321. Salzman p. 56 Green p. 322 Parsons Birth p. 263
32. Bellenger, Fletcher, Princes of the Church: p. 173
33. Itinerary Parsons Q&S 89, 291
34. Prestwich 249, 250–1, Registrum Peckham vol ii pp. 795–6 Larsen The School of Heretics: Academic Condemnation at the University of Oxford p. 44
35. FW, p. 221 Parsons Q&S p. 33 Brunel Recueil des actes no 466
36. Parsons English Administration pp. 388–9, Plucknett A concise History of the Common Law 5th ed. 1956 pp. 716–18, Pollock & Maitland The History of English Law before the time of Edward I 2d ed. 1898 2.283–6. For the sides’ positions: CPR 1272–81 p. 306, Parsons English Administration p. 389–90, 392. On the debts of Ponthieu: Parsons English Administration p. 374–5
37. Foedera 566, 568, 584 Clifford 64–5, 92, Tournament, Crouch p. 45
38. Lettres de rois, reines et autres personages au cours de France at Angleterre pp. 225–6, 232–233 Parsons English Administration p. 382
39. Parsons English Administration p. 376, 377, 383, 397, 398
40. Foedera 575, HKW vol 2 pp. 695–9 Morris p. 172
41. Loomis Arthurian Enthusiast 116–7 Saul p. 80, Spencer p. 39 Crouch Tournament pp. 66–67
42. Steane Archaeology, Parsons Q&S p. 179, SC1/11/51
43. Ballesteros, pp. 919–20 Salzman p. 62
44. CPR 1272–1281 362, 426, 445 CCIR 1272–1279, 80, Huscroft Thesis p. 93, Parsons p. 171
45. Foedera 584, Clifford p. 61
46. Foedera 586, 589, 590, Trabut-Cussac 67–8 C13 242–5, 248, Foedera 580–6, 594 Prestwich p. 319 Ballesteros, pp. 928–29.
47. CCR 1279–88 59–60
48. Itinerary Parsons Q&S 183
49. Foedera p. 593, Green Vol 2 p. 286 Chronologia Johannis de Beke 74e, p. 227,
50. Itinerary Parsons Q&S p. 143, 167, 171, 177, 190. Westcliffe, the property which attracted Archbishop Pecham’s particular reproach is near St Margarets at Cliffe, approximately the site of Walletts Court Hotel
51. Parsons English Administration p. 389, Itinerary
52. Ballesteros, pp. 935–41 948–50 966–71, 975–77
53. Prestwich p. 319, Foedera 600, 611, Powicke C13 248, Green vol 2 p. 323, Clifford p. 60
14 The Welsh Years
1. Foedera 609 Runciman Sicilian Vespers p. 212–20, Clifford pp. 77–8
2. Prestwich pp. 185–7 Powicke 13C pp. 415–7 J Morris 150 Morris pp. 175–6 Smith pp. 455, 470
3. Morris p. 177–9 Prestwich p. 182, 183,189 Powicke 419 J Morris 153–5 Smith 460–1, 467.
4. Parsons Q&S p. 164, 184
5. Salzman p. 70 Morris p. 179 Prestwich p. 189 HKW 1 318–27 J Morris 158–9 Goodall The English Castle pp. 215–6
6. Foedera 606, 615, 620–1, 625, 629, 634, 638, Parsons Q&S p. 48 Birth p. 265, J Morris pp. 160–1, 174, Prestwich p. 190 Green Vol 3 p. 3, Vol 2 p. 288 referring to document E36/24 (112), Chaytor, p. 103
7. Vegetius Book III Dispositions for Action, HKW I 354–7, Prestwich p. 190 Morris p. 181, J Morris pp. 176–177
8. Itinerary, Prestwich p. 190, 192–193, Morris p. 181–3, J Morris 173–4 178–80, 188–9 Smith 537–42, 550, Inquisitions Post Mortem, Vol. II, Edward I, 446, p. 265, Huscroft thesis p. 95 (proving that the Burnells who died were not nephews or ‘nephews’ of Robert)
9. Prestwich pp. 190–191, 193–4. pp. 185–6 J Morris 181–3 Mortimer The Greatest Traitor pp. 10–12 Smith p. 552
10. Prestwich p. 194, 202, Salzman p. 73 Morris p. 186
11. Foedera 625, 665 Green p. 290
12. Itinerary, Prestwich p. 195, 327 J Morris 186, 190–1, Clifford 81, HKW 1 338 Goodall pp. 218–20 Beresford, 37–40, 42, 93–5.
13. Parsons Q&S pp168–9, 171
14. AM ii 401 J Morris 192–5 Goodall p. 218 RR Davies The First English Empire p. 32
15. HKW 1 369–72 Mabinogion p. 104. On Eleanor’s recounting of the tale see lines 8–29 of Escanor.
16. AM iii 293, Prestwich p. 196, Morris p. 188 Taylor p. 119
17. Taylor p. 108 Pettifer Welsh Castles p. 71, Parsons Q&S p. 33
18. Ann London 92, Parsons Q&S 162–3 Prestwich p. 202–3, Salzman p. 74–5, Morris 190 Smith 568, 578–9, Pollock and Maitland ii 501 n 1
19. Trivet p. 309 Morris p. 190, Taylor pp. 99, 100, 113, 120, Parsons Q&S p. 197
20. Parsons Q&S pp. 161, 168, 169, 189, 193, 195, 211, Taylor p. 124
21. Taylor p. 112, 117, 121
22. Prestwich p. 206 C13 p. 437, Morris p. 190, Salzman p. 75, L Beverley Smith ‘The Statute of Wales 1284’, Macdonald, Abulafia p. 119 Beresford 42–44
23. Martinez pp. 500–520
24. Itinerary Safford gives Llyn Cwn Dulyn, which is followed by Morris p. 192. However, the Gough itinerary, and the original documents are clear that the location is ‘Baladeulyn’ which approximates to modern Nantlle, a little further north; which used to have two lakes ‘Deu Llyn’. Taylor 97, 124,125, An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Caernarvonshire: III West cxliii, http://www.nantlle.com/history-nantlle-baladeulyn.htm. The Mabinogion pp. 61–2, 202–5, 214.
25. Foedera 626, 627, Green Vol 2 p. 291 HMS p. 388
26. AM ii 402, iii 313, Flores iii 62, Prestwich p. 120, Morris p. 192, Davies p. 31–2, Smith p. 504, Denholm Young The Tournament in the Thirteenth Century 353–5 Saul p. 80 Wickham Early English Stages Vol 1 p. 17
27. Itinerary, Morris p. 193 Taylor 109, 115
28. Parsons Birth p. 261–2 concludes that there is no reason to doubt 19 August as the date or Windsor as the location. Salzman 78–9 Reg Pecham 2.233
29. Morris p. 195 Taylor p. 108–9, 115, 122, Prestwich p. 126, J Morris p. 199–201 Huscroft p. 98
30. Itinerary, Prestwich p. 206–7 Morris p. 195, Salzman p. 76, Morris Bigod Earls 52–3, 130, 144
15 Gascony
1. AM iv 300, Prestwich pp. 321–2, Morris 199, Dunbabin p. 232, Parsons Q&S pp. 161–2, 183, 192 Itinerary
2. Flores iii 63, AM ii 402, Prestwich p. 323, Taylor p. 119
3. Morris 202, Q&S 143 162, 165, 175, 187, 189, 193 Page History of the County of Sussex Vol 2 p. 94
4. Howell 302, 304 Parsons Birth p. 264
5. Itinerary, Morris pp. 202–3, Morris Edward I and the Knights of the Round Table (preferring the 1285 date to the usual 1290 date) Saul pp. 80–1, 86–89
6. RWH 1285–6 424, Itinerary, Parsons Q&S pp. 188–9, Beresford pp. 295, 297–8, Rose-Troup Exeter Vignettes pp. 38–53
7. CPR (1281–92) p. 213 AM ii 403, Prestwich p. 322 C13 p. 255 Morris p. 203
8. Parsons Q&S p. 160, 167, 168, 172, 186, 193
9. RWH 1285–6 56, 226, 346, Green Vol 2 p. 295, Parsons C&H p. 23. On the mensura Johnstone Wardrobe and Household of Henry p. 15, note 1
10. Foedera 664, 665, RWH 2005–6, Parsons C&H p. 50, Itinerary, Salzman p. 83, Prestwich p. 323, Morris p. 204
11. Foedera 667, 668, 669, truce 670, AM ii p. 403–4, RWH 2004, 2009, C13 255–6 Prestwich p. 323, Clifford p. 86
12. RWH 1285–6 596, 611 Foedera 678, AM ii p. 404 Flores p. 65, RG vol 2 No 916, C13 pp. 311–2, Green vol 2 p. 301, Clifford p. 91, Howell 300 Crawford Letters pp. 66–7
13. Salzman p. 83 Trivet 313. This story is missing from AM ii 404, and Flores iii 65–6 which simply have Edward falling ill later in the trip. Foedera 668–70 Morris p. 207, Prestwich p. 323–4, Itineraire p. 168
14. Prestwich p. 324 RWH 1285–6 pp. 66–8, 70–4, 147–56, 200–1 RWH 1287–89 E36/201 no 64, Parsons C&H p. 24
15. Itineraire p. 171 Examples of horse related trivia: RWH 22, 59, 91 On Eleanor’s illness: RWH 3244 Parsons Q&S pp. 163, 168, 171
16. Itineraire RWH 1286–9 xii, 66 Parsons C&H 130, Salzman p. 83
17. Itineraire, RWH 785, 1618, Salzman p. 84 apparently based on AM ii p. 404 Flores p. 65–6
18. Chronica Johannis de Oxenedes 269–70, RWH no 31 849, 1619, Morris p. 368
19. AM ii p. 404Prestwich p. 324 Morris p. 209
20. Salzman pp. 84–5 94–5 Prestwich Plantagenet England pp. 136–7 Huscroft Expulsion p. 146, Mundhill England’s Jewish Solution p. 66, 280, Trabut-Cussac p. 313, Richardson 225–6, Korlach Masters of the World Vol 2 p. 177 C13 p. 282–4 Martinez pp. 419–20. Although Prestwich rejects a financial motive for the Gascon expulsion, the fact remains that Edward was as usual pressed for money; and that he did take the money liquidated by the expulsion. However, he and Huscroft are obviously right to reject the argument that the expulsion was to fund Charles of Salerno’s ransom; the chronology simply does not fit.
21. RWH 1619, 1767, 3239, 4343, Parsons Q&S pp. 160, 163, 172 195, Salzman p. 85 Itineraire p. 178
22. Itineraire p. 179–80 Parsons C&H p. 24 E 36/201 pp. 18, 20, RWH 295 381 384
23. Foedera 677–9 RWH 108, 367, Prestwich p. 324–5, Morris p. 209–10, C13 p. 259 Salzman p. 85, Trabut-Cussac p. 87, Clifford p. 94
24. Foedera 680, 681, Powicke p. 260, Izpegi Le Pays de Soule, Larroque Le Chateau fort de Mauléon
25. Itineraire p. 181–5 RWH 1639.
26. Parsons Q&S p. 163, 165, 170, 171, 173, 184, 195, 196. Technically Despenser was pardoned the 1000 marks in June 1287 and Eleanor took over a claim which Edward had against Despenser, but it is hard to see the acquisition as unrelated to the original claim.
27. Foedera 684 Morris p. 212, Itineraire 161, 164, 187–9, Beresford pp. 593–4, 602 Drouyn Blaye/Bourg-sur-Mer pp9–10, RG vol I supp pp. xxxi, Baker, Man made the Land p. 82, Revue Historique 175–6 p. 581. Bémont’s suggestions of Labastide Chalosse and Labastide-Bordeaux as locations have been rejected. The listings of work for Burgus Reginae are at RWH 2143, 3208, 3211–2, 3214, 3217, 4254, 4318–9. The listing for Bonnegarde is at p. 569 of RWH 1287–9.
28. Itineraire p. 190–1 E 159/61 m 9d
29. Itineraire p. 192 Parsons Q&S p. 172 RWH 1731, 2179, 2499, 3223–8 Montan de Aspe is at RWH 2499.
30. C13 pp. 260, 282–4, Salzman p. 86 Prestwich p. 325, Clifford p. 96
31. RWH 1719–1722, 1730 2491, Itineraire p. 196 Morris p. 216 Beresford 187, C13 C13 284
32. RWH 1737, 1755,2665–2669,3230, C13 p. 261, Prestwich p. 325 Parsons Q&S p. 175. The lion and lynx seem to have been counted as a present from Alphonso at a later date: 2894–9. The lynx actually appears in the wardrobe accounts as an ‘uncie’ or ounce; but the beast which appeared at the Tower after the Gascon trip was a lynx. Michael Prestwich has kindly referred me to E 101/4/10–11 which gives Jakemyn’s name and some details of the animals’ life at the Tower.
33. Prestwich p. 325, C13 p. 261, Roensch Early Thomistic School pp. 31–2.
34. Foedera 708–9, RWH 4345, Parsons Q&S p. 175 Itineraire RG Vol 2 1064
35. RWH 2535, 2537, 2539, 3239, 3240, 3241 Parsons Viscountess Jeanne, C&H p. 65, Itineraire p. 202, Salzman p. 87.
36. Clifford p. 99 Parsons C&H 52 English Administration p. 379, Itineraire, Itinerary
16 The Last Year, Death and Remembrance
1. Guisborough 216, Prestwich 262, Morris 222, 224
2. Itinerary, Parsons Q&S p. 161–2, 166, 191–2, C&H 52
3. Morris p. 236 Duncan Kingship pp. 165–70, 175–9 Itinerary Parsons Q&S 170–3, 195–6
4. CChR 1257–1300 411, 357, Parsons C&H p. 12, 24,
5. Foedera 551, 553, Green vol 2 p. 330–1, 366–370
6. Foedera 742, Green vol 2 p. 330, Howell 305. The brevity of the Winchester stay militates against it being the occasion of the great ‘Round Table’ celebration.
7. Annales London p. 98, Chron Bury 94, FW, p. 243, Howell 306, Parsons QS 53 C&H 16, 103
8. Green vol 2 p. 15, 372 Cotton p. 177, Stacey Expulsion p. 90–1, Morris p. 227, Clifford p. 109, 111–13
9. Prestwich p. 343, Parsons C&H p. 24
10. The 15 July 1290 parliament was summoned on 13 June, the 13 October 1275 Parliament on 1 September. There are some suggestions that Clipstone’s famous Parliament oak reflects a meeting at the time of King John. However, if any council did take place at Clipstone under John, it was not a formal parliament.
11. Parsons C&H p. 25, Itinerary
12. Itinerary, Morris p. 237 Green vol 2 p. 373
13. Green vol 2p 336, Johnstone p. 24
14. Parsons C&H p. 25–6 Q&S 89, Powrie p. 21–2
15. Flores iii, 71, CPR 1281–92 405, Howell p. 303, Parsons Q&S p. 58, C&H p. 23, Powrie p. 22–3 Linehan p. 173
16. Powrie p. 32–34, 62 Parsons Q&Q 324 Q&S 206, Woodward pp. 65–6 Giesey The Royal Funeral Ceremony p. 22–3 Hallam, in D Parsons ed. Eleanor of Castile p. 17–18
17. The course of the procession has been reconstructed by Powrie and is summarised at p. 192. Powrie suggests (p 142) the reason for the resumption of the Ermine Street route was to take in Waltham Abbey and Abbot Reginald.
18. AM iii p. 362, Opus Chronicorum 50, Powrie p. 98, 142, Galloway 12–13 Parsons Q&S 60
19. Foedera 743 Barnwell p. 226 Flores iii 171–2, Hallam p. 18 in D Parsons, Giesey p. 32, Galloway 131–2, Parsons 60 Parsons C&H 133 Huscroft Thesis p. 108 Parsons Q&S 50
20. Cambridge University Library MS Ee.3.59, fo. 9 Parsons Q&S 207 Coldstream p. 57, Lindley Romanticising Reality p. 72 in D Parsons Gee p. 112 Leonor of England and Eleanor of Castile pp. 77–83
21. Powrie records the payments made at p. 63, 163, Hinnebusch p. 45, HKW I p. 482, Botfield and Turner pp. lxxvi-vii, 98, 100, 1–2–3, 108–9, 111, 113
22. Parsons Q&S p. 209, Perkinson, p. 97–98, 107, Binski, Medieval Death 110. Perkinson p. 107 has a good picture of a montjoie.
23. Coldstream Commissioning and Design p. 57 in D Parsons, Parsons Q&S p. 209, 212, Steane Archaeology p. 169
24. Lindley Romanticising Reality p. 76–78 Powrie p. 124 Coldstream Commissioning and Design p. 57
25. Rimmer’s Ancient Stone Crosses of England 1875 Powrie p. 148–9 Coldstream p. 57 Lindley p. 75, 77
26. Powrie p. 65–8, 80–3, 136, Vallance, Old Crosses and Lychgates p. 96
27. Powrie p. 148, 165, Vallance p. 102, 107 Coldstream p. 57
28. Powrie p. 125, 129, 148, Lindley pp. 80–1Coldstream p. 59
29. Guisborough 227–8, AnnPaulini 225, AM iii 366, Worcester 506, Parsons Q&S p. 213–5, 324, Manners 137 Lathbury Denham 79–83
30. SC 8/280/13964, Parsons Q&S p. 132, 215, 218, 324, C&H pp. 65–6, 134, Johnstone Letters 115–6, Powrie p. 23, Manners 108, 135
17 Afterlives
1. Prestwich 125, 355, Morris 269, Vale Edward I and the French Rivalry and Chivalry TCE ii p. 166–8
2. Prestwich 128–9 Morris 375
3. Clifford pp
4. Martinez p. 181–3
5. Parsons Q&S p. 207 216–8, Opus Chronicorum 26, 49–50
6. Rishanger 120–121, Gesta Abbatum sancti Albani 411–12, Walsingham Historia Anglicana I 32, Parsons Q&S pp. 219–20
7. Parsons p. 177, 218–219, 221, 320
8. Parsons p. 221, 223 citing Holinshead Chronicles of England ii 431, 435, 439, Camden Britannia I 390–1 trans Gibson 1695 col 320–1, Camden ‘Remains of a Larger Work …’ p. 236–7
9. Parsons p. 224–6, 232 The play is available at Internet Archive: https://archive.org/stream/kingedwardfirst00peeluoft#page/n11/mode/2up
10. Powrie 66–7, 80–1, 82–4, 130 135–6, 141, Vallance p. 101, Celia Fiennes Journey 1697 London to Coventry: http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/travellers/Fiennes
11. Stow 1 215, 266, Keen English Society p. 115, Powrie 165–167179 Vallance 106 108.
12. Parsons p. 237 Ed Salzman, A History of the County of Northampton Vol 4 pp. 252–259, Vallance pp. 98–100
13. Parsons pp. 237–40, Sova Banned Plays pp. 87–89. The play can be found at: http://ota.ahds.ac.uk/text/3539.html
14. Parsons Q&S p. 240, 245–6, L&R p. 24, Pope-Hennessy Agnes Strickland 303–4
Appendix 1 The Robert Burnell Letter
1. Parsons L&R p. 51
2. CPR 1272–81 pp. 58, 63–4 November 1274. Her grandmother was Garsende of Provence, Eleanor of Provence’s paternal aunt. However, Constance was betrothed at one point to one of Eleanor’s brothers, and previously married to one of her Aragonese cousins (the son of Alfonso VIII’s daughter Eleanor)
3. Crawford p. 73 SC 1/10/50 SC 1/30/50 SC 1/7/98
4. Huscroft Thesis p. 137. 40 of the total of 160 surviving letters are from her. Parsons QI p. 151
5. SC 1/7/98 SC1/23/27 The mother of the King formulation is found in numerous letters in the chancery SC 1/23 series eg. 8–12, 17 as well as in the 1/10 series: 40–2, 46–7
6. Royal letter No 1454 in Wood p. 47–8
7. CPR p. 226, CPR Henry III vol 6 p. 662
8. Crawford p. 73, SC 1/10/50, RG, Crawford p. 75 SC 1/30/50
9. Royal letter No 1454 in Wood p. 47–8 Foedera 569 (date April May 1279), 576 dated November