ABBREVIATIONS
André “Vita Henrici VII”
Arrivall Historie of the Arrivall of King Edward IV in England
CSP Milan Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts existing in the Archives and Collections of Milan
CSP Spain Calendar of Letters, Dispatches, and State Papers relating to Negotiations between England and Spain
CSP Venice Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts relating to English Affairs preserved in the Archives of Venice
HVIIPPE Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VII, in The Antiquarian Repertory
Leland: Collectanea Leland, John: Antiquarii de Rebus Brittanicis Collectanea
PPE Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York
Strickland Lives of the Queens of England
INTRODUCTION
1. Holinshed
PROLOGUE: “NOW TAKE HEED WHAT LOVE MAY DO”
1. I have adoped this spelling rather than the more commonly used and anachronistic Woodville, which is not contemporary. The name is spelled Wydeville on Elizabeth’s coffin plate, and it is the way she signed her name. In contemporary sources it is given variously as Wydvil, Wydvile, Wydevile, or Widville.
2. William Monypenny, Louis IX’s agent in Scotland, cited Scofield in Life and Reign
3. CSP Milan
4. Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland
5. CSP Milan
6. Vergil
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Mancini
10. Commines
11. “Gregory’s Chronicle”
12. Vergil
13. More
14. Hall
15. More
16. Ashdown-Hill: Eleanor, the Secret Queen suggests that her portraits show her with dark hair, but in the majority she is clearly blond.
17. Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies
18. Mancini. For a discussion of this story, see Chapter 1.
19. Waurin
20. Worcester
21. Shears
22. Fabyan
1: “THE MOST ILLUSTRIOUS MAID OF YORK”
1. Much of the medieval palace, including the apartments where Elizabeth of York was born, was reduced to ruins in a devastating fire in 1512, and most of what was left was lost during a second conflagration in 1834. Only Westminster Hall, the crypt of St. Stephen’s Chapel, and the Jewel Tower escaped unscathed. The Palace of Westminster, incorporating the Houses of Parliament, now occupies the site where the medieval palace once stood.
2. Fabyan. The date is confirmed in Elizabeth’s tomb inscription in Westminster Abbey.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.; Jenkins
5. Calendar of Papal Registers
6. Tetzel
7. Ibid.
8. Daughter of Sir Richard Berners and wife of John Bourchier, Lord Berners, Constable of Windsor Castle.
9. A Relation, or rather a True Account, of the Island of England
10. Tetzel
11. A Relation, or rather a True Account, of the Island of England
12. Mancini
13. A Relation, or rather a True Account, of the Island of England
14. Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England
15. Mancini
16. Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII
17. Mancini
18. CSP Milan
19. Mancini
20. Paston Letters
21. Monstrelet
22. Ibid.
23. Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII
24. Paston Letters
25. When Mary’s coffin was opened in 1810, when a vault was being constructed for the family of George III, her unembalmed body was found to be well-preserved, with long, pale blond hair and blue eyes, which were open, but quickly disintegrated when exposed to the air. Observers could see that she had been beautiful in life.
26. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV, 1467–77; Wardrobe Accounts of Edward the Fourth, in PPE
27. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV, 1467–77
28. Calendar of Close Rolls: Edward IV; Foedera; Exchequer Records: Issue Rolls E.403
29. A Relation, or rather a True Account, of the Island of England
30. Cited Brigden. These words were written by Edmund Dudley, who would become one of the foremost advisers to Elizabeth’s future husband.
31. Civil and Uncivil Life, tract of 1579, cited Scott: Every One a Witness: The Tudor Age
32. Dowsing; Hedley; Cloake: Palaces and Parks of Richmond and Kew and Richmond Palace
33. Collection of Ordinances; The Babees’ Book
34. Green
35. Harris
36. Collection of Ordinances; The Babees’ Book; Manners and Meals in Olden Time; Woolgar
37. The Plumpton Correspondence
38. Brigden
39. Cited Brigden
40. Collection of Ordinances
41. Paston Letters
42. CSP Milan
43. Great Chronicle of London
44. Croyland Chronicle
45. Ibid.
46. Mancini
47. Jones: Psychology of a Battle: Bosworth, 1485
48. When Katherine Parr interceded with Henry VIII to spare the life of her adulterous sister-in-law, he would not do so unless her husband relented.
49. CSP Milan
50. Mancini
51. Ibid.
52. Paston Letters
53. Wills from Doctors’ Commons
54. Okerlund: Elizabeth Wydeville; Okerlund: Elizabeth of York
55. Harrod
56. Weightman
57. Croyland Chronicle; Charter Rolls C.53/105
58. Warkworth
59. Geoffrey Richardson
60. PPE
61. The Manner and Guiding of the Earl of Warwick at Angers in July and August 1470, from the Harleian MS. 433, in Original Letters Illustrative of English History
62. John Neville was to be killed at Barnet in 1471. George Neville could not afford to support his dukedom of Bedford, and was deprived of it in January 1478. He died unmarried in 1483 and was buried in Sheriff Hutton Church, Yorkshire.
63. Hicks: Anne Neville
64. Warkworth
65. Ibid.; Fabyan
66. Hall
67. Paston Letters
68. Sharpe, citing records of the Court of Common Council of the City of London in the Guildhall archives.
69. Paston Letters
70. The Politics of Fifteenth-Century England; Scofield: “Elizabeth Wydeville in the Sanctuary at Westminster”
71. Hall
72. Warkworth
73. These details are recorded in a letter written by Edward IV to the Lord Privy Seal in 1473; Additional MS. 4614, f. 222
74. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV
75. Croyland Chronicle
76. Commines
77. Croyland Chronicle
78. Arrivall
79. Recovery of the Throne, Royal MSS.; Political Poems and Songs
80. Arrivall
81. Ibid.
82. Political Poems and Songs
83. Foedera
84. Arrivall
85. Ibid.
86. Ibid.
87. Hall, corroborated by the illustrated version of the Arrivall, dating from 1471.
88. Croyland Chronicle
89. Ibid.
90. Mancini
91. Arrivall
92. Croyland Chronicle
93. Holinshed
94. He hastened to make peace with Edward IV, but in September was arrested and beheaded.
95. Croyland Chronicle
96. Warkworth
97. Arrivall
98. Warkworth
99. Archaeologia
100. CSP Milan
101. Great Chronicle of London
102. Croyland Chronicle
103. Cotton MS. Julius B, XII, 317; Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies
104. Rotuli Parliamentorum
105. Vergil
106. André
2: “MADAME LA DAUPHINE”
1. Mancini
2. Commines
3. Mancini
4. Croyland Chronicle
5. More
6. Ibid.
7. Mancini
8. CSP Milan
9. Mancini
10. Ibid.
11. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV, 1467–77
12. HVIIPPE
13. Cotton MSS. Vespasian, f. XIII
14. Pietro Carmeliano, cited in Anglo: Spectacle, Pageantry and Early Tudor Policy
15. An example is in Cotton MSS. Vespasian, f. III, p. 15, and probably comes from a book Cecily owned.
16. CSP Spain
17. CSP Venice; CSP Milan
18. Collection of Ordinances
19. In 1477 priests holding fellowships at Queens’ College, Cambridge, were instructed to offer daily prayers for “our sovereign lady, Queen Elizabeth, foundress of the College, the Prince, and all the King’s childer.” The college was founded by Andrew Dockett, a local rector, in 1446. Margaret of Anjou had become its patron in 1448.
20. Sutton and Visscher-Fuchs: “A ‘Most Benevolent Queen’ ”; Women and the Book
21. Stonyhurst MS. 37; Tudor-Craig
22. Royal MS. 14, EIII; Wilkins; McKendrick, Lowden and Doyle
23. Garrett MS. 168; Quaritch; Okerlund: Elizabeth of York
24. Hinde
25. Paston Letters; Additional MS. 6113
26. Croyland Chronicle
27. Only some masonry and the vaulted undercroft, which housed the domestic offices, survives of Edward III’s palace.
28. Hedley
29. “Narratives of the Arrival of Louis of Bruges”; Kingsford: English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century
30. Green
31. Brigden
32. Mancini
33. Rous
34. More
35. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV, 1467–77; B.L. Additional MS. 14289, f. 12; Lowe
36. Shears
37. Hicks: Edward V; Exchequer Records E.101/412/9-11; Harleian MS. 158, ff. 119v, 120v; Additional MS. 6113, ff. 97–98v, 111–12
38. Foedera
39. Commines; Foedera
40. Commines
41. Cotton MSS.
42. Commines
43. Additional MS. 6113
44. Calendar of Close Rolls: Edward IV. This infant was possibly named for her aunt, Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter, or for her great-grandmother, Anne Mortimer, Countess of Cambridge, through whom the House of York claimed its senior descent from Edward III. Edward IV also professed a special devotion to St. Anne, mother of the Virgin Mary.
45. Cokayne
46. Leland: Itinerary
47. Croyland Chronicle
48. A detailed account of the proceedings by Thomas Whiting, Chester Herald, is in Excerpta Historica. See also Sutton and Visscher-Fuchs: Reburial
49. At the Reformation the college was dissolved and half the church dismantled. Visiting the ruined choir in 1573, Elizabeth I was appalled to see that the tombs were much decayed, and ordered that new Renaissance-style monuments be built in the church to house the remains of Edward, Duke of York; Richard, Duke of York; Cecily Neville (who had been buried at Fotheringhay in 1495); and Edmund, Earl of Rutland. These are the sepulchres that can be seen today in the sanctuary. The once splendid castle where Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed in 1587, was pulled down in 1627, and all that remain are the twelfth-century earthworks, and a fragment of masonry.
50. Plowden: Tudor Women. Holinshed, writing of Edward’s later plan of 1483 to marry Elizabeth to Henry Tudor, states the marriage had been suggested some years earlier, but Elizabeth was betrothed to the Dauphin at the time.
51. André
52. Commines
53. CSP Milan
54. He was born at Windsor—Edward IV refers to him as “our son, George of Windsor” (Calendar of Close Rolls: Edward IV)—not, as is sometimes stated, at the Dominican friary in Shrewsbury where his brother Richard had been born. The first mention of him is in a document of July 6, 1477, appointing him Lieutenant of Ireland.
55. Calendar of Close Rolls: Edward IV
56. The Register of the Most Noble Order of the Garter
57. Hedley
58. Croyland Chronicle
59. Ibid.
60. Anne Mowbray was reburied in the Poor Clares’ convent at Stepney. Her coffin was found during excavations in 1965, and after examination her remains were reburied later that year as close as possible to her original burial place in Westminster Abbey. A photograph of her remarkably preserved hair is in the Museum of London.
61. The Narrative of the Marriage of Richard, Duke of York; Illustrations of Ancient State and Chivalry
62. Rotuli Parliamentorum
63. Mancini
64. Hicks: False, Fleeting, Perjur’d Clarence
65. Mancini; Great Chronicle of London; Commines, Molinet, Roye, Vergil; Stow: Annals
66. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV, 1467–77
67. Wardrobe Accounts of Edward the Fourth, in PPE
68. Hicks: False, Fleeting, Perjur’d Clarence
69. Cited Jones: Psychology of a Battle: Bosworth, 1485
70. Westervelt; Hicks: Richard III; Hicks: False, Fleeting, Perjur’d Clarence; Crawford: The Yorkists
71. Croyland Chronicle; Vergil; More
72. Vergil
73. Ibid.
74. Ross: Edward IV
75. Calendar of Close Rolls: Edward IV
76. Ibid.
77. CSP Milan
78. CSP Venice
79. Harleian MS. 336, in Leland: Collectanea
80. Warner
81. Harleian MS. 336, in Leland: Collectanea
82. Harleian MS. 4780
83. Green; Platt
84. Account of Garter King of Arms, in Additional MS. 6113, ff. 49, 74–74v; PPE
85. Foedera
86. Hall
87. Foedera
88. College of Arms MS. I, 11, f.21r-v; Sandford.
89. Jones, in Women of the Cousins’ Wars; André
90. Rous
91. Foedera
92. Kendall: Louis XI
93. Croyland Chronicle
94. Wardrobe Accounts of Edward the Fourth, in PPE
95. Croyland Chronicle
96. Ibid.
3: “THIS ACT OF USURPATION”
1. More
2. Croyland Chronicle
3. Vergil
4. Commines
5. Excerpta Historica
6. McKelvey
7. Calendar of Papal Registers
8. Cotton MS. Cleopatra
9. Mancini; Vergil
10. Mancini
11. Croyland Chronicle; Mancini
12. Mancini
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Vergil
16. Mancini
17. Ibid.
18. More
19. Mancini
20. Dockray: Richard III: A Source Book
21. Crawford: The Yorkists
22. Mancini
23. Vergil
24. Croyland Chronicle
25. Shears
26. Mancini
27. More
28. Mancini
29. More
30. Mancini
31. Fabyan
32. Croyland Chronicle; Great Chronicle of London; Fabyan; More; Vergil
33. Vergil
34. More; Hall
35. Antiquarian Repertory
36. Hall
37. More
38. Stonor Letters
39. Mancini
40. More; Hall. More relates a detailed conversation between the Queen and the Archbishop, but he almost certainly invented the speeches, basing them on what he knew had passed between them. This was a common practice in historical writing at that time.
41. More
42. Mancini
43. André
44. Rous
45. Croyland Chronicle
46. Registrum Thome Bourgchier
47. Paston Letters; McSheffrey
48. Warkworth
49. This Sir John Mortimer married, after 1485, Margaret, daughter of John Neville, Viscount Montagu, and sister of the George Neville, who had at one time been affianced to Elizabeth; Margaret Neville later married Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk.
50. Tudor-Craig; Catalogue of Western Manuscripts and Miniatures. The manuscript was in the collection of Colonel Bradfer-Lawrence, but was sold at Sotheby’s in 1983.
51. Croyland Chronicle
52. Guildhall MSS.
53. York Civic Records
54. Croyland Chronicle
55. Ibid.
56. Mancini
57. Ibid.; Croyland Chronicle
58. Fabyan
59. André
60. Mancini
61. Buck, ed. Kincaid; Kendall: Richard the Third; Black; Edwards: “The ‘Second’ Continuation of the Crowland Chronicle”
62. Mancini
63. Croyland Chronicle
64. Commines
65. Okerlund: Elizabeth Wydeville
66. Ashdown-Hill: “The Fate of Edward IV’s Uncrowned Queen, the Lady Eleanor Talbot, Lady Butler”; Hampton; Mowat; Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV, 1467–77; Rotuli Parliamentorum; Okerlund: Elizabeth Wydeville; Okerlund: Elizabeth of York. Ashdown-Hill argues that the story was true and that Edward did make a valid marriage with Eleanor Butler.
67. Helmholz. I am grateful to Professor Anthony Goodman for sending me this reference.
68. Croyland Chronicle
69. Ashdown-Hill: Eleanor, the Secret Queen
70. The Croyland Chronicle is the only source correctly to report Edward’s supposed precontract with Eleanor Butler.
71. Crawford: The Yorkists
72. Arrivall
73. Excerpta Historica
74. Hicks: Robert Stillington
75. Mancini
76. Fabyan
77. Mancini
78. Rous
79. Fabyan
80. Croyland Chronicle
81. Ibid.
82. Mancini
83. Croyland Chronicle
84. Loades: The Tudors
85. Myers: “The Princes in the Tower”
86. Brigden
4: “THE WHOLE DESIGN OF THIS PLOT”
1. Croyland Chronicle
2. Ibid.
3. Cely Letters; Smyth
4. Croyland Chronicle
5. Ibid.
6. Dockray: Richard III: A Source Book
7. More
8. Mancini
9. More
10. Rawcliffe, citing D. 1721/1/11, f. 5–9, Staffordshire Record Office
11. Ross: Richard III
12. Rotuli Parliamentorum
13. Croyland Chronicle
14. The matter is discussed extensively, and the sources evaluated, in my book The Princes in the Tower (1992); although my conclusions are substantially the same, I have revised some aspects in this book.
15. More; Great Chronicle of London; Vergil. For a balanced, academic view, see Hicks: Edward V, who points out that three sources are usually sufficient evidence for academic historians. For More’s sources, see The Princes in the Tower.
16. The basis of the British Library.
17. For a full discussion of Buck’s sources, see A. N. Kincaid’s edition of his work.
18. Cited by Kincaid, in his edition of Buck.
19. Chambers; Markham
20. Hicks: Edward V
21. Ibid.
22. Cotton MS. Vitellius A XVI
23. Croyland Chronicle
24. Rowse: Bosworth Field
25. Hall
26. Jones, in Women of the Cousins’ Wars
27. Vergil
28. Calendar of Papal Registers
29. Vergil
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Croyland Chronicle
33. André
34. Caxton; The Caxton Project; Gill
35. Dictionary of National Biography
36. Croyland Chronicle
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Baldwin: Elizabeth Woodville
40. Croyland Chronicle
41. Vergil
42. Stonyhurst MS. 37; Tudor-Craig
43. Vergil
44. Hicks: Edward V
45. Vergil
46. Croyland Chronicle. The original Parliament Roll was destroyed in 1485, but a transcript of the act survives in the Croyland Chronicle.
47. Herlihy
48. Peter Clarke; Hicks: Anne Neville
49. Croyland Chronicle
50. St. Aubyn. I can find no contemporary evidence to support this statement.
51. Harleian MS. 433, f. 308; Original Letters Illustrative of English History
52. Cheetham
53. Croyland Chronicle
54. Rotuli Parliamentorum
55. Smyth
56. Baldwin: Lost Prince; Harleian MS. 433; Smyth
57. Mcmahon; Pevsner; Wiltshire Community History
58. Victoria County History: North Yorkshire
59. PPE
60. Smyth
61. Baldwin: Lost Prince; Victoria County History: North Yorkshire; Smyth. John Nesfield had died by April 1488, when his widow, Margaret Assheton, was granted letters of administration.
62. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV, Edward V, Richard III
63. For example, Kendall in Richard the Third
64. Harleian MS. 433, III
65. Ibid.
66. Pierce
67. Richard III: Crown and People
68. For example, Myers in “The Princes in the Tower” and Kendall in Richard the Third
69. Pierce
70. Commines
71. Buck; Strickland
72. Croyland Chronicle. An empty tomb bearing the worn effigy of a boy in Sheriff Hutton Church, Yorkshire, has long been claimed to be Edward of Middleham’s. It once bore the Neville arms (as Anne Neville is shown wearing in the contemporary Salisbury Roll) and the royal arms differenced, so the identification may be correct. Hicks: Anne Neville.
73. Croyland Chronicle
74. Great Chronicle of London
75. Gristwood
76. Croyland Chronicle
5: “HER ONLY JOY AND MAKER”
1. Croyland Chronicle
2. Ibid.
3. Rous
4. Croyland Chronicle
5. The passage has also been translated to read that Queen Anne and Elizabeth were of similar coloring and shape, but that would hardly have given rise to such comments and speculation.
6. Hicks: Anne Neville
7. Letter of Thomas Langton, Bishop of St. David’s, cited by Ross: Richard III
8. Pollard
9. Dockray: Richard III: A Source Book
10. Croyland Chronicle. The words “gratify an incestuous passion” can also be translated as “gratify his incestuous passion” or “complete his incestuous association.”
11. Peter Clarke: “English Royal Marriages and the Papal Penitentiary in the Fifteenth Century”
12. Cited by Baldwin in Richard III
13. Baldwin: Richard III
14. Hicks: Anne Neville
15. Buck
16. Stow: Annals
17. Croyland Chronicle
18. Helmholz; Sheppard-Routh
19. Croyland Chronicle
20. Acts of Court of the Mercers’ Company
21. Croyland Chronicle
22. Ibid.
23. Lopes
24. Warrants for Issues, E. 404/78/3/47
25. For the Portuguese negotiations, see Wilkins; Sanceau; Barrie Williams: “The Portuguese Connection and the Significance of the ‘Holy Princess’ ”; Lopes; Santos; Marques; Ashdown-Hill: The Last Days of Richard III; Baldwin: Richard III. Joana was canonized in 1693.
26. Lamb, citing Harleian MS. 433, states that Elizabeth was proposed as a bride for James FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond (1459–87). Harley 433 does contain a letter sent in September 1484 by Richard III to the earl, offering to find a suitable bride for Desmond if he ceased conducting himself violently in Munster, adopted English attire, and returned to his allegiance—but Elizabeth is not mentioned. I am indebted to the historian Josephine Wilkinson, who double-checked this for me and confirmed that there is no reference at all to her in connection with Desmond.
27. Cited by Vergil’s editor, Dennis Hay, from Vergil’s unpublished manuscript. Buck’s editor, A. N. Kincaid, suggests that the reason why this was omitted from Vergil’s published history was that it reflected Elizabeth’s views on marrying Henry Tudor rather than Richard III, but Vergil wasn’t writing in reference to Henry VII, and it is more likely that he left out this passage because he knew his master was sensitive about the matter.
28. Reproduced by Kincaid in “Buck and the Elizabeth of York Letter: A Reply to Dr. Hanham.”
29. Egerton MS. 2216; Bodleian MS. Malone 1; Fisher MS., University of Toronto; Additional MS. 27422
30. For a full discussion of these texts, see A. N. Kincaid, in Buck.
31. Kincaid: “Buck and the Elizabeth of York Letter: A Reply to Dr. Hanham”; Horrox
32. Buck, ed. Kincaid
33. Ibid.
34. Hicks: Anne Neville
35. Kincaid, in Buck
36. Hervey; Kincaid’s edition of Buck; Ricci
37. Kincaid, in Buck
38. Memoir in PPE
39. Gairdner
40. For the debate see Kincaid, in Buck; Horrox; and the articles by Hanham and Kincaid in The Ricardian.
41. See also Okerlund: Elizabeth of York
42. Ashdown-Hill: The Last Days of Richard III; Ashdown-Hill: Richard III’s “Beloved Cousyn”
43. Kincaid: “Buck and the Elizabeth of York Letter: A Reply to Dr. Hanham”
44. Baldwin: Elizabeth Woodville
45. Baldwin: Richard III
46. For example, by me in The Princes in the Tower, although I have now revised that view in light of further research.
47. Croyland Chronicle
48. Royal MS. 20, A, f. XIX
49. Harleian MS. 49
50. Gristwood
51. Weir: The Princes in the Tower; Visser-Fuchs: “Where did Elizabeth of York find consolation?”; Baldwin: Lost Prince; Okerlund: Elizabeth of York
52. Vergil
53. Ibid.; Griffiths and Thomas
54. Gristwood
55. Acts of Court of the Mercers’ Company
56. York Civic Records; Letters of the Kings of England
57. Croyland Chronicle
6: “PURPOSING A CONQUEST”
1. Aside from Gairdner, who compared all the versions of the poem, most historians have based their assessments on Heywood’s edition; however, it differs considerably from the earlier texts.
2. Letts
3. Probably a reference to the Clare inheritance, which should have descended to Elizabeth as her father’s heiress.
4. Meaning the common people of his affinity.
5. Cokayne
6. Leland: Itinerary
7. Ibid.; Todd; Camden. Sheriff Hutton Castle was much decayed by the reign of James I, when it was partially dismantled, and today only the stark ruins of two towers and the gatehouse remain on its grassy mound.
8. Bacon’s work was based on printed sources that are still available today, and on manuscript sources, such as those in Sir Robert Cotton’s library and documents in the records office in the Tower of London and the Crown Office. His contemporary, John Selden, praised his work as one of only two histories that contained “either of the truth or plenty that may be gained from the records of this kingdom” (cited by Vickers in his edition of Bacon).
9. According to a near-contemporary pedigree roll drawn up for the family of Margaret of Clarence, Warwick’s sister; see Philip Morgan: “Those were the days: a Yorkist pedigree roll,” in Estrangement, Enterprise and Education in Fifteenth-Century England;Jones: Psychology of a Battle: Bosworth, 1485.
10. Original Letters Illustrative of English History
11. Croyland Chronicle
12. Ibid.
13. Ross: Wars of the Roses
14. Ibid.
15. Croyland Chronicle
16. Most writers follow Kendall: Richard the Third, although he cites no source for this date.
17. Croyland Chronicle
18. Ibid.
19. Hall
20. Vergil
21. Croyland Chronicle
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.; Vergil
24. Vergil is the only source to state it was Lord Stanley who retrieved the crown; the Great Chronicle of London states that it was Sir William Stanley. After Sir William’s execution for treason in 1495, Vergil may have deemed it politic to assert that it was his brother.
25. Vergil; Hall
26. Vergil
27. Harleian MS. 542
28. Croyland Chronicle
29. Rous
30. HVIIPPE
31. Ashdown-Hill: The Fate of Richard III’s Body; Pidgeon; Baldwin: King Richard’s Grave in Leicester; Billson
32. Bacon; Francis Drake, in Eboracum, says that Halewell is mentioned in one of the warrants.
33. Vergil
34. Bacon
35. Vergil
36. Bacon
37. Ibid.
38. Laynesmith
39. Warrant of February 24, 1486, in Exchequer Records E.404/79
40. Godfrey and Wagner; Kingsford: “Historical Notes on Mediaeval London Houses.” Coldharbour was burned down in 1666 during the Great Fire of London.
7: “OUR BRIDAL TORCH”
1. Chrimes; Professor Eric Ives, in conversation with the author, May 2012.
2. Calendar of Papal Registers. Henry’s great-grandfather, John Beaufort, was the brother of Elizabeth’s great-grandmother, Joan Beaufort.
3. Hicks: Anne Neville; Peter Clarke: “English Royal Marriages and the Papal Penitentiary in the Fifteenth Century”
4. Rastell
5. Rotuli Parliamentorum
6. Bacon
7. Ross: Wars of the Roses
8. Rotuli Parliamentorum
9. Bacon
10. CSP Spain
11. Vergil
12. Hall
13. Gristwood; Jones and Underwood
14. Calendar of Papal Registers
15. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
16. Rutland Papers
17. Fisher: Funeral Sermon
18. Croyland Chronicle
19. Rotuli Parliamentorum
20. CSP Spain
21. Buck
22. Rotuli Parliamentorum
23. Anglo: Spectacle, Pageantry and Early Tudor Policy
24. In his dispensation of 1486 (Foedera)—see Chapter 9.
25. Leland: Collectanea
26. Popular Songs of Ireland
27. Mancini
28. Bacon
29. Ibid.
30. Rotuli Parliamentorum
31. Dockray: Richard III: Myth and Reality
32. Bacon
33. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
34. Rotuli Parliamentorum
35. Vergil
36. Hall
37. Challis; Anglo: Images of Tudor Kingship
38. Mackie
39. Bacon
40. Calendar of Papal Registers
41. Weightman; Vaughan; Wiesflacker
42. Harleian MS. 336, in Leland: Collectanea. Gigli was rewarded with a prebendary stall in York; he would serve Henry VII as ambassador to Rome and become Bishop of Worcester (Tournoy-Thouen; Dixon).
43. Calendar of Papal Registers, January 1486
44. PPE
45. Croyland Chronicle
46. Rotuli Parliamentorum; Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; André
47. Mutilated document in Cotton MS. Cleopatra
48. Calendar of Papal Registers
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. Hall
52. Rotuli Parliamentorum
53. André
54. CSP Venice
55. Calendar of Papal Registers
56. Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII
57. Shears
58. Calendar of Papal Registers
59. Ibid.; Loades: Mary Rose
60. Bacon; Croyland also gives the date as January 18.
61. André
62. Mutilated document in Cotton MS. Cleopatra
63. Croyland Chronicle
64. Meerson
65. Arch and Marschner
66. Harleian MS. 336, in Leland: Collectanea
67. Okerlund: Elizabeth of York; Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
68. Bacon
69. Ibid.
70. Harleian MS. 336, in Leland Collectanea
71. Cambridge University Library Dd. 13.27, f. 31; Strickland
72. Hawes: A Joyful Meditation
73. Stuart Royal Proclamations
74. Kohler; Francis Perry; http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/
75. All cited by Wroe
76. York Civic Records
77. Cited by Hilliam
78. Anglo: Images of Tudor Kingship
8: “IN BLEST WEDLOCK”
1. Woolgar
2. Harris
3. Laynesmith
4. Sandford; Laynesmith
5. Great Chronicle of London; Hall; Hayward
6. Hayward
7. CSP Venice
8. So called after the ceiling decoration in the room at the Palace of Westminster where it was held.
9. Exchequer Records E.101
10. Bacon
11. CSP Venice
12. CSP Spain
13. Cunningham: Henry VII
14. Erasmus: The Epistles of Erasmus; Bacon
15. Gothic. The book of hours is in the Devonshire Collection at Chatsworth House.
16. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
17. CSP Spain
18. Jones and Underwood; Laynesmith; Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII; Searle
19. Vickers, in his edition of Bacon
20. Bacon
21. HVIIPPE
22. Memorials of King Henry VII
23. Milne. He offers good evidence that Velville was Henry’s son.
24. CSP Spain
25. Four English Political Tracts of the Later Middle Ages
26. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
27. Cessolis
28. Norton: She Wolves
29. Paston Letters
30. Shears
31. PPE
32. Loades: Tudor Queens
33. Paston Letters. John Paston was knighted at the Battle of Stoke in June 1487, so the letters must have been written after that date, as he is referred to as Sir John in both of them. Daubeney, whose letter was written on the Saturday before St. Lawrence’s Day, August 10, refers to Elizabeth having taken to her chamber. Only two of her children were born in the summer: Arthur in 1486, the year before Paston was knighted; and Elizabeth on July 2, 1492. The letters must therefore belong to 1492, when the Queen was still lying in after her confinement, in which case Daubeney’s was written on August 5.
34. PPE
35. CSP Spain
36. PPE
37. Okerlund: Elizabeth of York; Cloake: “Richmond’s Great Monastery”; Thompson
38. PPE
39. Ibid.
40. The device of Elizabeth Wydeville (Okerlund: Elizabeth of York)
41. Okerlund, in Elizabeth of York, suggests this is a reference to her being jilted by the Dauphin.
42. Additional MS. 5645, ff. 8v-11; Historical Poems of the XIVth and XVth Centuries; Stevens
43. Cotton MS. Vitellius
44. CSP Venice
45. PPE
46. Calendar of Papal Registers
47. Cotton MS. Vespasian F XIII, f. 60
48. Original Letters Illustrative of English History
49. Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies of Great Britain
50. Harleian MS. 7039
51. Fisher: Funeral Sermon
52. Additional MSS.
53. Fisher: Funeral Sermon
54. Ibid.
55. Letters of the Queens of England
56. Loades: Tudor Queens
57. CSP Spain
58. More
59. Gristwood
60. Laynesmith
61. Records of the Borough of Nottingham; Jones and Underwood; City and Spectacle in Medieval Europe
62. Gristwood
63. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh. Nothing remains of this chantry chapel today, as the church was mostly rebuilt in the eighteenth century; the only chantry chapel still to survive is that of Sir Richard Weston, the builder of nearby Sutton Place, who probably rose to prominence in the service of Elizabeth of York.
64. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII
65. Gristwood; PPE
66. Collection of Ordinances
67. Jones and Underwood
68. In Elizabeth’s lifetime Margaret did not reside at Derby Place, the town residence built by her husband in 1503 on Peter’s Hill, near Baynard’s Castle. It later became the Heralds’ College, but was burned down in the Great Fire of 1666. The present College of Arms occupies the site.
69. Jones and Underwood
70. PPE
71. Collection of Ordinances
72. The Household of Edward IV
73. Leland: Collectanea; Collection of Ordinances
74. CSP Venice. Foreign observers often referred to Henry VII as “His Majesty,” but that style was not adopted in England until the reign of Henry VIII; Henry VII used the traditional style, “His Grace.”
75. Collection of Ordinances
76. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; PPE; HVIIPPE
77. PPE
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid.
80. Additional MS. 50001, f. 22; England in the Fifteenth Century; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs: “A ‘Most Benevolent Queen’ ”; Backhouse: “Illuminated Manuscripts associated with Henry VII”; Gothic; McKendrick, Lowden, and Doyle
81. Exeter College MS. 47; The Reign of Henry VII from Contemporary Sources
82. Royal MS. 16, f. II
83. Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts; Backhouse: “Illuminated Manuscripts associated with Henry VII”
84. Royal MS. 19B XVI
85. McKendrick, Lowden, and Doyle
86. Royal MS. 20D VI
87. McKendrick, Lowden, and Doyle
88. Catalogue of Western Manuscripts and Miniatures
89. Now in the British Library
90. Jones and Underwood
91. PPE
92. Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection. Painter; Okerlund: Elizabeth of York
93. England in the Fifteenth Century
94. Nicolas: Memoir, in PPE; Additional MS. 17, OX2
95. CSP Spain
96. CSP Milan
97. CSP Venice
98. CSP Spain
99. Ibid.
100. Vergil
101. “Lamentation,” in More: Complete Works
102. CSP Spain
103. Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England
104. Crawford: “The King’s Burden?”
105. Loades: Tudor Queens
106. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
107. Rotuli Parliamentorum; Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII; Crawford: “The King’s Burden?”
108. Rotuli Parliamentorum
109. Halsbury’s Laws of England
110. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII
111. Myers: Crown, Household and Parliament in Fifteenth-Century England; Laynesmith; Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England
112. Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England
113. Special Collections S.C. 2/172/38, 40; McIntosh; Laynesmith
114. Additional MS. 46454
115. PPE
116. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII; Westminster Abbey Muniments 12172–73 and 12177; PPE; Laynesmith
117. HVIIPPE; PPE
118. PPE
119. “Lamentation,” in More: Complete Works
120. PPE
121. HVIIPPE; Exchequer Records E.101/414/6; PPE
122. Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England; PPE
123. PPE
124. Ibid.; Laynesmith
125. PPE
9: “OFFSPRING OF THE RACE OF KINGS”
1. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
2. André
3. Ibid.
4. Hall
5. Ibid.
6. Rowse: Bosworth Field and the Wars of the Roses
7. Hedley
8. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; Tudor-Craig. The original bull is in the possession of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and there are copies in the British Library, the National Archives, and the John Rylands Library; the text is printed in Foedera.
9. William de Machlin: circular of the Papal Bull, in Tudor Royal Proclamations
10. Leland: Collectanea
11. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
12. Hall
13. Macalpine
14. Ibid.
15. Rhoda Edwards; Macalpine; Hall
16. Victoria County History: Hampshire
17. Leland: Collectanea. The hall survives, but the interior of the Deanery has been much altered since Elizabeth stayed there.
18. Ibid.
19. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
20. Ibid.
21. Articles ordained by King Henry VII for the Regulation of his Household, in Harleian MS. 642, f. 198–217; Collection of Ordinances; Cotton MS. Julius B XII; Leland: Collectanea
22. Antiquarian Repertory
23. Eames; Laynesmith
24. Antiquarian Repertory
25. Original Letters Illustrative of English History
26. Collection of Ordinances
27. Ibid.
28. Harleian MS. 642, f. 198–217; Collection of Ordinances; Leland: Collectanea
29. Leland: Collectanea
30. Okerlund: Elizabeth of York
31. Collection of Ordinances
32. Leland: Collectanea; Collection of Ordinances
33. Collection of Ordinances; Leland: Collectanea
34. Plague, Poverty, Prayer
35. England in the Fifteenth Century
36. Eamonn Duffy; PPE
37. Plague, Poverty, Prayer
38. Ibid.
39. The Beaufort Hours; Leland: Collectanea; McKendrick, Lowden, and Doyle
40. Hall
41. Cotton MS. Julius EIV, f. 10v
42. Hampshire Record Office, 11 M59, B1/211, cited by Jones in Psychology of a Battle: Bosworth, 1485
43. Leland: Collectanea
44. Plague, Poverty, Prayer
45. Bacon
46. Fuller
47. Hall
48. Collection of Ordinances
49. Leland: Collectanea; Antiquarian Repertory
50. Collection of Ordinances
51. Ibid.
52. Additional MS. 6113, f. 77b; Leland: Collectanea; Collection of Ordinances; the Royal Book in Antiquarian Repertory
53. Leland: Collectanea
54. Anthology of Catholic Poets
55. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; Anglo; Spectacle, Pageantry and Early Tudor Policy; Doran
56. Hughes
57. Additional MSS.
58. Leland: Collectanea
59. Harris; Cressy
60. Leland: Collectanea
61. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
62. Meaning attire, or a covering, in this case a veil.
63. Collection of Ordinances; Leland: Collectanea; Parsons
64. Cited by Hayward
65. Account of Norroy Herald in Additional MS. 6113; Leland: Collectanea; Liber Regie Capelle; Cressy; Harris; Brigden
66. Collection of Ordinances; Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; Exchequer Records E.404 and E.101; Gristwood; Hayward
67. Brigden
68. Collection of Ordinances
69. Ibid; Leland: Collectanea
70. Lansdowne MS. 278, f. 26; Crawford: “The Piety of Late-Medieval English Queens.” Elizabeth did not refound the Lady Chapel, as is sometimes asserted.
71. Licence: Elizabeth of York
72. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII; Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
73. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
74. Bell
75. Randerson
76. Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince, citing Leland: Collectanea; Hutchinson: Young Henry
10: “DAMNABLE CONSPIRACIES”
1. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
2. Ibid.; Okerlund: Elizabeth of York
3. Account of Norroy Herald in Additional MS. 6113; Collection of Ordinances; PPE
4. Collection of Ordinances
5. Vergil
6. Leland: Collectanea
7. Cotton MS. Julius, BXII, f. 29
8. Calendar of Papal Registers
9. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
10. Foedera
11. Vergil
12. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
13. Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England
14. The site is now occupied by Bermondsey Square and Bermondsey Market.
15. Bacon
16. Okerlund: Elizabeth Wydeville
17. Okerlund: Elizabeth of York
18. For Bermondsey Abbey, see, for example, Okerlund: Elizabeth Wydeville; Edward Clarke
19. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
20. Ibid.
21. Lee states that she entered the convent in 1490, when her mother entered Bermondsey, but that had been in 1487.
22. More
23. “Friaries: The Dominican nuns of Dartford”; Lee; C.F.R. Palmer
24. Vergil
25. Ibid.
26. Bacon
27. Okerlund: Elizabeth of York
28. CSP Spain
29. André
30. Bacon
31. Calendar of Papal Registers
32. Original Letters Illustrative of English History
33. Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince
34. Leland: Collectanea
35. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
36. Bacon
37. Vergil
38. André
39. Bacon
11: “BRIGHT ELIZABETH”
1. Bacon
2. Gristwood
3. Bacon
4. Ibid.
5. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
6. Bacon
7. Rawlinson MS. 146, f. 158, Bodleian Library; Leland: Collectanea
8. Great Chronicle of London
9. This account of Elizabeth’s coronation and the attendant celebrations is based on the descriptions in Leland: Collectanea; Cotton MS. Julius B XII, f. 39; Rawlinson MS. 146, f. 161; Egerton MS. 985, f. 19; English Coronation Records
10. Norris
11. Tessa Rose
12. Probably the same scepter that Anne Neville is shown holding in the Rous Roll.
13. The King and Queen had attended Margaret’s wedding (HVIIPPE), which had taken place sometime after September 1486 (Pierce). Margaret was to bear Sir Richard five children before his death in 1505, and would name one Henry and another Arthur.
14. Parsons
15. Strong: Lost Treasures of Britain; Strong: Coronation; Tessa Rose
16. The Pageants of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, B.L. Cotton MS. Julius E IV
17. Hilliam
18. Strickland states that this poem, dated 1486, was found in an old chest at Gayton, Northamptonshire, in the 1840s. It is also cited by Davey.
19. Leland: Collectanea
12: “ELYSABETH YE QUENE”
1. Laynesmith
2. Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England
3. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII; Myers: Crown, Household and Parliament in Fifteenth-Century England; Myers: “The Household Accounts of Queen Margaret of Anjou, 1452–53”; Laynesmith; PPE; Crawford: “The Queen’s Council in the Middle Ages”
4. Crawford: “The Queen’s Council in the Middle Ages”; Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England; PPE
5. Ibid.
6. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; PPE
7. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII. Ormond’s great-granddaughter, Anne Boleyn, became the second wife of Elizabeth’s son, Henry VIII.
8. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
9. Okerlund: Elizabeth of York
10. Crawford: “The Queen’s Council in the Middle Ages”; Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England; The Household of Edward IV; Myers: “The Household Accounts of Queen Margaret of Anjou, 1452–53”; PPE
11. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
12. Ibid.; PPE
13. PPE
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.; Hayward
16. PPE
17. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; Great Wardrobe Accounts
18. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII
19. PPE; Hayward
20. PPE
21. Ibid.
22. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; PPE; Norris
23. PPE
24. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; PPE
25. HVIIPPE
26. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
27. HVIIPPE
28. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; PPE
29. England in the Fifteenth Century
30. PPE
31. The Reign of Henry VII from Contemporary Sources; Dictionary of National Biography; Handbook of British Chronology
32. Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies of Great Britain; Lisle Letters
33. Given-Hilson; Beauclerk-Dewar and Powell; Lisle Letters
34. PPE
35. Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England
36. CSP Spain
37. PPE
38. Ibid. The later term “chambermaid” derives from “chamberer.”
39. PPE
40. Leland: Collectanea
41. Collection of Ordinances
42. PPE
43. Ibid.
44. Harris
45. Great Wardrobe Accounts; PPE
46. PPE
47. Exchequer Records E.101/415/3
48. PPE
49. Johnson
50. PPE
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid. I am indebted to historian Siobhan Clarke for the information on black clothing.
53. PPE; Hayward
54. PPE
55. Great Wardrobe Accounts; PPE; Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
56. PPE
57. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; Johnson; Norris; Hayward
58. PPE
59. Alberge
60. PPE
61. HVIIPPE
62. PPE
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid.; Hayward
65. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
66. Licence: Elizabeth of York
67. PPE
68. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
69. Ibid.
70. HVIIPPE; Great Wardrobe Accounts; Exchequer Records E.101; Hayward; Gristwood
71. PPE
13: “UNBOUNDED LOVE”
1. André
2. See, for example, Jones and Underwood; Okerlund: Elizabeth of York
3. College of Arms MS. I, III, f. 10
4. Additional MS. 38, 133, f. 132b; Leland: Collectanea
5. Holinshed
6. Letters of the Queens of England, 1100–1547
7. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
8. One who holds lands of an overlord in exchange for knight’s service.
9. The official in charge of administration.
10. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
11. Charter Rolls C.53
12. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
13. Leland: Collectanea
14. CSP Spain
15. Ibid.
16. Hedley; Hope; Goodall. The eastern part of the gallery and the arraying chamber still survive, much altered. Elizabeth’s dining chamber is now the Queen’s Drawing Room. The site of her bedchamber is now occupied by the central room of the Royal Library. The old state apartments were extensively remodeled for Charles II in the seventeenth century, and for George IV in the nineteenth century.
17. Hentzner
18. Hayward
19. Leland: Collectanea
20. Ibid.
21. Gristwood
22. Licence: Elizabeth of York
23. CSP Spain
24. CSP Venice
25. Leland: Collectanea
26. Pierce
27. CSP Spain
28. Leland: Collectanea
29. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
30. Licence: Elizabeth of York
31. Cotton MS. Julius B XII; Leland: Collectanea
32. Leland: Collectanea
33. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; PPE
34. Leland: Collectanea; Green. Strickland, in her Lives of the Queens of Scotland, states incorrectly that the princess was christened in St. Margaret’s Church, Westminster.
35. Leland: Collectanea
36. Exchequer Records E.404; Collection of Ordinances; Original Letters Illustrative of English History; Glasheen
37. Leland: Collectanea
38. CSP Spain. When Granada finally fell in 1492, completing the centuries-long Reconquest of Spain, Te Deum was sung in St. Paul’s Cathedral. The suggestion that Ferdinand wrote to Elizabeth because he recognized her title comes from the historian Sarah Gristwood, in correspondence with the author.
39. Leland: Collectanea
40. Ibid.
41. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII
42. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; Starkey: Six Wives
43. Her surname is also given as Uxbridge. Later she married Walter Luke (or Locke).
44. Exchequer Records E.404
45. Lambard. These apartments do not survive.
46. Dowsing; Hedley; Thurley: The Royal Palaces of Tudor England
47. Starkey: Monarchy; Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince; Laynesmith
48. Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince; Exchequer Records E.404
49. In Henry VIII: Man and Monarch, an engraving of 1748 by George Vertue, incorrectly inscribed as Prince Henry, Prince Arthur, and Princess Margaret, is said to be based on “a no-longer-extant and possibly spurious painting of 1496.” But “Henry” is clearly older than “Margaret,” and the painting, by Jan Gossaert, which is in the Royal Collection (a copy is in the collection of the Earl of Pembroke at Wilton House, Wiltshire), in fact portrays Dorothea, John, and Christina, the children of Christian II, King of Denmark, and was painted in 1526. It is recorded in Henry VIII’s collection, but in the eighteenth century was misidentified, perhaps by Queen Caroline of Ansbach, wife of George II, as the children of Henry VII.
50. CSP Milan
51. CSP Spain
52. Vergil; André
53. CSP Spain
54. Bacon
55. Strickland
56. Lancelott
57. Bacon
58. Vergil
59. Book of Howth
60. Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII
61. Bacon
62. Ibid.
63. Arundel MS. 26 f. 29v
64. A Collection of all the Wills, now known to be extant, of the Kings and Queens of England
65. Arundel MS. 26 f. 29v
66. Arundel MS. 26 f. 30
67. Arundel MS. 26 f. 29v
68. Collection of Ordinances
69. PPE
70. Leland: Collectanea
71. Exchequer Records E.404
72. Household book of Henry VII as kept by John Heron Treasurer of the Chamber, 1499–1505: Additional MS. 21, 480
73. André
74. Vergil
75. Bacon
76. Ibid.
77. Vergil
78. Ibid.
79. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII
80. Mancini
81. Hepburn
82. Herbert and New; Walker
83. Stow: Annals
84. Bacon
85. Calendar of the Cecil Papers at Hatfield House; Original Letters Illustrative of English History
86. Vergil
87. Four stanzas of seven lines each in iambic pentameter.
88. Great Chronicle of London
89. Hall
90. Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII
91. Henry VIII: A European Court in England; Hayward. The sketch is probably a copy, dating from ca. 1515–25, of a lost original. It is inscribed “le roy Henry d’Angleterre,” but the identity of the sitter has been disputed on the grounds that the broad-brimmed feathered hat he wears over his coif is a fashion of a later date (Henry VIII: Man and Monarch). However, there are many examples of this type of headgear in the 1490s, and the high square neckline of the prince’s paltock belongs also to that period (Norris).
92. Sir Thomas Tyng to Sir John Paston, in Paston Letters
93. Hall; Cotton MS. Julius A. XVI f. 150, in Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII
94. Cotton MS. Julius A. XVI f. 150, in Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII
95. Stow: London; HVIIPPE
96. Hall
97. Ibid.
98. Bacon
99. Strickland: Buck; Hutchinson: House of Treason
100. HVIIPPE
101. Formulare Anglicanum
102. Rotuli Parliamentorum
103. Meerson
104. Hall
105. Rotuli Parliamentorum
106. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII
107. Dugdale
108. Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII
109. Prerogative Court of Canterbury Wills, PROB 11/10 q. 25
110. Cited by Finch
111. Stow: London
112. Thurley: The Royal Palaces of Tudor England. Baynard’s Castle was largely destroyed in 1666 during the Great Fire of London; a single turret survived until 1720. The site was excavated in 1972–75.
113. HVIIPPE
114. Ibid.
115. Draper
116. Lathom House was to be slighted and destroyed in 1645 during the Civil War. A third house was erected in its place in the eighteenth century, but only the west wing stands today (Victoria County History: Lancashire; Neil, Baldwin, and Crosby).
117. HVIIPPE
118. White Kennett’s Collections in the Lansdowne MSS.
119. Bacon
120. I am indebted to Ian Coulson for these details, and for kindly sending me his article detailing his research on the Paradise Bed, which he acquired in 2010. This research is still ongoing.
121. HVIIPPE
14: “DOUBTFUL DROPS OF ROYAL BLOOD”
1. Cotton MS. Vitellius A. XVI f. 156 gives October 7, but Stow: London, citing the tomb inscription, gives November 14. This cannot be correct, as the warrant for the funeral expenses was issued on October 26.
2. HVIIPPE
3. Ibid.; Bacon
4. HVIIPPE
5. Exchequer Records E.404; Egerton MS. 2, 642, f. 185v
6. Great Chronicle of London; Cotton MS. Vitellius A. XVI f. 156; Sandford; Lane; Strickland; Stow: London
7. Stow: London
8. PPE; Vail; Ashdown-Hill: Richard III’s “Beloved Cousyn”; Smith
9. Foedera
10. Bacon
11. CSP Spain
12. The King and Queen were in residence at Sheen from February 26 until they moved to Windsor on April 14 (HVIIPPE).
13. Records of the Keeper of the Privy Seal PSO 1; Exchequer Records E.101
14. HVIIPPE
15. Cokayne
16. HVIIPPE
17. Ibid.
18. Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies of Great Britain
19. Exchequer Records E.101; PPE
20. Miscellaneous Books E.36
21. Meerson
22. PPE
23. Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince
24. Ibid.
25. Erasmus: The Epistles of Erasmus
26. Skelton: The Poetical Works
27. Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince
28. Loades: Tudor Queens
29. PPE
30. Cited by Strickland
31. HVIIPPE; Special Collections S.C. 1/51/189
32. CSP Venice
33. HVIIPPE; Strickland; Wroe
34. The Reign of Henry VII from Contemporary Sources; Gristwood: Bruce
35. Hall
36. Ibid.
37. HVIIPPE
38. Ibid.
39. CSP Milan
40. Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince; Hutchinson: Young Henry
41. Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince
42. CSP Venice; CSP Milan
43. Bacon
44. Ibid.
45. CSP Venice
46. Ibid.
47. Letter of Henry VII in Lambeth Palace MS. 632 f. 25
48. Bacon
49. Gristwood
50. André
51. Ibid.; Gristwood
52. Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII
53. Wroe; Gristwood
54. Great Chronicle of London; Cotton MS. Vitellius, A XVI, f. 168; Moorhen
55. Wroe
56. Bacon
57. Meerson; Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland; Miscellaneous Books E.36; HVIIPPE; Wroe
58. HVIIPPE
59. Cotton MS. Vitellius A XVI, printed in Chronicles of London
60. CSP Venice
61. Baldwin: Elizabeth Woodville
62. Egerton MS. 616, f. 7
63. CSP Spain
64. Before the Reformation, priests were customarily given the courtesy title “sir.”
65. The Voice of the Middle Ages in Personal Letters
66. CSP Milan
67. “St. Thomas’ night,” according to The Great Chronicle of London, although CSP Milan says the night before Christmas Eve.
68. CSP Venice
69. CSP Milan
70. Ibid.
71. CSP Venice
72. Bacon
73. CSP Milan
74. Ibid.
75. Great Chronicle of London
76. CSP Milan
77. CSP Spain
78. PPE
79. HVIIPPE
80. Anglo: “The Court Festivals of Henry VII”
81. HVIIPPE
82. CSP Spain
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid.
85. Ibid.
86. Gristwood
87. CSP Spain
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid.
90. Ibid.
91. HVIIPPE
92. Capgrave
93. HVIIPPE
94. Cooper; Lyte
95. CSP Spain
96. Licence: Elizabeth of York
97. CSP Spain
98. Ibid.
99. Foedera
100. Great Chronicle of London
101. Green
102. Great Wardrobe Accounts; Exchequer Records E.101; HVIIPPE
103. The date is recorded in the Beaufort Hours, which is more likely to be correct than Ayala, who wrote that the Queen “was delivered of a son on Friday” (CSP Spain). Charles Wriothesley also gives the date incorrectly as February 22.
104. Great Wardrobe Accounts; HVIIPPE
105. CSP Spain
106. Gristwood
107. CSP Spain
108. HVIIPPE
109. Wriothesley
110. Including your author in Britain’s Royal Families.
111. Lenz Harvey: The Rose and the Thorn
112. Hutchinson: Young Henry; Gristwood
113. Lenz-Harvey, in Elizabeth of York, says that grief over Princess Elizabeth’s death caused the Queen to give birth to a son too small to survive.
114. Loades: Mary Rose, although he says that Elizabeth had “an abortive pregnancy”; Norton: England’s Queens, but she incorrectly gives the date of Princess Elizabeth’s death as 1497 and—like Lenz-Harvey in Elizabeth of York—the date of Princess Mary’s birth as 1498, as Holinshed wrongly has it.
115. King’s MS. 395, ff. 32v-33
116. For example, Chrimes
117. Leland: Itinerary. The house was destroyed during the Civil War and rebuilt in the early eighteenth century.
118. CSP Spain
119. Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies of Great Britain
120. HVIIPPE
121. The occasion was immortalized in a fresco executed in 1910 in the Palace of Westminster by F. W. Cowper, although it was incorrectly set at Greenwich; and in stained glass made in 1881 for St. Mary’s Church, Bury St. Edmunds.
122. “Britain Personified,” in Erasmus: The Epistles of Erasmus
123. Erasmus: The Epistles of Erasmus
124. Letter of Cardinal Reginald Pole of September 7, 1549, in CSP Venice
125. CSP Spain
126. Records of the Court of King’s Bench: Indictments Files KB 9/390, 84–86
127. Hall
128. HVIIPPE
129. Moorhen
130. CSP Spain
15: “THE SPANISH INFANTA”
1. CSP Spain
2. Bacon
3. CSP Spain
4. Ibid.
5. Chronicle of Calais; Wroe
6. CSP Spain
7. Bacon
8. Great Wardrobe Accounts
9. Ibid.; Wardrobe Indentures in Exchequer Records E.101
10. Chrimes; Loades: Mary Rose
11. PPE
12. Grafton; Chronicle of Calais; CSP Spain
13. This red-brick palace had been built around 1480–85 by Cardinal Morton when he was Bishop of Ely. It is famous as the palace where Prince Edmund’s great-niece, Elizabeth I, spent much of her youth and learned of her accession. Only the great hall and one tower of the old palace remain today, the rest having been pulled down in 1607–08 when Robert Cecil was building Hatfield House. For Arthur’s health see p. 374 and note 49.
14. HVIIPPE
15. Ibid.
16. Collection of Ordinances
17. Chronicles of London
18. Thurley: The Royal Palaces of Tudor England; Victoria County History: Kent; Jones and Underwood. Greenwich Palace and the Observants’ church were demolished in the reign of Charles II. Today, the Queen’s House and the National Maritime Museum occupy the site.
19. CSP Spain
20. HVIIPPE
21. Exchequer Records E.101
22. Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII
23. CSP Spain
24. Cotton MS. Vitellius A XVI
25. Harleian MS. 69
26. Orders of the Privy Council, cited Okerlund: Elizabeth of York
27. CSP Spain
28. Ibid.
29. Great Chronicle of London
30. Account of Lancaster Herald, in Antiquarian Repertory
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.; The Receyt of the Lady Katherine; Thurley: The Royal Palaces of Tudor England; Dowsing; Hedley; Fletcher
34. Great Chronicle of London
35. The Receyt of the Lady Katherine; Thurley: The Royal Palaces of Tudor England; Victoria County History: Surrey. All that substantially remains of the palace today is the original gatehouse, which bears the arms of Henry VII above the entrance arch.
36. The Receyt of the Lady Katherine
37. Jones and Underwood
38. Harleian MS. 69
39. The Receyt of the Lady Katherine; Leland: Collectanea
40. This account of Katherine’s reception, her wedding, and the celebrations that followed is based on descriptions and information in The Receyt of the Lady Katherine; Hall; Cotton MS. Vitellius XVI; Cotton MS. Vitellius CXI; Harleian MS. 69; Great Chronicle of London; HVIIPPE; Leland: Collectanea; Cowie; Gristwood; Davey; Stow: London
41. Maria Perry; Cokayne
42. CSP Spain
43. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. Real Academia de Historia MS. 9–4674, cited by Tremlett
48. Cited by Tremlett
49. Fuensalida. Letter to Ferdinand and Isabella, July 25, 1500, cited Patrick Williams.
50. “Low” dances: elegant, measured dances in which there are no jumps or capers and the feet do not leave the floor.
51. Antiquarian Repertory
52. The Receyt of the Lady Katherine
53. CSP Spain
54. Ibid.; Fraser: The Six Wives of Henry VIII; Starkey: Six Wives
55. Foedera
56. Account of Somerset Herald, in Leland: Collectanea
57. PPE
58. College of Arms MSS.: Collection of Miscellany I, f. 84b-91; Cotton MS. Vitellius A XVI, f. 282; Leland: Collectanea
59. PPE
60. Treasurer’s Accounts, September 1502, Register House, Edinburgh
16: “ENDURING EVIL THINGS”
1. CSP Milan
2. Grafton
3. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII
4. Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London; Seward: The Last White Rose
5. Cunningham: Henry VII
6. Durant
7. Ibid.
8. Rotuli Parliamentorum; Seward: The Last White Rose. Courtenay was to remain in the Tower for the rest of Henry VII’s reign, and would not be released until 1509; he died in 1511.
9. PPE
10. It was published as Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York by Nicholas Harris Nicolas in 1830, and is referred to here as PPE.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. PPE
15. Lambeth Palace MS. 371. Elizabeth’s son, Henry VIII, would visit this shrine in 1521.
16. Probably St. Mary’s Priory, Binham, Norfolk.
17. PPE; Victoria County History: Suffolk
18. Tewkesbury Annals, in Kingsford: English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century; Laynesmith
19. PPE; Wriothesley; Laynesmith; Chapter Records
20. PPE; The Catholic Encyclopaedia; Ed West; The Shrine
21. Tremlett
22. PPE
23. Ibid.
24. Burton; Gothic
25. PPE
26. Ibid.; Worsley and Souden; Thurley: Hampton Court Palace. In 1505, Daubeney acquired a new lease on the property that effectively conferred on him the rights of a freeholder. He lived at Hampton until his death in 1508. His house was leased in 1514 to Cardinal Wolsey and subsequently largely demolished to make way for the great palace. The outline of his courtyard range is marked out in red bricks in the courtyard of Clock Court. Hampton Court later came into the possession of Henry VIII, and became one of his favorite residences.
27. PPE
28. Gristwood
29. PPE
30. Leland: Collectanea; Antiquarian Repertory; Starkey: Six Wives. The time was recorded on a plaque in St. Laurence’s Church, Ludlow, which was seen by Thomas Dineley in 1684 (Dineley; David Lloyd).
31. Hall
32. Leland: Collectanea
33. Faraday; David Lloyd
34. Kevin Cunningham
35. Leland: Collectanea
36. Real Academia de Historia, MS. 9–4674, cited Tremlett
37. Licence: Elizabeth of York
38. Starkey: Six Wives
39. Loades: The Tudors
40. “An Account of the Death and Interment of Prince Arthur”: anonymous herald’s journal, in Leland: Collectanea
41. PPE
42. Collection of Ordinances
43. PPE
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Benham; Cheung
47. CSP Spain: letter of Ferdinand and Isabella to de Puebla, dated April 15, quoted further on in the text.
48. PPE
49. André
50. André: Hymi Christiani Bernardae Andreae poetae Regii
51. The Receyt of the Lady Katherine
52. Body Parts and Bodies
53. Grafton
54. “An Account of the Death and Interment of Prince Arthur”: anonymous herald’s journal, in Leland: Collectanea
55. Grafton
56. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII
57. Bruce
58. PPE
59. Röhrkasten
60. PPE
61. Keene and Harding; Röhrkasten
62. Brian Spencer, in Tudor-Craig; Röhrkasten
63. Ibid.
64. PPE
65. Hall, Stow: Annals
66. Bacon; More
67. Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII
68. Hicks: Edward V
69. Chrimes
70. Chronicles of London
71. Hicks: Edward V
72. PPE
73. Ibid.
74. CSP Spain
75. PPE
76. CSP Spain
77. PPE
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid.
80. CSP Spain
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid.
83. Fox
17: “THE HAND OF GOD”
1. PPE
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Additional MS. 59, 899 f. 24
7. Goodall; Thurley: The Royal Palaces of Tudor England; Laynesmith
8. Ibid.
9. PPE; Cokayne; Rotuli Parliamentorum
10. Jones and Underwood; PPE
11. Meerson; Jones and Underwood; Cokayne; Rotuli Parliamentorum
12. Ibid. Centuries later Notley would be the home of actors Sir Laurence Olivier and Vivien Leigh.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Cunningham: Henry VII
16. Zita West
17. PPE
18. Ibid.
19. See, for example, Buckland. The Monmouth and Skenfrith vestments are now at the Welsh Folk Museum at St. Fagan’s.
20. PPE
21. HVIIPPE
22. PPE
23. See, for example, Buckland
24. PPE
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. HVIIPPE
29. PPE
30. Around 1708, during repairs to the hall, the skeleton of a man found seated at a table in an underground vault was thought to be his.
31. PPE; The Catholic Encyclopaedia; Ed West
32. PPE; Palmer: Royal England
33. PPE
34. Herald’s account in Cotton MS. Vitellius
35. PPE
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid. Seymour’s daughter Jane was later to marry Henry VIII.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. Wriothesley
43. PPE
44. Ibid.; Leland: Collectanea; Additional MS. 71009, f. 15v; Penn
45. HVIIPPE
46. PPE
47. “Lamentation,” in More: Complete Works
48. Royal MS. 12b VI
49. PPE
50. Cunningham: Henry VII
51. PPE
52. Anne’s coffin was reburied in the Minoresses’ convent at Stepney, where it was discovered during excavations in 1964. Examination of the teeth showed a familial link with the skeletons found in the Tower in 1674. The remains were then reburied in Westminster Abbey, as near as possible to their original resting place.
53. Astle
54. Stow: London
55. Henry VII’s unfinished chapel at Windsor was be lavishly completed by Cardinal Wolsey to house his own tomb. Later it was remodeled by Queen Victoria as the Albert Memorial Chapel.
56. Astle
57. PPE; Cloake: Richmond Palace; Thurley: The Royal Palaces of Tudor England
58. PPE
59. In 1506, Henry VII also built a gallery leading from the Lanthorn Tower to the Salt Tower, which appears on a 1597 plan of the Tower as “the Queen’s Gallery”—and created a privy garden below.
60. These were the rooms lavishly refurbished in 1533 for Anne Boleyn’s sojourn prior to her coronation. Thurley: The Royal Palaces of Tudor England; Goodall; Impey and Parnell; Keay
61. PPE
62. Leland: Collectanea
63. PPE
64. Ibid.
65. Additional MS. 45161, ff. 41–2, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory; Great Chronicle of London
66. Herald’s account in Cotton MS. Vitellius
67. PPE
68. Cotton MS. Vitellius; Great Chronicle of London; Grafton
69. More: “Lamentation,” in Complete Works
70. HVIIPPE
71. Redstone. The chapel was demolished in 1547.
72. Grafton; Great Chronicle of London
73. Strickland
74. Sandford
75. Green
76. Cunningham: Henry VII
77. PPE
78. Wriothesley; Great Chronicle of London; Grafton
79. Additional MS. 45161, ff. 41–2, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory; PPE
80. Additional MS. 45161, ff. 41–2, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory
81. Ibid.
82. Exchequer Records E.101; Hayward
83. Holinshed
84. Additional MS. 45161, ff. 41–2, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory; Cunningham: Henry VII
85. Additional MS. 45161, ff. 41–2, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory
86. PPE
87. Richardson: Mary Tudor, the White Queen; Loades: Mary Rose
88. Hayward
89. Additional MS. 45133, f. 141v; Jones and Underwood
90. Records of the Lord Chamberlain, LC 2/1, f. 59–78; Great Wardrobe Accounts
91. Additional MS. 45161, ff. 41–2, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory
92. Great Chronicle of London
93. It is often stated that Elizabeth lay in state in the beautiful Norman chapel of St. John the Evangelist, the chapel used by the monarch when in residence in the Tower. Dating from ca. 1078–80, it rises through two floors of the upper levels of the White Tower, the ancient keep. Its sanctuary and nave are encircled by Romanesque arches, a continuous ambulatory, and flanking aisles. It is a rare survival, one of the most perfect Norman chapels still in existence. However, The Great Chronicle of London clearly states that Elizabeth lay in state in “the parish church of the Tower,” which is St. Peter ad Vincula, where her daughter had been christened just eight days earlier. It would make sense that St. Peter’s was chosen, given the logistics of carrying the coffin up and down the spiral stairs to St. John’s Chapel.
94. Additional MS. 45161, ff. 41–2, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory
95. Ibid.
96. Herald’s account in College of Arms MS. I, IX, f. 27
18: “HERE LIETH THE FRESH FLOWER OF PLANTAGENET”
1. CSP Spain
2. Treasurer’s Accounts, Register Office, Edinburgh
3. Buchanan
4. “Isabel” is the form of “Elizabeth” in some countries.
5. Balliol College Oxford MS. 354, ff. 175–76; B.L. Sloane MS. 1825, ff. 88v-89; printed in More: Complete Works; Tromly
6. Tromly
7. Bacon
8. It has been suggested that she was buried with her mother (Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales); if so, she was left undisturbed in Elizabeth’s temporary grave (described further on in the chapter), for her coffin was not found in Henry VII’s vault, and the anthropoid coffin of the Queen could not have accommodated the corpse of an infant.
9. Balliol College, Oxford MS. 354, f. 176
10. HVIIPPE. The funeral accounts are in Antiquarian Repertory.
11. Gristwood
12. This account of the Queen’s funeral is based on those in College of Arms MS. 1, ff. 27r-32r; Additional MS. 45131, ff. 41v-47, which includes the account of Charles Wriothesley, Windsor Herald; College of Arms MS. I, III, ff. 23, 24; Additional MS. 45161, ff. 41–42, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory; Fabyan; Records of the Skinners of London
13. Additional MS. 45161, ff. 41–42, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory
14. The accounts for the effigy—in Records of the Lord Chamberlain, LC 2/1 f. 46PRO LC/1/2, ff. 46v-48v—are the first that survive for a royal funeral effigy.
15. Howgrave-Graham
16. Ibid.
17. Records of the Lord Chamberlain, LC 2/1 f. 46PRO LC/1/2, ff. 46v-48v; St. John Hope
18. Additional MS. 45161, ff. 41–42, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory
19. Those of London, Salisbury, Lincoln, Exeter, Rochester, Norwich, Llandaff, and Bangor.
20. Records of the Lord Chamberlain LC 2/1, f. 48–49
21. Additional MS. 45161, ff. 41–42, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory; Records of the Lord Chamberlain, LC 2/1. F. 46, 52
22. Fabyan
23. Astle
24. Records of the Lord Chamberlain, LC 2/1, f. 53
25. Westminster Abbey Muniments 6637, f. 2–6
26. A Collection of all the Wills, now known to be extant, of the Kings and Queens of England; Astle
27. CSP Spain; Doran; Gristwood; Penn
28. Rex: The Tudors
29. Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII
30. Exchequer Records E.101
31. Grafton
32. Hayward
33. HVIIPPE
34. CSP Spain
35. Astle
36. Cited by Williams in Henry VIII and his Court
37. Cited by Cannon and Griffiths
38. Ormond; Gothic. An electrotype of Elizabeth’s tomb effigy, cast by Domenico Brucciani in 1870, is in the National Portrait Gallery.
39. Wilkinson: Henry VII’s Lady Chapel in Westminster Abbey; Wilkinson: Westminster Abbey
19: “AS LONG AS THE WORLD SHALL ENDURE”
1. Hayward
2. Abell; Wroe
3. Wroe; Dunlop
4. CSP Spain
5. Okerlund: Elizabeth of York; Anglo: “The Court Festivals of Henry VII”
6. Rex: Henry VIII
7. Bacon
8. Anglo: Images of Tudor Kingship
9. CSP Spain
10. Ibid.
11. Bacon
12. Lansdowne MS. 874, f. 49
13. Cited Anglo: Images of Tudor Kingship
14. Ibid.
15. Latin pedigree in the College of Arms; Harleian MS. 1139, f. 37
16. Horrox
17. Meerson; Hamilton; Hoak
18. Jones and Underwood
19. Herbert of Cherbury
20. The Vaux Passional, Peniarth MS. 482D
21. Ibid.; Mary Williams
22. The Letters of King Henry VIII. When Philip had visited England in 1506, the late Queen Elizabeth’s “rich litters and chairs” were placed at his disposal (Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince)
23. Williams: Henry VIII and his Court
24. Palgrave
25. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII
26. Ibid.; Wriothesley; Additional MS. 71009, ff. 37–44v
27. CSP Spain
28. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII
29. Rushton
30. College of Arms MS. I, 11, f. 21r-v
31. Chapter Records; Hope; Vetusta Monumenta; Cracknell
32. National Portrait Gallery Archive
33. Stanley; Wilkinson: Henry VII’s Lady Chapel in Westminster Abbey; Wilkinson: Westminster Abbey
APPENDIX I: PORTRAITURE
1. Ormond; Rackham; Tudor-Craig; Jenkins; Marks; Gothic
2. Jenkins; Gothic
3. Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales; Rushforth
4. Darracott; Rushforth; Jenkins; Chrimes; Gothic
5. Scott: “Painting from Life?”; John Fletcher
6. This date reflects recent testing of the panel at the Royal Collection by Ian Tyers using dendrochronology.
7. I am indebted to Jennifer Scott, Curator of Paintings, the Royal Collection, for this information.
8. Doort
9. They are in the Royal Collection and at Petworth House, Sussex; the latter shows Edward VI standing in the center foreground.
10. Strong: Tudor and Jacobean Portraits; Chrimes
11. Jennifer Scott, Curator of Paintings, the Royal Collection, in correspondence with the author
12. Stephen Lloyd; Reynolds: English Portrait Miniatures. The features have been extensively repainted.
13. Doort
14. Inventory of Charles II’s pictures at Whitehall, ca.1666–67, MS. in “the Surveyor’s Office,” cited Millar
15. Millar; Strong: Tudor and Jacobean Portraits;www.royalcollection.org.uk. I am indebted to Jennifer Scott, Curator of Paintings, the Royal Collection, for sending me information on this portrait and scans.
16. See notes at www.royalcollection.org.uk; Scott: “Painting from Life?”
17. Important British Paintings, 1500–1850; Scott: “Painting from Life?”
18. Tudor-Craig
19. Tudor-Craig; Strong: Tudor and Jacobean Portraits; Williamson: The National Portrait Gallery History of the Kings and Queens of England
20. Millar; Strong: Tudor and Jacobean Portraits;www.priory-fine-art.co.uk
21. Ashelford
22. Auerbach and Adams
23. It was purchased by Queen Victoria in 1883.
24. Leland: Collectanea
25. Laynesmith
26. Walpole; Scharf; Cloake: Palaces and Parks of Richmond and Kew; The Reign of Henry VII: Proceedings of the 1993 Harlaxton Symposium; Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales; Scott: The Royal Portrait: Image and Impact; Millar; Hayward
27. Scharf
28. Christ Church Oxford MS. 179, f. lv; McKendrick, Lowden, and Doyle
29. The Renaissance at Sutton Place
30. Gothic
APPENDIX II: ELIZABETH OF YORK’S LADIES AND GENTLEWOMEN
1. PPE
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince; Meerson
6. PPE
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.; Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII
10. PPE
11. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII
12. Ibid.
13. PPE
14. Richardson: Plantagenet Ancestry
15. PPE
16. Ibid.
17. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII
18. Cokayne; Meerson
19. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
20. PPE
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Cokayne
24. Exchequer Records E.101
25. Harris
26. Meerson; Glasheen
27. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII
28. PPE
29. Meerson
30. PPE
31. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII
32. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII; Exchequer Records E.101
33. PPE
34. Ibid.
35. Meerson
36. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII
37. PPE
38. Tomb inscription in St. Swithun’s Church, East Grinstead, Sussex.
39. PPE
40. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII
41. PPE
42. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII
43. Harris; Meerson
44. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII
45. Higginbotham
46. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII
47. Ibid.
48. PPE
49. Meerson; Cokayne; Weir: Britain’s Aristocratic Families, 1066–1603
50. Rivals in Power; PPE