References are given using the Harvard notation system.
Preface
1 Croker (1967), p.277.
2 Croker (1835), pp.565–6.
3 Croker (1857), p.384.
4 Croker (1857), p.299.
Introduction
1 Forsyth (1989), p.133. Rœderer (1853–9) vol.3, pp.270–1. Rœderer’s depiction of Robespierre was based on personal acquaintance and first published under the name Merlin de Thionville in 1794.
2 Pierre Choudieu, quoted in Thompson (1989), pp.243–4.
3 O’Brien (1837), pp.6–7.
4 Robespierre (1828), vol.2, p.14.
5 M. Bloch, quoted in Haydon and Doyle (1999), p.212.
6 When the Maison Robespierre was purchased by the City of Arras in 1990, the town council decided to entrust its refurbishment to the Compagnons de France, who would receive in payment for their work the right to use part or all of the house. Les Amis de Robespierre pour le Bi-centenaire de la Révolution (ARBR), a society established in Arras to ensure that Robespierre’s contribution to the Revolution is not overlooked, campaigned hard to retain space for a small museum to him. The ARBR continues working today to raise Robespierre’s profile in Arras and beyond. Seehttp://www.amis-robespierre.org/.
7 Forsyth (1989), p.128; Rœderer (1853–9) vol.3, p.267.
8 Dumont (1832), p.250.
9 There is dispute over whether Robespierre’s famous sky-blue coat was different from the blue coats worn by the other deputies to the National Convention as their official dress. Vilate (1825), p.197, suggests that it was not.
10 Thompson (1989) p.223.
11 Thompson (1989), p.224.
12 For a summary of the dispute about the decor of Robespierre’s room at the Duplays’ see M. Cumming, in Haydon and Doyle (1999), pp.180–1. Also Jordan (1985), p.58.
Chapter 1: Child of Arras
1 On Arras see Bougard (1988) and Héricourt and Godin (1856).
2 On Robespierre’s ancestry see Robespierre (1910–67), vol.1, pp.197–203, and Thompson (1939), pp.1–4.
3 Paris (1870), p.17.
4 Palmer (1975), p.43.
5 Proyart (1803), p.220.
6 Rousseau (1993), p.xxi.
7 Rousseau (1993), p.1.
8 Rousseau (1993), p.12.
9 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.1, pp.211–12.
10 Palmer (1975), pp.70–1.
11 Quoted in Home (2003), p.170.
12 Palmer (1975), p.84.
13 Proyart (1803), pp.217–20.
14 Desmoulins (1980), vol.1, p.521.
15 Little is known of the childhood acquaintance of Robespierre and Camille; one source says they were neither rivals nor close friends because their age difference meant they were not in the same school class: [VC], p.3.
16 Robespierre (1828), vol.1, pp.154–5.
Chapter 2: The Lawyer-Poet Back Home
1 Paris (1870), p.18. This institution was founded by Marianne and Joseph Manarre in 1674. It admitted deserving girls between the ages of 9 and 18, who were taught to read, write, sew and make lace.
2 Bougard (1988), p.178.
3 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.25.
4 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.26.
5 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.27.
6 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.1, p.241; Laponneraye (2002), p.106. Charlotte Robespierre implies that this was a later poem, composed during the Revolution.
7 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.22.
8 Laponneraye (2002), pp.44–5.
9 Laponneraye (2002), pp.47–8.
10 Lewes (1899), p.39.
11 See Riskin (1999); also Huet (1989).
12 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.2, p.357.
13 Laponneraye (2002), p.59.
14 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.1, p.44.
15 [AP], vol.9, p.393.
16 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.1, p.24.
17 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.1, p.28.
18 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.1, p.42.
19 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.1, p.31. The term ‘l’être suprême’ was a well-established way of referring to God in Christian vocabulary since the 17th century. Later in the Revolution Robespierre imbued it with new meaning: see Deprun (1972).
20 Thompson (1939), pp.22–3.
21 Rœderer (1853–9), vol.3, p.9.
22 Babeuf (1961), p.7.
23 Wogue (1894), p.267.
24 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.1, p.94.
25 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.1, p.89.
26 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.1, p.114.
27 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.1, pp.244–6; Thompson (1939), p.32. The story of Charlotte’s disapproval was told to Sainte-Beuve by an old bookseller named Isnard, who had previously taught at the Collège d’Arras.
28 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.1, p.223.
29 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.1, p.224.
30 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), pp.30–1.
31 Thompson (1939), p.21.
32 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.24.
33 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.33.
34 Joseph Garat remembered that during the Revolution Robespierre kept La Nouvelle Héloïse open on his desk as a literary and oratorical model, Proyart (1850), p.224.
35 Rousseau (2000), p.418.
36 Rousseau (1987), pp.58–9.
37 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), pp.33–4.
38 Paris (1870), p.187.
39 See Carr (1972), Chapter 8, pp.79–96, for an argument connecting the Rosati society and freemasonry in Arras.
40 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.1, p.194.
41 Dickens (1988), p.11.
42 Paris (1870), p.124.
Chapter 3: Standing for Election in Arras
1 Doyle (1990), p.76.
2 Palmer (1959) vol.1, p.454.
3 Lamoignon (1787), p.3.
4 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, p.307.
5 Young (1929), p.97.
6 Young (1929), p.97.
7 Young (1929), p.97.
8 Doyle (1990), p.14.
9 Hufton (1974), p.12.
10 Robespierre (1989), p.5.
11 Crook (1996), p.10.
12 The municipality of Arras traced its origins back to the 11th century.
13 Stage 1 was elections by parish, corporation or quartier, stage 2 was the town assembly, stage 3 the secondary bailliage assembly (Artois was divided into 7 bailliages), and stage 4 the principal bailliage assembly from which the final delegates of the Third Estate would be chosen.
14 The most notable was Gracchus Babeuf.
15 Hampson (1974), p.41.
16 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.6, p.18, gives the precise composition of this assembly.
17 Proyart (1850), pp.42–3.
18 Proyart (1850), p.40.
Chapter 4: Representing the Nation at Versailles
1 Pierre L’Enfant, who designed the 1791 street plan for Washington DC, had spent time in Versailles as a child.
2 Young (1929), p.151.
3 Young (1929), p.13.
4 La Morandière in 1764, quoted in Corbin (1986), p.27.
5 See Alison Patrick’s article in Blanning (1996), pp.236–66, for a full explanation of how and why the number of deputies fluctuated. Also Tackett (1996).
6 Ferrières (1932), p.34.
7 Ferrières (1932), p.43.
8 Stäel (1983), p.140.
9 Mirabeau (1790), p.40.
10 Dumont (1832), p.144.
11 Hampson (1974), pp.17–18.
12 Staël (1983), pp.313–14.
13 Tour du Pin (1979), p.95.
14 Jones (2002), p.262.
15 Jones (2002), p.310.
16 Doyle (1990), p.94.
17 Rousseau (1962), vol.1, p.255.
18 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.41.
19 Hampson (1974), p.47.
20 Aulard (1889–97), vol.1, pp.II–XVII. The history of the Breton Club is difficult to reconstruct and it is not clear when exactly Robespierre joined it.
21 Schama (1989), p.331.
22 Dumont (1832), p.64.
23 Mirabeau (1790), vol.1, p.14.
24 Mirabeau (1790), vol.1, p.15.
25 Dumont (1832), pp.60–1.
26 Dumont (1832), pp.61–2. The deputy Reybaz, sitting next to Dumont, said this to him.
27 Doyle (1990), p.105.
28 Dumont (1832), p.93.
29 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.42.
30 Desmoulins (1980), vol.1, p.77.
31 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), pp.42–50.
32 Schama (1989), pp.389–94.
33 Godechot (1970), pp.219–20.
34 [NAR], p.25.
35 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), pp.44–5.
36 [NAR], p.28.
37 Doyle (1990), p.113.
38 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.45.
39 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.45.
40 Godechot (1970), p.327.
41 Thompson (1989), p.46.
42 Godechot (1970), p.331.
43 Mirabeau (1835–6), p.204.
44 Dumont (1832), p.138.
45 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.48.
46 Lefebvre (1973), pp.34–56.
47 Lefebvre (2002), pp.135–6.
48 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), pp.46–7.
49 Dumont (1832), p.138.
50 See K.M. Baker, in Van Kley (1994), pp.154–96.
51 [AP], vol.9, p.236.
52 Dumont (1832), p.140.
53 Dumont (1832), p.143.
54 Dumont (1832), p.146.
55 Dumont (1832), p.147.
56 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.6, p.58.
57 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.6, p.59.
58 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.6, p.61.
59 Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 6, p.66.
60 Tour du Pin (1979), p.100.
61 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.6, p.107.
62 Tour du Pin (1979), p.104.
63 Tour du Pin (1979), p.103.
64 Roudinesco (1991), p.27.
65 [A], vol.1, p.249.
66 [RFB], vol.5, p.369. Desmoulins’ account of Marat’s involvement in the march to Versailles was retrospective and possibly exaggerated.
67 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.6, pp.108–9.
68 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.6, pp.110–15.
69 Villiers (1802), p.5.
Chapter 5: The National Assembly in Paris
1 The house no longer exists. In his correspondence, Robespierre gives the address as no.30, but for a summary of the dispute about how the house was numbered and where it was in the street see Thompson (1939), p.65, and Michon (1924).
2 Villiers entrusted a friend with publishing his haphazard memoirs in 1802. On the dubious status of his evidence see R. Garmy, in Soboul (1967), pp.19–33.
3 Villiers (1802), p.1.
4 Villiers (1802),.p.1.
5 Villiers (1802), p.2.
6 Villiers (1802), p.5.
7 Villiers (1802), p.3.
8 Villiers (1802), p.2.
9 One other scrap of possible evidence turned up in 1909 in the form of a drawing of a woman by Claude Hoin, inscribed La dévouée Hortense Delannoye, maîtresse du traître Robespierre: see Thompson (1939), p.66.
10 On Robespierre’s relations with women see Fleischmann (1908) and Mantel (2000).
11 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.57.
12 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.57.
13 Dumont (1832), p.280.
14 Doyle (1990), p.123.
15 Villiers (1802), p.3.
16 Hufton (1974), p.23.
17 Thompson (1939), pp.82–3.
18 Sieyès (1989), vol.2(13), pp.1–2.
19 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.6, pp.349–50.
20 Sieyès (1989), vol.2, s.11, p.41.
21 Sieyès (1989), vol.2, s.16, pp.14–15.
22 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.6, p.319.
23 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.6, p.193.
24 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.6, pp.386–7.
25 Walter (1989), p.144–5.
26 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.82.
27 Villiers (1802), p.4.
28 Hampson (1974), p.35.
29 English historians differ over whether to describe this building as a convent or monastery, but since the occupants were male, the latter seems more appropriate, even though the French word is couvent.
30 Initially Robespierre resisted officially adopting the name Jacobins, because he thought it more pejoratively suggestive of factionalism than ‘The Society of the Friends of the Constitution’: Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, pp.206–8.
31 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.73.
32 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.73–4.
33 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.82.
34 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.68.
35 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.69.
36 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.71.
37 [CP], 11 October 1790.
38 [AP], vol.15, p.517.
39 Croker (1857), p.107.
40 [RFB], vol.4, p.191.
41 [RFB], vol.4, pp.192–3.
42 The identity of the priest is disputed: some say it was Denis Bérardier from Louis-le-Grand, others that it was M. de Pancemont of Saint-Sulpice. The ceremony was a conventional Roman Catholic one, despite Camille’s facetious remarks about Christianity in his newspaper. One account of the wedding claims Camille was moved to tears by the ceremony, and Robespierre said nastily, ‘Cry then, hypocrite!’: Paris (1870), p.26, and [VC], pp.4–6.
43 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), pp.87–8.
44 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.83.
45 Schama (1989), p.509.
46 McManners (1998), p.8.
47 Thompson (1989), p.43.
48 Thompson (1989), p.52.
49 [A], vol.2, p.1121.
50 Thompson (1989), p.171.
51 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.6, p.497.
52 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.6, p.489.
53 Hampson (1974), p.64.
54 The deputy was Duquesnoy.
55 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.6, p.490.
56 Dumont (1832), p.283.
57 Thompson (1989), p.219.
58 Thompson (1989), p.29.
59 Thompson (1989), p.33.
Chapter 6: The Constitution
1 Dumont (1832), pp.266–7.
2 [A], vol.3, p.1826.
3 Dumont (1832), pp.22–3.
4 Cabanis (1791), p.11.
5 Dumont (1832), p.310.
6 Cabanis (1791), p.60.
7 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.7, p.178.
8 Mirabeau (1835–6), p.216.
9 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.7, p.235.
10 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.99.
11 Dumont (1832), p.290.
12 Jones (2002), p.226.
13 Foucault (1979), p.4.
14 [AP], vol.26, p.332.
15 Croker (1857), p.525.
16 Croker (1857), p.525.
17 Croker (1857), p.525.
18 The last execution with the Halifax Gibbet was in 1648.
19 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.7, p.433.
20 Croker (1857), p.318.
21 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.7, p.325.
22 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.7, p.138.
23 The advertisement appeared in L’Orateur du peuple, vol.6, no.18: see Thompson (1939), p.138. There is no record of the speech being found.
24 Andress (2000), p.64.
25 Andress (2000), p.48.
26 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.6, p.611.
27 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.100.
28 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.6, p.622.
29 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.7, p.266.
30 Wrigley (2002), pp.135–86.
31 Wrigley (2002), p.151.
32 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.7, p.268.
33 [A], vol.5, pp.2745–51.
34 Blanning (1986), pp.69–96.
35 [AP], vol.25, p.201.
36 Croker (1857), p.121.
37 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.7, p.514.
38 Thompson (1989), p.74.
39 Shuckburch (1989), pp.170–1.
40 Shuckburch (1989), p.82.
41 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.7, p.519.
42 Croker (1857), p.150.
43 Tackett (2003), pp.116–18.
44 [A], vol.3, p.1870.
45 [AP], vol.27, pp.602–60. Tackett (2003), p.134.
46 By one count, 17 petitions of this kind were drawn up between 17 and 21 July, and rejected out of hand by the Assembly: see Tackett (2003), p.113.
47 Thompson (1939), p.162.
48 Laponneraye (2002), p.73.
49 Robespierre still gave his address as rue Saintonge on 9 August, which suggests a brief period of transition between the two lodgings: see Thompson (1939), p.178.
50 The fact that the Assembly voted to exonerate Louis XVI after the flight to Varennes is difficult to explain, given the fierce opposition to doing so from radical deputies like Robespierre, and hostile public opinion. The final vote on this issue was not recorded. See Tackett (2003), p.141.
51 There is dispute about the exact date of the premature welcome party: see Walter (1989), p.204.
Chapter 7: War
1 Robespierre had already demanded a serious discussion of the émigré problem earlier in the Revolution: Robespierre (1910–67), vol.7, pp.87–8.
2 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.127.
3 Burke (1989), p.469.
4 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), pp.127–8.
5 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), pp.129–30.
6 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.130.
7 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, p.26.
8 Walter (1989), p.257. By this point, the circulation of major speeches had become customary, so the long debate provoked by Robespierre suggests the Parisian Jacobins were deeply divided over Brissot’s speech.
9 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, pp.47–8.
10 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, pp.128–32.
11 Doyle (1990), p.179.
12 Thompson (1939), p.209. Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, p.151.
13 Robespierre resigned his job as Public Prosecutor on 10 April 1792. The court to which he had been appointed only came into existence in February 1792, and he resigned before its first formal session. See Thompson (1939), p.225.
14 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, p.248.
15 Hardman (1999), p.43.
16 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, p.157.
17 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, pp.160–1.
18 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, p.165.
19 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, p.165.
20 Guillaume Tell, a drama set to music by A.E.M. Gréty, was performed for the first time at the Comédie-Italienne, Paris, on 9 April 1791. Voltaire’s Brutus was first staged in 1730, and was popular during the Revolution. M.J. Chénier’s Caius Gracchus opened at the Théâtre de la République on 9 February 1792.
21 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, pp.179–80.
22 W.A. Miles to H.J. Pye, 1 March 1791, quoted in Thompson (1989), p.143.
23 Belloc (1910), p.191.
24 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.4, p.92.
25 Shuckburch (1989), p.61.
26 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.139.
27 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.4, p.34.
28 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, p.315.
29 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, p.90.
30 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, pp.59–60.
31 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, p.233.
32 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, pp.233–4.
33 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, p.241.
34 Hardman (1999), p.34.
35 Thompson (1939), p.184.
36 Thompson (1939), p.183.
37 Thompson (1939), p.183.
38 Madame Élisabeth (1868), p.416.
39 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.147.
40 Danton (1910), pp.28–32.
41 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, p.313.
42 Aulard (1889–97), vol.3, p.576.
43 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.4, p.2.
44 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.4, p.9.
45 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.4, p.33.
46 Danton (1910), p.28.
47 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.160.
48 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, p.163.
49 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.4, p.52.
50 Shuckburch (1989), p.62.
51 Doyle (1990), p.185.
52 Thompson (1989), p.57.
53 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, p.383.
54 Croker (1857), p.185.
55 [AP], vol.45, pp.411–12.
56 Croker (1857), p.199.
57 Madame Élisabeth (1868), pp.416–21.
58 Thompson (1989), p.57.
59 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.4, p.225.
60 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.4, p.232.
61 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.4, p.259.
62 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.150.
63 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.151.
64 Aulard (1889–97), vol.4, p.160. Brunswick’s manifesto was dated 25 July 1792, reported in Paris on 28 July and published in Le Moniteur on 3 August.
65 Thompson (1989), p.118.
66 Rœderer (1853–9), vol.3, p.221.
67 Desmoulins (1995), p.94.
68 Rœderer (1853–9), vol.3, p.226.
69 Doyle (1990), p.189.
70 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.4, p.352.
Chapter 8: The King’s Trial
1 Mathiez (1921), p.83.
2 Thompson (1939), p.274.
3 Croker (1857), p.246.
4 Blanc (1847–69), vol.7, p.192.
5 Croker (1857), p.535.
6 Danton (1910), p.52.
7 Belloc (1910), p.225.
8 Doyle (1990), p.193.
9 Croker (1857), p.343.
10 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, pp.460–1.
11 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.152. Thompson (1939), pp.263–4.
12 Croker (1857), p.348.
13 Ferrières (1932), p.43.
14 Of the 749 deputies elected to the National Convention, only 83 had sat in the National Assembly, compared to 200 who had sat in the Legislative Assembly. There was no self-denying ordinance this time precluding members of the earlier assemblies from standing for election to the National Convention: Doyle (1990), p.193.
15 Price (2003), pp.315–16.
16 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.5, p.17.
17 Rousseau (1962), vol.2, p.51.
18 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.5, p.19.
19 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.20.
20 [A], vol.52, p.138.
21 Thompson (1989), p.171.
22 [A], vol.7, p.3965.
23 [A], vol.8, p.4756.
24 [A], vol.8, p.4757.
25 [A], vol.8, p.4790.
26 Asprey (2000), p.61.
27 [AP], vol.53, p.49.
28 [AP], vol.53, p.53.
29 Croker (1857), p.358.
30 [CP], 9 November 1792.
31 Walter (1946), p.634.
32 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, pp.80–1.
33 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.93. The one innocent victim to whom Robespierre meant to allude was an alleged case of mistaken identity.
34 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.89.
35 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.88.
36 Thompson (1989), p.102.
37 Laponneraye (2002), p.75.
38 Laponneraye (2002), p.76.
39 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.144.
40 Thompson (1939), pp.295–6.
41 [A], vol.5, pp.2649–50.
42 Walzer (1974), p.111.
43 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.87.
44 Walzer (1974), pp.121–5.
45 Walzer (1974), p.131. Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, pp.121–2.
46 Walzer (1974), p.138. Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.122.
47 Walzer (1974), p.133. Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.123.
48 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.89.
49 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.122.
50 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.130.
51 Saint-Just (1908), vol.1, p.2.
52 Saint-Just (1908), vol.1, pp.298–9.
53 [AP], vol.55, p.7.
54 Walzer (1974), p.176.
55 Walzer (1974), p.192. Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.198.
56 Walzer (1974), p.192. Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.198.
57 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.205.
58 Thompson (1939), p.308.
59 Mercier (1800), pp.230–1; Croker (1857), p.361.
60 Belloc (1910), p.243.
61 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.228.
62 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.232.
63 Croker (1857), p.257.
64 Mme d’Angoulême, quoted in Croker (1857), p.257.
65 Jones (2002), p.6.
66 Prudhomme, quoted in Croker (1857), p.560.
67 Croker (1857), p.259. 19 April 1770 was the date of Marie Antoinette’s marriage by proxy, a familiar practice where the marriage of a princess to a foreigner was concerned: see Fraser (2001), p.40. Her wedding in France took place later, on 16 May 1770.
Chapter 9: The Pact with Violence
1 Price (2003), p.328.
2 30 March 1793, William Bentley Papers, American Antiquarian Society.
3 Doyle (1990), pp.197–200. See also Blanning (1986) and (1996).
4 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.160.
5 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.315.
6 [AP], vol.59, pp.717–18.
7 Croker (1857), p.436. Later the Committee of General Security and the Committee of Public Safety sometimes intervened in making appointments to the Tribunal.
8 Doyle (1990), p.227. The armed bands that smashed the print shops where the Girondin journals were produced were in disguise, but probably organised by Jacques-René Hébert, a radical journalist and editor of the increasingly popular Père Duchesne.
9 For important recent work on the comités de surveillance see Guilhaumou and Lapied (2004).
10 The establishment of the Committee of Public Safety was preceded by a complicated sequence of short-lived committees of government. Between 4 and 25 March there was the Committee of General Defence, set up in response to the foreign and domestic crises. It was succeeded by the Commission de Salut Public, which had 25 members, drawn from both the Mountain and Girondin factions. This was too large and disunited to function, and was finally replaced by the famous Committee of Public Safety on 6 April.
11 Biard (1998), pp.3–24.
12 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.320.
13 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.320.
14 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.346.
15 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.318.
16 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.363.
17 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.377.
18 Thompson (1989); p.170.
19 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.420.
20 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.418.
21 [AP], vol.61, pp.624–5.
22 [AP], vol.62, p.34.
23 Thompson (1989), p.181.
24 Croker (1857), p.365.
25 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.490.
26 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.513.
27 Croker (1857), p.366.
28 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.541.
29 Thompson (1939), p.333.
30 Shuckburch (1989), pp.34–5.
31 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.437.
32 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, pp.452–3.
33 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.459.
34 [PF], no.1354.
35 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.112.
36 Hont (2005), pp.389–443.
37 Michelet (1979), vol. 2, p.452.
38 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.548.
39 Doyle (1990), p.246.
40 Thompson (1989), p.195.
41 [AP], vol.61, p.279.
42 Thompson (1989), pp.179–80.
43 There is dispute about whether Robespierre had bodyguards. The Jacobins living in or near his street often walked home with him, but this may only have been because they were going in the same direction.
44 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.623.
45 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.623.
46 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.624.
47 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.625.
48 Thompson (1989), p.182.
49 Croker (1857), p.561.
50 Carnot’s decree of August 1793: [AP], vol.73, p.121.
51 Charlotte does not date this trip in her memoirs, but Augustin wrote to Buissart in Arras on 20 July 1793 telling him he had agreed to go on mission: Robespierre (1910–67), vol.3(a), p.176. It was during this trip that Augustin and Charlotte first met Napoleon Bonaparte, who later gave Charlotte a state pension of 3,600 francs when he became Premier Consul: see Laponneraye (2000), p.113.
52 Laponneraye (2002), pp.87–8.
53 Laponneraye (2002), p.94.
54 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.539.
55 Thompson (1939), p.466; Mathiez (1973), p.138.
56 Lazare Carnot and Claude Prieur joined the Committee of Public Safety on 14 August, just over a fortnight after Robespierre; then Jacques Billaud and Collot d’Herbois joined on 6 September: Palmer (1965), p.4.
57 Carlyle (1848), vol.3, p.277.
58 Robespierre (1828), vol.2, pp.13–15.
59 Hardman (1999), p.112.
60 [AP], vol.74, pp.303–4.
61 Doyle (1990), p.253.
62 Croker (1857), p.263.
63 Croker (1857), p.263.
64 Croker (1857), p.264.
65 [M], vol.18, p.146.
66 Croker (1857), p.357.
67 Thompson (1989), p.89.
68 Thompson (1989), p.70.
69 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.159.
70 Claretie (1908), pp.194–5.
71 Thompson (1989), p.90.
72 Croker (1857), p.564.
73 [AP], vol.77, p.500.
74 Robespierre (1920), p.3.
75 [AP], vol.77, pp.500–1.
76 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, pp.32–3.
77 Saint-Just (1908), vol.2, pp.492–536.
78 Hardman (1999), p.114.
79 Thompson (1939), p.430.
80 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.8, p.233.
81 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.195.
82 Thompson (1939), p.428. Robespierre (1910–67), vol.9, p.194.
83 Belloc (1927), p.281.
84 Palmer (1965) p.127.
85 [VC], p.73.
86 [VC], p.75.
87 Aulard (1889–97), vol.5, p.569; Belloc (1927), p.284.
88 [VC], p.14.
89 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.309.
90 [VC], p.20.
91 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.309.
92 Aulard (1889–97), vol.5, p.603.
93 Aulard (1889–97), vol.5, pp.601–2.
94 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.352.
95 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.357.
96 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.374.
97 Thompson (1989), p.129.
98 Hardman (1999), p.137.
99 Hamel (1987), vol.2, p.335.
100 Thompson (1989), p.129. Williams (n.d.), p.128, describes Danton’s conversations with prisoners in the Conciergerie.
101 The source of this story is a friend of a friend of E.Hamel: see Thompson (1939), p.463; Hamel (1987), vol.2, p.337.
102 Danton (1910), p.247.
103 Michelet (1979), vol.2, p.753.
104 Saint-Just (1908), vol.2, pp.305–32.
105 There is evidence to suggest that Robespierre’s notes were written in response to an initial draft of Saint-Just’s speech, in which case the collaboration between them was even more complex: Mathiez (1973), pp.121–56.
106 Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p.414.
107 Desmoulins (1874), pp.389–91.
108 Danton (1910), p.248.
109 Michelet (1979), vol.2, p.745.
110 Danton (1910), p.250.
111 Danton (1910), pp.257–8.
112 Danton (1910), pp.259–64.
113 Danton (1910), pp.251–2.
114 [AP], vol.88, pp.151–2.
115 Danton (1910), p.271.
116 [VC], p.170.
117 Belloc (1910), p.336, claims a Mme Gély was the source of this story. See also Claretie (1908), pp.285–6 (who assumes Danton was thinking of his wife when he muttered ‘I shall never see her again’), and Michelet (1979), vol.2, p.758.
Chapter 10: Robespierre’s Red Summer
1 The title ‘Robespierre’s Red Summer’ is borrowed from Richard Cobb. See also Hardman (1999), p.125.
2 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.426.
3 Hardman (1999), p.162, and Robespierre (1828), vol.2, p.7.
4 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.444.
5 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.452.
6 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.448.
7 Thompson (1939), p.530.
8 Croker (1857), p.279.
9 Croker (1857), p.279.
10 Croker (1857), p.500.
11 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.471.
12 Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 3(b), pp.127–8.
13 Williams (n.d.), p.142.
14 Favone (1937), pp.49–50. On the extent of popular support for Robespierre’s new religion see Vovelle (1988).
15 Croker (1857), p.447.
16 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.481.
17 Hardman (1999), p.143.
18 Shakespeare (1997), p.184.
19 Claretie (1908), pp.259–64.
20 Thompson (1939), p.548.
21 Hardman (1999), pp.154–6.
22 Hardman (1999), p.109.
23 Stéfan-Pol (1900), p.75.
24 Hardman (1999), p.109.
25 Hardman (1999), p.131.
26 Hardman (1999), p.132.
27 Hardman (1999), p.182.
28 Laponneraye (2002), pp.106–9.
29 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.496.
30 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.497.
31 Croker (1857), p.401. The original source is A. Lamartine, whose accuracy Croker doubts.
32 Relying on the Committee of Public Safety’s register Belloc (1927), p.315, claims Robespierre was only absent 6 times during the period between 22 Prairial and 9 Thermidor, but Thompson (1939), p.540, doubts the accuracy of the register and notes that Robespierre’s signature only appears 3 times on the Committee’s documents during this period.
33 Croker (1857), pp.400–1.
34 Hardman (1999), p.150.
35 [AP], vol.87, p.100.
36 [AP], vol.93, p.553.
37 Thompson (1939), p.550.
38 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.519.
39 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.520.
40 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.522.
41 Hardman (1999), p.139.
42 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.528.
43 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.529.
44 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.534.
45 Croker (1857), p.397; Hardman (1999), pp.138–9.
46 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.543.
47 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, pp.544–5.
48 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.546.
49 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.547.
50 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, pp.554–5. Croker (1857), pp.406–7.
51 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.560.
52 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.559.
53 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.561.
54 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.575.
55 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.576.
56 Croker (1857), p.413.
57 Robespierre (1910–67), vol.10, p.587.
58 Saint-Just (1908), vol.2, p.477.
59 Thompson (1939), p.567.
60 Saint-Just (1908), vol.2, p.332.
61 Croker (1857), p.421; [AP], vol.93, pp.553–4.
62 [AP], vol.93, p.555.
63 Palmer (1965), p.380.
64 Croker (1857), p.423.
65 Robespierre (1828), vol.2, p.72.
66 Robespierre (1828), vol.2, p.74.
67 Robespierre (1828), vol.2, p.74.
68 It was rumoured that Robespierre had secretly married Eléanore Duplay with Saint-Just as a witness: Proyart (1850), pp.208–9.
69 Proyart (1850), p.210; Pernoud and Flaissier (1960), p.336.
70 Aulard (1889–97), vol.5, p.594.
71 Palmer (1965), p.381.
Coda
1 Wordsworth (1995), pp.427–31 (1850 version).