NOTES

Titles of most books quoted from in the text have been abbreviated in the Notes. Where the full title is not cited, it can be found in the Bibliography. The following abbreviations are used:

PEOPLE

QV Queen Victoria

 V Vicky, Empress Frederick of Germany

 W Wilhelm, Kaiser of Germany

 G George V

 N Nicholas, Tsar of Russia

 A Alix, Alexandra of Russia

 E Edward VII

BOOKS

GP + volume number (e.g., GP, 24)—Johannes Lepsius, Albrecht Mendelssohn Bartholdy Friedrich Thimme (eds.), Die grosse Politik der europäischen Kabinette, 1871–1914: Sammlungen der diplomatischen Akten des Auswärtigen Amtes, 40 vols., 1922–27 (German diplomatic papers)

LQV + series and volume numbers (e.g., LQV, 3.3)—Letters of Queen Victoria, ed. various (see Bibliography)

DDF + series and volume numbers (e.g., DDF, 2.9)—Documents diplomatiques français, 3 series (1871–1901, 16 vols.; 1901–11, 14 vols., 1911–14, 11 vols.), Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1929–59 (French diplomatic papers relating to First World War)

INTRODUCTION

1 STARTED AND GREW: Nicolson, King George, p. 309.

2 DECLINING POPULARITY … BUNCH OF IDLERS: 13–21 July 1917, Gorlitz, The Kaiser, pp. 285–89.

3 WHAT SUFFERING OUR: Radzinsky, p. 188.

1 WILHELM AN EXPERIMENT IN PERFECTION 1859

1 HORRIBLE … ELECTRIC SHOCK: Röhl, Young William, pp. 8–10.

2 LEGION OF FRITZES: Cecil, Wilhelm, 1, p. 13.

3 A FINE FAT CHILD: 25 Sept. 1860, RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ.

4 OUR MUTUAL GRANDSON: QV to Augusta of Prussia, 30 Jan. 1859, Bolitho, p. 104.

5 THE GERMAN STANDS: Pakula, An Uncommon, pp. 72–73.

6 THE “ENGLISH”: A. Ponsonby, p. 10.

7 IT IS VERY HARD: Footnote, Princess Mary Louise, p. 56.

8 SHE LOVED ENGLAND: Walpurga, Lady Paget, p. 61.

9 THE DRAGON: Pakula, An Uncommon, p. 103.

10 YOU CANNOT THINK: V to QV, 23 July 1863, Fulford, Dearest Mama, p. 241.

11 THAT WRETCH: V to QV, 19 July 1862, ibid., p. 96.

12 I ENJOY: E. F. Benson, p. 18.

13 PORPHYRIA: For more on this controversial subject, see J. Röhl, M. Warren and D. Hunt, Purple Secret: Genes, “Madness” and the Royal Houses of Europe, London, Bantam, 1998.

14 YOU DO NOT KNOW: V to QV, 14 May 1859, RA MAIN/Z/7/130.

15 THE WELFARE: St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 22.

16 STILL I DOTE: V to QV, 19 Aug. 1868, Fulford, Your Dear Letter, p. 206.

17 HIS POOR UGLY: V to QV, 7 Aug. 1872, Fulford, Darling Child, p. 57.

18 AWFULLY BACKWARD: V to QV, 23 May 1874, ibid., p. 139.

19 DEFECTIVE: Cecil, Wilhelm, 1, p. 13.

20 I CANNOT TELL YOU: V to QV, 16 July 1859, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/2/28.

21 HE GETS SO: V to QV, 23 Jan. 1861, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/10/47.

22 HE HAS BEEN: V to QV, 28 April 1863, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/15/15.

23 NERVOUSLY TENSE: Röhl, Young William, p. 43.

24 INTOLERABLE PAIN: MacDonogh, p. 23.

25 NICE LITTLE: V to QV, 8 Dec. 1861, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/12/44.

26 WILLY IS A DEAR: V to QV, 10 Dec. 1866, Fulford, Your Dear Letter, p. 112.

27 THUMPING HIS: Röhl, Young William, p. 77.

28 WE HAVE A GT: V to QV, 18 August, 1860, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/3/35.

29 A FURIOUS TANTRUM: Louisa, Countess of Antrim, p. 12.

30 OF ALL THE: Balfour, The Kaiser, p. 75.

31 NONE OF YOUR: Poultenay Bigelow in MacDonogh, p. 34.

32 THAT TERRIBLE: V to QV, 27 Jan. 1865, Fulford, Your Dear Letter, p. 16.

33 THERE WERE LATELY: W to QV, 20 May 1869, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/78/3.

34 ORGAN GRINDER’S: V to QV, 16 Jan. 1869, Fulford, Your Dear Letter, p. 218.

35 SHE DRESSED HIM UP: V to QV, 25 May 1861, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/11/15.

36 HE IS SO FOND: V to QV, 6 July 1864, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/16/60.

37 EXTOLLING ENGLAND’S: Röhl, Young William, p. 267.

38 HOW ENTIRELY … EARLIEST RECOLLECTIONS: Wilhelm II, My Early Life, pp. 66, 2.

39 “ALBERT,” SHE WROTE: QV to V, 27 Jan. 1862, Fulford, Dearest Mama, p. 45.

40 A CAUSE OF … INTEREST EITHER: QV to V, 8 May 1872, Fulford, Darling Child, p. 40.

41 A DUCK … WITH IT ALL: RA QV Journal, 28 Feb. 1863.

42 SHE WAS A PROPER: Wilhelm II, Aus meinem Leben, p. 72.

43 TO HIS ETERNAL: Wilhelm II, My Early Life, p. 46.

44 A CERTAIN RECEPTIVENESS … IT WAS PATRIOTIC: Feb. 1871, Röhl, Young William, p. 178.

45 GROW UP IN IGNORANCE: V to QV, 30 Jan. 1871, Fulford, Darling Child, p. 316.

46 PERPETUAL RENUNCIATION: See Röhl, Young William, p. 170.

47 THE GRIM POETRY: Wilhelm II, My Early Life, p. 20.

48 HE IS VERY … HIS BEING: V to Fritz, 22 Dec. 1870, Röhl, Young William, pp. 171–73, 199–200.

49 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE: F. Ponsonby, Empress Frederick, p. 168.

50 GRASP HOLD … HUMILIATION: Kohut, Wilhelm II, p. 41.

51 FALSE ESTIMATION: Röhl, Young William, p. 199.

52 WHEN NOBODY LOOKED: Wilhelm II, Aus meinem Leben, p. 30.

53 THE IMPOSSIBLE WAS: Wilhelm II, My Early Life, p. 18.

54 BUTTON HER OWN BOOTS: See Marie, Grand Duchess, Things, p. 5.

55 POOR BOY’S: Röhl, Young William, p. 195.

56 WHAT WE WILL DO: Pakula, An Uncommon, p. 363.

57 HE WAS THE ACKNOWLEDGED: Anonymous, Recollections, p. 79.

58 EL DORADO: Röhl, Young William, p. 367.

59 LIKE ALL: Balfour, The Kaiser, p. 80.

60 COMPLETE FAILURE: Röhl, Young William, p. 227.

61 COLDNESS: Cecil, Wilhelm, 1, p. 35.

62 BEFORE I ENTERED: Cecil in Röhl and Sombart (eds.), p. 98.

63 BITTER DISAPPOINTMENT: Viereck, p. 38.

64 HIS MILITARY ADJUTANT: Cecil, Wilhelm, 1, p. 60.

65 A HIGH SPIRITED: Pless, p. 93.

66 NOTHING SHORT OF: Röhl, The Kaiser, p. 83.

67 I HAVE KNOWN: Röhl and Bellaigue, p. 188.

68 DER LIEBCHEN: Hull, The Entourage, p. 199.

69 PRINCE WILHELM IS: Röhl, in Sombart and Röhl (eds.), p. 33.

70 THE PRINCE IS: Waldersee 1, 26 Dec. 1884, p. 247.

71 SELF-WILLED: 6 Jan. 1884, Holstein, 2, p. 46.

72 WILLY AND HENRY: V to QV, 18 Jan. 1882, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/36/5.

73 THE VISIT WAS: For Wilhelm’s account, see Wilhelm II, My Early Life, pp. 245–47, 322.

74 A BLUNT SOLDIER … A SERIES OF NOTES: W to Tsar Alexander, 13 March 1885, Lee, 1, pp. 485–86; see also Röhl, Young Wilhelm, p. 441 (for the original French of these letters, quoted both in Sir S. Lee and J. Röhl, see Polovtsova, Krasny Arkhiv, 2, pp. 120–26).

75 IT WOULD BE SUCH A: 3 May 1885, Röhl, ibid., p. 446.

76 AS INTERESTING: Tsar Alexander III to W, 7 [OS]/19 May 1885, Geheimes Staatsarchiv, HA Rep 53 J Lit R Nr 6.

77 OBSEQUIOUS: Witte, pp. 401–3.

78 THE TSAR TOLD HIM: Röhl, Young Wilhelm, p. 582.

79 THAT VERY FOOLISH: QV to V, 13 Feb. 1885, Fulford, Beloved Mama, p. 183.

80 CLUB THE BATTENBERGER: Röhl, Young William, p. 517.

81 THE DREAM OF MY: 23 April 1887, F. Ponsonby, Letters of, p. 215.

82 HE IS A CARD: V to QV, 26 March 1887, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/39/13.

83 HE HATES HER: Radolinsky to Holstein, 4 July 1887, Holstein, 3, p. 214.

84 TO PROVE TO: Herbert von Bismarck 1891, quoted in Röhl, Young William, p. 688.

85 IT WAS HIGH TIME: 1 June 1887, Eulenburg, 1, p. 225.

86 IN DEEP GRIEF: Radolinsky to Holstein, 10 Nov. 1887, Holstein, 3, p. 227.

87 THE SLIGHTEST POSSIBLE: Kennan, p. 366.

88 HM DID NOT … THE OPPOSITE: Röhl, Young William, p. 744.

2 GEORGE COMING SECOND 1865

1 ITS EMPIRE OF 9.5 MILLION: See Ferguson, Empire, p. 240; also source of other figures.

2 RETIRED WIDOW … INSINUATED ITSELF: Bagehot, English Constitution, Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 38, 48.

3 THE MOST UNMILITARY AND THE RICHEST: For more on this, see Lieven, Aristocracy.

4 THE COMFORTABLE PRODUCTS: Nabokov, p. 79.

5 I HAD NO CHILDHOOD … DUTIES: Plumptre, p. 24.

6 HIS INTELLECT: Weintraub, Victoria, p. 274.

7 OH! THAT BOY: Fulford, Dearest Mama, p. 152.

8 AN AIR OF: Zola, Nana, ch. 5.

9 THE SPECIAL JOKE … ADMIRE THIS: Bradford, pp. 21, 11.

10 ARE YOU AWARE: Weintraub, Victoria, p. 321.

11 THE MELANCHOLY: Battiscombe, p. 216.

12 HE HAD: Lord Greville quoted in Plumptre, pp. 17–18.

13 VERY SMALL: Hibbert, p. 138.

14 I CANNOT ADMIRE: Rose, p. 1.

15 OH! IF BERTIE’S: QV to V, 13 Feb. 1864, Fulford, Dearest Mama, p. 45.

16 HOW I HATE: A to Dagmar, 10 Feb. 1864, Klausen, Alexandra, p. 88.

17 THE ROUGH, OFF-HAND: Marie, Queen of Roumania, 2, pp. 226–27.

18 HE EVEN WROTE REGULAR: The letters are now in the Russian archives at GARF.

19 TRASH: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 134.

20 THEY ARE DEAR: QV to V, 2 June 1874, Fulford, Darling Child, p. 140.

21 THE PRINCESS SAID … THEM AT ALL: Gore, pp. 14, 17 n. 1.

22 MOST WRETCHED: QV to V, 27 Jan. 1869, Fulford, Your Dear Letter, p. 222.

23 AS A SMALL BOY: Newnes, p. 8.

24 A JOLLY … THE CLEVEREST: Gore, p. 14.

25 FAIRY-LIKE: QV to V, 10 Feb. 1869, Fulford, Your Dear Letter, p. 223.

26 THE HOUSE OF: Owen Morshead in Lees-Milne, p. 230.

27 BUT I THOUGHT: Quoted in Bradford, p. 12.

28 ALEXANDRA’S DEAFNESS: Footnote, Alexander Mikhailovich, p. 113.

29 TO MATURITY AND: Gore, p. 9.

30 I SHALL … LITTLE FACE: Battiscombe, p. 143.

31 MY OWN DARLING: Gore, p. 26.

32 BULLIED THE WHOLE: Lees-Milne, p. 224.

33 JUST A GLORIFIED: Vorres, p. 53.

34 MAMA: Battiscombe, p. 242.

35 CONSTANTLY HE: Gore, p. 74.

36 WITH A SOFTENING: Rose, p. 53.

37 BE HIS SLAVE: Bradford, p. 18.

38 STILTED AND: Gore, p. 177.

39 LOVABLE: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 275.

40 RATHER AFRAID OF: Cook, Prince Eddy, p. 109.

41 IF CHILDREN: Battiscombe, p. 121.

42 A LETTER FROM: See Magnus, p. 172.

43 ABNORMALLY DORMANT: Rose, p. 8.

44 SOME AFFLICTION OF: Lees-Milne, p. 231.

45 FRETFULNESS: Rose, p. 6.

46 I AM SO SORRY: W to QV, 20 May 1869, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/78/3.

47 ADMITTING ME INTO: W to QV, 28 Jan. 1877, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/64/104.

48 BE VERY PUNCTUAL: QV to G, 1 June 1873, Nicolson, King George, p. 10.

49 GOOD BOYS: Nicolson, King George, p. 14.

50 PRINCE ALBERT VICTOR REQUIRES: Ibid., pp. 12–13.

51 A VERY ROUGH: Gore, p. 12.

52 I COULD NEVER: St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 243.

53 IS THERE NOT: Lord Derby to Disraeli, quoted in Weintraub, Victoria, p. 411.

54 IT NEVER DID: Nicolson, King George, p. 15.

55 VICTORIA [HIS GRANDMOTHER] SAYS: Rose, p. 8.

56 EVIL ASSOCIATIONS: Nicolson, King George, p. 17.

57 AS WE SANG: G to Alexandra, 19 Sept. 1880, Gore, p. 41.

58 HE TENTATIVELY VOICED: See Magnus, p. 197.

59 I MISS YOU: G to Alexandra, Oct. 1886, Nicolson, King George, p. 38.

60 THE KING HAD: Nicolson, Diaries, p. 167.

61 WHAT A FEARLESS: 16 Feb. 1877, LQV, 2.2, p. 521.

62 WITHERING: Marie, Queen of Roumania, 2, p. 30.

63 DEFICIENT IN EVEN: Rose, p. 15.

64 HAD NOT BEEN HIS: Marie, Queen of Roumania, 2, p. 30.

65 ONE OF THE DULLEST: Edward, Duke of Windsor, A King’s Story, p. 37.

66 SO LABORIOUS: Lees-Milne, p. 229.

67 WRINKLED BROW: Marie, Queen of Roumania, 2, p. 30.

68 MY WORD: Lees-Milne, p. 237.

69 OUR GREATEST: E to QV, 2 May 1880, Nicolson, King George, p. 23.

70 STRICTLY IN ACCORD: Marie, Grand Duchess of Russia, Things, p. 3.

71 HOW MUCH I MISS … IN THE DIRT: Nicolson, King George, p. 35.

72 IT IS THE GREATEST: Battiscombe, p. 173.

73 A RIPPER: Lees-Milne, p. 230.

74 THE SUCCESS: J. Morris, 2, p. 426.

75 SAILORS DIDN’T: Gore, p. 148.

76 WAS A MOST: 21 June 1887, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

77 SHE WAS AN: 7 May 1884, Holstein, 2, p. 1391.

78 CELEBRATED ANNIVERSARY: Nicholas’s diary, 9 [OS]/21 June 1887, GARF 601/1/221(1).

79 LARGE FAMILY: 22 June 1887, LQV, 3.1, p. 330.

80 UNCLE FRITZ … MOSSY: 20–26 June 1887, RA GV/GVD/PRIV

3 NICHOLAS A DIAMOND-STUDDED IVORY TOWER 1868

1 LESS THAN 20 PERCENT: See Charques, p. 5.

2 ANTON CHEKHOV REMEMBERED: Bartlett, p. 27.

3 BUILT LIKE A: Lincoln, p. 447.

4 HE TRIED TO BE: Mossolov, p. 4.

5 TO READ BOOKS: Vorres, p. 39.

6 WHO CAME OUT: Klausen, Dagmar.

7 WHAT JOY IT WAS: Bokhanov, p. 18.

8 SERVANTS, PETS: Vorres, p. 56.

9 GIRLISH … SIMPLE MAN: Lieven, Nicholas, pp. 30–32.

10 GAVE THE IMPRESSION: Quoted in Massie, Nicholas, p. 10.

11 YOU ARE: Lieven, Nicholas, p. 30.

12 OF DISSIMULATION: Mossolov, p. 6.

13 I HOPE MY: Minny to N, 23 April 1891, Bing, pp. 57–58.

14 MY MOTHER JUST: Vorres, p. 59.

15 AT 15,000: See ibid., p. 25.

16 DICKENS IN A: Duke of Windsor, A King’s, p. 52.

17 EXACTLY 50 MINUTES: Mossolov, pp. 288–89.

18 IMMORALLY GOOD: Vorres, p. 37.

19 THAT OLD DOTARD: Mossolov, p. 6.

20 SIMPLE-MINDED … DATA REQUIRED: Alexander Mikhailovich, pp. 165–66.

21 ARISTOCRATS ARE BORN: Lieven, Nicholas, p. 35.

22 I HAD RARELY: Witte, p. 179.

23 FRIENDLY, GENEROUS AND HUMBLE … PETTY OFFICIALDOM: Vorres, pp. 38, 62.

24 THEY KEPT ME PURPOSELY: Marie, Grand Duchess of Russia, Things, p. 3.

25 HIS FACE WAS: Quoted in M. Buchanan, p. 5.

26 WE SHALL PRESIDE: Maylunas, p. 7.

27 CHRIST-KILLERS: Lincoln, p. 591.

28 NEW PROUD: Alexander Mikhailovich, p. 71.

29 NOBLE OUTSTANDING: Witte, p. 37.

30 WE HAVE JUST TWO: Alexander Mikhailovich, p. 67.

31 AND THE MONSTROUS: Ibid., p. 71.

32 THE TEUTONS AND THE SLAVS: See Laqueur, p. 46.

33 PRUSSIAN BARBARIANS: Klausen, Dagmar, pp. 29–30.

34 COLD, DISGUSTING: Van der Kiste and Hall, p. 11.

35 NATURALISTS: Vorres, p. 32.

36 AN EXPLOSION IN: Alexander Mikhailovich, p. 57.

37 PRISON: Van der Kiste and Hall, p. 15.

38 AT GLORIOUS … AN EDUCATION: Vorres, pp. 53, 52.

39 I FEAR THAT YOUR: A to Minny, 7 July 1876, quoted in Van der Kiste and Hall, p. 3.

40 WHOM WE ALL DISLIKED: Vorres, p. 52.

41 DEAR OLD FATTY: G to Alexander III, Christmas 1891, GARF 677/1/753.

42 CLOSE FRIENDS … OTTOMAN: Vorres, p. 54.

43 MOTHERDEAR: For examples for Nicholas, see Maylunas, p. 77.

44 I AM IN LOVE: Bokhanov, p. 28.

45 IT IS AN AXIOM: Donald Mackenzie Wallace, memo on Russia foreign policy, 1903, RA VIC/MAIN/W/44/15c.

46 YES, THOUGHT I: Chekhov to Suvorin, 9 Dec. 1890, A. Chekhov, Letters, ed. Yarmolinsky, Cape, 1997, p. 169.

47 THE WHISPERING GALLERY: Footnote, Vorres, p. 50.

48 THOSE DETESTABLE: Weintraub, Victoria, p. 425.

49 WICKED, VILLAINOUS: St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 293.

50 HORRIBLE, DECEITFUL … TOWARDS WAR: Weintraub, Victoria, pp. 425, 428.

51 HE SAID SHE WAS … INTERFERING: Vorres, pp. 54, 49.

52 VISITING GERMAN: See H. von Bismarck, 25 July 1888, GP 6, p. 328.

53 I HAVE FORMED: Footnote, Weintraub, Victoria, p. 291.

54 HE RESPECTED … WELL-POLISHED LEATHER: Vorres, pp. 237, 52.

55 I CAN HARDLY … VALUE WHATSOEVER: E to Gladstone, 10 April 1885, Magnus, p. 191.

56 BISMARCK’S SON HERBERT: Röhl, Young William, p. 742.

57 IT’S POSSIBLE THAT: See Lee, 1, p. 682.

58 I COULD ONLY: Nicholas II, Journal, p. 12.

59 WHOM HE VENERATED: Mossolov, p. 10.

60 DOMINATING PERSONALITY: Duff, p. 250.

61 DEPRIVED OF: Gilliard, pp. 86–87.

62 I MISS YOU TERRIBLY: Minny to N, 21 July 1887, Bing, p. 32.

63 ONE HAS TO BE: N to Minny, 25 June 1887, ibid., p. 34.

4 WILHELM EMPEROR 1888–90

1 PEOPLE IN: V to QV 16 March 1888, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/41/27.

2 HATED HIM MORE: Röhl, Young Wilhelm, p. 804.

3 GOOD HEAVENS: Caprivi quoted 28 June 1887, Holstein, 2, p. 346.

4 ASPIRING TOADIES … KNEW EVERYTHING: Röhl, Young Wilhelm, p. 764.

5 AFRAID THAT, IF: Salisbury to QV, 21 April 1888, LQV, 3.1, pp. 397–98.

6 DELIGHTED: Malet to Salisbury, 28 April 1888, RA VIC/MAIN/I/56/45.

7 EXTRAORDINARILY GRACIOUS: Holstein, 2, p. 373.

8 IF YOU THROW HIM: V, 25 April 1888, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/500/2.

9 BONBON: F. Ponsonby, Letters, p. 304.

10 POOR DEAR UNCLE: 15 June 1888, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

11 AS THOUGH: E. Ludwig, p. 54.

12 FOLLOW THE SAME: F. Ponsonby, Letters, p. 322.

13 HAIL TO THE: Cecil, Wilhelm, 1, p. 133.

14 CRIED AND SOBBED: St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 273.

15 INSTEAD OF: Nicolson, King George, p. 40.

16 UNFIT TO: F. Ponsonby, Letters, p. 317.

17 THAT IN FACT: Malet to Salisbury, 24 June 1888, RA VIC/Z/MAIN/68/131.

18 MORE … THAN WAS: H. Ponsonby, quoted in Balfour, The Kaiser, p. 110.

19 EDWARD SENT A WRITTEN: See E to Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, 3 April 1889, LQV, 3.1, p. 488.

20 THE QUEEN IS: QV to Ponsonby, 28 June 1888, LQV, 3.1, p. 421.

21 I DO NOT LIKE: Roberts, p. 484.

22 LEANING TOWARDS: QV, Journal, 27 June 1888, LQV, 3.1, p. 421.

23 INSANE PASSION: Salisbury, Dictionary of National Biography (hereafter DNB)

24 UNTIL MY OWN MIND: Roberts, p. 511.

25 WHATEVER HAPPENS: Balfour, Britain and, p. 239.

26 BELIEVED THEY: Frances, Countess of Warwick, Afterthoughts, p. 24.

27 THE NATIONAL WILL: Roberts, p. 316.

28 VERY UNMANAGEABLE: Cecil, Wilhelm, 1, p. 120.

29 LET ME ALSO: QV to W, 3 July 1888, LQV, 3.1, p. 423.

30 I AM DOING: W to QV, 6 July 1888, RA VIC/MAIN/I/56/84.

31 THAT FAT, DUMPY: Pakula, An Uncommon, p. 500.

32 WHICH WILL: W to QV, 6 July 1888, RA VIC/MAIN/I/56/84.

33 GAVE WAY TO … BEST IMAGINABLE: Wilhelm II, My Memoirs, p. 26.

34 HOW SICKENING: QV to E, 24 July 1888, LQV, 3.1, p. 433.

35 TRUST THAT WE SHALL: QV to Salisbury, 7 July 1888, ibid., p. 429.

36 THOSE PEOPLE … SINGLE STONE: Benson, p. 73.

37 THE EMPEROR … UNFOUNDED: Malet to Salisbury, 14 July 1888, RA VIC/MAIN/I/56/86.

38 MAGIC TIE UNITING: Viereck, p. 74.

39 FRIENDLY, NEIGHBOURLY: Herbert von Bismarck to W, 3 July 1888, GP, 6, p. 314.

40 FRANK, GUILELESS: Pourtalès to Holstein, 25 July 1888, Holstein, 3, p. 293.

41 ENCHANTINGLY NATURAL: Schweinitz to Bismarck, 25 July 1888, GP, 6, p. 334.

42 SOME POINTEDLY: H. von Bismarck, 25 July 1888, GP, 6, p. 328.

43 RARELY BEFORE: Schweinitz to Bismarck, 25 July 1888, GP, 6, p. 334.

44 THE RUSSIANS WERE: Pourtalès to Holstein, 25 July 1888, Holstein 3, p. 290.

45 STILL NOT VERY CLOSE: Ibid., p. 335.

46 NO OTHER ROYALS: Cowles, Edward VII, p. 89.

47 NOTHING COULD HAVE BEEN: E to Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, 3 April 1889, LQV, 3.1, p. 488; see also Walpurga Paget, Embassies, 1, p. 460.

48 TO HIS COMPANY: E to QV, LQV, 3.1, p. 488.

49 THAT HE HAD CLAIMED: Salisbury to QV, 13 Oct. 1888, LQV, 3.1, pp. 438–40.

50 THE GERMANS ALL SAY: Paget, Embassies, 1, p. 461.

51 AS REGARDING: QV to Salisbury, 15 Oct. 1888, LQV, 3.1, pp. 440–41.

52 DISCUSSIONS OF THIS KIND: LQV, 3.1, pp. 440–41.

53 FROM THE HINTS: Salisbury to QV, 15 Oct. 1888, LQV, 3.1, p. 442.

54 IT WOULD BE: QV to Salisbury, 24 Oct. 1888, RA VIC/MAIN/I/56/95.

55 EXTREME UNTRUSTWORTHINESS … BRUTAL: Salisbury to QV, 25 Dec. 1888, Roberts, p. 524.

56 FALSE AND INTRIGUING: W to Tsar Alexander, 13 March 1885, Lee, 1, pp. 485–86.

57 ROUND FAT KING EDWARD: Kohut, Wilhelm II, p. 203.

58 KNEW ABOUT HIS LETTERS: See Lee, 1, p. 682.

59 MY ILLUSTRIOUS … 19TH CENTURY: St. Aubyn, Edward VII, pp. 278–79.

60 OH HE IS A: A to G, 17 Oct. 1888, Rose, p. 164.

61 GREAT AFFECTION AND: Malet to QV, 29 March 1889, LQV, 3.1, p. 484.

62 AS FRIENDLY: Roberts, p. 486.

63 EVERYTHING ENGLISH: H. von Bismarck, 1891, quoted in Röhl, Young Wilhelm, p. 688.

64 WILLIAM MUST NOT: QV to E, 7 Feb. 1889, LQV, 3.1, p. 467.

65 THAT GOOD: Malet to QV, 30 March 1889, RA VIC/MAIN/I/57/20.

66 THE ASSERTION: Christian of Schleswig-Holstein to E, 8 April 1889, LQV 3.1, p. 491.

67 HE COULD NOT DO: Christian of Schleswig-Holstein to E, 13 April 1889, LQV 3.1, p. 493, n. 1.

68 FANCY WEARING: W to Malet, 14 June 1889, LQV, 3.1, p. 504.

69 HER MAJESTY WROTE: Corti, p. 323.

70 SACRIFICED: Knollys to Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, 8 June 1889, LQV, 3.1, p. 501.

71 HE MUST HAVE BEEN: G to Alexandra, 2 Oct. 1888, RA GV/PRIV/AA/36/21.

72 SHE HAD ASSURED: QV to V, 17 July 1889, Ramm, p. 91.

73 KISSED ME AFFECTIONATELY … THEIR LEGS: QV, Journal, 2 Aug. 1889, LQV, 3.1, pp. 521–22.

74 NO SOVEREIGN: V to QV, 27 Sept. 1889, F. Ponsonby, Letters, pp. 389–90.

75 IT WAS NOT IN THE LEAST: QV to V, 14 Aug. 1889, Ramm, p. 90.

76 LIKE A CHILD … HE SAID: Röhl and de Bellaigue, pp. 102–3.

77 IT REALLY GAVE: W to QV, 17 Aug. 1889, RA VIC/MAIN/I/57/53.

78 A GREAT TREAT: W to QV, 30 Oct. 1889, RA VIC/MAIN/I/57/67.

79 THE FRENCH LOOK: W to QV, 22 Dec. 1889, RA VIC/MAIN/I/57/75.

80 HUMBLE SUGGESTIONS: W to QV, 6 Feb. 1891, RA VIC/MAIN/E/56/40.

81 WOULD NOT BE: Henry Ponsonby to QV, 25 Feb. 1891, RA VIC/MAIN/E/56/41.

82 THE EMPEROR’S ATTITUDE: Salisbury to QV, 24 Oct. 1889, RA VIC/I/MAIN/57/66.

83 DETESTABLE … THE WORST: Tuchman, Proud Tower, p. 288.

84 THE TSAR HAD SHOWN NO: See Pourtalès to Holstein, 22 Feb. 1890, Holstein, 3, p. 327.

85 PIPSQUEAK … WORSHIP HIM: Kennan, p. 398.

86 IF BISMARCK WON’T: Holstein, 1, p. 250.

87 ANOTHER SHORT … THE VISIT: Waldersee, 2, pp. 71–72.

88 I CERTAINLY HAVE: Cecil, Wilhelm, 1, p. 132.

89 A GOOD HEART: Pakula, An Uncommon, p. 519.

90 SPENT THE TIME TALKING: N to Minny, 20 Oct. 1889, Bing, p. 39.

91 BROUGHT 67: 26 Oct. 1889, RA GV/PRN/GVD.

92 ANOTHER FINE: Footnote, Mallet, p. 52.

93 EVERYONE LAID: Waldersee, 2, p. 73.

94 MAD, AN UNTRUSTWORTHY … I AM MAD: Ibid., pp. 115–16.

95 LIKE A SOVEREIGN … THIS COUNTRY: Lee, 1, p. 622.

96 SO MY GEORGIE BOY: Alexandra to G, 11 April 1890, Nicolson, King George, p. 42.

97 THAT’S A BRAVE: Airlie, p. 119.

98 INFALLIBLY HAVE DIED: W to QV, 27 March 1890, RA VIC/MAIN/I/58/32.

99 WE TALKED: 23 March 1890, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

100 A GUARANTEE: Malet to Salisbury, 12 Feb. 1890, LQV 3.1, pp. 565–66.

101 THE MOST CONSPICUOUS: Daily Chronicle, 4 July 1891.

102 ABSOLUTE CONFIDENCE: Rich, 1, p. 307.

103 IT IS A CURIOUS: Salisbury to QV, 7 April 1890, LQV 3.1, p. 591.

104 THE CIRCUMSTANCES WERE SO: Sir Schomberg McDonnell to G, 26 Oct. 1914, RA PS/PSO/GV/M/688a/1.

5 YOUNG MEN IN LOVE 1891–94

1 A JOLLY CROWD: Alexander Mikhailovich, p. 16.

2 LATE-MORNING LIE-INS: See 1890 entries, Nicholas II, Journal.

3 CURES FOR VD: See De Jonge, p. 101.

4 OBSESSED: Zedlitz-Trützschler, p. 95.

5 DIFFERENTIATE A: King, p. 246.

6 UNIFORMS, NO: Bedford, p. 24.

7 IT IS VERY INTERESTING: St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 104.

8 THE ABSENCE OF PUBLIC: Charques, p. 18.

9 THE UNBEARABLENESS: Nicholas II, Journal, p. 36.

10 I AM SIMPLY: Nicholas II, 15 Dec. 1891, GARF 601/1/227.

11 HE WOULD NOT EVEN HAVE: Vorres, p. 67.

12 HE’S NOTHING MORE: Nicholas II, Journal, p. 45.

13 A GREAT FINANCIAL: W to QV, 8 Dec. 1891, RA VIC/MAIN/I/59/53.

14 AN ALMOST FANATICAL … WAS BRITISH: Edward, Duke of Windsor, A King’s, p. 27.

15 WERE OFTEN FEARFULLY: J. Morris, 2, p. 425.

16 BROKEN ALL THE TEN: St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 170.

17 THE ONLY ONE: W to QV, 18 Jan. 1892, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/93/91.

18 THE POOR BOY: Nicholas II, Journal, 2 Jan. 1892, p. 39.

19 NO TWO BROTHERS … WITH HIM: Nicolson, King George, p. 46.

20 HATE THE WHOLE: 27 July 1892, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

21 GEORGE HAD FALLEN: See Pakula, The Last, pp. 53–58.

22 HAVE YOU SEEN: QV to G, 6 April 1892, quoted in Rose, p. 25.

23 MÉSALLIANCE!!!: V to QV, 26 Nov. 1891, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/51/49.

24 MADE IT UNLIKELY: Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, p. 186.

25 UGLY, UNHEALTHY: Balfour to Salisbury, quote in Cook, Prince Eddy, pp. 226–27.

26 BELOVED CHUM: See Pakula, The Last, pp. 53–58.

27 GEORGE IS SUCH … DELIGHT: Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, p. 247.

28 COPENHAGEN: See Royal Family in Denmark albums, Royal Collection, Windsor.

29 IT CERTAINLY IS: G to Oliver Montagu, 28 Sept. 1892, Gore, p. 106.

30 WILLIAM WAS MOST KIND: G to QV, 2 Nov. 1892, RA VIC/MAIN/476/21.

31 ABUNDANTLY SATISFIED: Rose, p. 27.

32 QUITE PLEASED: Journal, 4 May 1893, LQV, 3.2, p. 253.

33 HE IS A NICE-LOOKING: 21 June 1893, Wilfred Scawen Blunt, Secret Memoirs XVI, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.

34 IT IS SAD TO: Nicolson, King George, p. 50.

35 I AM VERY … SHY AND COLD: Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, pp. 262–63.

36 ROMPS: Nicholas’s diary, 1 June [OS]/13 1884, GARF 601/1.

37 MY DREAM: Ibid., 21 Dec. 1891 [OS]/2 Jan. 1892, ibid.

38 THE BEST PART … SANTA CLAUS: Buxhoeveden, pp. 12, 8.

39 THE HANDSOMEST: Fulford, Beloved Mama, p. 24.

40 COMPLETELY FROM THE REST … OF HER LIFE: Buxhoeveden, p. 15.

41 THERE WAS A CURIOUS … AT TIMES: Lutyens, pp. 66–68.

42 BENT ON SECURING: March 1888, quoted in Cook, Prince Eddy, p. 142.

43 DOESN’T LOOK: Epton, p. 196.

44 MY FATHER THOUGHT: Vorres, p. 54.

45 NOTHING CAME OF IT: See Röhl and de Bellaigue, pp. 495–96.

46 NIKI [SIC] MADE AN: W to QV, 28 Jan. 1893, LQV, 3.2, p. 215.

47 I AM STILL UNDER: 25 Jan. 1893, GARF 601/1/229.

48 I SHOULD SO: G to QV, 4 June 1893, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/476/113.

49 BARBARIC HABITS: N to G, March 1907, RA W51 59/29.

50 UNCLE BERTIE IS IN: N to Minny, 24 June [OS]/6 July 1893, Bing, p. 71.

51 LOOKS LIKE A JAIL: Nicholas’s diary, 21 June [OS]/3 July 1893, GARF 601/1/230.

52 OUR HOSTESS: Nicholas’s diary, 25 June [OS]/7 July 1893, ibid.

53 WHAT A PITY: Nicholas’s diary, 26 June [OS]/8 July 1893, ibid.

54 I AM DELIGHTED: Bing, p. 71.

55 EVERYONE FINDS: Nicholas’s diary, 20 June [OS]/2 July 1893, GARF 601/1/230.

56 TO NO END OF: 5 July 1893, LQV, 3.2, p. 273.

57 THE TOP OF THE: 1 July 1893, RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ.

58 UNDIPLOMATIC BELLOWING: Weintraub, Victoria, p. 181.

59 “NICKY” AS HE IS … UNAFFECTED: 1 July 1893, RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ.

60 A BIG ROUND BALL: Nicholas’s diary, 19 June [OS]/1 July 1893, GARF 601/1/230.

61 RADIANT … SISTERS ALSO: Bing, p. 72.

62 THE LAST TIME ALONE: 2 July 1893, RA/GV/PRIV/GVD.

63 FANCY ME: Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, p. 286.

64 AS I WOULD: A to Xenia, Maylunas, p. 45.

65 EVEN MY DEAR MAMA: 19 April 1894, Lutyens, p. 65.

66 I WAS IN A STATE … WITH ALIX: N to Minny, 10 April 1894, Bing, p. 75.

67 THE PART OF CUPID … FOR ALIX: Viereck, p. 184.

68 WE WERE LEFT ALONE: Bing, p. 76.

69 QUITE THUNDERSTRUCK … END OF JUNE: Journal, LQV, 3.2, p. 395.

70 GRANNY: Nicholas II, Journal, p. 54.

71 AS SHE HAS: QV to N, 10 [OS]/22 April 1894, Maylunas, p. 59.

72 PLEASE DO NOT: A to QV, ibid., p. 57.

73 I AM QUITE: G to N, 21 April 1894, GARF 601/1/1219.

74 MY DEAREST OLD: N to G, 14 [OS]/26 April 1894, RA GV/PRIV/AA/43/35.

75 PARADISIACAL HAPPINESS: Nicholas II, Journal, p. 81.

76 IN A CERTAIN PLACE: Nicholas’s diary, 14 [OS]/26 June 1894, GARF 601/1/232.

77 WALKED IN BARE … EVER SAY: 7 July 1894, Nicholas II, Journal, pp. 77–78.

78 IS MOST AFFECTIONATE: 11 July 1894, LQV, 3.2, p. 413.

79 SHE IS VERY: A to N, 10 [OS]/22 April 1894, Maylunas, p. 60.

80 GOOD GRANNY’S … HOW GHASTLY!: Nicholas II, Journal, pp. 81, 78.

81 DELICATE-LOOKING: Morrow, p. 49.

82 VERY BASHFUL … THAN OTHERWISE: Eckhardstein, p. 76.

83 GAPING MORE AT US: N to A, 16 June 1894, Maylunas, p. 76.

84 MOST OF THEM: N to Minny, 27 June 1894, Bing, p. 84.

85 BECAUSE A MAN: Lee, 1, p. 399.

86 EITHER THE BRUTE: Cowles, p. 159.

87 MORTALLY ILL: W to QV, 24 Aug. 1894, LQV, 3.2, p. 423.

88 LORD, LORD: 20 Oct. [OS]/2 Nov. 1894, Nicholas II, Journal, p. 107.

89 HARASSED: Vorres, p. 68.

90 WHAT AM I TO DO?: Alexander Mikhailovich, p. 168.

91 HE WAS IN DESPAIR … PRINCE OF WALES: Vorres, p. 67.

92 I CANNOT TELL YOU: N to QV, 30 Oct. 1894, Maylunas, p. 102.

93 I WONDER WHAT: Vorres, p. 68.

94 IT WOULD INTEREST ME: Lee, 1, pp. 268–69.

95 POPULAR OPINION IN: 21 June 1894, RA VIC/MAIN/H/46/68.

96 THAT OLD, TIRESOME: St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 299.

97 DEAR PAPA: 22 Oct. [OS]/4 Nov. 1894, Nicholas II, Journal, p. 110.

98 BARBAROUS AND: Ellis to QV, 23 Nov. 1894, RA VIC/Z/MAIN/499/145.

99 OPPORTUNITY TO SEE: Magnus, p. 246.

100 HE HAD COME BY: Footnote, 1 Nov. 1894, RA/GV/PRIV/GVD.

101 MOST FATIGUING FOR: Lascelles to QV, 14 Nov. 1894, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/499/120.

102 THE CROWD WAS SO: Lascelles to QV, 19 Nov. 1894, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/499/134.

103 THE SMELL WAS: Magnus, p. 248.

104 TOMORROW MORNING: QV to V, 25 Nov. 1894, Ramm, p. 173.

105 DEAR ALICKY: G to QV, 28 Nov. 1894, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/274/52.

106 DREADFULLY PALE: Charlotte Knollys, quoted in St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 298.

107 SOMEBODY ELSE’S: King, p. 345.

108 OUR MARRIAGE: Massie, Nicholas, p. 44.

109 EVEN AT THIS SUPREME: Marie, Queen of Roumania, 2, p. 68.

110 EVERYTHING HAD THE APPEARANCE: Ellis to QV, 26 Nov. 1894, RA VIC/Z/MAIN/274/43.

111 AS THEY DROVE: Vorres, p. 76.

112 THIS IS THE FIRST: G to QV, 28 Nov. 1894, RA VIC/MAIN/274/52.

113 GREATLY EMBARRASSED: Gore, p. 121.

114 THE DUKE OF YORK: Ellis to Knollys, St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 298.

115 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE: Ellis to Bigge, 1 Nov. 1894, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/499/68.

116 A LIBERALITY: Daily Telegraph, 26 Nov. 1894.

117 ANOTHER YOUNG EMPEROR: Ellis to QV, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/499/145.

118 THE CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY: Lee, 1, p. 692.

119 OUR RELATIONS WITH: Neilson, p. 147.

120 UNSURPASSED TACT: The Times, 6 Dec. 1894.

121 IT IS SCARCELY: The Standard, 3 Dec. 1894.

122 I CAN’T TELL YOU: G to N, 25 Dec. 1894, GARF 601/1/1219.

6 WILHELM ANGLOPHILE 1891–95

1 HIS OWN MINISTER … OUT THE ORDERS: Paget, Embassies, 1, p. 496.

2 AN INSTRUMENT OF: Quoted in Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 276.

3 I BELIEVE I: Clark, Wilhelm II, p. 62.

4 AT LEAST … A MAN: Contemporary Review, April 1892, p. 458.

5 SUCCEEDED FROM CHILDHOOD: MacDonagh, p. 261.

6 THAT HER SONS: Epkenhans, p. 27.

7 THE IMPORTANCE: The Standard, 16 July 1891.

8 HE WILL BE ABLE: The Times, 2 July 1891.

9 THE OLD JACKBOOT: Justice, 30 June 1888.

10 I HAVE ALWAYS FELT: Daily Telegraph, 10 July 1891.

11 HE IS RATHER SHORT: Morley, 1, p. 272.

12 EXTRAORDINARY ENERGY: Arthur Balfour to Lady Elcho, quoted in K. Young, p. 121.

13 THEY ARE ALL: 21 April 1891, Mallet, p. 52.

14 THAT DREADFUL TYRANT: Marie to Charlotte, ca. July 1890, quoted in Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 641.

15 HOW I LOVE: Kohut, Wilhelm II, p. 202.

16 SHE WAS, SHE WROTE: Journal, 4 July 1891, LQV, 3.2, p. 49.

17 STEREOTYPED GRACIOUSNESS: Marie, Queen of Roumania, 2, p. 227.

18 STIFFNESS, RUDENESS: Ernst zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg, quoted in Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 362.

19 SHE WAS NOT BROUGHT UP: Bülow, 1.

20 I SHALL COUNT: W to QV, 28 Jan. 1893, LQV 3.2, p. 215.

21 EVEN AS A CHILD: Duke of Windsor, A King’s, p. 15.

22 IT WAS A GREAT … BUSHES: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 13.

23 UNRESTRAINED CONVERSATION: Admiral Hollman, quoted in Hull, p. 204.

24 THE OLD AND STRONG: W to QV, 20 July 1891, RA VIC/MAIN/T/59/42.

25 BRUTAL COLONISTS: See Roberts, p. 486.

26 REVERED BY ALL: W to QV, 22 May 1892, RA VIC/MAIN/I/59/80.

27 TO VISIT YOU QUITE: W to QV, 15 March 1892, LQV, 3.2, p. 106.

28 NERVOUS BREAKDOWN: Malet to H. Ponsonby, 4 April 1892, LQV, 3.2, p. 110.

29 BE MAD: 22 Dec. 1891, Waldersee, 2, p. 228.

30 TOO MUCH OVERWORKED: W to QV, 15 March 1892, LQV, 3.2, p. 10.

31 DISTRACTIONS: 4 Oct. 1890, Waldersee, 2, p. 153.

32 CONTINUALLY TALKING: Hohenlohe, Denkwürdigkeiten, 2, p. 430.

33 IT IS UNENDURABLE: MacDonagh, p. 220.

34 NEVER THINKS OF DOING: 17 July 1892, Röhl, Germany Without, p. 102.

35 IN A STATE OF: Topham, pp. 125–26.

36 WILHELM II WANTS: Quoted in Bülow, 1, p. 3.

37 THE HOPE OF A: Pan-German League newspaper advert, 24 June 1890.

38 SHOOT DOWN … CRUSH: Balfour, The Kaiser, p. 159.

39 BEEN APPOINTED BY AN AUTHORITY: Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 275.

40 THE WORLD: Waldersee, 2, 16 March 1892, p. 235.

41 ALTOGETHER BEG: QV to V, 22 Sept. 1891, Ramm, p. 132.

42 ALMOST ALWAYS WAS: Kohut, Wilhelm II, p. 234.

43 IT WOULD BE: Salisbury to QV, 14 April 1892, LQV 3.2, p. 110.

44 NO NO I REALLY: A. Ponsonby, p. 297.

45 THE QUEEN NEVER: QV to H. Ponsonby, 15 June 1892, RA VIC/MAIN/I/59/86.

46 HINT THAT THESE: H. Ponsonby to Malet, 24 June 1892, LQV, 3.2, p. 125.

47 NOT IN THE LEAST: E to G, 5 Aug. 1892, Magnus, p. 240.

48 IMMENSELY: St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 284.

49 ONE-QUARTER OF THE WORLD’S: See Ferguson, Empire, p. 240.

50 WE ASSIST ENGLAND: Kennedy, The Rise, p. 213.

51 EXPRESSED SATISFACTION: Grey, p. 15.

52 IF ONE IS NOT … SOOTHE HIM: Haller, 1, pp. 142–43.

53 CONTINUOUSLY FIGHTING: Hull, Entourage, p. 17.

54 THE FAT UNWIELDY: Haller, 1, pp. 144–46.

55 RUBBER MACKINTOSHES: MacDonagh, p. 180.

56 A CAPABLE … SOME DAMAGE: Haller, 1, pp. 144–46.

57 MUCH STARTLED AND: 2 Aug. 1893, RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ.

58 AS WILHELM APOLOGIZED: Eckhardstein, p. 55.

59 NEW ABOUT-TURN: Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 486.

60 ALMOST INCOMPREHENSIBLE: Rich, p. 365.

61 DEMONSTRATE THE DISADVANTAGES: Ibid., p. 370.

62 TURTLE DOVES: Eckhardstein, Lebeserinnerungen und politische Denkwürdigkeiten II, Leipzig 1919–20, p. 161.

63 SPLENDID, CORRESPONDS: Wilhelm on Hatzfeldt to Caprivi, GP, 8, p. 439.

64 WE MUST HAVE: Athlone, p. 147.

65 NEVER YOU MIND: Heinrich to G, 17 May 1900, RA GV/PRIV/AA/43/95.

66 SHAMELESS: Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 492.

67 THIS FISHING: Benson, p. 109.

68 THOROUGHLY INSUFFERABLE: Kennedy, The Rise, p. 215.

69 OVERWHELMED: W to QV, 24 April 1894, LQV, 3.2, p. 396.

70 HE TOLD THE BRITISH: Malet to QV, June 1894, RA VIC/MAIN/I 60/77.

71 GRACIOUSLY ACKNOWLEDGED: Daily Telegraph, 7 Aug. 1894.

72 ANGRY COMPLAINTS: See Gosselin to Foreign Office (hereafter FO), 5 Nov. 1894, RA VIC/MAIN/I/60/100.

73 THE NEXT TIME ENGLAND: Nov. 1894, Kimberley, RA VIC/I/MAIN/60/102.

74 THE ABRUPT: Grey, p. 10.

75 IT IS DIFFICULT: Craig, p. 245.

76 ENGLAND WOULD ONLY BE: 12 Oct. 1896, Holstein to Radolin, Holstein, 3, p. 548.

77 I CANNOT DENY: 3 May 1895, Eulenburg to Holstein, ibid., pp. 511–12.

78 THE RUDENESS OF: 4 Dec. 1895, Lascelles, Public Record Office (hereafter PRO) FO 800/17 F.

79 THE SUDDEN IMPULSE: Monson to FO, 8 Nov. 1894, RA VIC/MAIN/I/60/101.

80 IN VIEW OF THE: Röhl, Germany Without, p. 73.

81 HOBBESIAN WAR: Steinberg, “The Kaiser and the British,” p. 7.

82 THE ARMY AND I: Cecil, Wilhelm, 1, p. 124.

83 LEAD THREE: Afflerbach, p. 202.

84 THE BOSS OF: St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 284.

85 TAKEN THIS AS A SLIGHT: 10 June 1895, Hohenlohe, p. 76.

86 FAT OLD WALES: Kiderlen Wächter to Holstein, 7 Aug. 1895, Holstein, 3, p. 537.

87 THE OLD PEACOCK: Eckhardstein, p. 56.

88 VERY UNKIND: W to QV, 8 Jan. 1896, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/500/5.

89 LIKE A JEALOUS: Roberts, p. 612.

90 ESPECIALLY THE KAISER: QV to Salisbury, 8 Aug. 1895, LQV, 3.3, pp. 547–48.

91 THE PRIME MINISTER: See 7 Aug. 1895, Holstein, 3, p. 538.

92 I VERY MUCH: Undersecretary von Rotenhan to Holstein, Kohut, “Kaiser Wilhelm II and His Parents,” pp. 84–85.

7 PERFIDIOUS MUSCOVY 1895–97

1 THE FIRST ACTS: Ellis to QV, 26 Nov. 1894, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/274/43.

2 HOW NOT TO: Konstantin Romanov’s diary, 9 Nov. 1894, Maylunas, p. 106.

3 COUCHED IN THE MOST: Lascelles to Kimberley, 12 Feb. 1895, RA VIC/MAIN/H/46/110.

4 I SHALL MAINTAIN … IMPRESSION: Charques, p. 54.

5 THE MOST DISTRESSING: Radzinsky, p. 42.

6 CORDIAL RELATIONS WITH ENGLAND: Lascelles, 26 Feb. 1895, RA VIC/MAIN/H/46/112.

7 I FIND THEM SUCH NICE: N to E, 3 [OS]/15 Feb. 1895, RA VIC/MAIN/T/10/41.

8 WOULD BE RECEIVED: Daily Telegraph, 16 Nov. 1895.

9 THEY SAW NO REASON … A PINCH CAME: Neilson, pp. 155–56.

10 HOW DEEPLY I & MY: QV to N, 15 May 1895, RA VIC/MAIN/H/46/121.

11 I MUST SAY: N to QV, 10 [OS]/22 May 1895, GARF 601/1/1111.

12 DISCOURAGING … IN RUSSIA: Lascelles report, 9 Oct. 1895, RA VIC/MAIN/H/46/132.

13 AT HEART UNFRIENDLY: Neilson, p. 64.

14 ALMOST A DISEASED MISTRUST: O’Conor, 7 Sept. 1896, ibid.

15 ENCOURAGING FRANCE: Journal, 8 April 1896, LQV, 3.3, p. 39.

16 VERY UNHAPPY: Journal, 6 April 1896, ibid.

17 A GOVERNMENT: E. Morris, p. 245.

18 NO IMPOSSIBLE: W note on Radolin to Holstein, 28 Dec. 1897, Holstein, 4, pp. 60–61.

19 THE TSAR DRINKS: Radolin to Holstein, 19 Nov. 1895, Holstein, 3, p. 565.

20 EXASPERATINGLY POLITE: Witte, p. 179.

21 POSSESSED IN A: Rosen, 1, p. 101.

22 NERVOUS STRAIN … WORRIED: Vorres, p. 108.

23 NOTHING REMAINS SECRET: Neilson, p. 82.

24 CHARMING, AGREEABLE: W to QV, RA VIC/MAIN/I/59/98.

25 I CAN ONLY: W to N, 27 Oct. [OS]/8 Nov. 1894, Maylunas, pp. 100–101.

26 OUR RELATIONS WITH: Eulenburg to Holstein, 11 Jan. 1895, Holstein, 3, p. 489.

27 OPENING THE DOORS … ITSELF STRONG: W to N, 7 Feb. 1895, Grant, pp. 7–8.

28 I HAVE GREAT … BUT OF EVIL: Munster to Holstein, 11 June 1895, Holstein, 3, p. 517.

29 THE GREAT TASK … RACE: W to N, 26 April 1895, ibid., p. 10.

30 TO TIE RUSSIA DOWN: GP, 9, no. 2318.

31 DO ALL IN MY POWER … NICE: W to N, 26 April 1895, Grant, p. 10.

32 HIS MAJESTY HAS THUS: Quoted in Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 755.

33 EVERY GERMAN: See Hohenlohe, GP, 9, 12 Sept. 1895, no. 2319, pp. 360–61, also McLean, pp. 29–30.

34 DAMNED RASCALS … AN ALLEGORICAL DRAWING: W to N, 26 Sept. 1895, Grant, pp. 20–21.

35 THE DANGER WHICH: W to N, 25 Oct. 1895, ibid., p. 23.

36 QUEEN VICTORIA FELT: Footnote, F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 54.

37 HM IS BEGINNING: Holstein to Radolin, 30 Oct. 1895, Holstein, 3, p. 556.

38 I RECEIVED MOLTKE: 18 Sept. 1895, Nicholas II, Journal, p. 134.

39 A QUIET MAN: Jefferson, p. 220.

40 BOORISH AND BOSSY: See Duff, p. 192.

41 TRAITOR TO HER FAITH: Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 650.

42 I QUITE AGREE: W to N, 19 April 1896, Grant, p. 37.

43 THE LAST STRONGHOLD: Mossolov, p. 108.

44 UNINTERESTED: See Holstein to Radolin, 6 July 1895, Holstein, 3, p. 530.

45 THE INTRIGUING OF: 24 June 1895, ibid., p. 137.

46 STRONG HUMANITARIAN: Mackenzie Wallace, 1903, RA VIC/MAIN/W/44/15c.

47 DARK SPOT … SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES: Kennedy, The Rise, pp. 218–19.

48 EVEN SO UNDIPLOMATIC: W to N, 25 Oct. 1895, Grant, p. 27.

49 ENTIRELY NORMAL: Röhl and Bellaigue, p. 784.

50 ASTONISHING ACCUSATIONS … AND AFFECTED: W to Marschall, 25 Oct. 1895, GP, 11, pp. 8–11.

51 THE CONDUCT OF: F. Lascelles, 4 Dec. 1895, PRO FO 800/17.

52 I DECLARE QUITE: Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 764.

53 THE SAME THING TO THE HAPLESS: W to Hohenlohe, GP, 10, pp. 251–55.

54 WHAT HAPPENS NOW: Holstein to Eulenburg, 21 Dec. 1895, Holstein, 3, pp. 576–77.

55 RABID: Chirol quoted in Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 784.

56 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC: W to N, 2 Jan. 1896, Grant, p. 29.

57 ENCOURAGEMENT OF CHAMBERLAIN: Balfour, Britain and, p. 229.

58 A THREATENING FORMAL NOTE: Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 787.

59 I EXPRESS MY: W to President Kruger of Transvaal, 3 Jan. 1896, GP, 11, pp. 31–32.

60 THE NATION WILL: St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 285.

61 OUTRAGEOUS, AND: Journal, 2 Jan. 1896, LQV 3.3, p. 6.

62 A MOST GRATUITOUS: Knollys to Bigge, 4 Jan. 1996, ibid., p. 7.

63 TRUE FEELINGS: Bülow, 4, p. 665.

64 SPOKE LOUD: 22 Feb. 1896, Lady Lytton, p. 60.

65 AS YOUR GRANDMOTHER: QV to W, 5 Jan. 1896, LQV, 3.3, p. 8.

66 I WAS SO INCENSED: W to QV, 8 Jan. 1896, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/500/5.

67 FULLY TO ACCEPT: Salisbury to QV, 12 Jan. 1896, LQV 3.3, pp. 20–21.

68 THE OLD WOMAN: Roberts, p. 626.

69 SO CONCERNED BY THE … DESTROY ENGLAND: Röhl and de Bellaigue, pp. 789, 796–97.

70 THE RUSSIANS HAD BEEN: See Holstein to Radolin, 21 May 1896, Holstein, 3, p. 615.

71 HAD BEEN SANCTIONED BY: GP, 11, no. 2771.

72 LITERALLY HORRIFIED: Hatzfeldt quoted in Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 798.

73 SEEMED MORE EXCITABLE: G to N, 26 April 1896, GARF 601/1/1219.

74 CERTAINLY BE BOOED: See Hatzfeldt to Holstein, 28 April 1896, Holstein, 3, p. 608.

75 HE INVITED … FOR COMPENSATION: Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 968.

76 SHOULD BE SO UNWORTHY … TEAPOT: Wickham-Steed, p. 67.

77 TIPPLING GRANDMOTHER: Mons to Bülow, April 1896, Bülow, 1, p. 32.

78 TO TREAT HIM BADLY: Waldersee, 2, pp. 356–57.

79 I MUST SAY: G to N, 17 April 1896, GARF 601/1/1219.

80 AT WINDSOR IT WAS SAID: Lady Lytton, p. 68.

81 DESCRIBING IN DETAIL: See, for example, O’Conor to QV, 31 May 1896, RA VIC/MAIN/H/47/17.

82 HOW OUTRAGEOUS CAN: Maylunas, p. 151.

83 MAY BE BLAMED: QV to O’Conor, 3 June 1896, RA VIC/H/MAIN/47/19.

84 VIOLENCE TO THEIR: O’Conor to QV, 2 June 1896, RA VIC/MAIN/H/47/17.

85 A SCOTTISH ACCENT: Lady Lytton, p. 36.

86 LORD ROSEBERY SAID: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 15.

87 SIBERIA: Roberts, p. 406.

88 SHE IS MARVELLOUSLY: N to Minny, 13 [OS]/25 Sept. 1896, Bing, p. 118.

89 DEAR NICKY AND ALICKY: QV to V, 25 Sept. 1896, Ramm, p. 195.

90 UNMISTAKABLY LOVELY … JOLLY: Lutyens, pp. 74, 80.

91 FROM THE VERY FIRST … AND RAIN: N to Minny, 2 [OS]/14 Oct. 1896, Bing, pp. 119–20.

92 I’M GLAD: N to Minny, 13 [OS]/25 Sept. 1896, ibid., p. 118.

93 HAD A TALK: 22 Sept. 1896, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

94 I REMARKED THAT: Journal, 24 Sept. 1896, LQV, 3.3, p. 83.

95 THE EMPEROR IS: QV to Salisbury, 24 Sept. 1896, ibid., p. 81.

96 I HAD TWO: N to Minny, 2 [OS]/14 Oct. 1896, Bing, p. 120.

97 THE ABSURDITY OF … OF GERMANY: Jefferson, pp. 217–18, 128.

98 I AM EXTREMELY: W to the Foreign Ministry, 9 Sept. 1896, GP, 11, no. 2861, p. 360.

99 THIS WAS A RATHER: Jefferson, p. 220.

100 MUCH STRUCK BY: Journal, 28 Sept. 1896, LQV, 3.3, p. 84; see also Jefferson, p. 216.

101 VERY DIFFERENT FROM: 27 Sept. 1896, Lutyens, p. 80.

102 DISTINCTLY AVERSE … AN IMPRUDENCE: Salisbury to QV, 29 Sept. 1896, LQV, 3.3, pp. 85–102.

103 HE THOUGHT IT … AT PEACE: QV account of talk with N, 2 Oct. 1896, RA VIC/MAIN/H/48/4.

104 A BREATHTAKING TIP: Mallet, p. 94, n. 2.

105 KINDLY USE: QV to N, 5 Oct. 1896, RA VIC/H/MAIN/48/10.

106 AS TO EGYPT … HIS DEEDS: N to QV, 10 Oct. 1896, GARF 601/1/1111.

107 WOULD UNQUESTIONABLY HAVE: Rosen, 1, p. 128.

108 MET HIS MOTHER: Radolin to Hohenlohe, 17 Jan. 1897, Hohenlohe, pp. 292–94.

109 BLACK, DARK AND: N to Minny, 2 [OS]/14 Oct. 1896, Bing, p. 125.

110 IN HIS PRESENCE: W to Hohenlohe, 20 Oct. 1896, GP, 11, no. 2868.

111 SWINE: Kiderlen-Wächter to Holstein, 15 Jan. 1907, Holstein, 4, p. 3.

112 A FRIEND OF FRANCE … AFTER HIM: Holstein to Radolin, 10 Jan. 1897, ibid., 4, p. 1.

113 CONCEITED AND VAIN: Neilson, p. 65.

114 RUSSIA DOESN’T: O’Conor to FO, 24 Jan. 1897, RA VIC/MAIN/H/48/32; see also Buchanan, 1, p. 169.

115 SPECIAL BRANCH: Cook, M, pp. 135–36.

116 HAVE YOU ANY: W to QV, 2 Jan. 1897, RA VIC/MAIN/I/61/1.

117 AND I AM: Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 967.

118 I FEEL LIKE: W to QV, 10 April 1897, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/500/7.

119 PERSONAL HATRED: Journal, 29 Aug. 1897, LQV, 3.3, p. 197.

120 THE GERMAN EMPEROR: 31 May 1897, Mallet, p. 21.

121 COMPLETELY UNASSAILABLE: J. Morris, 2, p. 28.

122 IT NOW OCCUPIED: Ferguson, Empire, p. 240.

123 THE MOST WONDERFUL: 22 June 1897, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

124 A LOOSE AGGREGATE: J. Morris, 2, p. 422.

125 THE MOST DANGEROUS: The Times, 17 July 1897.

126 WHICH DOES NOT: Roberts, p. 627.

127 VERY MUCH DEPRESSED: 5 Nov. 1896, Mallet, p. 95.

128 THE UGLIER SIDE OF EMPIRE: See Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts, p. 141.

129 EMPEROR NICHOLAS: Bülow to the Foreign Ministry, 10 Aug. 1897, GP, 13, p. 76.

130 NICHOLAS SAID: See 20 Aug. 1897, GP, 13.

131 THANK GOD … à VOMIR: N to Minny, 23 July 1897, Bing, p. 128.

132 WE HAVE … TO: W to FO, 6 Nov. 1897, GP, 14, p. 67.

133 HE WASN’T OPPOSED: Bülow to FO, 11 Aug. 1897, GP, 14, p. 58.

134 AGREEMENT WITH THE EMPEROR: Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 960.

135 THANK GOD WE: N to George, 29 March 1898, Maylunas, p. 171.

136 A SCRAMBLE FOR CHINA: See Neilson, pp. 184–95.

137 WE FOLLOW IN: W to N, 1 Jan. 1898, Grant, p. 44.

138 COLD AND: Bülow, 1, p. 205.

139 I NEVER SAY: Von Derenthall to Hohenlohe, 21 June 1899, GP, 13, p. 213.

140 NINNY … GROW TURNIPS: Cecil, “Wilhelm II and,” p. 123–24.

8 BEHIND THE WALL 1893–1904

1 KIND EYES: Buxhoeveden, p. 245.

2 CHARMING, SYMPATHETIC: Tuchman, Proud Tower, p. 230, 2nd quote: W. T. Stead account of meeting Nicky, Nov. 1898, RA VIC/H/48/62.

3 AFTER TEA: 24 Oct. 1894, Nicholas II, Journal, p. 134.

4 NEVER DID I: Ibid., p. 125.

5 MY SWEET OLD: 10 June 1895, ibid., p. 130.

6 I ONLY HEAR: Radolin to Holstein, 19 Nov. 1895, Holstein, 3, p. 565.

7 LOVED A HOMELY … ENGLISH HOUSE: Buxhoeveden, p. 52.

8 SHE LONGED TO: Ibid., p. 58.

9 OVER SENSITIVE AND: Marie, Grand Duchess of Russia, A Romanov, p. 82.

10 IF ALICKY SMILED: Vorres, p. 73.

11 STINGING ANSWERS: Mossolov, p. 54.

12 PUBLICLY REPRIMANDING: King, p. 250.

13 IT WAS CONTRARY: Buxhoeveden, p. 77.

14 SHOWED JEALOUSY: Mossolov, p. 30.

15 WHY? SO AS TO HEAR: Buxhoeveden.

16 NEITHER THE TSAR: Mossolov, p. 239.

17 SO RESERVED AND CLOSED-OFF: Radolin to Hohenlohe, 18 Aug. 1897, GP, 13, p. 79.

18 THE SOVEREIGNS THEMSELVES: Botkin, p. 31.

19 ON THEIR MAGISTERIAL: Lutyens, p. 81.

20 NEITHER [GROUP] TOUCHED US: Dehn, ch. 2.

21 ROYALLY BORED: Mossolov, p. 197.

22 IT ALMOST SEEMED: Ethel Howard, p. 177.

23 WILHELM LIKED TO SAY: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 257.

24 ANYTHING STIFFER: Count Gleichen to E, 10 March 1905, RA VIC/W/45/126.

25 THE ELDERLY GENERALS: Topham, pp. 125–26.

26 GUSTAV VON NEUMANN-COSEL: Gorlitz, Der Kaiser, p. 206.

27 ONE DAY AT TABLE … DICTIONARY: Witte, p. 101.

28 THE POOR WORKMEN: Buxhoeveden, p. 109.

29 I FELT GREEN: N to Minny, 7 [OS]/19 Aug. 1896, Bing, pp. 116–17.

30 UNABLE TO CHANGE: Vyrubova, pp. 57–58.

31 THE ENCHANTED LITTLE: Botkin, p. 61.

32 OUR YOUNG MONARCH: Lamsdorff, Dnevnik, p. 401.

33 HE REMAINS: Konstantin Romanov’s Journal, 27 Dec. 1897, Maylunas, p. 167.

34 THE EMPEROR IS: Neilson, p. 54.

35 THE REPUTATION OF: Tschirrsky to Hohenlohe, 16 June 1898, Auswärtiges Amt, Russland No. 82/1/Bd 4, R10691.

36 TODAY ONE THING: MacDonogh, p. 220.

37 LIE LOW … BODY: Mossolov, pp. 127, 13.

38 THE BUREAUCRACY IS: Ibid., p. 129.

39 TO KEEP HIM ON TRACK: See Mackenzie-Wallace, 10 Nov. 1902, RA VIC/W/43/149.

40 THE VERY IDEA: Mossolov, p. 10.

41 HE ONLY GRASPS: Polovtsova, Krasny Arkhiv, 3, p. 131.

42 IRON, STEEL AND COAL: U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies, 1996.

43 LIKE A BUTLER: Pares, p. 157.

44 HE HAS NOBODY: Buxhoeveden, pp. 108–9.

45 WE TALKED FOR: Witte, p. 179.

46 IT IS A COMPLETE: Minny to N, 1[OS]/12 Oct. 1902, Bing, pp. 162–63.

47 A STRONG AND STEADY … GRIEF: N to Minny, 20 Oct. [OS]/2 Nov. 1902, ibid., p. 167.

48 GLUM LITTLE VILLA: Nicolson, King George, p. 51.

49 A POKY AND INCONVENIENT: Athlone, p. 123.

50 A LEADEN PELICAN … SADDENED: Nicolson, King George, p. 51.

51 HIS ENGAGEMENTS: See Gore, p. 126.

52 FOR SEVENTEEN YEARS: Nicolson, Diaries, p. 174.

53 667 DEAD: 3 Dec. 1893, Nicholas II, Journal, p. 43.

54 33,967 ANIMALS … BEASTS: MacDonogh, p. 231.

55 IT IS A MISFORTUNE: Cannadine, Decline, p. 369.

56 BEAR LONDON: 21 May 1894, in St. Aubyn, Royal George, p. 300.

57 NOT FOR THEIR: Gore, p. 126.

58 REACTIONARY … DEFERENCE: A. Ponsonby, The Decline of the Aristocracy, pp. 142–44.

59 EVERY TIME I: Journal, Sept. 1897, LQV, 3.3, p. 202.

60 YOU KNOW BY THIS: Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, p. 280.

61 I KNOW THAT YOU … SUCCESS: Ibid., p. 368.

62 DO TRY TO: Ibid., p. 279.

63 HER JEALOUSY: Airlie, p. 107.

64 WHICH CERTAINLY GIVES: Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, p. 282.

65 SO MY POOR: Battiscombe, p. 258.

66 DREADFUL RUSSIAN: Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, p. 52.

67 SOMETIMES: Gore, p. 129.

68 A LIFE OF: Brown, p. 29.

69 SACRIFICED EVERYTHING: Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, pp. 423–24.

70 KING GEORGE V: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 279.

71 NO ONE EVER: Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, p. 292.

72 JUST A LITTLE BIT: Rose, p. 64.

73 OFF THE RECORD: Pope-Hennessy, Lonely Business, p. 214.

74 I DID NOT THINK: G to N, 21 Dec. 1901, GARF 601/1/1219.

75 PRINCESS MAY WILL: 14 Dec. 1897, Mallet, p. 121.

76 PRINCESS MAY IS VERY: 3 Aug. 1898, ibid., p. 137.

77 HARD CRUST OF: Airlie, p. 102.

78 SHE WAS A DIFFERENT: Pope-Hennessy, Lonely Business, p. 215.

79 HE RETAINED A … THE SPIRIT: Windsor, A King’s, p. 8.

80 GET IT OUT: Bradford, p. 38.

81 REVOLTING … CRY OVER IT: Nicolson, King George, p. 39.

82 THE TRAGEDY WAS: Airlie, pp. 112–13.

83 BATHED IN PERPETUAL: Windsor, A King’s, p. 47.

84 HE WAS MORE OF: “Prince John: The Windsors’ Tragic Secret,” Channel 4, 17 Nov. 2008.

85 WAS RELIABLE, BUT: Metternich to Bülow, 23 Feb. 1900, Auswärtiges Amt, Russland No. 82/1/Bd 42, R10661.

86 REMARKABLE SUCCESS … DISTRICTS: Nicolson, King George, p. 57.

87 I WISH THAT THE NEWSPAPERS: 6 Jan. 1896, RA VIC/MAIN/Z/500/6.

88 WE ARE SO ACTIVELY: 5 Nov. 1896, Mallet, p. 95.

89 SWINE … HALF-WITS: Lincoln, p. 590.

90 MADE HIM ANGRY: Nicholas II, Journal, p. 141.

91 HOW THEY ARE MADE: Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 758.

92 HE DOUBTED IF: O’Conor to FO, 24 Jan. 1897, RA VIC/MAIN/H/48/32.

93 NEVER SET THE RUSSIAN: Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 758.

94 THAT IN GERMANY: Bülow, 1, p. 314.

95 BRITISH PAPERS HAD CIRCULATIONS: See Lucy Brown, pp. 48–53; see also Alan J. Lee.

96 FOR THOSE WHO COULD: Roberts, pp. 667–68.

97 I AM THE SOLE: W to E, 30 Dec. 1901, RA VIC/MAIN/X/37/51.

98 PUBLIC OPINION: Bülow, 1, p. 314.

99 PROBABLY IN NO OTHER: Lerman, p. 120.

100 ALL PARTIES WERE: Rosen, 1, pp. 190–91.

9 IMPERIAL IMPERATIVES 1898–1901

1 THE BAD FEELING: QV to V, 18 Aug. 1897, Ramm, p. 206.

2 SIR THOMAS SANDERSON: Steiner and Neilson, pp. 68–69.

3 READ MORE MACHIAVELLI: Balfour, The Kaiser, p. 202.

4 HE IS SO: Craig, pp. 273–74.

5 NOT LIVE: Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 1027.

6 BALFOUR’S MANNERISM: Tuchman, Proud Tower, p. 227.

7 THE MOST WISELY: Bülow, 4, p. 625.

8 REALLY HONEST: Kennedy, The Rise, p. 227.

9 WITH INDIFFERENCE: Bülow, 4, p. 159.

10 WE WOULD DEFINITELY: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 75.

11 FOR GERMANY: 15 June 1897, ibid., p. 224.

12 INTERNATIONAL CONSEQUENCES: See Bigge to QV, 14 March 1898, RA VIC/MAIN/I/61/31.

13 SILLY BOY: Lee, 1, p. 735.

14 HE WOULD EAT: Warwick, p. 47.

15 TO GO TO WAR: Balfour, Britain and, p. 239.

16 THE ONE THAT: Ibid., p. 243.

17 WORLD-SAVING IDEA: V to W, 31 May 1898, Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 976.

18 I FOR THE LAST THREE: W to V, 1 June 1898, Holstein, 4, p. 82.

19 WE MUST HOLD: Kennedy, The Rise, p. 235.

20 SHAMELESS SCOUNDREL!: Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 981.

21 PRINCESS BEATRICE: 20 July 1898, Eulenburg, 3, no. 1381.

22 SOMETHING BETWEEN A: W to V, 2 Aug. 1898, LQV, 3.3, pp. 262–63.

23 HE TOLD THE QUEEN: Salisbury to QV, 1 Aug. 1898, RA VIC/MAIN/I/61/57.

24 HE NOTED THAT: Lascelles to Knollys, 24 March 1905, RA VIC/MAIN/W/45/146.

25 HE TOLD PHILIPP ZU EULENBURG: Zedlitz-Trützschler, 10 Oct. 1905, pp. 150–51.

26 ABOUT GRAND MAMMA AND: Cecil Spring-Rice, quoted in Steinberg, “The Kaiser and the British,” p. 124.

27 SCANT CONSIDERATION … INSTRUCTIONS: Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 983.

28 THE MOMENT: W to V, 20 Nov. 1898, ibid., p. 985.

29 I ATTEMPTED … HALF AN HOUR: Lascelles to Salisbury, 21 Dec. 1898, Gooch and Temperley, 1, pp. 102–4.

30 YOU CANNOT HAVE … HIS SIDE: Bülow quoted, 3 Nov. 1904, Zedlitz-Trützschler, pp. 93, 27.

31 GRANDMAMA REFUSED TO: Grierson to Bigge, 1 April 1899, RA VIC/MAIN/I/62/9a.

32 UNIVERSAL PEACE … TO AVERT: Tuchman, Proud Tower, pp. 212–13.

33 THE GREATEST LIVING: Stead, Aug. 1898, RA VIC/MAIN/H/48/62, see also Tuchman, Proud Tower, p. 230.

34 NICKY IS QUITE: V to QV, 31 Aug. 1898, Ramm, p. 218.

35 DODGE … NOR WE: Warwick, p. 138.

36 IMAGINE!: Tuchman, Proud Tower, p. 224.

37 EXCHANGING VIEWS: Neilson, p. 118.

38 WOULD UNDERMINE: Mackenzie Wallace to E, 1903, RA VIC/MAIN/W/44/15.

39 NO TRIUMPH: Fromkin, p. 41.

40 HONEST COLLISION: A. J. Mahan, “The Conference and the Moral Aspect of War,” North American Review, Oct. 1899.

41 EVERY OPPORTUNITY: QV to N, 1 March 1899, GARF 601/1/1194.

42 TO SET [RUSSIA]: Journal, 17 Feb. 1899, LQV, 3.3, p. 340.

43 I AM SO HAPPY: N to QV, 13 March 1899, GARF 601/1/1111.

44 OFFERED TO HELP: See Journal, 28 Oct. 1898, LQV, 3.3, p. 300; see also Scott to Salisbury, 17 Nov. 1898, RA VIC/H/48/63.

45 ALL THAT RUSSIA: N to QV, 13 March 1899, GARF 601/1/1111.

46 MOURAVIEFF [SIC] IS A TERRIBLE: Neilson, p. 202.

47 HIS CONSISTENT: Grierson to Lascelles, 5 May 1899, LQV, 3.3, pp. 357–59.

48 SLIGHTLY MAD: Grierson to Bigge, 4 May 1899, RA VIC/MAIN/I/62/10a.

49 I CANNOT HELP: P. Kennedy, The Samoan Tangle, Dublin, Irish University Press, 1984.

50 THIS WAY OF TREATING … OF CIVILITY: W to QV, 18 May 1899, RA VIC/MAIN/I/62/14.

51 I DOUBT: QV to W, 12 June 1899, RA VIC/MAIN/I/62/18.

52 DISENCHANTING EFFECT: See Cecil, Wilhelm, 1, p. 326.

53 OLD VICTORIA’S: Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 998.

54 PSYCHOLOGICALLY SPEAKING: 21 July 1898, Haller, 2, pp. 61–62.

55 TO RUN AFTER: Röhl and de Bellaigue, p. 1049.

56 I AM AN UTTER … ONE’S BACK: Roberts, p. 666.

57 INCESSANT STORM: RA VIC/MAIN/W/42/16.

58 UNEQUAL AND UNJUST: N to Minny, 9 [OS]/21 Nov. 1899, Bing, p. 142.

59 MY DEAR: J. Morris, Pax Britannica, 3, p. 91.

60 DECLARING THE: 19 Feb. 1900, Mallet, p. 187.

61 DOWNTRODDEN SERFS: Fraser, p. 177.

62 IDLE YOUNG MEN: Mallet, p. 184.

63 PLEASE UNDERSTAND: Weintraub, Victoria, p. 611.

64 THE BRAVE AND GODLY … POLITENESS: Bülow, 1, pp. 301, 310.

65 HIS TENACITY: Daily News, 20 Nov. 1899.

66 A MAN WHOSE: The Times, 20 Nov. 1899.

67 IN ENGLAND: Bülow, 1, p. 305.

68 MUSHROOM … SPITEFUL UTTERANCES: Ibid., pp. 319, 305–6, 320.

69 COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING … SMALL THINGS: Ibid., p. 315.

70 DO EVERYTHING THAT: Eckhardstein to Hatzfeldt, 31 July 1899, Holstein, 4, p. 146.

71 HUMBUG: Bertie to Bigge, 28 Nov. 1899, RA VIC/I 62/71.

72 A FAT MALICIOUS: Bülow, 1, p. 339.

73 SHOT REMARKABLY: 27 Nov. 1899, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

74 FAR-SEEING ENGLISH: Lee, 1, p. 748.

75 INSTEAD OF THE: W to E, 21 Dec. 1899. RA VIC/MAIN/W/60/26.

76 TO THANK THE KAISER: E to W, 8 Feb. 1900, Lee, 1, pp. 758–59.

77 HE PUSHED ME: Townley, pp. 66–77.

78 THIS CLEARLY SHOWS: W to E, 23 Feb. 1900, RA VIC/MAIN/W/60/89.

79 MURAVIEV SUGGESTED: Geyer, p. 201.

80 ATTACK NORTHERN INDIA: See Lee, 1, pp. 563–65.

81 MURAVIEV SUGGESTED … WILHELM NOW SAID: Ibid., 1, pp. 766–67.

82 SUNDRY PEOPLES: W to E, 23 Feb. 1900, RA VIC/MAIN/W/60/89.

83 MY WARNINGS: W to E, 3 March 1900, RA VIC/MAIN/W/60/105.

84 HE WOULD KEEP: Lascelles to Salisbury, 9 March 1900, RA VIC/MAIN/I/62/83.

85 FROM A MOST DANGEROUS: W to QV, 31 March 1900, Lee, 1, p. 773.

86 THERE LINGERS: Salisbury to QV, 10 April 1900, LQV, 3.3, p. 525.

87 SHOWN PAPERS WHICH: Weintraub, The Importance, p. 379.

88 HUMILIATE ENGLAND: Daily Telegraph, 27 Oct. 1908.

89 LACHRYMOSE ABOUT THE: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 73.

90 I THINK OF ALL: Bülow, 1, p. 500.

91 THE PETTICOATS … THE WORLD: Rennell, p. 96.

92 ORDINARY MAN … AND QUICKLY: Wilhelm II, My Memoirs, p. 99.

93 HE BEHAVED IN: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 82.

94 WILLIAM WAS: E to V, 1 Feb. 1901, St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 314.

95 SHE LOOKED JUST … DISTRESSING: 20–22 Jan. 1900, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

96 SOFTLY PASSED AWAY: Wilhelm II, Ereignisse und Gestalten, p. 87.

97 THE QUEEN WAS EVERYTHING: 9 Jan. 1901, Maylunas, p. 204.

98 SHE WAS SO REMARKABLY: N to E, 16 [OS]/29 Jan. 1901, GARF 601/1/1131.

99 THE LYING IS UNPRECEDENTED: Hamilton, March 1901, in Neilson, p. 217.

100 WE MAY BE: Daily Telegraph, 5 Feb. 1901.

101 THIS PRESUMPTUOUS: Justice, 2 Feb. 1901.

102 WE SEEM TO HAVE: 3 Feb. 1901, Henry James, Letters, ed. Edel, Belnap Press, Cambridge, MA, 1987, pp. 328–29.

103 THE OLD ENGLISH: W to Bülow, 29 Jan. 1901, GP, 17, no. 4987, pp. 24–29.

104 A SLAP IN THE: Bülow, 1, p. 502.

105 OH! IF ONLY THE: Kohut, “Kaiser Wilhelm II and His Parents,” p. 85.

106 THE TWO TEUTONIC … OUR PERMISSION: Kennedy, The Rise, p. 224.

107 SAFE AND MOTHERED: Weintraub, Victoria, p. 390.

108 HER DEATH IN: Edel, 3, p. 87.

109 THE DEAD QUEEN: Waters, p. 63.

10 THE FOURTH EMPEROR 1901–4

1 A WORLD WHERE … FEUDAL: Sackville-West, p. 15.

2 INSINUENDOES: Ettie Desborough to Arthur Balfour, late Feb. 1906, Derv. C1085/10, Desborough papers, Hertford archives and county record office.

3 AS YOUR ROYAL: Antrim, p. 47.

4 FOR SOME INTIMATE: Warwick, p. 16.

5 WHAT WILL THEY: J. Vincent (ed.), The Crawford Papers, 1984, p. 39.

6 HE HAD THE MOST … INCONVENIENCE: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, pp. 274, 124.

7 YOU DON’T: Fisher, p. 5.

8 LIFE EXPECTANCY (and subsequent figures): “Edwardian Winners and Losers,” BBC4, 16 May 2007.

9 SOME OF THE VILEST: Wilson, p. 582.

10 THE SPEECHES WERE WRITTEN: See F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 275.

11 I FEAR SOMETIMES: G to Bigge, 25 Dec. 1907, Nicolson, King George, p. 65.

12 THE KING IS NO LONGER … RULES IT: Balfour to E, 6 Feb. 1901, ibid., pp. 67–68.

13 TIRESOME FUNCTIONS: G to N, 3 Jan. 1902, GARF 601/1/1219.

14 A STRONG FEELING OF: Nicolson, King George, p. 70.

15 BARBARIC … THE VULGAR: J. Wilson, p. 349.

16 “I FEAR,” EDWARD WROTE: E to Lansdowne, 31 Dec. 1902, Lee, 2, p. 280.

17 HE HAS GOT NOTHING … ATTITUDES: Bülow to FO, 4 Nov. 1901, GP, 18(i), pp. 34–35.

18 WEAK AS WATER: Tuchman, Proud Tower, p. 230.

19 THE RUSSIANS HAVE: Lee, 2, p. 279.

20 SMOOTH MATTERS DOWN: McLean, p. 98.

21 BE WRAPPED IN THE UNION JACK: Bülow, 1, p. 528, and Pakula, An Uncommon Woman, pp. 597–98.

22 KING EDWARD: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 122.

23 UNCLE BERTIE: Athlone, p. 148.

24 FERDINAND OF BULGARIA … THE DWARF: See Cecil, “Wilhelm II and His Russian ‘Colleagues,’” p. 99.

25 TO ALL THE OBSTACLES: Kennedy, The Rise, p. 246.

26 A PACK OF: See Waters, p. 37.

27 ALREADY HAD TO: Eckhardstein, p. 217.

28 AND WALK HAND IN HAND: E to Lascelles, 25 Dec. 1901, RA VIC/MAIN/X/37/49.

29 THE PRESS IS AWFUL: W to E, 30 Dec. 1901, RA VIC/MAIN/X/37/51.

30 NO ONE CAN BE: Cecil, William, 2, p. 84.

31 CONGLOMERATION: W to E, 6 Jan. 1902, RA VIC/MAIN/X/37/52.

32 QUANTITÉ NÉGLIGEABLE: Lascelles to Knollys, 17 Jan. 1902, FO 800/10.

33 I THINK THAT UNDER: E to W, 15 Jan. 1902, RA VIC/MAIN/W/42/58.

34 THIS IS MOST: G to Bigge, 9 Jan. 1902, Gore, p. 176.

35 HE’D NEVER RECEIVED: See Knollys to Lansdowne, 22 Jan. 1902, RA VIC/W/42/65.

36 MOST CIVIL … KINDNESS ITSELF: G to May, 27 Jan. 1902, RA QM/PRIV/CC3/13.

37 FRANK TALK … THE FUTURE: Bülow, 1, pp. 548–50.

38 THE AMOUNT ONE … ANOTHER UNIFORM: G to May, 27 Jan. 1902, RA QM/PRIV/CC3/13.

39 HURT ABOMINABLY: 26 Jan. 1902, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

40 ADMIRED AND … WAS PAST: Topham, p. 197.

41 NOTHING BUT AN … EXACTLY: Eckhardstein to Bülow, 17 Sept. 1902, Auswärtiges Amt, England 78/Bd 6.

42 NONE OF HIS PARENTS’ HEAT: See Bülow, 1, p. 333.

43 ROYALTY RIDICULOUS: Pope-Hennessy, p. 289.

44 ALL SAFE AND: W to E, 28 Jan. 1902, RA VIC/MAIN/W/42/70.

45 YELLOW PERIL … WHITE RACE: Bülow, 2, p. 61.

46 CIVILIZED: Balfour, DNB.

47 GUARANTEE OF: W to E, 26 Feb. 1902, RA VIC/MAIN/X/37/55.

48 THANK GOD: 1 June 1902, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

49 AN ESTIMATED 75,000 DEAD: Estimates for casualties for the Boer War (and other wars of the time) vary enormously; my figures are from Hobsbawm, p. 306, Ferguson, Empire, p. 280, and T. Pakenham, The Boer War, London, Weidenfeld, 1979.

50 A NEW, CRUDE: History of the Times, 3, pp. 366–68.

51 SETTLED DISLIKE: Neilson, p. 67.

52 AS HEARTY … THE DEVIL: 1 June 1902, Lee, 2, pp. 145, 153.

53 2,201 PHEASANTS: 12 Nov. 1902, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

54 HE MADE HIMSELF: G to N, 30 Dec. 1902, GARF 601/1/1219.

55 THANK GOD HE’S: Eckhardstein, p. 245.

56 WITH SUCH BRUTAL FRANKNESS: 3 Feb. 1903, RA VIC/MAIN/W/43/49.

57 WE SHOULD REMEMBER: Lascelles to Knollys, 20 March 1903, RA VIC/MAIN/W/43/63.

58 THERE IS A: Kennedy, The Rise, p. 230.

59 IN GOOD SPIRITS: N to Minny, 2 [OS]/15 Sept. 1901, Bing, p. 151.

60 ALWAYS FIGHT: Bülow to FO, 14 Sept. 1901, GP, 18, pp. 24–29.

61 THE POLITEST MAN: Hardinge, p. 108.

62 WITTE’S MAN: Izvolsky, p. 29.

63 BETWEEN PEOPLES WITH: 19 July [OS]/1 Aug. 1901, Geyer, p. 166.

64 A THOROUGH … A COMPLETE WRECK: Mossolov, p. 204.

65 THOUGH HE APPARENTLY: Bülow, 1, p. 541.

66 BE FRIENDLY AND: A to N, 22 July 1902, Maylunas, p. 216.

67 THE ADMIRAL OF: Bülow, 1, p. 573.

68 HE’S RAVING: Mossolov, p. 203.

69 I WILL ARRANGE EVERYTHING: Bülow to W, 11 July 1902, GP, 18(i), p. 55.

70 IT IS ONE OF: Mossolov, p. 246.

71 I AM SO SORRY: G to N, 3 Jan. 1902, GARF 601/1/1219.

72 MORE AND MORE: Mackenzie Wallace, 10 Nov. 1903, RA VIC/W/43/149.

73 RUSSIA OUGHT NOT … CHANGE: Mackenzie Wallace to Knollys, 1 Sept. 1903, RA VIC/MAIN/W/43/121.

74 AN UNBECOMING: Hardinge, DNB.

75 MADE ALL THE: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 159.

76 THE KING, HOWEVER: See Cambon, 22 Dec. 1920, The Times.

77 MOST OF THE … HISTORY: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, pp. 154, 170.

78 YOUR PRESENCE IN: Heffer, p. 188.

79 I CAN STILL: Vorres, p. 88.

80 HE HAD TO: Bülow, 7 Nov. 1903, GP, 18(i), no. 5422, p. 71.

81 DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES: W to N, 19 Nov. 1903, Grant, p. 99.

82 REGARDED WITH: Osten-Sacken, 15 [OS)/28 April 1904, GARF 601/1/703.

83 THE FOREIGN SECRETARY RESENTED: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 128.

84 SO FAR AS I: Young, p. 202.

85 LONG SUSTAINED DISCUSSION: Grey, p. 206.

11 UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES 1904–5

1 CHINA, TIBET, AFGHANISTAN: Geyer, p. 190.

2 FROM A FRENCH BROTHEL: Figes, A People’s, p. 169.

3 ACCORDING TO EDWARD VII: Bülow, 2, p. 28.

4 LITTLE SHORT-TAILED: Lincoln, p. 640.

5 ABSOLUTELY INDIFFERENT: Hardinge to Knollys, 25 May 1906, RA VIC/MAIN/W/44/103.

6 ZHIDS: Witte, p. 189.

7 BRITISH-BUILT: Alexander Mikhailovich, p. 217.

8 THE JAPANESE: W to N, 9 Jan. 1904, Grant, p. 106.

9 TO US …: W to N, 3 Jan. 1904, ibid., p. 105.

10 NOTHING COULD BE: Neilson, p. 239.

11 A PERSONAL MESSAGE: Lansdowne to Edward, 18 Feb. 1904, RA VIC/MAIN/W/44/34.

12 THE ENTENTE CORDIALE: See Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 389, n. 7.

13 GERMAN TARIFFS: Geyer, p. 168.

14 THE KING EXPRESSED … HIS MAJESTY: Lee, 2, p. 285.

15 A MAN OF … EARNEST DESIRE: E to N, 12 May 1904, RA VIC/MAIN/W/44/95.

16 I AM LOOKED UPON: Hardinge to Knollys, 25 May 1904, RA VIC/MAIN/W/44/103.

17 AN INTRUDER HIDING: Hardinge to Knollys, 19 Sept. 1904, RA VIC/MAIN/W/45/88.

18 I APPROVE: Patrick French, Younghusband, 1994, p. 253.

19 EDWARD’S OVERTURES: See Alvensleben to Bülow, 11 May 1904, GP, 19(i); see also W note on Bernstorff to Bülow, 5 May 1904, England, Nr 81 Nr 1, Bd 12, Geheimes Staatsarchiv.

20 IT COULDN’T: Bülow to W, GP, 20(i), p. 24, no. 6379.

21 THE IMPORTANCE: Zedlitz-Trützschler, 21 July 1904, p. 80.

22 A WHOLE TROOP OF: Bülow, 2, p. 23.

23 HARDLY ABLE … OVERESTIMATED: Zedlitz-Trützschler, pp. 80–81.

24 A UNIVERSAL NECESSITY … GREAT POWERS: Bülow, 2, p. 27.

25 HE IS VERY LIVELY: 28 June 1904, Lee, 2, p. 295.

26 EVERYONE IS: Zedlitz-Trützschler, 21 June 1904, p. 80.

27 A BRAVE, CHIVALROUS … SMALLEST BOAT: Bülow, 2, pp. 25–28, 23.

28 BEEN GREETED BY: Marder, p. 477.

29 THERE AWOKE IN ME … AN INVASION: Bülow, 2, pp. 30, 26.

30 MERE APOLOGIES … PAINFUL IMPRESSION: Lee, 2, p. 302.

31 THESE SUSPICIONS: Kokovtsov, p. 46.

32 LURING: N to E, 24 Oct. 1904, Lee, 2, p. 301.

33 ENGLISH PERFIDY … TO ME: Hardinge, p. 108.

34 IF THEY IMAGINED: G to E, 24 Oct. 1904, Nicolson, King George, p. 83.

35 THE ENGLISH ARE: N to Minny, 13 [OS]/26 Oct. 1904, Bing, p. 178.

36 STRONGLY DEPRECATE: Lee, 2, pp. 303–4.

37 I HAVE NO WORDS: N to W, 16 [OS]/28 Oct. 1904, GARF 601/1/1200.

38 PRIVATE SOURCE … INCENDIARIES: W to N, 30 Oct. 1904, Grant, p. 139.

39 NOT BEING: W to N, 21 Dec. 1904, ibid., p. 151.

40 DIRECT PROVOCATION: 17 Nov. 1904, ibid., p. 142.

41 URGENT ASSURANCES: See N to W, 28 Nov. [OS]/11 Dec. 1904, GARF 601/1/1200.

42 CONVINCED THAT IT IS: 21 Nov. 1904, Zedlitz-Trützschler, p. 106.

43 ABSOLUTELY APPRISED: Bülow, 2, p. 83.

44 THE EMPEROR HAS OFTEN: Zedlitz-Trützschler, p. 161.

45 EDWARD TOLD: See Cambon, 17 Nov. 1904, DDF, 2.5, p. 535.

46 THE RUSSIAN BALTIC FLEET: 7 Dec. 1904, Zedlitz-Trützschler, p. 109.

47 THAT IS BEGINNING: 29 June 1905, Maylunas, p. 278.

48 A TERRIBLE AND: 21 Dec. 1904, Nicholas II, Journal, p. 197.

49 A TERRIBLE DAY: 9 Jan. 1905, ibid., p. 207.

50 INDISPUTABLE … LOWER CLASSES: Hardinge, pp. 113–14.

51 I AM GLAD: W to N, 6 Feb. 1905, Grant, p. 160.

52 SUCH AN APPEARANCE: W to N, 21 Feb. 1905, ibid., p. 171.

53 THE TRAITORS AND: Nicholas II, Journal, p. 204.

54 THE TSAR VIEWED: Kokovtsov, p. 50.

55 HE LETS EVERYTHING: Figes, A People’s, p. 171.

56 I FEEL VERY … WITH HAPPINESS: Hardinge to Knollys, Feb. 1905, RA VIC/W/45/109.

57 HER FIERCE STARE: E. Morris, Theodor Rex, p. 385.

58 ILLITERATE RUSSIAN: Waters to Davidson, 7 May 1905, RA VIC/MAIN/X/19/32.

59 IT MAKES ME: N to Minny, 19 Oct. [OS]/1 Nov. 1905, Bing, p. 187.

60 ALL REPORTS SEEM: Hardinge to Knollys, 6 June 1905, RA VIC/MAIN/W/46/36.

61 THE AGITATION AND DISTURBANCE: Hardinge to Knollys, 5 July 1905, RA VIC/MAIN/W/46/64.

62 SUCH NONSENSE IS: Hardinge to Knollys, 22 Aug. 1905, RA VIC/MAIN/W/46/144.

63 JUMPY … CLUMSY: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 95.

64 THE MOST MISCHIEVOUS: Lee, 2, p. 340.

65 A GRATUITOUS: E to Louis of Battenburg, 15 April 1905, Hough, p. 188.

66 TO PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT: See Magnus, p. 345, and Lascelles to Knollys, 24 March 1905, RA VIC/MAIN/W/45/146.

67 IT IS A WILD: Footnote, Roosevelt to Spring-Rice, 16 June 1905, quoted in Fiebig von Hase, p. 153.

68 DIVIDE FATHER … HER SLIPPER: St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 334.

69 OFF-COLOUR REMARKS: Bülow, 2, p. 182.

70 ALTHOUGH I LIKE: G to Knollys, 26 March 1905, RA VIC/MAIN/W/45/147.

71 MIGHT CREATE: Seckendorff to E, 15 Aug. 1905, RA VIC/MAIN/W/46/231.

72 RUN AFTER [HIM]: Knollys to Seckendorff, 23 Aug. 1905, RA VIC/MAIN/W/46/285.

73 HE TALKS AND: Newton, p. 330.

74 UNREPEATABLE: Bülow, 2, pp. 146–47.

75 AT HOME NOBODY: N to W, 7 [OS]/20 July 1904, GARF 601/1/1200.

76 THE GREATEST MISCHIEF-MAKER: GP, 19(ii), no. 6220, p. 460.

77 THE BRITISH WERE USING: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 389, n. 7.

78 ABSOLUTE PASSION FOR: GP, 19(ii), no. 6220, p. 460.

79 A RAY OF SUNLIGHT: Bülow, 2, p. 13.

80 MUST REMEMBER … OF THE WORLD: W to N, 27 July 1905, Grant, pp. 192–94.

81 FROM THE HIDEOUS PINCERS: GP, 19(ii), no. 6220.

82 EVEN JAPAN MAY … FIRM FRIEND: W to N, 27 July 1905, Grant, pp. 192– 94.

83 VERY MUCH WORRIED: Izvolsky, p. 49; see also Macdonald, p. 80.

84 BOUNDLESS VANITY: Lerman, p. 90.

85 TO BE TREATED … CHILDREN: See Bülow, 2, pp. 138–47; GP, 19(ii), no. 6237, pp. 499–500.

86 WE JOINED HANDS: W to N, GP, 19(ii), pp. 513–14.

87 IN ENGLAND, OF COURSE: N to Minny, 27 Oct. [OS]/9 Nov. 1905, Bing, p. 191.

88 EITHER YOU SIGN IT: Witte, p. 247, Mossolov, p. 90.

89 THERE WERE ONLY … A YEAR: N to Minny, 19 Oct. [OS]/1 Nov. 1905, Bing, pp. 186–87.

12 CONTINENTAL SHIFTS 1906–8

1 GERMANY’S CONDUCT: E. Morris, p. 441.

2 A SIGN OF WEAKNESS: Hull, “The Entourage,” p. 129.

3 A QUESTION OF HONOUR: Oppel, p. 324.

4 THE WHOLE OF EUROPE … MACHINATIONS: 13 March 1906, Zedlitz-Trützschler, pp. 169, 160–62.

5 WE ARE—MY: Lee, 2, p. 525.

6 THE WHOLE LETTER: W to E, 1 Feb. 1906, RA VIC/MAIN/X/37/62.

7 ALL THE WRETCHED: GP, 21(i), 9 March 1906, pp. 267–68.

8 CARRYING ON AGAINST: 19 March 1907, Zedlitz-Trützschler, pp. 177–78.

9 A CLEAR, PRACTICAL: 13 March 1906, ibid., p. 162.

10 IN HIS HEART OF: 13 March 1906, ibid., pp. 169–70.

11 I’M SURE NOT … ENVIOUS: Lee, 2, pp. 352, 528.

12 NOT THE SLIGHTEST … IN THE AIR: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 182.

13 WHO CAN FAIL: 15 April 1907, Lee, 2, pp. 541–42.

14 L’ALLEMAGNE C’EST L’ENNEMIE: Esher, 2, pp. 182–83.

15 “GERMANY,” HE WROTE … IN THE WORLD: Steiner, p. 43.

16 WITH MORE EXPERIENCE: Grey, p. 85.

17 THE MOST VIOLENT: Spring-Rice to Knollys, 1 March 1906, RA VIC/MAIN/W/46/75.

18 PATRIOTIC … 690 POGROMS: Figes, A People’s, p. 197.

19 A WHOLE MASS: N to Minny, 27 Oct. [OS]/9 Nov. 1905, Bing, pp. 190–91.

20 VIRTUAL PRISONERS: N to Minny, 30 Aug. [OS]/12 Sept. 1906, ibid., p. 217.

21 THE EMPEROR IS: Spring-Rice to Grey, 18 April 1906, FO 800/72.

22 PERSONAL CONTACT WITH: Nicolson, 2 Jan. 1907, RA VIC/MAIN/W/50/152.

23 I HAVE NEVER SEEN SUCH: N to Minny, 12 [OS]/25 Jan. 1907, Bing, p. 212.

24 PROGRESSIVE HYSTERIA: Massie, Nicholas, p. 153.

25 MINNY COMPLAINED … TO ACHE: Maylunas, p. 291.

26 IT IS MORE: Battiscombe, p. 254.

27 THEY GAVE ONE: Mossolov, p. 139.

28 REPULSIVE FACES: Maylunas, p. 293.

29 NABOKOV’S GREAT-UNCLE: Footnote, Nabokov, p. 60.

30 THEY LOOKED AT US: Kokovtsov, p. 131.

31 I FELT SO: Alexander Mikhailovich, pp. 228–29.

32 BECAUSE THE WORKING: Tuchman, Proud Tower, p. 344.

33 THE MASSACRES IN: Dugdale, 1, p. 335.

34 THE OLD IDEA: Steiner, p. 139.

35 THE GREAT UNIONIST: Balfour, DNB.

36 WHETHER THE COUNTRY WAS: St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 402.

37 ALL DOWN HISTORY: Bentley Brinkerhoff, p. 17.

38 GOOD TASTE AND PROPRIETY: Plumptre, p. 189.

39 ALMOST MORE: E to G, 19 March 1906, Jenkins, p. 91.

40 DEPLORABLY COMMON: St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 409.

41 NOT QUITE: Rose, p. 71.

42 THESE PEOPLE: Hibbert, p. 210.

43 AN OVERGROWN: A. C. Benson, 10 Nov. 1908, Rose, p. 119.

44 HOW YOU CAN: 15 May 1910, Hobhouse diaries, ed. David, p. 91.

45 ONE MUST LET: N to Minny, 29 March [OS]/11 April 1907, Bing, pp. 228–29.

46 VIVE LA DOUMA!: Grey, p. 145.

47 A GROTESQUE DEPUTATION: Nicholas II, Journal, p. 219.

48 BEEN PREVENTED FROM: Lascelles to Grey, Nov. 1906, RA VIC/W/50/39.

49 A TRIUMPH OF: Witte, p. 432.

50 RUSSIAN DESPOTISM: Grey, p. 154.

51 IT WILL COMPLETE: Grey to Knollys, 28 March 1906, Trevelyan, p. 183.

52 LITTLE EDWARD ICONS: Pless, p. 159.

53 THE GERMAN ARMY … AS A WHOLE: Von Miquel to Bülow, 27 Sept. 1907, GP, 25(i), no. 8537, pp. 45–47.

54 HARDINGE GANG: See Steinberg, “The Kaiser and the British,” p. 130.

55 WHAT A LONG TIME: G to N, 28 Dec. 1907, GARF 601/1/1219.

56 MADE EVERYTHING LOOK DIFFERENT … GREATNESS: Alexander Mikhailovich, p. 233.

57 EVERYTHING IS SO: Minny to N, 28 Feb. [OS]/13 March 1907, Bing, p. 222.

58 DESPAIRING, HORRIFIED: Wilhelm, Crown Prince of Germany, p. 15.

59 HE [WILHELM] SAT: Witte, p. 457.

60 THE REPRESSION OF: Sombart, in Röhl and Sombart, p. 304. Homosexualität: first used in Britain in translations and glosses of Krafft-Ebing’s work, see OED.

61 DISGUSTING ORGIES: The Times, 25 Oct. 1907.

62 AM SUFFERING: W to E, 31 Oct. 1907, RA VIC/MAIN/W/52/47.

63 IN VERY GOOD: Bülow, 2, p. 296.

64 YOUR TELEGRAM: E to W, 31 Oct. 1907, RA VIC/MAIN/W/52/48.

65 HE IS ALWAYS ANXIOUS: Footnote, Zedlitz-Trützschler, p. 38.

66 THERE WERE GREAT: 13 Nov. 1907, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

67 COMING HOME: Steinberg, “The Kaiser and the British,” p. 137.

68 EVEN THOSE: Morley, 2, p. 237.

69 BE A MEMBER: Haldane, p. 221.

70 OUR KING MAKES A: Esher, 2, p. 285.

71 IT TRANSPIRED THAT THE KAISER: Steinberg, “The Kaiser and the British,” p. 134.

72 EXCEPT PERHAPS … AIR OF FRAUD: 14 Dec. 1907, Holstein, 4, p. 509.

73 YOU MAY LAUGH: 20 Dec. 1907, Morley, 2, p. 238.

74 UNMITIGATED BALDERDASH … THE SEA: Lee, 2, p. 605.

75 ONLY NOW!: W on Metternich to Bülow, GP, 24, no. 8193, p. 46.

76 AN INSULT TO OUR COUNTRY: MacDonald, The Labour Leader, May 1908.

77 COULDN’T BE DESTROYED: Plumptre, p. 208.

78 A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCH: Footnote, Felix Semon, Autobiography, 1926, p. 267.

79 SHOULD HAVE KNOWN: Heffer, p. 253.

80 DEPLORABLY UNSOPHISTICATED … BUSINESS: Cecil, “William II and His Russian ‘Colleagues’,” pp. 132–33.

81 MARKED DIFFERENCE … AT HIM: Hardinge, p. 157.

82 A DÉCLASSÉ ACCENT: Trewin, p. 10.

83 EXCEPT WHEN ON DUTY!: Mossolov, pp. 211, 210.

84 SOBBING ALONE: Hardinge, p. 156.

85 SING WEIRD RUSSIAN: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 196.

86 FEAST OF PEACE: Gibbes, p. 8.

87 CONFESS HIS IMPOTENCE: Grey, p. 212.

88 VERY SEARCHINGLY: Brook-Shepherd, p. 330.

89 CONNIVING TO ENCIRCLE: St. Aubyn, Edward VII, p. 363.

90 THE BLACKEST AND MOST NAUSEOUS: 12 Aug. 1908, C. Howard, p. 176.

91 GERMAN BILL: Ibid., p. 11.

92 I CANNOT RESIST … CATASTROPHE: Wickham-Steed, p. 282.

93 THAT’S COMPLETE … AN IDEA: Bülow, 2, p. 313.

94 A LOT OF NONSENSE: Hardinge, p. 162.

95 FRANK CONVERSATION: Bülow, 2, p. 313.

96 THE ONLY RESULT: Zedlitz-Trützschler, 19 April 1907, p. 183.

97 ALBERT BALLIN: Bülow to W, 15 July 1908, GP, 24, no. 8216, pp. 96–99.

98 A MERE BAGATELLE: Steinberg, “The Kaiser and the British,” p. 134.

99 MECHANICAL TOY: Epkenhans, p. 15.

100 IMPULSIVE SOVEREIGN: Clemenceau to Pichon, 29 Aug. 1908, DDF, 2.11, pp. 749–52.

101 IMPOSSIBLE … THE KING!: 26 Sept. 1908, Esher, 2, p. 343.

102 STOP THE KING!: W on Stumm to Bülow, 8 Sept. 1908, Auswärtiges Amt, England Nr 78, Bd 6.

13 A BALKAN CRISIS 1908–9

1 UNLESS SOME HOPE IS: E to Asquith, 13 Oct. 1908, RA VIC/MAIN/R/29/53.

2 A RARE AUDIENCE: Nicolson to Grey, 4 Nov. 1908, Neilson, p. 58, Grey papers, FO 800/222.

3 VERY STRAIGHTFORWARD: Neilson, p. 302.

4 DENIED ALL KNOWLEDGE … AGGRESSOR: Kokovtsov, p. 216.

5 SINCERE AND IMPULSIVE: Nation, 31 Oct. 1908.

6 WELL MEANT: Westminster Gazette, 31 Oct. 1908.

7 AMAZING: Esher, 2, 28 Oct. 1908, p. 352.

8 DYNAMITE BOMB: Bülow, 2, p. 376.

9 THE EMPEROR IS: Footnote, Haller, 2, p. 72.

10 POOR PHILI: Footnote, Hull, “Kaiser Wilhelm and the Liebenberg Circle,” p. 145.

11 OF ALL THE: Magnus, p. 400.

12 BüLOW HAD READ IT: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 13.

13 MORE MUDDLE: C. Howard, p. 28.

14 HE SEEMED OSTENSIBLY … WITH RESTRAINT: T. Cole, “The Daily Telegraph Affair,” p. 256.

15 ALL-OUT BETRAYAL: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 137.

16 NOT FOR THE … ENERGETIC PIROUETTES: Zedlitz-Trützschler, 8 Feb. 1909, pp. 252–53.

17 RIGOR MORTIS WAS SO FAR: Tuchman, Proud Tower, p. 310.

18 ROTTEN AND MARCHING: ii Nov. 1908, Hardinge papers 1, Cambridge University Library; see also Hardinge, p. 170.

19 I KNOW THE E[MPEROR]: E to Knollys, 25 Nov. 1908, RA VIC/MAIN/W/53/37.

20 ANNOUNCED THAT HE COULD: See Zedlitz-Trützschler, 26 Nov. 1908, p. 224.

21 A KIND OF … WAS TERRIFYING: Topham, pp. 200–201.

22 HE WAS THE: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 259.

23 I AM NOT … MARVELLOUS TIMES: Hardinge, p. 171.

24 THE GERMAN EMPEROR: Trevelyan, pp. 154–55.

25 A PIECE OF BRIGANDAGE: Mansergh, p. 127.

26 EUROPEAN CONFLAGRATION: Bülow to W, 11 Jan. 1909, Geheimes Staatsarchiv, Rep 53, Lit B 16a, Bd Iv.

27 HELMUTH VON MOLTKE … PROVOKED A WAR: Fromkin, pp. 74–75.

28 WERE “PROPITIOUS” … DIFFICULTIES: Berghahn, pp. 91, 93.

29 TO RESOLVE THE CRISIS: N to W, 15 [OS]/28 Dec. 1908, GP, 26(i), no. 9187, pp. 387–88.

30 A GENUINE SURPRISE … MORE AND MORE: W to N, 5 Jan. 1909, GP, 26(i), pp. 388–91; W to N, 8 Jan. 1909, Grant, pp. 243–44.

31 INFORMAL RELATIONS … PUT UP WITH: E to Knollys, 25 Nov. 1908, RAVIC/MAIN/W/53/37.

32 THE KING OF ENGLAND: Zedlitz-Trützschler, 10 Feb. 1909, p. 258.

33 HORROR: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 253.

34 TERRIBLY UPSET: Redesdale, 1, p. 78.

35 THE CLOSEST COOPERATION: Hardinge, pp. 163–64.

36 THE DEAREST: Hardinge to Knollys, Lee, 2, p. 262.

37 USEFUL RESULTS: W to N, 8 Jan. 1908, Grant, p. 242.

38 FORCED JOKES: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 258.

39 OPENLY EXPRESSED HER … BIG STORES: W to Franz Ferdinand, 12 Feb. 1908, Kann, p. 332.

40 IN EVERY RESPECT: McLean, p. 134.

41 HAD A VERY: Kann, p. 332.

42 THE EFFECT OF THIS: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 258.

43 WE EXPECT A: Pourtalès to Izvolsky, GP, 26, p. 693.

44 SHAME! SHAME!: Lieven, Origins, pp. 22, 21.

45 THE ENEMIES: Ibid., p. 132.

46 IT WAS CONSIDERED: Nicolson to Grey, 29 March 1909, in Grey, p. 189.

47 THE FORM AND THE METHOD: N to Minny, 19 March [OS]/2 April 1909, Bing, p. 241.

48 A TOKEN OF UNDIMINISHED: W to N, 3 April 1909, Grant, pp. 246–47.

49 BE TURNED INTO A MILITARY: Hardinge to E, 7 April 1909, RA VIC/MAIN/W/55/16.

50 CONSIDERED WORTHLESS: McLean, p. 60.

51 LACKED ALL APPETITE FOR IT: Zedlitz-Trützschler, 26 March 1909, p. 265.

52 GREAT DIPLOMATIC TRIUMPH: Ibid., 9 April 1909, p. 267.

53 I HATE THE SLAVS: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 176.

54 WHEN GERMANY MADE: Roosevelt to Sir G. O. Trevelyan, 1 Oct. 1911, Letters of T. Roosevelt VII, ed. Morrison, p. 397.

55 INCREDIBLE AS IT MIGHT: K Young, p. 248.

56 HE HAD EDWARD INFORMED: See RA VIC/MAIN/X/22/64.

57 CONVICTION OR PRINCIPLE: Massie, Dreadnought, p. 621.

58 TOLD HIM TO STONEWALL: Ibid. and n.

59 NONSENSE!: Woodward, p. 238, n. 4.

60 THAT ENGLAND: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, pp. 264–65.

61 IF I AM SUPPORTED: T. Cole, “The Daily Telegraph Affair,” p. 261.

62 CIVIL LIBERTIES RECORD: Neilson, p. 308.

63 OCTOBER 1908: 10 March 1909, ibid., p. 304.

64 DEAR NICKY LOOKING: 2 Aug. 1909, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

65 ELABORATE POLICE GUARD: Duke of Windsor, A King’s, p. 69.

66 BRITAIN WOULD NEVER: Mossolov, p. 109.

14 EDWARD’S MANTLE 1910–11

1 WITCH OF THE AIR: 6 May 1910, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

2 MOULDED THE DESTINIES … ANTAGONIST: Brook Shepherd, pp. 536–37.

3 HE MIGHT HAVE BEEN: Scawen Blunt, My Diaries, London, 1919, pp. 721–22.

4 HONOUR AND INTEREST: Wickham Steed, p. 289.

5 THE SCHEMING AND … MUCH CALMER: W to Bethmann-Hollweg, 7 May 1910, Abteilung 1A, England Nr 78, Secretissima, Ban 25 (R 5791).

6 AN ENGLISH COUNTRY: Görlitz, Der Kaiser, p. 78.

7 I HAVE LOST: 6 May 1910, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

8 HOW DEEPLY I: N to G, 28 April [OS]/8 May 1910, RA GV/PRIV/AA/43/129.

9 AROUND £325,000: Google the Victorian Web: wages, the cost of living and contemporary equivalents.

10 BEAUTIFULLY ARRANGED: Minny to N, 7 [OS]/20 May 1910, Bing, p. 254.

11 THE GREAT ARBITER: Daily Telegraph, 24 May 1910.

12 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS: Ibid., 20 May 1910.

13 WHERE WE PUT: 19 May 1910, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

14 A SYMBOL: Daily Chronicle, 20 May 1910.

15 NONE WHO SAW: Daily Mail, 20 May 1910.

16 BEING AT WINDSOR: W to Bethmann-Hollweg, GP, 28, p. 326.

17 WILLIE DEAR: Battiscombe, p. 274.

18 LET HIM GET: Epkenhans, p. 33.

19 AT FIVE IN THE: 16 May 1910, Esher, 3, p. 3.

20 THE MOST TRYING: 7 May 1910, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

21 THE LITTLE KING: David Cecil, Max, London, Bodley Head, 1964, p. 331.

22 HER DEVOTION: Airlie, p. 128.

23 GEORGE SULKED … SUCH ROT: F. Ponsonby to Ria Ponsonby, 4 April 1913, quoted in Rose, p. 147.

24 EVERYTHING COMPLEX: Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, p. 421.

25 WE ARE BACK: 18 April 1911, Esher, 3, pp. 48–49.

26 WE HAVE SEEN: Rose, p. 96.

27 THAT CURIOUS: 21 Aug. 1910, Esher, 3, p. 15.

28 IS IT NOT HARD: Rose, p. 77.

29 I WANT SYMPATHY: G to Godfrey-Faussett, 28 July 1914, ibid., p. 158.

30 IDLERS AND WASTRELS … UNCALLED FOR: Rose, p. 173.

31 MANGOLD-WURZELS: Blake, Bonar Law, p. 167.

32 THE EXTRAORDINARY: 21 Jan. 1914, Esher, 3, p. 54.

33 THE KING IS: 8 Sept. 1910, Lloyd George, Letters, p. 152.

34 I UNDERSTAND THAT: Rose, p. 110.

35 HE IS A NICE: Asquith to Venetia Stanley, Sept. 1912, Asquith, p. 42.

36 REALLY IT IS: 12 May 1912, Rose, p. 160.

37 SPLENDID ISOLATION: See Metternich to Bethmann-Hollweg, 25 Sept. 1911, GP, 29, pp. 244–46.

38 I HOPE WE SHALL: G to N, 27 May 1910, GARF 601/1/1219.

39 I RATHER FEAR: G to N, 15 March 1911, ibid.

40 TO DO FOR THE EMPIRE: 25 Aug. 1910, Esher, 3, p. 17; G to N, 14 Feb. 1912, GARF 601/1/1219.

41 I UNDERSTAND THE … AND HER INDIAN EMPIRE: Gore, p. 197.

42 I THINK IT A: N to G, 15[OS]/26 Jan. 1911, RA GV/PRIV/AA/43/151.

43 A MAGNIFICENT: G to N, 14 Feb. 1912, GARF 601/1/1219.

44 WE DECIDED HE: Oct. 1912, Hobhouse, Diaries of Charles Hobhouse, ed. E. David, London, Murray, 1977, p. 123.

45 THE DUKE OF BUCCLEUCH: See Tuchman, Proud Tower, p. 362.

46 A FULLY EQUIPPED: Plumptre, p. 243.

47 I HAVE NEVER IN MY LIFE: 14 Oct. 1911, Esher, 3, p. 65.

48 IN ENGLAND WHERE A SOVEREIGN: Massie, Nicholas, p. xiii.

49 I AM NOT CUT: 16 Sept. 1910, Lloyd George, Letters, p. 158.

50 UNENDURABLE: Adonis, Bonar Law, p. 114.

15 CELEBRATIONS AND WARNINGS 1911–14

1 YOU ARE PERFECTLY RIGHT: W to G, 15 Feb. 1911, RA GV/PRIV/AA/43/152.

2 SATURATED WITH LONGING: Wilhelm II, My Memoirs, pp. 139–41.

3 I DON’T THINK: 19 May 1910, Morley, 2, p. 344.

4 HIS VISIT: G to N, 15 March 1911, GARF 601/1/1219.

5 YOU MUST BE: Hough, p. 242.

6 PLACE AND … OURS TO ENDURE: Strachan, p. 40.

7 OUT OF THIS: Grey, p. 233.

8 RECKONING WITH THE: Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, p. 122.

9 PREPARED TO USE HIS SWORD: Massie, Dreadnought, p. 740.

10 I ABSOLUTELY … CALLED A COWARD: Nicolson, King George, p. 186.

11 AND THEN HE WOULD: H. Pogge von Strandemann (ed.), Rathenau, Notes and Diaries, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1985, p. 147.

12 IRRELEVANT: Asquith, cabinet meeting notes, 15 Feb. 1912, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/R/157.

13 AT HEART: Epkenhans, p. 27.

14 SCOUNDRELS … SHYLOCK: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 172.

15 I HAVE NEVER: W to Metternich, GP, 31, p. 183.

16 I CANNOT UNDERSTAND: Neilson, p. 69.

17 AN AGREEMENT: Sazonov, pp. 27–34.

18 I WAS EXTREMELY: N to G, 15 [OS]/28 Nov. 1910, RA GV/PRIV/AA/43/146.

19 HEAPS OF … MORE SEDATE: N to Minny, 31 Oct. [OS]/13 Nov. 1910, Bing, p. 260.

20 EVERYTHING WENT OFF: N to Minny, 20 June 1912, ibid., p. 270.

21 ARMING HERSELF AT … WORLD CONFLAGRATION: Kokovtsov, pp. 320– 23.

22 HE [SAZONOV] IS A STRAIGHTFORWARD: N to G, 1 [OS]/14 Sept. 1912, RA GV/PRIV/AA/43/187.

23 THE PILGRIMAGE OF: Neilson, p. 323.

24 I PERSONALLY BECAME: Sir George Buchanan, 1, p. 170.

25 INTERFERENCE … ANYBODY ELSE: N to Minny, 12 [OS]/25 Oct. 1912, Bing, p. 279.

26 I AM SURE YOU ARE: N to W, 23 Oct. [OS]/5 Nov. 1912, Geheimes Staatsarchiv, BPH 53/247.

27 I ANSWERED: G to Grey, 8 Dec. 1912, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/M/520A/1A.

28 PERHAPS ON … WITH FRANCE: Heinrich to W, GP, 39, p. 119.

29 MORAL DECLARATION: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 186.

30 I BELIEVE WAR: Strachan, p. 42.

31 YOUR INSTRUCTIONS … DARE STIR?: Heinrich to G, 14 Dec. 1912, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/M/520A/2A.

32 TENDER PLANTS: Woodward, p. 405.

33 WHEREVER WE WENT: Vorres, p. 130.

34 WE NEED ONLY: King, p. 401.

35 THE TSAR’S: Kokovtsov, p. 360.

36 NEVER IN THE HISTORY: Quoted in Sösemann, p. 53.

37 STRONG, ABLE LEADER: Kershaw, 1, p. 80.

38 OF PRUSSIA AND ITS: Frankische Tagespost, 1913, quoted in Sösemann, p. 54.

39 BEEN TREATED AS: Berliner Tageblatt, 1913, ibid., p. 58.

40 THERE WAS NOTHING: Kokovstov, p. 360.

41 UTILITARIAN OBJECTS: King, p. 410.

42 HOLLOW: Van der Kiste, p. 79.

43 FORCED: Vorres, p. 130.

44 I AM SURE: Kokovtsov, p. 283.

45 THE EMPEROR IS BY: Bruce-Lockhart to Grey, 22 Jan. 1916, Neilson, p. 83.

46 THUS IT HAS BEEN: Kokovtsov, p. 308.

47 OLD GIRL: Paléologue, 1, p. 331.

48 THE KING IS HOSTILE: Lloyd George, 16 Sept. 1911, p. 158.

49 WHATEVER I DO: Undated memo, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/K/2553/1/70.

50 HIS OWN POSITION: Asquith to Venetia Stanley, 26 March 1914, Asquith, p. 61.

51 GREAT SPIRITS: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 299.

52 IT WENT OFF: W to Franz Ferdinand, 27 May 1913, Kann, p. 348.

53 WILLIAM’S EAR WAS: Quoted in Rose, p. 166.

54 HOPES THAT ENGLAND: Heinrich to G, 14 Dec. 1912, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/M/520A/2A.

55 DISCUSSING HORSEFLESH: Maclean, p. 243.

56 A HUNDRED POLICEMEN: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 293.

57 I HAD A LONG: 23 May 1913, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

58 ENTIRELY AGREED UPON: G to N, 16 June 1914, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/M/624/3.

59 HAD THEN OFFERED: Kokovtsov, p. 389.

60 IN SPITE OF … BEEN REACHED: Ibid., pp. 391, 398.

61 GERMANISATION OF THE: Footnote, Fischer, pp. 334–36.

62 NOW I HAVE ONLY: Oldenburg, p. 133; see Kokovtsov, pp. 402–3, Macdonald, pp. 193–95.

63 A PERHAPS INEVITABLE: McLean, p. 67.

64 HE HAD REASON TO: Ibid., p. 197; PRO FO 371 2.092, 15,312, 3 April 1914, pp. 292–96.

65 THAT WAR IS INEVITABLE: Paul Benckendorff quote in Lieven, Nicholas II, p. 197.

66 I CAN ONLY TELL: Sir George Buchanan, 1, p. 117.

67 SO ANXIOUS UPON: G to N, 16 June 1914, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/M/624/3.

68 FRANCE AND RUSSIA: Pan-German League declaration, 19 April 1914.

69 THE CHIEF OF STAFF … AT ANY TIME: Fromkin, p. 110.

16 JULY 1914

1 THE TERRIBLE CROSS-FIRE: G to Asquith, 26 March 1914, Asquith, p. 61.

2 TERRIBLE SHOCK FOR: 28 June 1914, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

3 KAISER WILHELM WILL: Alexander Mikhailovich, p. 257.

4 NOW OR NEVER: Geiss, pp. 64–65.

5 HE’D DEMANDED WAR: Strachan, p. 11.

6 ELIMINATED … COMPLICATION: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 200.

7 THIS TIME I: Fromkin, p. 164.

8 READY FOR WAR: Geiss, p. 77.

9 TO FULFIL HER HISTORIC: Macdonald, p. 204.

10 I CAN’T BELIEVE: Paléologue, 1, pp. 12–13.

11 HE TOLD ME: Quoted in Lieven, Nicholas II, p. 200.

12 WE HAD ONLY TO SEE: Gilliard, p. 100.

13 YOU HAVE COOKED: Bülow, 3, p. 184.

14 A GREAT MORAL: Geiss, p. 222.

15 NO LONGER HAD: Fromkin, p. 219.

16 BUCHANAN COULDN’T BELIEVE: Sir George Buchanan, 1, p. 198.

17 IT LOOKS: 25 July 1914, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

18 THE GRAVEST EVENT: Asquith to G, 25 July 1914, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/R/157.

19 WE SHALL TRY ALL: Nicolson, King George, p. 246.

20 LICHNOWSKY, THE AMBASSADOR: Geiss, p. 206.

21 STILL NOT A: Jenkins, p. 325.

22 HE’D HAD TO CANCEL: Bradford, p. 76.

23 I APPEAL TO YOU: N to W, 29 July 1914, 1 a.m., World War One Document Archive, Willy and Nicky telegrams (hereafter WWODA).

24 YOU WILL DOUBTLESS … COUSIN WILLY: W to N, 29 July 1914, 1:45 a.m., WWODA.

25 AUSTRIA HAS GONE: N to G, 16 [OS]/29 July 1914, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1549/1.

26 WHERE WILL IT: 29 July 1914, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

27 I HAVE THE WORD: Nicolson, King George, p. 245.

28 WHICH WILL ANNIHILATE: Fromkin, p. 224.

29 A DISGRACE: Grey, p. 317.

30 REMAIN A SPECTATOR: W to N, 29 July 1914, 6:30 p.m., WWODA.

31 TRUST IN YOUR: N to W, 29 July 1914, 8:20 p.m., WWODA.

32 I HOPE FROM ALL: N to W, 30 July 1914, 1:20 a.m., WWODA.

33 AND THESE MEASURES: Massie, Nicholas, p. 257.

34 AUSTRIA HAS ONLY: W to N, 30 July 1914, 1:20 a.m., WWODA.

35 IT IS TECHNICALLY: N to W, 31 July 1914, WWODA.

36 IN MY ENDEAVOURS: W to N, 31 July 1914, WWODA.

37 A MEAN CREW: Geiss, p. 290.

38 WERE TO SAY ONE: Geiss, pp. 288–90.

39 SO THE CELEBRATED: W on Pourtalès to Jagow, 30 July 1914, Geiss, p. 295.

40 YOU CAN’T STOP: Mossolov, p. 256.

41 UNDERSTAND YOU ARE: N to W, 1 Aug. 1914, WWODA.

42 PRAYING WITH ALL … HIS EFFORTS: Gilliard, p. 105.

43 HE WAS NEVER SINCERE: Paléologue, 1, pp. 196–97.

44 WE ARE UNABLE TO REMAIN: FO telegram, quoting telegram from German government, 1 Aug. 1914, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1549/11.

45 THE POOR KING: Asquith to Venetia Stanley, Asquith, p. 140.

46 A LAST RESORT: 31 July 1914, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

47 MY DEAR NICKY: Asquith to Venetia Stanley, Asquith, p. 140.

48 I CANNOT HELP: G to N, 1 Aug. 1914, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1549/11; also in archives at GARF 601/1/1219.

49 WHETHER WE SHALL: 1 Aug. 1914, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

50 I WOULD GLADLY: N quoted by Buchanan to G, 2 Aug. 1914, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1549/15.

51 THE GERMAN EMPEROR: Ibid.

52 THE COMMUNICATION FROM: W to G, 1 Aug. 1914, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1549/12.

53 YOUR UNCLE WOULD HAVE: Tuchman, Guns of August, pp. 80–81.

54 STILL HOPED FOR PEACE: Clark, Wilhelm II, p. 213.

55 SOMETHING IN ME: Footnote, Tuchman, Guns of August, pp. 80–81.

56 I THINK THERE MUST: G to W, 1 Aug. 1914, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1549/1.

57 NOW YOU CAN: Tuchman, Guns of August, p. 81.

58 YOU, ME AND: Balfour, The Kaiser, p. 385.

59 THERE HAS BEEN: The Times, 4 Aug. 1914.

60 AT 10:30 … SOON OVER: 2–4 Aug. 1914, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

61 I DON’T BELIEVE: Röhl, “Delusion or Design,” p. 87.

62 IF ONLY BECAUSE … HIS WILL: Gilliard, p. 107.

17 A WAR 1914–18

1 MAY AND I: 3 Aug. 1914, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

2 THE VAST CROWD: Gilliard, p. 107.

3 RUSSIA SEEMED TO HAVE: George Buchanan, 1, p. 213.

4 BETRAYAL OF THE: Figes, A People’s, p. 292.

5 A RESURRECTION: Kershaw, 1, p. 89.

6 A MAGNIFICENT: Radzinsky, p. 1, n.

7 THERE ARE NOW: Figes, A People’s, p. 252.

8 IN THE STRUGGLE: MacDonogh, p. 364.

9 A GOOD SPORTSMAN: Somervell, p. 495.

10 THOSE INFINITESIMAL: 14 Oct. 1914, Asquith, p. 278.

11 ACCUSED HIM: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 329.

12 FILTHY RAGS: Rose, p. 225.

13 TO ATTEND TO: Windsor, Family Album, p. 54.

14 7 INSPECTIONS: Nicolson, King George, p. 252.

15 THE KING CAME: Rose, p. 169.

16 OUGHT TO TAKE: Ibid., p. 201.

17 I AM QUITE READY: G to Alexandra, 18 Nov. 1917, RA GV/PRIV/AA37/73.

18 ABOUT AS FUTILE: 25 Jan. 1915, Stevenson, p. 25.

19 THE KING EXPRESSED: Nicolson, King George, p. 288.

20 A DICTATORSHIP BY: Grigg, p. 499.

21 THE FRENCH AND: G to N, 1 Oct. 1916, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1550/314.

22 WE ARE HAPPY: Figes, A People’s, p. 256.

23 LIKE THE HUNS: Balfour, The Kaiser, pp. 226–27.

24 AFTER ALL HE WAS: F. Ponsonby, My Recollections, p. 317.

25 THESE ZEPPELIN RAIDS: G to N, 15 Jan. 1916, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1550/302.

26 INSIDE THE HEAD: Hull, Entourage, p. 267.

27 HE IS EXTREMELY NERVOUS: Oct. 1914, Pless, p. 295.

28 SEND A ZEPPELIN: Gerard, p. 237.

29 NOW HE IS NO: Afflerbach, p. 202.

30 THE CONFERENCE: Görlitz, The Kaiser, p. 190.

31 THE GENERAL STAFF … GENTLEMEN: 6 Nov. 1914, ibid., p. 42.

32 I PUT MY: Afflerbach, p. 209.

33 LIVING AN … HIS GENERALS: Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm, p. 227.

34 NO GENTLEMAN: Gerard, p. 179.

35 THE NAVY HAS: Epkenhans, p. 35.

36 TEN BULLETS A DAY: Figes, A People’s, p. 262.

37 ONE BRITISH OBSERVER: Knox, 1, p. 319.

38 WITH STICKS IN: Vorres, p. 147.

39 THE TSAR’S VISIT: Figes, A People’s, p. 263.

40 17,000 WOUNDED SOLDIERS: Rodzianko, Rasputin, pp. 115–17.

41 GRADUALLY TURNED INTO: Figes, A People’s, p. 263.

42 LOW PERSONAL INTERESTS … TO CONQUER: Gilliard, p. 137.

43 THIS IS SO: Lincoln, p. 692.

44 FULLY IN TUNE: Krivoshein, quoted in ibid.

45 CATASTROPHE: Vorres, p. 148.

46 MADE POLITICS A … SECRET WISHES: Gilliard, pp. 205, 142.

47 HOW I WISH: 30 Aug. 1916, Fuhrman, p. 558.

48 EXTREMELY NERVOUS: Mossolov, p. 174.

49 SHE OFTEN HAD: Gilliard, p. 143.

50 WE ARE NOT: 17 Jan. 1915, Stevenson, p. 26.

51 IT LENT £40 MILLION: See Neilson, p. 351.

52 AUNT ALIX WIRES: Minny to N, 1 [OS]/14 Feb. 1915, Bing, p. 292.

53 I HAVE JUST: Minny to N, 22 May [OS]/4 June 1916, ibid., p. 297.

54 IT IS SUCH: N to G, 11 [OS]/24 Jan. 1916, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/2551/5.

55 WILLIAM’S SPEECH AT: G to N, 13 July 1916, GARF 601/1/1219.

56 I WAS VERY BUSY: N to G, 25 June [OS]/8 July 1915, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/2551/3.

57 I CAN ASSURE YOU: G to N, 8 Aug. 1915, GARF 601/1/1219.

58 SHE IS RUINING: Kokovtsov, p. 296.

59 I AM SURE SHE: Alexandra to G, RA GV/PRIV/AA35/6.

60 THE PRO-GERMANS IN: 22 Nov. 1916, Stevenson, p. 127.

61 A COUNTRY I DID NOT: Gilliard, p. 110.

62 IN HER OUTWARD: Maylunas, p. 412.

63 GERMAN AGENTS … FRIENDSHIP: G to N, 23 Aug. 1916, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1500/313.

64 DETACH RUSSIA AND: G to N, 1 Oct. 1916, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1550/314.

65 VIOLENT AND … IN PEACE: 8 Aug. 1916, Görlitz, The Kaiser, p. 191.

66 THE EMPEROR HAD NO: Strandemann, Rathenau, p. 126.

67 HE FEELS IT: Esher, 3, p. 207.

68 VERY OFTEN I: Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, p. 505.

69 I STILL HAVE TO: G to N, 7 Jan. 1916, GARF 601/1/1219.

70 THE MOST HARROWING: Airlie, p. 138.

71 RUINED VILLAGES … NEW SOUTH WALES: 4–11 July 1917, RA/PRIV/GVD.

72 YOU CAN’T CONCEIVE: Gore, p. 293.

73 HOLLOWED OUT: Buxhoeveden, p. 245; see also Vorres, p. 150.

74 LIFELESS … HELPLESSNESS: Kokovtsov, p. 478.

75 DESPONDENCY, APATHY: Maylunas, p. 475.

76 LET US REMAIN: Mossolov, p. 162.

77 WELL-INFORMED AGENTS OF: Alexander Mikhailovich, p. 185.

78 SHE DISMISSED ME: Yusupov, p. 157.

79 BE THE MASTER … TINY WILL: 14 Dec. 1916, Alexandra Feodorovna, p. 456.

80 THE WRETCHED RUSSIAN MONK: Alexandra to G, RA GV/PRIV/AA35/6.

81 I BELIEVE IN NO: Alexander Mikailovich, p. 275.

82 EVERYONE—OFFICERS: Massie, Nicholas, p. 368; see also Alexander Mikhailovich, pp. 283–84.

83 IF THINGS DON’T: Xenia to Minny, 21 Jan. 1917, van der Kiste, p. 97.

84 IS IT POSSIBLE: Rodzianko, p. 252.

85 ONE LAST EFFORT: Sir George Buchanan, 2, p. 41.

86 LIKE A MAN TRYING TO: Buxhoeveden, p. 240.

87 BRINGING RUSSIA: Sir George Buchanan, 2, p. 47.

88 ACCORDING TO TWO: Buxhoeveden, p. 240.

89 IN THE GRAND DUCAL: Maylunas, p. 513.

90 WHAT! YOU MOSSOLOV: Mossolov, p. 131.

91 GOD’S WISHES SHALL: Alexander Mikhailovich, p. 186.

92 FEELS HIMSELF OVERWHELMED: Paléologue, 3, pp. 151–52.

93 THE WEAK STATE: N to G, 4 [OS]/17 Feb. 1917, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/2551/8.

94 COME DOWN WITH MEASLES: N to A, Nicholas II, Letters, p. 313.

95 MAKE THESE DISORDERS: Nicholas II, Journal, p. 278.

96 FAT RODZIANKO: Pares, p. 443.

97 AN EXCRUCIATING: N to Alexandra, 26 Feb. [OS]/11 March 1917, Fuhrman, p. 696.

98 HIS OFFICERS WERE UNEASY: Nicholas II, Journal, p. 279.

99 BEGGED ON HIS KNEES: Mossolov, p. 27.

100 MY ABDICATION … DECEIT: Nicholas II, Journal, 2 [OS]/15 March 1917, p. 278.

101 BAD NEWS FROM RUSSIA … IN DESPAIR: 13–15 March 1917, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

102 THE GREATEST SERVICE: Grigg, Lloyd George, War Leader, p. 58.

103 A LITTLE STRONG: Stamfordham, memo on discussion with Lloyd George, 22 March 1917, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/M.

104 EVENTS OF LAST: G to N, 19 March 1917, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/Q/1550/318.

105 TO GET THE EMPEROR OUT OF RUSSIA: Sir George Buchanan, 2, p. 104.

106 ANY VIOLENCE DONE: Nicolson, King George, p. 300.

107 IT’S FOR THE BEST: Buxhoeveden, p. 262.

108 PUT THEM ON: See Gilliard, p. 217, Benckendorff, pp. 30–35, Hanbury Williams, p. 170.

109 IF NOT, HE: Hanbury Williams, p. 170.

110 THAT THE PROPOSAL … EXCEPT BALMORAL: Stamfordham memo, 22 March 1917, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/M/M/1067/29.

111 AND SOBBED: Vyrubova, p. 212.

112 LIKE AN OLD: Dehn, p. 189.

113 YOU CAN’T GO: Vyrubova, p. 213.

114 NICHOLAS WROTE: Nicholas’s diary, 5 April 1917, GARF 601/1/221.

115 THE KING HAS: Stamfordham to Balfour, 30 March 1917, quoted in Nicolson, King George, p. 301.

116 HIS MAJESTY’S MINISTERS: Balfour to Stamfordham, 2 April 1917, ibid.

117 EVERY DAY: Stamfordham to Balfour, 6 April 1917, LG/F/3/2/19, Parliamentary Archives.

118 HE MUST BEG: Stamfordham to Balfour, 6 April 1917, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/M/1067/52.

119 TO IMPRESS UPON HIM … OF DELAY: Stamfordham memo, 10 April 1917, RA PS/PSO/M/1067/61.

120 PLACED IN AN: Balfour to Lloyd George, 6 April 1917, LG/F/3/2/19, Parliamentary Archives.

121 HIS MAJESTY’S: Balfour to Sir George Buchanan, 13 April 1917, FO 800/205 PRO.

122 ANY DANGER: Sir George Buchanan to FO, 15 April 1917, FO 800/206 PRO.

123 DEEPLY UPSET: Meriel Buchanan, p. 196.

124 THE DAYS PASSED: Gilliard, p. 217.

125 THE ANCIENT TRAPPINGS: The Times, 21 April 1917.

126 ALIEN AND … AN ALIEN: Nicolson, King George, p. 308.

127 THOUGH HE ALSO FALSELY: Lloyd George, War Memoirs, 3, p. 1644.

128 RANKLED UNDULY: Nicolson, King George, p. 309.

129 THE WONDERFUL POPULARITY: The Times, 13 Nov. 1918.

130 RESTRAINTS WITH EXTRAORDINARY: Gilliard, p. 216.

131 AN EXTREMELY RESERVED: Kerensky, p. 125.

132 NICHOLAS DECIDED TO: Benckendorff, p. 77.

133 AN INSIGNIFICANT LITTLE: Görlitz, The Kaiser, p. 285.

134 NOW I MAY AS: Clark, Wilhelm II, p. 238.

135 IT NOW GAVE HIM … TRAITORS: Gilliard, pp. 244, 257.

136 THEIR MAJESTIES: Ibid., p. 256.

137 LIVE BANNER: Figes, A People’s, p. 638.

138 WHAT?: Kerensky, p. 237.

139 I DID ALL THAT WAS: Waters, pp. 254–55.

140 A DEAF, DUMB AND BLIND: Footnote, Figes, A People’s, p. 385.

141 ON LENIN’S OWN: See Michael Pearson, The Sealed Train, London, Macmillan, 1975.

142 A SERVICE AT … BRUTAL MURDER: 25, 28 July 1917, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

143 I HEAR FROM: 31 Aug. 1918, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

144 WAS THERE EVER: 25 July 1918, Stamfordham to Esher, quoted in Rose, p. 217.

145 GEORGE SHOULDN’T: Stamfordham to Balfour, 22 July 1917, ibid., p. 216.

146 CONFIDENCE IN THE INNATE: Windsor, A King’s, pp. 131–32.

147 I FOUND THE EMPEROR: B. Hulderman, Albert Ballin, London, Cassel, 1922, p. 375.

148 IT AIMS DIRECTLY: MacDonogh, p. 402.

149 SHOOT UP THE TOWN: Ibid., p. 406.

150 TREACHERY, TREACHERY: Ibid., p. 412.

151 WE GOT THE NEWS: 9 Nov. 1918, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

152 THE GERMAN PEOPLE … ITS RULER: MacDonogh, p. 414.

153 HOW ABOUT A: Lady N. Bentinck, The Ex-Kaiser in Exile, London, Hodder, 1922, p. 23.

154 WILLIAM ARRIVED: 11 Nov. 1918, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

EPILOGUE

1 THE FIGURES VARY: For a digest of casualty figures for the First World War, see, for example, the Web site 20th Century Atlas—death tolls.

2 VIOLENT TIRADE … THE BETTER: Rose, pp. 231, 229.

3 PROTECT THE COUNTRY … ODIOUS MAN: Airlie, p. 142.

4 A SULLEN … STRODE INDOORS: Windsor, A King’s, p. 131.

5 THEIR PRESENCE WOULD BE: Van der Kiste, p. 166.

6 IN TODAY’S MONEY: I am indebted to Jasper Heinzen for his calculations using Samuel H. Williamson, Six Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1790 to Present, MeasuringWorth, 2008; see measuringworth.com/uscompare/.

7 LIES OF … AND SAVE THEM: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 306.

8 STRUCK OVER AND OVER: Röhl, “The Emperor’s New Clothes,” p. 29.

9 THAT HORRIBLE AND: Rose, p. 388.

10 EITHER THE WORLD: 16 Feb. 1918, Esher, 4, p. 181.

11 THE ELEMENT OF: Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, p. 522.

12 SPIRIT OF HARD WORK: Harold Laski, Authority in the Modern State, 1919.

13 AS A LIVING: Stamfordham to Bishop of Chelmsford, 25 Nov. 1918, RA PS/PSO/GV/O/1106/65.

14 I MUST SAY THEY: G to Alexandra, 17 Feb. 1924, RA GV/PRIV/AA/38/65.

15 THE MURDERERS … ABOUT BOLSHEVIKS, ETC: Rose, pp. 333–34.

16 HM FIRED UP: 10 May 1935, Stevenson, p. 309.

17 INCORRIGIBLE … PRO-JEW: Cecil, Wilhelm, 2, p. 352.

18 THE LOWEST IRISH: Weintraub, Victoria, p. 12.

19 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DEATH: Rose, p. 408.

20 A SOFT SPOT: Lees-Milne, 2, p. 237.

21 DEEPLY MOVED BY: W to Mary, 2 Feb. 1936, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/O/2572/19.

22 I HAVE NOT THE: W to Mary, 1 Oct. 1938, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/C/46/270.

23 I AM ABSOLUTELY: W to Mary, 13 Oct. 1938, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/C/46/272,3.

24 POLITICAL LUNACY: W to Mary, 30 Aug. 1939, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/C/45/1199.