(Excluding archival or primary material and reviews listed in the Notes)
Aaron, Daniel. The Unwritten War: American Writers and the Civil War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1973.
Adams, Richard P. “Hawthorne’s Provincial Tales.” New England Quarterly 30 (1957): 39–57.
Adkins, Nelson F. “The Early Projected Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne.” Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 39 (1945): 119–55.
———. “Notes on the Hawthorne Canon.” Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 60 (1966): 364–65.
Alcott, Bronson. The Journals of Bronson Alcott. Ed. Odell Shephard. Boston: Little Brown, 1938.
Alcott, Louisa May. Selected Letters of Louisa May Alcott. Eds. Joel Myerson and Daniel Shealy. Boston: Little, Brown, 1987.
Armstrong, Margaret. Fanny Kemble: A Passionate Pilgrim. New York: Macmillan, 1938.
Arvin, Newton. Hawthorne. Boston: Little, Brown, 1929.
Austin, James C. Fields of “The Atlantic Monthly”: Letters to an Editor, 1861–1870. San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library, 1953.
Bacon, Theodore. Delia Bacon. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1888.
Baker, Jean H. Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983.
Baker, Paul R. The Fortunate Pilgrims: Americans in Italy, 1800–1864. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964.
Bartlett, David W. The Life of General Franklin Pierce, of New-Hampshire, the Democratic President of the United States. Buffalo, N.Y.: G.H. Derby and Co., 1852.
Batchelor, George. “The Salem of Hawthorne’s Time.” Salem Gazette, March 11 and 18, 1887. Reprinted in Essex Institute Historical Collections 84 (January 1948): 64–9.
Baym, Nina. “Hawthorne and His Mother: A Biographical Speculation.” American Literature 54 (1982): 1–27.
———. The Shape of Hawthorne’s Career. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1976.
Bell, Millicent. Hawthorne’s View of the Artist. Albany, N.Y.: State University, 1962.
———. “The Marble Faun and the Waste of History.” Southern Review 35 (spring 1999): 354–70.
Bennoch, Francis. Poems, Lyrics, Songs and Sonnets. London: Hardwicke and Bogue, 1877.
———. “A Week’s Vagabondage with Nathaniel Hawthorne,” with introduction by T. A. J. Burnett. In The Nathaniel Hawthorne Journal 1971, ed. C. E. Frazer Clark, Jr. Englewood, Colo.: Microcard Editions, 1971.
Bensick, Carole Marie. La Nouvelle Beatrice: Renaissance and Romance in “Rappaccini’s Daughter. ” New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1985.
Bentley, Nancy. The Ethnography of Manners: Hawthorne, James, Wharton. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Bentley, William. The Diary of William Bentley, D.D., 1784–1819. 4 vols. 1905. Reprint, Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1962.
Bercovitch, Sacvan. The Office of “The Scarlet Letter.” Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.
Berlant, Lauren. The Anatomy of National Fantasy: Hawthorne, Utopia, and Everyday Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.
Bonham, Valerie. A Joyous Service: The Clewer Sisters & Their Work. Windsor, England: Valerie Bonham and the Community of St. John the Baptist, 1989.
Brancaccio, Patrick. “ ‘The Black Man’s Paradise’: Hawthorne’s Editing of the Journal of an African Cruiser.” New England Quarterly 53 (1980): 23–41.
———. “ ‘Chiefly About War-matters’: Hawthorne’s Reluctant Prophecy.” Essex Institute Historical Collections 118 (January 1982): 59–66.
Braude, Ann. Radical Spirits: Spiritualism and Women’s Rights in Nineteenth Century America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1989.
Bremer, Frederika. The Homes of the New World; Impressions of America. Trans. Mary Howitt. 2 vols. 1853. Reprint, New York: Negro Universities Press, 1968.
Bridge, Horatio. Journal of an African Cruiser. Ed. Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1845.
Bright, Henry. Happy Country This America: The Travel Diary of Henry Arthur Bright. Ed. Anne Ehrenpreis. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1978.
Brodhead, Richard. Cultures of Letters: Scenes of Reading and Writing in Nineteenth-Century America. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1993.
———. The School of Hawthorne. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Brooks, Van Wyck. The Dream of Arcadia: American Writers and Artists in Italy. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1958.
Buell, Lawrence. Literary Transcendentalism: Style and Vision in the American Renaissance. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1973.
Cameron, Kenneth, ed. Hawthorne among His Contemporaries. Hartford, Conn.: Transcendental, 1968.
Cameron, Sharon. The Corporeal Self: Allegories of the Body in Melville and Hawthorne. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981.
Capper, Charles. Margaret Fuller: An American Romantic Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Carton, Evan. Hawthorne’s Transformations. New York: Twayne, 1992.
———. The Rhetoric of American Romance: Dialectic and Identity in Emerson, Dickinson, Poe, and Hawthorne. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985.
Caspar, Scott. “The Two Lives of Franklin Pierce.” American Literary History 5 (summer 1993): 203–30.
Cather, Willa. Not under Forty. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1936.
Channing, William Ellery. Thoreau, the Poet-Naturalist. Boston: Charles Goodspeed, 1902.
Channing, William Henry. “Mosses from an Old Manse.” Harbinger 3 (June 27, 1846): 43–4.
Charvat, William. The Profession of Authorship in America. Ed. Matthew Bruccoli. Columbus: Ohio State University, 1968.
Clark, C. E. Frazer, Jr. “ ‘The Interrupted Nuptials,’ A Question of Attribution.” In The Nathaniel Hawthorne Journal 1971, ed. C. E. Frazer, Jr. Englewood, Colo.: Microcard Editions, 1971.
———. Nathaniel Hawthorne: A Descriptive Bibliography. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1978.
———, ed. Hawthorne at Auction, 1894–1971. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1972.
Cleaveland, Nehemiah, and Alpheus Spring Packard. History of Bowdoin College. Boston: Osgood and Company, 1882.
Coale, Samuel Chase. Mesmerism and Hawthorne. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1998.
Cohen, Bernard B., ed. The Recognition of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1969.
Colacurcio, Michael. The Province of Piety. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1995.
Conway, Moncure. Autobiography, Memories, and Experiences. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1904.
———. Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. London: Walter Scott, 1890.
Crain, Caleb. American Sympathy: Men, Friendship, and Literature in the New Nation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.
Crain, Patricia. The Story of “A.” Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2000.
Crews, Frederick C. The Sins of the Fathers: Hawthorne’s Psychological Themes. New York: Oxford University Press, 1966.
Curtis, George. “Nathaniel Hawthorne.” In Essays from the “North American Review,” ed. Allen Thorndike Rice. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1879.
Davidson, Edward H. Hawthorne’s Last Phase. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1949.
Davis, Rebecca Harding. Bits of Gossip. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1904.
Derks, Scott, ed. The Value of a Dollar, 1860–1989. Detroit: A. Manly, 1994.
Dicey, Edward. “Nathaniel Hawthorne.” Macmillan’s Magazine 10 (July 1864): 241–6.
———. Spectator of America. Ed. Herbert Mitgang. 1863. Reprint, Chicago: Quadrangle, 1971.
Donald, David Herbert. Charles Summer and the Coming of the Civil War. New York: Knopf, 1960.
———. Lincoln. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995.
Downs, Annie Sawyer. “Mr. Hawthorne, Mr. Thoreau, Miss Alcott, Mr. Emerson, and Me,” ed. Walter Harding. American Heritage 30 (December 1978): 94–105.
Duberman, Martin, et al. Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past. Markham, Ontario: New American Library, 1989.
Duyckinck, Evert. “Nathaniel Hawthorne.” Democratic Review 16 (April 1845): 376–84.
Emerson, Edward W. The Early Years of the Saturday Club. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1918.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Emerson in His Journals. Ed. Joel Porte. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982.
———. The Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1860–1866. Eds. Linda Allandt, David Hill, et al. 16 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982.
———. The Letters of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Ed. Ralph Rusk. 6 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1939.
———. The Letters of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Ed. Eleanor M. Tilton. Vol. 8. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, William H. Channing, and James Freeman Clarke, eds. Memoirs of Margaret Fuller Ossoli. 2 vols. London: Richard Bentley, 1852.
Erlich, Gloria. Family Themes and Hawthorne’s Fiction: The Tenacious Web. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1984.
Federman, Lillian. Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love between Women from the Renaissance to the Present. New York: William Morrow and Co., 1981.
Felt, Joseph B. Annals of Salem. Salem, Mass.: W. and S. B. Ives, 1827.
Field, Maunsell B. Memories of Men and of Some Women. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1874.
Fisk, Rosemary Mims. “The Marble Faun and the English Copyright: The Smith, Elder Contract.” Studies in the American Renaissance (1995): 263–75.
Foner, Eric. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Frederickson, George. The Inner Civil War. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.
Fuller, Margaret. “The Great Lawsuit.” In The Essential Margaret Fuller, ed. Jeffrey Steele. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992.
———. “The Impulses of Human Nature: Margaret Fuller’s Journal from June through October 1844,” ed. Martha L. Berg and Alice De V. Perry. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 102 (1990): 38–126.
———. The Letters of Margaret Fuller. Ed. Robert N. Hudspeth. 6 vols. Ithaca, N.Y.:
Cornell University Press, 1983–8.
———. “Margaret Fuller’s 1842 Journal: At Concord with the Emersons,” ed. Joel Myerson. Harvard Library Bulletin 21 (July 1973): 320–40.
Gallup, Donald C. “On Hawthorne’s Authorship of ‘The Battle-Omen.’ ” New England Quarterly (December 1936): 690–99.
Gara, Larry. The Presidency of Franklin Pierce. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991.
Gilkes, Lillian B. “Hawthorne, Park Benjamin, and S. G. Goodrich: A Three-Cornered Imbroglio.” Nathaniel Hawthorne Journal 1971, ed. C. E. Frazer Clark Jr. Englewood, Colo.: Microcard Editions, 1971.
Gilmore, Michael T. American Romanticism and the Marketplace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
Gollin, Rita. Portraits of Nathaniel Hawthorne: An Iconography. De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1983.
Goodrich, Samuel G. Recollections of a Lifetime. 2 vols. New York: Miller, Orton and Mulligan, 1856.
Gray, Wood. The Hidden Civil War: The Story of the Copperheads. New York: Viking, 1942.
Greene, Graham. A Sort of Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1971.
Greylock, Godfrey, and Joseph E. A. Smith. Taghconic; or Letters and Legends about our Summer Home. Boston: Redding and Co., 1852.
Guarneri, Carl J. The Utopian Alternative: Fourierism in Nineteenth-Century America. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991.
Haraszti, Zoltán. The Idyll of Brook Farm as Revealed by Unpublished Letters. Boston: Boston Public Library, 1937.
Harwell, Richard. Hawthorne and Longfellow: A Guide to an Exhibit. Brunswick, Maine: Bowdoin College, 1966.
Hatch, Louis C. The History of Bowdoin College. Portland, Maine: Loring, Short and Harmon, 1927.
Hawthorne, Hildegarde. Romantic Rebel. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1932.
Hawthorne, Julian. “A Daughter of Hawthorne.” Atlantic Monthly 142 (September 1928): 372–7.
———. Hawthorne and His Circle. New York: Harper Brothers, 1903.
———. The Subterranean Brotherhood. New York: McBride, Nast & Company, 1914.
Hawthorne, Manning. “A Glimpse of Hawthorne’s Boyhood.” Essex Institute Historical Collections 83 (1947): 178–84.
———. “Hawthorne and ‘The Man of God.’ ” Colophon 2 (winter 1937): 262–82.
———. “Maria Louise Hawthorne.” Essex Institute Historical Collections 75 (1939): 103–34.
———. “Nathaniel Hawthorne at Bowdoin.” New England Quarterly 13, no. 1 (1940): 246–79.
Hawthorne, Sophia. Notes in England and Italy. New York: Putnam and Sons, 1869.
———. “A Sophia Hawthorne Journal, 1843–1844,” ed. John McDonald. Nathaniel Hawthorne Review 1974: 1–30.
Headly, J. T. “Berkshire Scenery.” New York Observer, September 14, 1850: 145.
Hedrick, Joan D. Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Herbert, T. Walter. Dearest Beloved: The Hawthornes and the Making of the Middle-Class Family. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
———. “Doing Cultural Work: ‘My Kinsman, Major Molineux’ and the Construction of the Self-Made Man.” Studies in the Novel 23 (spring 1991): 20–27.
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth. Part of a Man’s Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1905.
———. “Wedded Isolation.” The Woman’s Journal (December 20, 1884): 407.
Hoeltje, Hubert H. “Captain Nathaniel Hathorne, Father of the Salem Novelist.” Essex Institute Historical Collections 89 (October 1953): 329–56.
Holden, George Henry. “Hawthorne Among his Friends.” Harper’s Monthly 63 (1881): 262–7.
[Holmes, Oliver Wendell.] “Hawthorne.” The Atlantic Monthly 12 (July 1864): 98–101.
Homer, Bryan. An American Liaison: Leamington Spa and the Hawthornes, 1855–1864. Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1997.
Honour, Hugh. Neo-Classicism. New York: Viking Penguin, 1987.
Hopkins, Vivian. Prodigal Puritan: A Life of Delia Bacon. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959.
Hosmer, Harriet. Letters and Memories. Ed. Cornelia Carr. New York: Moffat, Yard and Co., 1912.
Howe, Mark DeWolfe. The Later Years of the Saturday Club, 1870–1920. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1927.
———. Memories of a Hostess: A Chronicle of Eminent Friendships Drawn Chiefly from the Diaries of Mrs. James T. Fields. 1922. Reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1974.
Howells, William Dean. Literary Friends and Acquaintances. Eds. David Hiatt and Edwin Cady. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1968.
Hudson, Gertrude Reese, ed. Browning to His American Friends. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1965.
Hull, Raymona E. Nathaniel Hawthorne: The English Experience, 1853–1964. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1980.
Idol, John L., Jr., and Sterling Eisminger. “Hawthorne Sits for a Bust by Maria Louisa Lander.” Essex Institute Historical Collections 114 (1978): 207–12.
Idol, John L., Jr., and Buford Jones, eds. Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Contemporary Reviews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Idol, John L., Jr., and Melinda M. Ponder, eds. Hawthorne and Women. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999.
Ilchman, Warren. Professional Diplomacy in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.
James, Henry. The Bostonians. New York: Library of America, 1985.
———. Literary Criticism: Essays on Literature, American Writers, English Writers. Ed. Leon Edel. New York: Library of America, 1984.
———. Notes of a Son and Brother. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1914.
———. William Wetmore Story and His Friends. Vol. i. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1903.
Jones, Wayne Allen. “The Hawthorne-Goodrich Relationship.” Nathaniel Hawthorne Journal 1975. Ed. C. E. Frazer Clark Jr. Englewood, Colo.: Microcard Editions, 1975.
———. “Hawthorne’s Slender Means.” Nathaniel Hawthorne Journal 1977. Ed. C. E. Frazer Clark Jr. Detroit: Bruccoli Clark, 1977.
Kasson, Joy S. Marble Queens and Captives: Women in Nineteenth-Century American Sculpture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.
Kendall, Phebe Mitchall, ed. Maria Mitchell: Life, Letters, and Journals. Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1896.
Kerr, Howard. Mediums, Spirit-Rappers, and Roaring Radicals: Spiritualism in American Literature. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972.
Kesserling, Marion L. “Hawthorne’s Reading, 1828–1850: A Transcription and Identification of Titles Recorded in the Charge-Books of the Salem Athenaeum.” Bulletin of the New York Public Library 53 (1949): 55–71, 121–38, 173–94.
Knight, Ernest. The Origin and History of Raymondtown. Norway, Maine: Oxford Hills Press, 1974.
Kraitsir, Charles. Significance of the Alphabet. Boston: E. P. Peabody, 1846.
Lathrop, George Parsons. A Study of Hawthorne. 1876. Reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1969.
Lease, Benjamin. That Wild Fellow John Neal and the American Literary Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.
Leverenz, David. Manhood and the American Renaissance. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989.
Levin, David, ed. Emerson: Prophecy, Metamorphosis, and Influence. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975.
Levine, Robert S. “Antebellum Rome in The Marble Faun.” American Literary History 2, no. 1 (spring 1990): 19–38.
Leyda, Jay. The Melville Log: A Documentary Life of Herman Melville 1819–1891. 2 vols. 1951. Reprint, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1969.
Lincoln, Abraham. Speeches and Writings, 1832–1858. New York: Library of America, 1989.
Loggins, Vernon. The Hawthornes. New York: Columbia University Press, 1951.
Longfellow, Fanny. Mrs. Longfellow: Selected Letters and Journals of Fanny Appleton Longfellow. Ed. Edward Wagenecht. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1956.
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. The Letters of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Ed. Andrew Hilen. 6 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972.
Loring, George B. “Nathaniel Hawthorne.” In Papyrus Leaves, ed. William Fearing Gill. Chicago: Belford, Clarke, & Co., 1884.
Lowell, James Russell. The Letters of James Russell Lowell. Ed. Charles Norton. Vol. i. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1894.
Luedtke, Luther S. Nathaniel Hawthorne and the Romance of the Orient. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.
MacPherson, Gordon, ed. Black’s Medical Dictionary. London: A. and C. Black, 1992.
Manning, Elizabeth. “The Boyhood of Hawthorne.” Wide Awake 33 (November 1891): 500–518.
Manning, Robert. The Book of Fruits. Salem, Mass.: Ives & Jewett, 1838.
Manning, William H. The Manning Families of New England. Salem, Mass.: Salem Press, 1902.
Martin, Robert K. “Hester Prynne, C’est moi: Nathaniel Hawthorne and the Anxieties of Gender.” In Engendering Men, eds. Joseph Boone and Michael Cudder. New York: Routledge, 1990.
Martin, Robert K., and Leland S. Person, eds. Roman Holidays: American Writers and Artists in Nineteenth-Century Italy. Iowa City: University of Iowa, 2002.
Matthews, Cornelius. “Several Days in Berkshire.” Literary World 7 (August 24, 31, and September 7, 1850): 145–7, 166, 185–6.
Matthiessen, F. O. American Renaissance: Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson and Whitman. New York: Oxford University Press, 1941.
Mayer, Henry. All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery. New York: St. Martin’s, 1998.
Maynard, Theodore. A Fire Was Lighted: The Life of Rose Hawthorne Lathrop. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co., 1948.
McCall, Dan. Citizens of Somewhere Else: Nathaniel Hawthorne and Henry James. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999.
McKitrick, Eric L., ed. Slavery Defended: The Views of the Old South. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963.
McWilliams, John. “The Politics of Isolation.” Nathaniel Hawthorne Review 15 (spring 1989): 3–7.
———. “ ‘Thorough-going Democrat’ and ‘Modern Tory’: Hawthorne and the Puritan Revolution of 1776.” Studies in Romanticism 15 (1976): 549–71.
Mellow, James. Nathaniel Hawthorne in His Times. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980.
Melville, Herman. Correspondence. Eds. Harrison Hayford and Lynn Horth. Chicago: Northwestern University Press and Newberry Library, 1993.
Menand, Louis. The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2001.
Metzdorf, Robert F. “Hawthorne’s Suit against Ripley and Dana.” American Literature 12 (1940): 235–41.
Michaels, Walter Benn. “Romance and Real Estate.” Raritan 2 (winter 1983): 66–87.
Miller, Edwin Haviland. Salem Is My Dwelling Place. Iowa City: University of Iowa, 1991.
Miller, J. Hillis. Hawthorne and History. Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell, 1991.
Millington, Richard H. Practicing Romance: Narrative Form and Cultural Engagement in Hawthorne’s Fiction. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992.
Mitchell, Thomas. Hawthorne’s Fuller Mystery. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998.
Mitchell, Wilmot Brookings. A Remarkable Bowdoin Decade. Brunswick, Maine: Bowdoin College, 1952.
Mitford, Mary Russell. The Correspondence of Mary Russell Mitford with Charles Boner and John Ruskin. Ed. Elizabeth Lee. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1914.
Moore, Margaret B. The Salem World of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1998.
Moore, Thomas R. “Hawthorne as Essayist in ‘Chiefly About War Matters.’ ”
American Transcendental Quarterly 6 (1992): 263–78.
Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Maritime History of Massachusetts. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921.
Murray, John. Murray’s Handbook of Rome and its Environs 1858. London: John Murray, 1858.
Myerson, Joel. “James Burrill Curtis and Brook Farm.” New England Quarterly (September 1978): 396–423.
———. “Two Unpublished Reminiscences of Brook Farm.” New England Quarterly 48 (June 1975): 253–60.
———. “An Ungathered Sanborn Lecture on Brook Farm.” Atlantic Transcendental Quarterly 26 (spring 1975): 1–10.
Naples, Diane. “ ‘Roger Malvin’s Burial’—A Parable for Historians?” American Transcendental Quarterly 13 (1972): 45–48.
National Park Service, the Peabody Museum, and the Essex Institute. Salem: Maritime Salem in the Age of Sail. Salem, Mass.: National Park Service Handbook 126, 1987.
Neussendorfer, Margaret. “Elizabeth Peabody to William Wordsworth: Eight Letters, 1825–1845.” Studies in the American Renaissance (1984): 181–211.
Nevins, Allan. The Ordeal of the Union. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1947.
———. The War for the Union. 4 vols. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1959–71.
Newberry, Frederick. Hawthorne’s Divided Loyalties. Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1987.
Newcomb, Charles King. The Journals of Charles King Newcomb. Ed. Judith Kennedy Johnson. Providence, R.I.: Brown University Press, 1946.
Newman, Lea Bertani Vozar. “One Hundred Fifty Years of ‘The Minister’s Black Veil.’ ” Nathaniel Hawthorne Review 13 (fall 1987): 5–12.
Nichols, Roy Franklin. The Disruption of American Democracy. New York: Macmillan, 1948.
———. Franklin Pierce: Young Hickory of the Granite Hills. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1931.
Nissenbaum, Stephen. “The Firing of Nathaniel Hawthorne.” Essex Institute Historical Collections 114 (April 1978): 57–86.
O’Connor, Flannery. Mystery and Manners. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1969.
O’Sullivan, John Louis. “Annexation.” Democratic Review 17 (July—August 1845): 2–10.
———. “The Course of Civilization.” Democratic Review 6 (September 1839): 208–17.
———. “Dr. Channing’s Recent Writings.” Democratic Review 9 (October 1841): 315–26.
———. “The Martyrdom of Cilley.” Democratic Review 1 (March 1838): 493–508.
———. “Wives and Slaves: A Bone for Abolitionists to Pick.” Democratic Review 17 (October 1845): 264–72.
Packard, George Thomas. “Bowdoin College.” Scribner’s Monthly 12 (1876): 47–61.
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———. Herman Melville, A Biography, 1851–1891. Vol. 2. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2002.
[Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer.] “The Genius of Hawthorne.” Atlantic Monthly 25 (September 1868): 359–74.
———. The Letters of Elizabeth Palmer Peabody. Ed. Bruce Ronda. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1984.
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Pearce, Roy Harvey. “Robin Molineux of the Analyst’s Couch: A Note on the Limits of Psychoanalytic Criticism. Criticism 1 (1959): 83–90.
Pearson, Norman Holmes. “Elizabeth Peabody on Hawthorne.” Essex Institute Historical Collections 94 (July 1958): 256–76.
———. “A Good Thing for Hawthorne.” Essex Institute Historical Collections 100 (October 1964): 300–305.
———. “Hawthorne’s Duel.” Essex Institute Historical Collections 94 (1958): 229–42.
———. Hawthorne’s Two “Engagements. ” Northampton, Mass.: Smith College, 1963.
Pease, William, and Jane Pease. Web of Progress. Private Values and Public Styles in Boston and Charleston, 1828–1843. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
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Pfister, Joel. The Production of Personal Life. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1991.
Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart. Chapters from a Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1896.
Phillips, James Duncan. Salem and the Indies: The Story of the Great Commercial Era of the City. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947.
Pickard, Samuel T. Hawthorne’s First Diary, With an Account of its Discovery and Loss. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1897.
Pinsky, Robert, trans. The Inferno of Dante. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1994.
Pope-Hennessy, James. Monckton Milnes: The Years of Promise. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy, 1955.
Potter, David M. The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861. Completed and edited by Don E. Fehrenbacher. New York: HarperPerennial, 1976.
Prince, Paul E., and Mollie Keller. The U.S. Customs Service: A Bicentennial History. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Treasury, 1989.
Putnam, Eleanor. Chronicles of Old Salem. Ed. Arlo Bates. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1899.
Rantoul, Robert S. “Some Notes on Old Modes of Travel.” Essex Institute Historical Collections 11 (1871): 19–73.
Ratner, Lorman. Powder Keg: Northern Opposition to the Antislavery Movement, 1831–1840. New York: Basic Books, 1968.
“The Removal of Mr. Hawthorne.” Salem Register (June 20, 1849): 1.
Reynolds, David. Beneath the American Renaissance. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989.
Reynolds, Larry J. “Hawthorne and Emerson in ‘The Old Manse.’ ” Studies in the Novel 23 (spring 1991): 60–81.
———. “The Scarlet Letter and Revolutions Abroad.” American Literature 57 (1985): 44–67.
Richards, Leonard L. Gentlemen of Property and Standing. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.
Richardson, Robert D., Jr. Henry Thoreau: A Life of the Mind. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
Riddel, Joseph. Purloined Letters: Originality and Repetition in American Literature. Ed. Mark Bauerlein. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995.
Robertson-Lorant, Laurie. Melville. New York: Clarkson Potter, 1996.
Robinson, David. “The Political Odyssey of William Henry Channing.” American Quarterly 34 (summer 1982): 165–84.
Romero, Lora. Home Fronts: Domesticity and Its Critics in the Antebellum United States. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1997.
Ronda, Bruce A. Elizabeth Palmer Peabody: Reformer on Her Own Terms. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.
———. The Letters of Elizabeth Palmer Peabody. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1984.
Rose, Anne C. Transcendentalism as a Social Movement, 1830–1850. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981.
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