1 “A Most Accomplished Prince”
1. Letters and Papers . . . of the Reign of Henry VIII (hereafter cited as L&P).
2. George Cavendish.
3. Erasmus, Epistles.
4. B.L. Cotton MSS.: Titus.
5. Calendar of State Papers: Spanish (hereafter cited as CSP: Spanish).
6. Polydore Vergil.
7. Calendar of State Papers: Venetian (hereafter cited as CSP: Venetian).
8. Calendar of State Papers: Milanese (hereafter cited as CSP: Milanese).
9. L&P.
10. CSP: Venetian.
11. CSP: Milanese.
12. State Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII (hereafter cited as State Papers).
13. L&P.
14. George Cavendish.
15. Thomas Stapleton.
16. Cited by Froude.
17. Original Letters, ed. Ellis.
18. See John Leland, Collectanea.
19. Erasmus: Epistles.
20. CSP: Venetian.
21. Ibid.
22. Cited in Bruce, The Making of Henry VIII.
23. Erasmus, Epistles.
24. CSP: Milanese.
25. William Thomas.
26. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
27. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
28. CSP: Venetian.
29. Ibid.
30. Cited in Richardson, Mary Tudor.
31. William Thomas.
32. An inventory of the goods of Henry VIII was drawn up after his death in 1547. The first part, entitled “The first part of the inventory of the jewels, plate, stuff, ordnance, munitions and other goods belonging to our late sovereign lord King Henry the Eight” comprises MS. 129 of the Society of Antiquaries of London. The second part is in B.L. Harleian MS. 1419, vols. A and B (hereafter referred to as Inventory).
33. L&P.
34. Now in the National Maritime Museum.
35. Inventory.
36. Ibid.
37. B.L. Cotton MSS: Augustus.
38. B.L. Royal MSS.
39. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
40. CSP: Spanish.
41. Huizinga, Erasmus.
42. CSP: Spanish.
43. Ibid.
44. L&P.
45. CSP: Spanish.
46. Ibid.
2 “The Triumphal Coronation”
1. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
2. Ibid.
3. CSP: Venetian.
4. Edward Hall.
5. CSP: Spanish.
6. Ibid.
7. Edward Hall.
8. CSP: Spanish.
9. CSP: Venetian.
10. Ibid.
11. Henry Clifford, Life of Jane Dormer.
12. Original Documents relating to Queen Katherine of Aragon.
13. CSP: Spanish.
14. L&P.
15. Henry Clifford, Life of Jane Dormer.
16. Excerpta Historica; B.L. Additional MSS.
17. History of the King’s Works.
18. William Lambarde.
19. John Leland, Itinerary.
20. See Thurley, Royal Palaces.
21. History of the King’s Works.
22. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
23. John Leland, Itinerary. Greenwich remained a favourite royal residence until the reign of Charles I (1625–1649). Under the Commonwealth, the state apartments were turned into stables and the palace was allowed to fall into decay. In 1662, Charles II demolished most of the remains and began building a new palace on the site, which later became the Royal Naval College. Charles II also landscaped Greenwich Park. The Tudor great hall survived until 1866, and the chapel, which had been used as a store, until the late nineteenth century. Apart from an undercroft built by James I in 1606 and one of Henry VIII’s reservoir buildings of 1515 (now part of the Chantry in Park Vista), nothing survives of Greenwich Palace today.
24. Cited by Aslet.
25. History of the King’s Works; Newcastle MSS., Nottingham University Library.
26. John Leland, Collectanea.
27. L&P; Receipt of the Lady Katherine.
28. Songs, Ballads of Henry VIII.
29. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
30. CSP: Spanish.
31. Cited by Erickson, Great Harry.
32. CSP: Spanish.
33. George Cavendish.
34. Edward Hall.
35. Cited by Bayley.
36. See Thurley: Royal Palaces.
37. B. L. Cotton MSS.: Tiberius.
38. Edward Hall.
39. For the coronation, see Edward Hall and The Great Chronicle of London.
40. Edward Hall.
41. B. L. Cotton MSS.: Titus.
42. This crown was melted down with most of the royal regalia in the seventeenth century under the Commonwealth. The present St. Edward’s Crown was made in 1661 for Charles II.
43. Anthony Wood, seventeenth-century antiquarian.
44. L&P; this crown was also melted down under the Commonwealth.
45. Great Chronicle of London.
46. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
47. Edward Hall.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid.
50. Cited in Plowden, House of Tudor.
51. Edward Hall.
52. L&P.
3 “A Prince of Splendour and Generosity”
1. CSP: Venetian.
2. Cited by Kelso.
3. Stephen Gardiner, De Vera Obedientia.
4. Cited by Scarisbrick.
5. Stephen Gardiner, De Vera Obedientia.
6. William Tyndale, Obedience of a Christian Man.
7. Acts of the Privy Council.
8. Ibid.
9. Letters of King Henry VIII.
10. L&P.
11. Sir Thomas Smith, De Republica Anglorum (ed. L. Alston, Cambridge, 1906).
12. Elton.
13. Gabriel Tetzel, Travels of Leo of Rozmital (tr. and ed. M. Letts, Hakluyt Society, 108, 1965).
14. The last Valois Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, had been defeated and killed in 1477 at the Battle of Nancy, when the region that is today known as Burgundy was annexed by France. When Charles’s sole heiress, Mary of Burgundy, married the Emperor Maximilian, the more important county of Burgundy, which was part of the Low Countries, was absorbed into the Holy Roman Empire.
15. Cited in M. L. Bruce, The Making of Henry VIII.
16. Cited by Morris.
17. CSP: Milanese.
18. L&P.
19. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince (ed. W. K. Marriott, London, 1940).
20. CSP: Venetian.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. CSP: Milanese.
24. L&P; Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII, cited herafter as PPE.
25. Ibid.
4 “This Magnificent, Excellent and Triumphant Court”
1. Sir John Fortescue, The Governance of England (ed. C. Plummer, Oxford, 1885).
2. Louis le Brun, Ung Petit Traicte de Francoys (B.L. Royal MSS.).
3. L&P.
4. Collection of Ordinances.
5. Tudor Royal Proclamations.
6. L&P.
7. Loades, Tudor Court.
8. Letters of Henry VIII.
9. English Historical Documents.
10. Sir Thomas Wyatt’s satire “How to use the Court and Himself therein,” dedicated to Sir Francis Bryan; cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
11. Cited in Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII.
12. Correspondance, ed. Kaulek.
13. L&P; Lisle Letters.
14. L&P.
15. CSP: Spanish.
16. Ibid.
17. CSP: Venetian.
18. L&P.
19. Ibid.
20. CSP: Spanish.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. George Cavendish.
24. Collection of Ordinances.
25. Rutland Papers.
26. George Cavendish.
27. Collection of Ordinances.
28. L&P.
29. Rutland Papers.
30. Thurley, Royal Palaces.
31. L&P; Nottingham University Library MSS.
32. History of the King’s Works.
33. Cited in Loades, Tudor Court.
34. Collection of Ordinances.
35. Ibid.
36. L&P.
37. John Skelton, Complete Poems.
38. Cited by MacDonagh.
39. Incontri, Il Piccolo Levriero Italiano; Jesse, History of the British Dog.
40. Cited by MacDonagh.
41. Inventory. One of Henry’s dog collars was exhibited in the seventeenth century in the Tradescant Museum at Oxford, but has since been lost (Tradescant’s Rareties).
42. L&P.
43. CSP: Venetian.
44. Collection of Ordinances.
45. CSP: Spanish.
46. L&P.
47. Cited in Richardson, Mary Tudor.
48. William Forrest.
5 “A Perfect Builder of Pleasant Palaces”
1. Among the many sources used for this chapter, and the next, I am especially indebted to the researches of Simon Thurley (The Royal Palaces of Tudor England), David Loades (The Tudor Court), Maurice Howard (The Early Tudor Country House) and Peter Brears (All the King’s Cooks).
2. In 1550, Langley Manor was granted to John Dudley, Earl of Warwick; in the seventeenth century it decayed, and was largely rebuilt in the nineteenth as a farmhouse. The north walls are part of the original manor house, and feature carvings of a Tudor rose and the initials of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.
3. In 1603, Minster Lovell Hall was sold to Sir Edward Coke. It is now a ruin.
4. By 1660, Wimbledon had been alienated from the Crown.
5. By the reign of Elizabeth, Windsor Manor was no longer a royal residence, but was used as a keeper’s lodge.
6. Easthampstead Park was alienated from the Crown in 1628. It was rebuilt in the 19th century and is now a college.
7. Wanstead was granted to Lord Rich in 1549. During Elizabeth’s reign it was a favoured residence of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. It was rebuilt in the seventeenth century.
8. Elizabeth I leased the ruins of Berkhamsted Castle to Sir Edward Carey, who used its stones to build a new house nearby. Very little remains of the castle today.
9. Hertford Castle was ruinous by 1609. The walls and towers that survive today have been incorporated into a building housing the local council offices.
10. Externally, Warwick Castle remains very much as it was in Henry’s day, but the interior was restored in 1871 after a fire.
11. Cited by Steane.
12. Kenilworth Castle was alienated from the Crown in 1553 and was later the chief residence of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, who lavishly entertained Elizabeth I here in 1575. Although the castle was wrecked and dismantled during the Civil War, extensive ruins remain today.
13. The ruins of Sheriff Hutton Castle survive today in private farmland.
14. Pontefract Castle was dismantled during the Civil War and is now a ruin.
15. Only ruins remain from Henry’s time. Much of Sudeley Castle was reconstructed in 1858 by Sir Gilbert Scott.
16. William Thomas.
17. William Harrison.
18. Ibid.
19. Cited by Sturgis.
20. History of the King’s Works; Accounts of the Chamber and the Great Wardrobe, cited herafter as PRO.
21. Inventory.
22. Ibid.; B.L. Additional MSS.
23. PRO.
24. Ibid.
25. Henry VII had spent only £29,000 (£7,800,000) on his greater houses. A number of Henry VIII’s houses and estates are still in the hands of the Crown, although many were alienated after his death by his heirs and, later, the Commonwealth. By 1649, only twenty-three of his houses remained, and by the eighteenth century many of those had been either demolished or largely remodelled to conform to Georgian tastes.
26. L&P.
27. Collection of Ordinances; L&P.
28. Collection of Ordinances.
29. I.e., a picture.
30. A type of musical instrument.
31. I.e., a backgammon board.
32. Inventory.
33. Under succeeding monarchs, the largely unchanging pattern of court life, as it had been established by Henry VIII, ensured that the design and layout of his houses remained a blueprint for English royal palaces until the nineteenth century.
34. PRO.
35. Inventory.
36. Inventory; B.L. Egerton MSS.
37. L&P.
38. Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation (1589; 12 vols., ed. W. Raleigh, Glasgow, 1903–1905).
39. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
40. Inventory.
41. Antiquarian Repertory.
42. See Rivals in Power, ed. Starkey.
6 “The King’s House”
1. L&P.
2. History of the King’s Works.
3. Maurice Howard, The Early Tudor Country House.
4. See Thurley, Royal Palaces, for a fuller discussion of the development of grotesque decoration.
5. Thurley.
6. See the Whitehall family group painting, and Hans Holbein’s miniature Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, which almost certainly portrays Henry VIII enthroned in a typical presence chamber.
7. Thurley.
8. Inventory.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. This set was sold off by the Commonwealth, and is now in Spain.
12. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
13. Ibid.
14. Nottingham University Library MSS.
15. Inventory.
16. PRO.
17. B. L. Royal MSS.
18. Cited in Bruce, The Making of Henry VIII.
19. CSP: Venetian.
20. L&P.
21. Ibid.; Collection of Ordinances.
22. Thurley.
23. Inventory.
24. Ibid.
25. PRO.
26. Inventory.
27. Collection of Ordinances.
28. Ibid.
29. PPE.
30. Ibid.
31. B.L. Additional MSS.
32. Mary I’s X-frame chair, made for her marriage to Philip of Spain in 1554, is still to be seen in Winchester Cathedral.
33. Inventory.
34. Ibid.
35. B.L. Additional MSS.
36. Both seals are in the Public Record Office.
37. Collection of Ordinances.
38. History of the King’s Works.
39. Inventory.
40. PRO.
41. This bed was sold off by the Commonwealth and is last recorded in 1674 (Longleat MSS., Bath; Historical Manuscripts Commission).
42. PRO.
43. Inventory.
44. Ibid.
45. It was sold in 1649 by the Commonwealth, and is now in the possession of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, London.
46. It was given away by James I in 1604, and is now in the British Museum.
47. Now in the Schatzkammer of the Residenz, Munich.
48. Cited in Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
49. L&P.
50. Now in the Church of St. John the Baptist, Cirencester.
51. L&P.
52. Inventory.
53. Nottingham University Library MSS.
54. PRO.
55. Now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.
56. PRO.
57. Inventory.
58. PPE.
59. Inventory.
60. Letter from Henry Huttoft, Surveyor of Customs at Southampton, to Thomas Cromwell, cited by Glasheen.
61. Inventory.
62. Collection of Ordinances.
63. B.L. Harleian MSS.
64. Bodleian Library MSS.
65. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
66. Now in the British Library.
67. French inventory of Mary Tudor’s trousseau, cited by Norris, Tudor Costume and Fashion (hereafter cited as Norris).
68. Bodleian Library MSS.
69. Thomas Platter, Travels of England (London, 1599); PRO.
70. Accounts of Henry Courtenay, Earl of Devon and Marquess of Exeter, in the Public Record Office.
71. Cited by Thurley.
72. Original Letters, ed. Ellis.
73. Collection of Ordinances.
74. Cited in L. B. Smith, Henry VIII: The Mask of Royalty.
75. Collection of Ordinances.
76. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
77. Ibid.
78. Bodleian Library MSS.
79. Collection of Ordinances.
80. Ibid.
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid.
85. L&P; Longleat MSS., Bath, Historical Manuscripts Commission.
86. PRO.
87. Ibid.; B.L. Additional MSS.; Thurley.
88. Andrew Boorde; Bodleian Library MSS.
89. Collection of Ordinances; Early English Meals and Manners.
90. Collection of Ordinances; Thurley.
91. Erickson, Great Harry.
92. Ibid.; The Babees’ Book.
93. Thurley.
94. Steane; Thurley.
95. Sturgis.
96. Andrew Boorde.
97. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
98. Ibid.
99. Tudor Royal Proclamations.
7 “The Worship and Welfare of the Whole Household”
1. Collection of Ordinances; Myers; Loades, Tudor Court; Thurley, Royal Palaces. Much of the material for this chapter is drawn from A Collection of Ordinances and Regulations for the Government of the Royal Household; among the many other sources consulted, David Loades’s The Tudor Court proved an indispensable mine of information.
2. Collection of Ordinances.
3. Cited in Loades, Tudor Court.
4. Collection of Ordinances.
5. Ibid.
6. Cited in Loades, Tudor Court.
7. Collection of Ordinances. Prior to Henry VIII’s reign, the monarch’s washing had been done by the Yeomen of the Laundry.
8. Collection of Ordinances.
9. James Howell, Londinopolis (London, 1657).
10. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
11. PPE.
12. Collection of Ordinances.
13. Ibid.
14. Cited by Bowle.
15. B.L. Arundel MSS.
16. State Papers; B.L. Harleian MSS.
17. Sim.
18. L&P.
19. Now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; a similar miniature is in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
20. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
21. Collection of Ordinances; B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
22. Collection of Ordinances.
23. Ibid.
24. L&P.
25. Ibid.
26. Collection of Ordinances.
27. Ibid.
28. The Board of the Greencloth survives today as a department of the Royal Household; it meets at Buckingham Palace, and its members still sit at a table covered with a green cloth.
29. Collection of Ordinances.
30. B.L. Additional MSS.; PRO.
31. Loades.
32. L&P; Collection of Ordinances.
33. Brears.
34. Cited by Mackie.
35. Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII; CSP: Venetian.
36. Jacobus Francisca.
37. Collection of Ordinances; B.L. Royal MSS.
38. Public Record Office.
39. Marino Sanuto.
40. Cited by Norris.
41. Norris.
42. L&P.
43. John Stow, Annals.
44. State Papers.
45. B.L. Additional MSS.
46. PRO.
47. Bodleian Library MSS.
48. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
49. Ibid.
50. Charles Wriothesley.
51. L&P.
52. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; PRO.
53. PPE.
54. L&P; Brears; Thurley.
8 “Such Plenty of Costly Provision”
1. Seymour Papers.
2. Collection of Ordinances.
3. Rivals in Power.
4. Cardinal Wolsey built the original kitchens at Hampton Court, but much of what remains today is Henry VIII’s work. His kitchens were partitioned in the seventeenth century, and last used in the eighteenth. They were altered in the nineteenth century, and imaginatively restored between 1978 and 1991. They are now the best surviving example of sixteenth-century service quarters. Only a small part of the complex, centred on Fish Court, is open to the public. The rest is used as offices, apartments and self-catering accommodation. The Boiling House is the only one of Henry’s subsidiary kitchens to survive at Hampton Court.
5. CSP: Spanish.
6. For this chapter and the next, I have relied heavily on the Collection of Ordinances and Regulations for the Government of the Royal Household . I am also deeply indebted to the researches of Peter Brears (All the King’s Cooks), Alison Sim (Food and Feast in Tudor England), Sarah Paston-Williams (The Art of Dining), Matthew Sturgis (Hampton Court Palace), Elizabeth Burton (The Early Tudors at Home) and Simon Thurley (Royal Palaces).
7. Brears; Thurley, Royal Palaces; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; B.L. Additional MSS.
8. Collection of Ordinances; L&P.
9. Collection of Ordinances.
10. Sim.
11. L&P; Pero Doux’s name is also given as Perot le Doulce.
12. L&P.
13. Seymour Papers.
14. L&P.
15. Collection of Ordinances.
16. These five departments had the largest staffs after the Great Kitchen.
17. Brears; L&P.
18. Andrew Boorde; Thomas Elyot.
19. L&P.
20. Thurley.
21. Bowle.
22. It was called hippocras because it was strained through a bag known as a Hippocrates Sleeve.
23. B.L. Additional MSS.
24. Collection of Ordinances.
25. Andrew Barclay.
26. Collection of Ordinances.
27. PRO; B.L. Royal MSS.
28. L&P.
29. William Harrison.
30. L&P.
31. Collection of Ordinances.
32. Thurley.
33. Brears.
34. Collection of Ordinances.
35. Brears
36. Collection of Ordinances.
37. PPE.
38. Ibid.
39. Collection of Ordinances.
40. Marzipan made with rose water.
41. Collection of Ordinances.
42. CSP: Venetian.
43. Collection of Ordinances.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.; Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court; Loades, Tudor Court.
46. Collection of Ordinances.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.; Glasheen, Secret People of the Palaces; Richardson, Mary Tudor.
49. Hibbert, Court at Windsor.
50. Collection of Ordinances.
51. Andrew Boorde.
52. Pewter plates were first recorded in 1553, but are almost certainly depicted in the anonymous painting of the Field of Cloth of Gold, which dates from the 1540s and is now in the Royal Collection (Paston-Williams).
53. Inventory.
54. Paston-Williams; Brears.
55. Inventory.
56. Collection of Ordinances; Brears.
57. Collection of Ordinances.
58. The Babees’ Book.
59. Collection of Ordinances.
9 “Elegant Manners, Extreme Decorum, and Very Great Politeness”
1. Skelton’s Speculum Principis.
2. The coronations were those of Henry himself (1509) and Anne Boleyn (1533); the summit meeting was the Field of Cloth of Gold (1520); the state visits were that of the Emperor Charles V to England (1522) and that of Henry VIII to France (1532); Anne of Cleves’s reception was in 1540.
3. Thurley; Norris.
4. John Leland, Collectanea.
5. Collection of Ordinances.
6. Hibbert, Court at Windsor.
7. Sturgis.
8. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
9. George Cavendish.
10. Elias Ashmole.
11. CSP: Venetian.
12. L&P.
13. Inventory.
14. Cited by Sim.
15. Inventory.
16. Collection of Ordinances.
17. Ibid.
18. Collection of Ordinances; Antiquarian Repertory.
19. Collection of Ordinances.
20. Ibid.; PPE.
21. Collection of Ordinances.
22. Ibid.; Antiquarian Repertory.
23. Inventory; “a tassel of hair to make clean combs” is also listed.
24. Collection of Ordinances.
25. L&P.
26. B.L. Additional MSS.; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; B.L. Harleian MSS.; Thurley, Royal Palaces.
27. Thomas Platter; Thurley.
28. Inventory; Thurley.
29. Ibid.
30. Thurley; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; Inventory.
31. L&P.
32. Inventory of Mary Tudor’s trousseau, cited by Norris.
33. Inventory.
34. Bodleian Library MSS.; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; Thurley.
35. Cited by Sturgis.
36. L&P.
37. Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
38. Thurley.
39. Collection of Ordinances.
40. Sturgis.
41. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
42. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
43. Starkey, Henry VIII; Collection of Ordinances.
44. Norris.
45. Collection of Ordinances.
46. Inventory.
47. Ibid.; Brears.
48. Collection of Ordinances.
49. PPE.
50. Letter of Henry Huttoft, Surveyor of Customs at Southampton, to Thomas Cromwell, 1539.
51. This drawing was once attributed to Holbein, but more recent historians have suggested that it dates from the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century. There is, however, internal evidence that it may be contemporary. For a fuller discussion of this, see Thurley, Royal Palaces, and Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
52. Collection of Ordinances; Inventory; Brears.
53. Inventory; Sotheby’s Concise Encyclopaedia of Glass; Sim. Henry’s Inventory lists six hundred items of glass.
54. Collection of Ordinances.
55. Letter of Bryan Tuke to Cardinal Wolsey, L&P.
56. Letters of Henry VIII; CSP: Spanish.
57. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
58. Inventory.
59. Collection of Ordinances; Bowle; Neville Williams, Royal Residences.
60. Ralph Sadler to Thomas Cromwell, L&P.
61. PRO.
62. Hibbert, Court at Windsor; Chapman, Sisters of Henry VIII; Prescott, Mary Tudor; Early English Meals and Manners .
63. L&P; CSP: Spanish.
10 “Innocent and Honest Pastimes”
1. CSP: Spanish.
2. Ibid.
3. Cited in Richardson, Mary Tudor.
4. CSP: Spanish.
5. Ibid.; L&P.
6. Cited in Scarisbrick, Henry VIII.
7. CSP: Milanese.
8. Stow, Annals.
9. Starkey, Henry VIII; Loades, Tudor Court.
10. CSP: Venetian.
11. CSP: Spanish.
12. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
13. Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII (cited hereafter as Four Years).
14. Much of our information on Wolsey comes from the biography by his Gentleman Usher, George Cavendish, published in 1557.
15. Cited by Mackie.
16. L&P; Edward Hall.
17. L&P.
18. PPE.
19. William Roper.
20. Nicholas Udall, Ralph Roister Doister.
21. B.L. Additional MSS.
22. Ibid.
23. L&P.
24. CSP: Spanish.
25. Antiquarian Repertory.
26. Cited in Rowse, Windsor Castle.
27. CSP: Milanese.
28. CSP: Venetian.
29. Four Years.
30. Cited by Perry.
31. B.L. Additional MSS.; PPE.
32. Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York.
33. Four Years.
34. PPE; L&P.
35. Collection of Ordinances.
36. L&P; Statutes of the Realm.
37. Cited by Stevens.
38. PPE.
39. PRO.
40. L&P.
41. Ibid.
42. Accounts of Henry Courtenay, Earl of Devon and Marquess of Exeter, in the Public Record Office.
43. L&P.
44. PPE.
45. Ibid.
46. Cited in Loades, Tudor Court; Emmison, Tudor Food and Pastimes.
11 “New Men” and “Natural Counsellors”
1. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
2. Antiquarian Repertory.
3. Collection of Ordinances.
4. Cited in Starkey, Henry VIII.
5. Cited in Loades, Tudor Court.
6. Cited by Norris.
7. Collection of Ordinances.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Cited in Richardson, Mary Tudor.
12. Edward Hall. according to a tradition dating from Elizabethan times, the “Brandon Lance” in the Royal Armouries once belonged to Charles Brandon.
13. CSP: Venetian, for example.
14. L&P.
15. Cited in Scarisbrick, Henry VIII.
16. L&P.
17. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
18. L&P.
19. Cited in the Leeds Castle Guidebook.
20. CSP: Spanish.
21. He became guardian of the Princess Mary and, much later, Lord Chamberlain to Elizabeth I (epitaph in Bletsoe Parish Church).
22. Cited in Loades, Tudor Court.
23. Cited by Morris.
24. Sir Thomas Smith.
25. Cited by Morris.
26. Baldassare Castiglione.
27. William Fitzwilliam, cited by Fraser.
28. His body was discovered in an excellent state of preservation when his tomb in the collegiate church at Astley, Warwickshire, was opened in 1608.
29. The portrait is now in the Royal Collection.
30. William Camden.
12 “All Goodly Sports”
1. CSP: Spanish.
2. CSP: Venetian.
3. Cited by Bowle.
4. Baldassare Castiglione.
5. Statutes of the Realm.
6. L&P.
7. CSP: Venetian.
8. Letter from Sir William Fitzwilliam to King Francis I of France, 1521, cited by Bowle.
9. L&P.
10. State Papers.
11. L&P.
12. Collection of Ordinances.
13. Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
14. See Thurley, Royal Palaces.
15. PPE.
16. Numbers fluctuated throughout the reign; shortly before his death, the King owned only eighty mounts.
17. CSP: Spanish.
18. CSP: Venetian.
19. Ibid.
20. L&P. The other horse was given by Henry to Sir Nicholas Carew.
21. CSP: Venetian.
22. See Erickson, Great Harry, for a very good account of the King’s horses.
23. L&P; CSP: Venetian; Erickson, Great Harry.
24. PPE; Great Tournament Roll of Westminster.
25. CSP: Milanese.
26. PPE.
27. L&P.
28. The move, meant to be temporary, became permanent. Nevertheless, the name “The Royal Mews” was retained.
29. PRO.
30. L&P.
31. L&P; Lisle Letters. Lord Lisle was a bastard son of Edward IV, and therefore the King’s cousin; he served as Governor of Calais.
32. L&P.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Now in the Mauritshuis, The Hague.
36. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; State Papers of Henry VIII in the Public Record Office.
37. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library
38. See Thurley, Royal Palaces. A drawing of the cockpit, dated 1606, is in Sir John Soane’s Museum, London.
39. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; Thurley, Royal Palaces. The Queen at that time was Anne Boleyn.
40. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; Thurley, Royal Palaces.
41. PPE.
42. Ibid.
43. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
44. Four Years.
45. Loades, Tudor Court.
46. B.L. Additional MSS.
47. Four Years.
48. PRO; Norris; Inventory.
49. Lawn tennis is first recorded in 1591, and is said to have been invented to divert Elizabeth I; see Loades, Tudor Court.
50. Accounts of Henry Courtenay, Earl of Devon and Marquess of Exeter, in the Public Record Office.
51. The modern type of net first appeared in the seventeenth century.
52. Thurley, Royal Palaces.
53. Now in the Museum of London.
54. See Antonio Scaino; de Luze; and Thurley, Royal Palaces for a fuller discussion of the rules of tennis.
55. L&P; Nottingham University Library MSS.; PPE; Thurley, Royal Palaces.
56. CSP: Venetian.
57. L&P.
58. A Relation . . . of the Island of England.
59. L&P.
60. Ibid.; B.L. Additional MSS.
61. PPE.
62. PPE; Loades, Tudor Court; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; Thurley, Royal Palaces. There were three bowling alleys at Hampton Court.
63. PPE.
64. Edward Hall.
65. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; Thurley, Royal Palaces.
66. Receipt of the Lady Katherine.
13 “Merry Disports”
1. CSP: Spanish.
2. PPE.
3. See Maurice Howard, Early Tudor Country House.
4. Collection of Ordinances; L&P; Archaeologia.
5. Collection of Ordinances.
6. Richmond Park was remodelled into its present form by Charles I and Charles II in the seventeenth century.
7. College of Arms MS.
8. Ibid.
9. The description of Richmond Palace is drawn mainly from the Antiquarian Repertory and The Receipt of the Lady Katherine . The only remaining parts of the palace are the gatehouse, some Tudor brickwork in the heavily restored wardrobe building, and fragments of masonry in nearby buildings. Much of the fabric was destroyed by the Commonwealth in 1649. What was left was granted by Charles II to his mother, Queen Henrietta Maria, upon the Restoration in 1660, but was too ruinous to be habitable or restored. It was broken up into tenements, but the Tudor buildings had largely disappeared by 1690. The present Old Friars stands on the site of the convent of the Observant Friars.
10. Cited by Benton Fletcher.
11. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
12. Stow, A Survey of London.
13. Ibid.
14. Edward Hall.
15. Ibid.
16. Collection of Ordinances.
17. CSP: Venetian.
18. Edward Hall.
19. L&P.
20. Ibid.
21. CSP: Spanish.
22. L&P.
23. Four Years.
24. College of Arms MS.
25. Edward Hall.
26. CSP: Spanish.
27. Edward Hall.
28. Cited by Bowle.
29. CSP: Spanish.
30. CSP: Venetian.
31. Ibid.
32. Four Years.
33. The Procession for the Parliament of 1512 (MS. in Trinity College, Cambridge).
34. L&P.
35. CSP: Spanish.
36. Edward Hall.
37. L&P.
38. It remained light blue until the reign of George I, when the darker blue was introduced.
39. Diana Scarisbrick; Norris.
40. Stow, London.
41. Sim.
42. Edward Hall.
43. CSP: Spanish.
44. Ibid.
45. See Mathew.
46. Four Years.
47. L&P.
48. CSP: Spanish.
49. Bernard, Rise of Sir William Compton. When Henry VIII married Anne Boleyn in 1533, Mrs. Amadas got into trouble for making malicious prophecies about them (L&P). Her prediction that Anne would be burned at the stake within six months was perhaps born of jealousy.
50. L&P.
51. CSP: Spanish.
52. L&P.
53. B.L. Sloane MSS.
54. Sir Robert Naunton, Fragmenta Regalia (published 1653; ed. Edward Arber, London, 1870, 1896).
55. Benton Fletcher. Greenwich Castle stood on the hill now occupied by the Royal Observatory.
56. George Puttenham, The Art of English Poesie. Puttenham was the nephew of Sir Thomas Elyot, Henry’s learned courtier and author of The Governor. Although not published until 1589, his Art of Poesie was probably compiled twenty years earlier. The offending verse was not printed in this work, but appeared in a Jacobean play about Henry VIII, When You See Me, You Know Me, by Samuel Rowley (1605).
57. State Papers.
58. Flugel.
59. L&P.
14 “Rather Divine Than Human”
1. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
2. History of the King’s Works.
3. Very little remains at Windsor of the royal apartments Henry knew. They were extensively remodelled by Charles II in the 1670s, and even more drastically altered by George IV in the 1820s. The fire of 1992 revealed a great deal of valuable information about the mediaeval palace; see Brindle and Kerr, Windsor Revealed.
4. Edward Hall.
5. The Bassanos founded a musical dynasty that endured at the English court until the Civil War.
6. Now in the British Library. Only the base part survives.
7. Edward Hall.
8. Four Years.
9. L&P.
10. Ibid.
11. L&P. Their numbers fluctuated. This figure relates to the latter part of the reign.
12. B.L. Lansdowne MSS.
13. L&P.
14. The post of Master of the King’s Musick was not created until the reign of Charles I.
15. A primitive form of trombone.
16. British Museum.
17. B.L. Royal MSS.
18. Scholes.
19. L&P.
20. PPE; B.L. Additional MSS.; Loades, Tudor Court; Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
21. CSP: Venetian.
22. Four Years.
23. L&P.
24. CSP: Venetian.
25. L&P.
26. Thomas Elyot.
27. John Leland, Collectanea; Stevens.
28. B.L. Royal MSS.
29. Cited by Scarisbrick.
30. CSP: Venetian.
31. Four Years. Virginals were an early form of harpsichord.
32. An ancient woodwind and brass instrument, not to be confused with the later cornet.
33. B.L. Royal MSS.
34. CSP: Venetian.
35. Ibid.
36. An ancient stringed instrument played with a plectrum. It is mentioned by Chaucer and Shakespeare.
37. An early type of oboe, usually an accompaniment to the sackbut.
38. Inventory.
39. Ibid.
40. Four Years.
41. B.L. Additional MSS.; Stevens; Songs, Ballads and Instrumental Pieces . . . etc. There are 109 pieces in the manuscript, including works by William Cornish and Philip van Wilder.
42. Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
43. Edward Hall.
44. Maurice Howard, Early Tudor Country House; Palmer, Royal England; Loades, Tudor Court; Thurley, Royal Palaces; History of the King’s Works. See also the following articles in Surrey Archaeological Collections: R.A.C. Godwen Austen, “Woking Manor” (7, 1880); D. J. Haggard, “The Ruins of Old Woking Palace” (55, 1958); N. Hawkins, “Woking Palace or Old Hall, Old Woking” (77, 1986), as well as the Victoria County History of Surrey, vol. 3. Woking Palace was alienated from the Crown in 1620, after which it fell into decay. All that remain are some brick and stone foundations and the vestiges of a moat.
45. Edward Hall.
46. L&P.
47. Ibid.
48. B.L. Additional MSS.
49. Original Documents relating to Queen Katherine of Aragon; CSP: Spanish; L&P; William Latimer; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
50. Four Years; L&P; PRO.
51. Stephen Gardiner, Letters.
52. L&P.
53. History of the King’s Works. This arrangement may be seen in the chapel royal at Hampton Court; the gallery was originally built by Henry VIII, but the throne and fittings date from the reign of William III.
54. MS. in the Collection of the Dean and Canons of Windsor. The artist was perhaps Lucas Horenbout.
55. Calendar of the Manuscripts . . . at Hatfield House.
56. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
57. L&P; William Thomas echoes this, calling Henry “a perfect theologian, a good philosopher.”
58. Collection of Ordinances.
59. Ibid.; Myers.
60. PRO.
61. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
62. PRO; for a full discussion of royal chapels and organs, see Thurley, Royal Palaces.
15 “The Holy Innocent”
1. Cited by Erickson, Great Harry.
2. L&P.
3. John Leland, Collectanea; Collection of Ordinances; Trinity College Dublin MSS.
4. Ibid.
5. Collection of Ordinances.
6. Edward Hall.
7. Collection of Ordinances. The source is Lord Mountjoy, Katherine’s Chamberlain, who in 1533 informed Lord Cobham, Lord Chamberlain to Katherine’s successor, Anne Boleyn, of the procedure to be followed at royal confinements, so that the same could be observed for Anne.
8. Original Documents relating to Queen Katherine of Aragon.
9. L&P.
10. Ibid.
11. Original Documents relating to Queen Katherine of Aragon; John Leland, Collectanea.
12. B.L. Harleian MSS.; State Papers.
13. John Leland, Collectanea; Collection of Ordinances.
14. Edward Hall.
15. Collection of Ordinances; Plowden, Tudor Women; John Leland, Collectanea.
16. Sir Thomas Elyot, The Governor.
17. Collection of Ordinances; Plowden, Tudor Women; John Leland, Collectanea.
18. Edward Hall.
19. Steane.
20. Edward Hall.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. The date is sometimes given as 22 or 24 February, but Hall says the Prince died on the Eve of St. Matthias, whose feast day is 24 February.
25. Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court; Erickson, Great Harry; Fraser.
26. Cited by Saunders.
27. Edward Hall.
28. Ibid.; L&P.
29. CSP: Venetian; Erickson, Great Harry.
30. Edward Hall.
31. L&P.
32. Edward Hall.
33. Ibid.
34. Loades, Tudor Court; Erickson, Great Harry; Oxford Companion to English Literature; Scholes.
35. The Painted Chamber was destroyed in the great fire that ravaged the Houses of Parliament in 1834. The present Palace of Westminster was rebuilt between 1840 and 1852. All that remain from Henry VIII’s time are Westminster Hall, the crypt of St. Stephen’s Chapel, and the Jewel Tower.
36. Stow, London.
37. Baynard’s Castle would be held by each of Henry’s wives in turn. It was burned down in the Great Fire of 1666, after which the land it had occupied was used to build wharves and warehouses. In 1972–1973, when the site was being cleared for the building of the new City of London School, the foundations of the towers and river frontage of Baynard’s Castle were revealed.
38. Much of what remains today was built by Henry VIII, although the chapel was restored by Queen Victoria.
16 “A Galaxy of Distinguished Men”
1. Pronounced “Montjoie.”
2. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
3. The Croyland Chronicle Continuation, 1459–1486 (ed. N. Pronay and J. Cox, Gloucester, 1986).
4. Polydore Vergil.
5. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
6. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
7. Ibid.
8. William Roper; Nicholas Harpsfield; Erasmus Opus Epistolarum .
9. Cited by Strong.
10. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
11. Ibid.
12. It remained in use for centuries; after 1758, it was known as the Eton Latin Grammar.
13. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. More, Correspondence.
17. The 1534 edition ended with the death of Henry VII; Vergil later extended his history to 1537. He returned to Urbino in 1553 and died there three years later.
18. Cited in Mattingly, Catherine of Aragon.
19. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
20. Ibid.
21. Roger Ascham, The Schoolmaster, in Whole Works.
22. It was first published in 1543 by Richard Grafton.
23. Hall’s chronicle was published by Richard Grafton in 1548 as The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancaster and York; the main section was entitled “The Triumphant Reign of King Henry the Eighth.”
24. Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
25. It was printed by William Thynne, and a copy is now in Clare College, Cambridge. Another late mediaeval classic, John Gower’s Confessio Amantis , was printed the same year by Thomas Berthelet.
26. Cited in L. B. Smith, Henry VIII: The Mask of Royalty; Ferguson, Indian Summer of English Chivalry.
27. Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
28. The name of the English translator is unknown.
29. B.L. Additional MSS.
30. Inventory.
31. Inventory of the Whitehall library, 1542, in the Public Record Office. There were over nine hundred volumes in the “upper library” alone (Inventory). There were also over three hundred books in the library at Greenwich (PPE).
17 “The King’s Painters”
1. Nichols, Notices; Thurley, Royal Palaces.
2. Inventory.
3. Cited by Norris.
4. Loades, Tudor Court.
5. Now in the National Gallery, Washington.
6. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
7. The bust of Henry VII is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, while that of Henry VIII is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
8. Now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
9. It is probably the plan of Dover in B.L. Cotton MSS.: Augustus.
10. The date has been determined by dendrochronological analysis. These portraits are still in the Royal Collection.
11. Inventory.
12. Ibid.; PRO; L&P; Norris; Thurley, Royal Palaces.
13. Its original frame, now lost, recorded her age as thirty-four. Both portraits now have frames inscribed JOHANNES CORVUS FLANDRUS FACIABAT (Richardson, Mary Tudor).
14. Another, almost identical, version is in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
15. Now in the British Museum.
16. Karel van Mander.
17. Inventory; Thurley, Royal Palaces.
18 “Graceless Dogholes”
1. CSP: Venetian.
2. George Cavendish.
3. Richard Foxe, Letters.
4. Opus Epistolarum. A year or so later, Colet retired to the Carthusian monastery at Sheen. He died in 1519 and was buried in St. Paul’s Cathedral in a tomb decorated with a bust by Torrigiano. This was lost in the Great Fire of 1666, but a contemporary copy of the bust survives at St. Paul’s School. Hans Holbein based his portrait drawing of Colet on Torrigiano’s original bust.
5. Ewelme was decaying by 1558 and in ruins when most of it was demolished in the 17th century. A Tudor range survived into the eighteenth century, when the present manor house, which incorporates part of the original brick walls, was built.
6. CSP: Spanish.
7. All that remains of this moated brick courtyard house today is a ruinous five-storey octagonal tower by the entrance gate.
8. L&P.
9. CSP: Milanese.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. L&P.
13. Ibid.; CSP: Venetian; Erickson, Great Harry; Fraser. Etienne married Jean Neufchatel, Seigneur de Marnay, in October 1514.
14. CSP: Venetian.
15. L&P; B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
16. B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
17. The premature birth is inferred from the fact that there is no record of any preparations being made for the Queen’s lying-in, nor of her taking to her chamber.
18. Edward Hall.
19. CSP: Venetian.
20. Cited by Benton Fletcher.
21. Henry VIII later used Havering as a nursery palace for his children. It remained a royal residence until the Civil War, but decayed during the Commonwealth. Pyrgo was demolished in 1770 and the palace in 1814. Hardly any traces remain of either building.
19 “Obstinate Men Who Govern Everything”
1. Edward Hall.
2. PRO.
3. L&P.
4. She died before 1521. Guildford later married Mary Wotton, the “Lady Guildford” painted by Holbein. For the Bryan family, see The Spear and the Spindle: Ancestors of Sir Francis Bryan , by T. A. Fuller (T. Anna Leese) (Maryland, 1993).
5. L&P; CSP: Venetian.
6. Rivals in Power.
7. Cited in Rivals in Power.
8. CSP: Venetian.
9. L&P.
10. CSP: Venetian.
11. Erasmus: Opus Epistolarum.
12. B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vitellius; Edward Hall.
13. L&P.
14. CSP: Venetian.
15. Erasmus: Opus Epistolarum.
16. When Mary’s body was exhumed in 1784, her hair was found to be reddish gold and nearly two feet long. A lock has been preserved in Moyse’s Hall Museum, Bury St. Edmunds. It was probably the same colour as Henry VIII’s hair.
17. Peter Martyr, cited by Perry and in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
18. L&P.
19. Fiddes.
20. PRO; History of the King’s Works; Anglo; Thurley, Royal Palaces.
21. Now in the Ashmolean Museum.
22. Edward Hall.
23. CSP: Venetian.
24. Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
25. Now in the National Maritime Museum.
26. L&P.
27. CSP: Spanish.
28. Cited by Benton Fletcher.
29. Today, boatswains wear similar whistles in commemoration of this event.
30. CSP: Venetian.
31. L&P.
32. CSP: Venetian.
33. Ibid.
34. L&P.
35. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
36. CSP: Venetian.
37. Despite Wolsey’s extensive rebuilding programme, York Place was still not large enough to accommodate the King and his entourage overnight, and Henry is known to have spent only one night there during Wolsey’s tenure (Thurley, Royal Palaces).
38. This seventy-foot cellar, known erroneously as “King Henry VIII’s Wine Cellar,” was discovered in 1935 when the present Ministry of Defence offices were built in Whitehall; because it was in the way of the new foundations, it was moved in its entirety forty-three feet along, twenty-three feet down, and then along again to its present position.
39. CSP: Venetian.
40. L&P.
41. Ibid.
20 “Cloth of Frieze Be Not Too Bold”
1. For the proxy marriage see CSP: Venetian; Edward Hall; B.L. Harleian MSS.; L&P.
2. The portrait he painted is probably that in the National Gallery.
3. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
4. CSP: Venetian.
5. L&P.
6. CSP: Venetian.
7. L&P.
8. CSP: Venetian.
9. Now the Old Palace School of John Whitgift. Only one range remains of the original moated courtyard house.
10. CSP: Venetian.
11. Edward Hall.
12. Cited by Brewer.
13. L&P.
14. State Papers.
15. The effigies of the five boys and six girls appear on the sides of the tomb of Sir John Blount and his wife in the church of St. John the Baptist at Kinlet, Salop. The nearby manor house was demolished in the eighteenth century; Moffats School now occupies the site.
16. Her exact date of birth is not known, but her father was only thirty-six in 1519 (Inventories of Henry Fitzroy; Fraser).
17. Edward Hall.
18. Lord Herbert of Cherbury.
19. Edward Hall; Inventories of . . . Henry Fitzroy.
20. Edward Hall.
21. L&P.
22. CSP: Spanish.
23. PRO; CSP: Venetian.
24. CSP: Venetian.
25. Cited by Seward.
26. State Papers.
27. L&P.
28. Ibid.
29. It was bought by Katherine of York, Countess of Devon, who shortly afterwards married Elizabeth to her son, Henry Courtenay. Elizabeth died young without issue.
30. CSP: Venetian; Four Years.
31. Four Years.
32. Cf. the account of another Venetian envoy, Andrea Trevisano, who described how the King received him “in a small hall hung with handsome tapestry, leaning against a tall gilt chair covered with cloth of gold. His Majesty wore a violet gown lined with cloth of gold and a collar of many jewels, and on his cap was a large diamond and a most beautiful pearl.” (Is this another reference to the Mirror of Naples?) (CSP: Venetian)
33. CSP: Spanish.
34. Collection of Ordinances.
35. PRO.
36. L&P; CSP: Spanish; CSP: Venetian; Mackie.
37. L&P.
38. CSP: Venetian.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.; Four Years; Edward Hall.
42. CSP: Venetian.
43. Cited in Starkey, Henry VIII.
44. CSP: Venetian.
45. The painting is now in the collection of the Duke of Buccleuch.
46. Francis Bryan, introduction to his translation of Antonio de Guevara’s A Dispraise of the life of the Courtier (cited in Starkey, Henry VIII).
47. Although his work is said to have been featured in Tottel’s Miscelleny, his poetry is either lost or cannot now be identified; it was much admired by his contemporaries.
48. L&P.
49. Ibid.
50. CSP: Spanish.
51. In view of Suffolk’s previous matrimonial entanglements, the validity of his marriage to Mary was affirmed in 1524 by a papal bull, which also declared their children legitimate.
52. CSP: Venetian.
53. One version is at Woburn Abbey, another is in the collection of the Earl of Yarborough.
54. CSP: Venetian.
55. Polydore Vergil.
56. Westhorpe Hall was near Frimingham, twelve miles from Bury St. Edmunds. It was demolished in the eighteenth century. A farmhouse now stands on the site; above the door is a pediment bearing the arms of Mary Tudor.
21 “The Best Dressed Sovereign in the World”
1. A full-length copy by the seventeenth-century artist Daniel Mytens of a lost original is at Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh; Scotland and France were ancient allies.
2. CSP: Venetian.
3. L&P; PRO.
4. PRO.
5. Ibid.; L&P.
6. L&P.
7. L&P.
8. CSP: Venetian.
9. Ibid.; Edward Hall.
10. PPE.
11. L&P.
12. B.L. Harleian MSS.
13. CSP: Venetian.
14. Cf. Holbein’s sketch of a lady in the British Museum; this is the best back view of an early Tudor gown.
15. CSP: Venetian.
16. Ibid. Silk stockings were not invented until the reign of Elizabeth I.
17. CSP: Venetian.
18. Now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
19. A carved ivory pin-head in the form of a gable hood was found during excavations at Whitehall.
20. Sim.
21. It was not introduced into England by Katherine of Aragon, as several writers have stated.
22. George Cavendish.
23. Now in the Victoria and Albert Museum.
24. Ibid.
25. Now in the Royal Collection.
26. Cited by Diana Scarisbrick.
27. Cited in Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
28. Inventory.
29. One portrait is in the collection of Viscount Mountgarret at Nidd Hall and the other is in the National Portrait Gallery.
30. The rest of this suit of armour was sold as scrap metal in 1649 by the Commonwealth.
31. Now in the Royal Armouries, Tower of London.
32. These workshops survived into the seventeenth century.
33. L&P.
34. Nottingham University Library MSS.; Thurley, Royal Palaces.
35. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; Thurley, Royal Palaces.
36. Inventory.
22 “This Cardinal Is King”
1. Edward Hall.
2. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
3. Cited in Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII.
4. It was formerly a preceptory dating from the thirteenth century. A manor house had stood on the site since Saxon times.
5. The bell was made by the fifteenth-century founder Thomas Harris, whose initials it bears. It used to chime the hours, but is now only rung at funerals. Traces of the manor house’s foundations were uncovered in the 1970s during excavations in Clock Court, where their position is marked out on the paving stones (Sturgis).
6. The moat, reputed to be the last one dug in England, was filled in by Charles II, but re-excavated in the nineteenth century, when the stone bridge to the gatehouse was uncovered.
7. The Cardinal’s arms were later removed by Henry VIII; they were rediscovered and restored to their original place in 1845.
8. He was paid £2.6s.8d (over £700) each for them. Some of Maiano’s work, such as the Histories of Hercules carved on the oriel window of the gatehouse (which Henry VIII removed), is lost. Maiano later worked for the King: two of his roundels were discovered at Windsor in 1882.
9. By 1770, the gatehouse had become much decayed and there were fears that it would collapse. In 1771–1773, it was partially demolished and rebuilt on a smaller scale, with only three storeys. The leaden cupolas on the turrets were never replaced. In 1882, the gatehouse was refaced with new red bricks.
10. Base Court remains much as it was in Wolsey’s day, despite some Victorian restoration. The rest of the palace has been greatly altered, and all the Cardinal’s private apartments have disappeared. The so-called Wolsey Closet is a twentieth-century reconstruction.
11. Wolsey’s banqueting hall may have been on the site of the present Great Watching Chamber. The existing oriel window was perhaps constructed to lighten the Cardinal’s table.
12. CSP: Venetian.
13. Sturgis.
14. Today, Unilever House occupies the site.
15. CSP: Venetian; L&P.
16. Four Years.
17. CSP: Venetian.
18. Four Years.
19. CSP: Venetian.
20. CSP: Spanish.
21. Polydore Vergil.
22. George Cavendish.
23. Polydore Vergil.
24. John Skelton.
25. His daughter Dorothy became a nun at Shaftesbury Abbey, Dorset. His son, Thomas Winter, took holy orders while still very young, and received, through Wolsey’s influence, thirteen lucrative benefices and offices. Joan Lark was the daughter of a Thetford innkeeper; her brother, who was Master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, was Wolsey’s confessor. Wolsey arranged for Joan to be married to a gentleman, Mr. Legh; it is not known whether he continued having relations with her after the marriage.
26. Cited by Perry.
27. Polydore Vergil.
28. Cited by Mackie.
29. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
30. George Cavendish.
31. L&P.
32. George Cavendish.
33. Letters of King Henry VIII.
23 “The Pearl of the World”
1. This is the third-largest hammerbeam roof surviving in England, after those in Westminster Hall and Christ Church, Oxford.
2. William Lambarde.
3. History of the King’s Works.
4. PRO.
5. Edward Hall; Raphael Holinshed; Brewer.
6. This coat of arms may be seen in situ in an engraving of 1786 by George Vertue (Society of Antiquaries of London).
7. Watercolours of the stained-glass portraits of Henry and Katherine were painted in 1737 by Daniel Chandler (Society of Antiquaries of London).
8. Four Years.
9. John Leland, Collectanea; B.L. Cotton MSS.: Julius; Collection of Ordinances.
10. CSP: Venetian.
11. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
12. Richard Sampson, Bishop of Chichester, cited by Saunders.
13. The Princess also spent some time at Hanworth; she was there at New Year, 1522, when she received a gift of twelve pairs of shoes from Sir Richard Weston.
14. History of the King’s Works. A nineteenth-century house now occupies the site.
15. The present Bruce Castle is a Jacobean building erected on the foundations of the Comptons’ house.
16. L&P.
17. Cited by Bowle.
18. Edward Hall.
19. Ibid.
20. Cited in Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
21. Richard Foxe, Letters.
22. Ibid.
23. William Roper.
24. Although The Vyne was remodelled in the classical style in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Tudor gallery and chapel remain.
25. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
26. CSP: Venetian; L&P.
27. L&P.
28. Edward Hall.
29. L&P.
30. Edward Hall; CSP: Venetian.
24 “Multitudes Are Dying Around Us”
1. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
2. Edward Hall.
3. CSP: Venetian.
4. L&P.
5. CSP: Venetian.
6. Polydore Vergil.
7. CSP: Venetian.
8. Ambassades . . . de Jean du Bellay.
9. Stephen Gardiner; Letters.
10. Four Years.
11. Ibid.
12. CSP: Venetian.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.; Edward Hall.
15. CSP: Venetian.
16. L&P.
17. Edward Hall.
18. CSP: Venetian.
19. L&P.
20. Four Years.
21. CSP: Venetian; State Papers; L&P.
22. L&P; Horace Walpole, Correspondence; B.L. Sloane MSS.
23. L&P.
24. A Treasure for Englishmen concerning the Anatomy of Man’s Body, published 1577. Vicary lived from 1495 to 1561.
25. Now owned by the Worshipful Company of Barber Surgeons. The original instruments contained in the case are long since lost.
26. CSP: Spanish.
27. L&P.
28. Edward Hall.
29. CSP: Venetian.
30. L&P.
31. Ibid.
32. CSP: Venetian.
33. L&P.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. B.L. Additional MSS. The letter is catalogued under 1519 in L&P, and some historians have attributed it to 1520, but it fits in very well with the scenario at Easter 1518.
37. L&P.
38. Woodstock was decaying by the time the future Elizabeth I was under house arrest there in 1554–1555. It was largely demolished during a siege in 1646, and the ruins were cleared away in 1705 when Blenheim Palace was built nearby. The architect Sir John Vanbrugh used some of its masonry to build a bridge. The site of the palace is marked by a column.
39. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
25 “The Mother of the King’s Son”
1. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
2. CSP: Venetian.
3. Thomas More, in L&P.
4. CSP: Venetian.
5. L&P.
6. Four Years.
7. Ibid.; Edward Hall.
8. Four Years.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. L&P.
12. CSP: Venetian.
13. George Cavendish.
14. Ibid.
15. Cited in Richardson, Mary Tudor.
16. L&P.
17. Until 1520, the French version of the title was used.
18. Edward Hall.
19. Four Years.
20. Beddington Park is now known as Carew Manor. Although much of the house was remodelled in the eighteenth century, the great hall remains. The building is now a special school and is owned by the London Borough of Sutton.
21. L&P.
22. Edward Hall.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. They were probably related to William Norris, who was Master of the King’s hawks in 1509.
28. Four Years.
29. Cited by Halliday.
30. This was the play on which Shakespeare based A Comedy of Errors .
31. At a chapter of the Order of the Garter held at Greenwich in 1517, Henry had declared that it was his intention to be buried at Windsor. He probably chose St. George’s Chapel rather than the Henry VII Chapel in Westminster Abbey because of its associations with the Order of the Garter, and also because there was not the room for his tomb in the chapel dominated by his father’s monument at Westminster.
32. Nicholas Bourbon.
33. State Papers; L&P.
34. Four Years.
35. Cited by Lacey.
36. CSP: Venetian.
37. Four Years.
38. Cited by Bowle.
39. The priory church survives today as the parish church of St. Laurence. Nearby is a brick Georgian house built upon the Tudor foundations of a Tudor house that may have been Jericho. The moat still survives, but the encircling walls have been rebuilt. A long, low Tudor building, now an inn, is reputed to have been Henry VIII’s stable block.
40. Cited by Benton Fletcher.
41. Cited by Morton Bradley.
42. Cited by Childe-Pemberton.
43. L&P.
44. Elizabeth I created him Earl of Lincoln in 1572.
45. L&P. Some sources give the date incorrectly as 1521. Ives, Starkey, and Warnicke all agree that the marriage took place in 1520.
46. The picture of Mary Boleyn is a companion to a portrait said to represent her sister, Anne Boleyn, which derives from Holbein’s portrait sketch of an unknown lady at Weston Park, which was not called “Anne Boleyn” until 1649. No source is known for the “Mary Boleyn” portrait.
47. It was later sold by their son, Henry Carey, to Lord Rich, who greatly enlarged it. The house has been considerably altered since then.
48. L&P.
49. Brantôme, Oeuvres complètes.
50. Cited by Ashdown.
51. L&P.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
26 “The Eighth Wonder of the World”
1. CSP: Venetian.
2. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
3. Cited in Richardson, Mary Tudor.
4. Edward Hall.
5. L&P.
6. Edward Hall.
7. B.L. Cotton MSS.: Augustus.
8. Letter from the Earl of Worcester to Henry VIII in L&P.
9. L&P.
10. Ibid.
11. Charles was the son of her elder sister, Juana the Mad, former Queen of Castile, by Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy. Philip was the son of the Emperor Maximilian and was the brother of Margaret of Austria.
12. Chronicle of Calais; Rutland Papers.
13. Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
14. The Old Palace where Henry stayed was rebuilt in 1896, using some materials from the earlier building.
15. Edward Hall.
16. Ibid.
17. CSP: Venetian.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Cited in Richardson, Mary Tudor.
21. John Fisher.
22. CSP: Venetian.
23. Cited in Richardson, Mary Tudor.
24. For the meeting, see principally L&P, CSP: Venetian, and Edward Hall. A stone relief in the Hôtel de Bourgtheroulde in Rouen, carved soon after 1520, commemorates the event.
25. Edward Hall.
26. Les Mémoires de Martin et Guillaume du Bellay.
27. Polydore Vergil.
28. Fleuranges. Robert de la Marck, Seigneur de Fleuranges (1491–1537) took part in the jousts at the Field of Cloth of Gold.
29. CSP: Venetian.
30. Polydore Vergil.
31. John Fisher.
32. Polydore Vergil.
33. CSP: Venetian.
34. Ibid.
35. Polydore Vergil.
36. CSP: Venetian.
37. Ibid.
38. Anglo, Hampton Court Painting.
39. L&P.
40. CSP: Venetian.
41. It was probably hastily made to comply with the new rules governing the design of armour laid down by Francis I in March 1520. This suit incorporates the requisite skirt, or tonlet, and a great helmet called a basinet. It is etched with Tudor roses, the Garter collar and the figures of St. George and the Virgin and Child.
42. Fleuranges.
43. Ibid. No English source mentions this incident.
44. Fleuranges.
45. CSP: Venetian.
46. Edward Hall.
47. Some sources refer to it as a dragon, but it is more likely to have been a salamander in Francis’s honour.
48. The pax was a crystal box containing the consecrated Host.
49. L&P.
50. CSP: Venetian.
51. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
52. The date is indicated by the mid-sixteenth-century uniforms of the Yeomen of the Guard, other costume details, and the portrayal of the King, which derives from Holbein’s portraits. The white greyhounds shown in the painting were probably those given to Henry by Suffolk in 1536.
53. Both are still in the Royal Collection.
54. Commissioned in 1518, she had panelled staterooms for the King and Queen, and was a forerunner of the royal yachts.
55. A few of the people in the procession have been identified: Wolsey rides beside the King, Suffolk and Essex ride behind. Henry is preceded by Dorset, carrying the Sword of State, and Sir Thomas Wriothesley, Garter King of Arms. Neither Katherine nor Mary Tudor can be seen in the procession but may be among the female figures in the banqueting tent, in litters or on horseback. Queen Katherine and Queen Claude may be seen watching the jousting from the stands in the distant tiltyard.
56. Edward Hall.
57. Stow, Annals; Anglo.
27 “One Man’s Disobedience”
1. Edward Hall.
2. Polydore Vergil; John Palsgrave.
3. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
4. CSP: Venetian.
5. L&P.
6. Original Letters, ed. Ellis.
7. CSP: Venetian.
8. L&P.
9. CSP: Venetian.
10. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
11. L&P.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. It reverted to the Crown on his death in 1525.
16. Henry VIII, Assertio.
17. Henry VIII, Letters.
18. William Roper.
19. L&P.
20. William Roper.
21. CSP: Venetian.
22. L&P.
23. The title is still used by the Queen today, even though the faith she defends is that of the Protestant Church of England, not the Catholic Church of Rome. Eleven presentation copies of Henry’s book survive. One is in the Vatican, another, autographed, is in the Royal Library at Windsor.
24. Edward Hall.
25. Cited by Funck-Brentano.
26. Henry VIII, Letters.
27. Doernberg; John Scarisbrick.
28. The house has long since disappeared, and its exact location is not known, although it was probably near Chelsea Old Church.
29. William Roper.
30. Edward Hall.
28 “A Proud Horse Tamed and Bridled”
1. L&P.
2. Ibid.; Edward Hall.
3. Ibid.
4. Anglo, Spectacle; Ives.
5. Evidence that Anne was the younger sister is outlined by Gairdner in English Historical Review.
6. For the evidence for Anne’s birth date, see Paget, “Youth of Anne Boleyn.”
7. L&P.
8. State Papers.
9. L&P.
10. Cited by Michell.
11. Cited by Bowle.
12. Cited by Benton Fletcher.
13. Edward Hall.
14. Rutland Papers.
15. Ibid.
16. Edward Hall.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. The Round Table now hangs in the thirteenth-century great hall, which is all that remains of the royal castle. In Henry’s time, it was believed that the table was the genuine article, although it is now known to be a mediaeval fabrication.
20. See Anglo, Spectacle, and Henry VIII: A European Court in England, in which the picture is reproduced. It was never recorded in the Royal Collection.
21. Later that year, Torrigiano moved to Spain, where, learning that the Inquisition suspected him of heresy, he committed suicide.
22. Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Most Excellent Architects, Painters, and Sculptors (Florence, 1550).
23. L&P.
24. Edward Hall.
25. History of the King’s Works.
26. Ampthill Castle was partially demolished in 1567 and was ruinous by 1605. Its remains were completely dismantled in 1649, and at the end of the seventeenth century Ampthill Park was laid out on the site. A stone cross marks the place where the castle once stood.
29 “All the Enemies of England Are Gone”
1. Edward Hall.
2. L&P.
3. Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
4. Juan Luis Vives.
5. CSP: Venetian.
6. This portrait, which dates from around 1540, is now in the Royal Collection.
7. Cited by Bowle.
8. L&P.
9. Only one brick range with some original windows survives; it is now a farmhouse.
10. L&P.
11. Anthony Wood.
12. George Cavendish, Metrical Visions.
13. Original Letters, ed. Ellis.
14. L&P.
15. Edward Hall.
16. These are now lost. The miniature of the Dauphin Francis by Jean Clouet in the Royal Collection was acquired in the nineteenth century.
17. The first identifiable English work by one of them, Lucas Horenbout, is the King’s portrait in an initial letter on a patent dated 28 April 1524 (sold at Sotheby’s in 1983 and now in a private collection), which is certainly by the same hand as Lucas’s miniature of Henry VIII in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.
18. B.L. Additional MSS.
19. A brass dated 1529 marks her tomb in Fulham Parish Church.
20. B.L. Egerton MSS.
21. This was probably the miniature discovered in France in 1994 and auctioned in Paris in November that year. It is now in the Louvre.
22. L&P.
23. Two are in the Royal Collection, the others are in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge; the Buccleuch Collection; the Louvre; and a private collection. They probably date from 1526–1527. The King is shown clean-shaven or bearded, with bobbed hair, and looks as if he is putting on weight.
24. They are in the National Portrait Gallery, the E. Grosvenor Paine Collection, and the Buccleuch Collection; in the last the Queen is shown with a pet monkey.
25. They are in the Buccleuch Collection and the Royal Ontario Museum.
26. Now in the collection of Louis de Wet Esq.
27. On loan to the National Portrait Gallery from a private collection.
28. Now in the Victoria and Albert Museum.
29. Still in the Royal Collection.
30. Now at Sudeley Castle.
31. Now in the Buccleuch Collection.
32. See Strong, English Renaissance Miniature.
33. Now in the National Portrait Gallery.
34. Ives.
35. Cited by Benton Fletcher.
30 “Next in Rank to His Majesty”
1. Edward Hall.
2. Clifford, who had begun his career as a Page of the Chamber, later distinguished himself in defending the northern border against the Scots. He later married the King’s niece Eleanor Brandon, younger daughter of the Duke of Suffolk by Mary Tudor.
3. He was the grandson of Anne Plantagenet, sister of Edward IV, and had been a favourite of Henry VIII since the French campaign of 1513. His country residence was Belvoir Castle.
4. L&P. The patent of creation stipulated that he was to take precedence over all dukes except those legitimately born to the King or to his heirs male.
5. CSP: Venetian.
6. Ibid.
7. L&P; Collection of Ordinances.
8. CSP: Spanish; John Stow; Annals.
9. George Cavendish; Edward Hall.
10. The first chapel on this site was built by Henry III and later added to by Edward III. Rebuilt by Henry VII, it was extensively altered in the nineteenth century, when it was used as a temporary mausoleum for the Prince Consort, and is known today as the Albert Memorial Chapel.
11. L&P.
12. Ibid.
13. The ruins of the castle survive today on private farmland. The massive ditch of the double moat may still be seen.
14. L&P.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Cited by Fraser.
18. CSP: Venetian.
19. Ibid.
20. Letter in the Public Record Office.
21. L&P.
22. B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
23. L&P.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. The house survives today in a much altered state, although its Georgian façade conceals substantial Tudor remains.
27. Cited by Erickson, Great Harry.
28. L&P.
29. Hunsdon House was granted by Elizabeth I to her cousin, Henry Carey, later Lord Hunsdon, in 1559. It was largely rebuilt in the nineteenth century, leaving only one of the original turrets, and is now a private residence. The house has recently been the subject of an archaelogical excavation.
31 “The Establishment of Good Order”
1. Edward Hall.
2. Ibid.
3. Collection of Ordinances. The original vellum MS. is in the Bodleian Library.
4. L&P.
5. Collection of Ordinances.
6. L&P.
7. Cited in Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII.
8. Collection of Ordinances.
9. B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
10. Collection of Ordinances.
11. Edward Hall.
12. Loades; Tudor Court.
32 “A Fresh Young Damsel”
1. Edward Hall.
2. Ibid.
3. L&P.
4. CSP: Venetian.
5. Lancelot de Carles.
6. Ibid.
7. George Wyatt of Boxley Abbey, Kent (1554–1624), was the son of the rebel and traitor Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger, and the grandson of the poet Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder. George’s life’s work, the memoir of Anne Boleyn, was written in response to the Jesuit Nicholas Sander’s attack on her in his treatise of 1585.
8. L&P.
9. B.L. Sloane MSS.
10. Brantôme. Even William Forrest, a partisan of Katherine of Aragon, states that Anne had a pretty singing voice. See also Lancelot de Carles and B.L. Sloane MSS.
11. Brantôme; Nicholas Sander.
12. L&P.
13. Lancelot de Carles; Nicholas Sander; B.L. Sloane MSS.
14. Brantôme.
15. Ibid.
16. B.L. Royal MSS.
17. Cited by Muir.
18. L&P.
19. In 1554, Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger was executed for leading a major rebellion against Mary I.
20. A rondeau was a French poem, ten or thirteen lines long, with just two rhymes repeated throughout and the first words used twice as a refrain.
21. William Latimer. Latimer was Anne Boleyn’s chaplain, and wrote a highly sympathetic biography of her after her death.
22. Lancelot de Carles.
23. Brantôme.
24. Nicholas Sander.
25. L&P.
26. CSP: Spanish.
27. L&P.
33 “Master Hans”
1. Edward Hall.
2. PPE.
3. Cited by Bowle.
4. Only fragmentary remains of one of the service courts survive today; these are situated to the south of the present manor house.
5. L&P.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
10. Holbein’s portrait of Archbishop Warham is in the Louvre. A version is at Lambeth Palace.
11. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
12. George Cavendish.
13. Letters of King Henry VIII.
14. Edward Hall. These houses survived for at least eighty years, but although they have long vanished, there are detailed descriptions of them, and their contents, in PRO, L&P, and B.L. Egerton MSS.
15. The portrait of Nicolaus Kratzer, which shows him surrounded by mathematical instruments, is in the Louvre; a copy is in the National Portrait Gallery. Copies of Holbein’s portrait of Sir Henry Wyatt are in the Louvre and the National Galleries of Scotland. The portrait of Sir Henry Guildford is in the Royal Collection, and shows him wearing his Garter collar (he had been admitted to the Order in 1526) and holding his white wand of office as Comptroller of the Household. Attached to his hat is a badge decorated with mathematical instruments.
16. Edward Hall.
17. CSP: Venetian. The tapestries may be identified with the ten-piece set now in the Musée de la Renaissance at the Château d’Écouen in France.
18. Edward Hall.
19. L&P.
20. Edward Hall.
21. Ibid.
22. CSP: Venetian.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Edward Hall.
26. PRO; B.L. Egerton MSS.
27. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
34 “Noli Me Tangere, for Caesar’s I Am”
1. CSP: Spanish.
2. William Tyndale, Works.
3. L&P.
4. Ibid.
5. CSP: Spanish.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. George Wyatt.
10. B.L. Additional MSS. The manuscript was once at Chatsworth.
11. CSP: Spanish.
12. Chronica del rey Enrico.
13. George Wyatt; Papers.
14. L&P.
15. George Cavendish.
16. George Wyatt.
17. CSP: Spanish.
18. An illuminated copy of the Statutes of the Order of St. Michael is now in the Public Record Office; the copy of the Garter Statutes sent to Francis I is among B.L. Additional MSS.; it features a miniature of the Princess Mary dressed as Concord.
19. Edward Hall. For the exchange of these Orders, see Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
20. Edward Hall. A portrait of Sir Anthony, which probably dates from this time, since he is wearing French costume, is in the National Portrait Gallery.
21. The Order of St. Michael was abolished in 1578 because the admission of too many knights had debased it. Henry III of France founded in its place the Order of the Holy Spirit.
22. George Cavendish.
23. L&P; Erickson; Great Harry.
24. PPE.
25. Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
26. L&P.
27. PPE.
28. Brantôme.
29. PPE.
30. Ibid.
31. L&P; Ambassades . . . de Jean du Bellay.
35 “A Thousand Cases of Sweat”
1. This theory was first propounded in 1888 by A. S. Currie in “Notes on the Obstetric Histories of Katherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn,” and was given widespread circulation by means of an anonymous article, “Some Royal Deathbeds,” which appeared in theBritish Medical Journal in 1910. It was refuted by Frederick Chamberlin in The Private Character of Henry VIII (1932), J.F.D. Shrewsbury in “Henry VIII: A Medical Study” (1952), and B. Deer in “Carnivore King: The Main Course of History” (1989).
2. L&P.
3. Ibid.; Brewer; CSP: Spanish.
4. L&P; State Papers.
5. This was the last, and worst, major outbreak of the sweating sickness. It returned for one final time in 1551, then disappeared.
6. L&P.
7. Edward Hall.
8. Letters of King Henry VIII.
9. L&P.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Letters of King Henry VIII.
14. Ibid.
15. Edward Hall.
16. Ibid.
17. CSP: Venetian; State Papers; L&P.
18. L&P.
19. State Papers.
20. L&P.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.; State Papers.
25. CSP: Spanish.
26. PPE.
27. L&P.
28. Original Letters, ed. Ellis.
29. Excerpta Historica.
30. Ambassades . . . de Jean du Bellay; L&P.
36 “Back to Your Wife!”
1. George Cavendish; CSP: Spanish; Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII.
2. Shortly afterwards Vives found a new patron, John III, King of Portugal. He died in 1540.
3. L&P.
4. CSP: Spanish.
5. L&P; Letters of King Henry VIII.
6. L&P.
7. CSP: Spanish.
8. Ibid.
9. L&P.
10. CSP: Spanish.
11. Edward Hall.
12. L&P.
13. CSP: Venetian. After this, Venice sent no ambassadors to England for sixty years.
14. L&P.
15. Edward Hall.
16. Ibid.
17. Wilson; Hans Holbein.
18. The sixteen-page MS. on vellum is now in the Bodleian Library.
19. Wilson; Hans Holbein.
20. George Cavendish.
21. L&P.
22. George Cavendish; Edward Hall.
37 “Above Everyone, Mademoiselle Anne”
1. George Cavendish.
2. Original Letters, ed. Ellis; CSP: Spanish.
3. George Cavendish.
4. CSP: Spanish.
5. Ibid.
6. George Cavendish.
7. Ibid.
8. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
9. PRO.
10. The Bayne Tower was partially refaced in the nineteenth century, and its windows were replaced with Tudor-style replicas, but it survives otherwise intact. Considering the fact that none of Henry VIII’s private apartments survive anywhere else, it is surprising that the Bayne Tower, which is of enormous historical interest and significance, is not open to the public but is used as accommodation for palace staff.
11. Sturgis.
12. The great arched conduits he built, fourteen feet high and ten feet wide, which carried kitchen waste under the moat to the Thames, still survive today.
13. The storage platforms in Henry VIII’s Great Kitchen were built in the seventeenth century.
14. The Boiling House is the only one of Henry’s subsidiary kitchens to survive today. Only a small area of the service complex, around Fish Court, is open to the public.
15. The originals have long since disappeared; the King’s Beasts that we see today are twentieth-century reconstructions, as is the royal coat of arms on the gatehouse.
16. See chapter 40.
17. More than ten thousand pages of accounts detailing Henry’s works at Hampton Court survive in the Public Record Office.
18. In 1553, Mary I restored Esher to the diocese of Winchester. The house was decayed by 1660, and thereafter fell to ruin, but the great gatehouse and a tower still survive.
19. George Cavendish.
20. The More was leased in 1576 to the Earl of Bedford, but was ruinous by 1598. No trace of the house remains today. The present Moor House was built in 1727.
21. Cited by Fraser.
22. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
23. Ibid.
24. CSP: Spanish.
25. Ibid.
26. L&P.
27. Ibid.
28. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
29. State Papers in the Public Record Office.
30. John Ponet, Bishop of Winchester, cited in Neville Williams, The Court of Henry VIII.
31. C.R.N. Routh.
32. CSP: Spanish.
33. Ibid.
34. Nicholas Harpsfield; The Life and Death of Thomas More.
35. Thomas More; English Works.
36. William Tyndale; Works.
37. PPE.
38. Ibid.; L&P.
39. Letters of King Henry VIII.
40. CSP: Spanish.
41. L&P.
42. CSP: Spanish.
43. Ibid.; L&P.
44. CSP: Spanish.
45. See L&P; John Foxe; William Latimer; Dowling; “Anne Boleyn and Reform.”
46. CSP: Spanish.
47. John Foxe; John Strype; Narratives of the Reformation, ed. Nicholls; George Wyatt; Tudor Royal Proclamations.
48. John Foxe. Fish was later reconciled to the Church. He died of plague in 1531.
49. L&P.
50. Ibid.
51. B.L. King’s MSS.
52. Sold at Sotheby’s to a private collector in 1982.
53. B.L. Royal MSS.
54. B.L. Additional MSS.; L&P.
55. L&P.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
59. George Cavendish; PPE. Cavendish says Rochford was not yet twenty-seven.
60. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
61. Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
62. CSP: Spanish.
63. L&P.
38 “Squire Harry Will Be God, and Do as He Pleases!”
1. Cited by Mathew.
2. A cloth-dresser. The Cromwell family had owned a fulling mill at Putney for fifty years.
3. George Cavendish.
4. Ibid.
5. CSP: Spanish.
6. L&P.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. CSP: Spanish.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Much of Richmond Palace was destroyed under the Commonwealth, and its contents were sold. In 1660, what remained was given to Queen Henrietta Maria, but it was barely habitable. By 1690, nearly all the buildings had disappeared. All that remains of the palace today is the gateway bearing Henry VII’s arms, which overlooks Richmond Green, and two heavily restored dwelling houses, the Old Palace and Wardrobe Court, which incorporate some of the Tudor fabric. Trumpeter’s House stands on the site of the chapel and great hall. The remains of the cellars are nearby.
13. Much of Eltham Palace was demolished under the Commonwealth, when the park was destroyed. In 1656, the diarist John Evelyn described the palace as “miserable ruins”; the great hall was in use as a barn and the chapel in ruins. Eltham was alienated from the Crown when Charles II granted it to Sir John Shaw in the late seventeenth century. A major restoration was carried out in 1933–1937. Today, the great hall remains, along with part of its screens passage, as well as the Chancellor’s Lodging, built by Henry VIII; a bridge over the moat; the arched gate to the vanished tiltyard; and a courtier lodging.
14. It was the earliest embassy building in England, and continued as such until 1553, when Edward VI established a house of correction for the vagrant poor in the palace. Such houses were thereafter known as Bridewells. The royal apartments were burned down in the Great Fire of 1666, but many of the Tudor buildings survived until the nineteenth century. The House of Correction was finally demolished in 1864. The site was excavated in 1978.
15. L&P.
16. Bodleian Library MSS.; Thurley; Royal Palaces.
17. Ibid.
18. CSP: Venetian, 1532.
19. Thurley, Royal Palaces. Only the external brickwork of Henry’s tennis court remains. Wolsey’s play was demolished in the late seventeenth century.
20. Nottingham University Library MSS.
21. McConica; English Humanists and Reformation Politics.
22. L&P. See chapter 44.
23. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
24. Ibid.
25. CSP: Spanish.
26. Tottel’s Miscellany.
27. John Leland, Itinerary. Collyweston was granted to the future Elizabeth I in 1550, but alienated from the Crown in 1625. It was in ruins by the eighteenth century. Today, only a few terraced foundations remain.
28. George Cavendish.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. CSP: Spanish.
32. PPE.
39 “Opprobrious Words”
1. PRO.
2. Cited by Erickson, Great Harry.
3. Ibid.
4. PRO.
5. Ibid.
6. CSP: Spanish.
7. Ibid.; L&P.
8. Ibid.
9. CSP: Venetian.
10. Ibid.
11. Charles Wriothesley.
12. CSP: Venetian.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Original Letters relative to the English Reformation.
16. CSP: Venetian.
17. L&P.
18. Ibid.
19. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
20. Edward Hall.
21. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
22. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
23. Ibid.
24. CSP: Spanish.
25. CSP: Venetian.
26. Ibid.; L&P.
27. L&P.
28. Ibid.
40 “The Lady Marquess”
1. Hanworth, which remained royal property until Elizabeth I sold it to Francis, Lord Cottingham, burned down in 1797. Only two of the roundels survive in the remains of the gardens, along with a carving of the royal arms, two Tudor chimneys, part of the moat, and a five-step mounting block. Fragments of heraldic stained glass survive in Hanworth Rectory. The old trees were cut down in the eighteenth century, and the park was reduced in area. The wall that marks the extent of the original gardens was built in the seventeenth century.
2. L&P; William Camden. It is sometimes stated that Gardiner presented the house to Anne Boleyn, but it is clear that it was still in royal hands in 1532.
3. Laid in October 1532 (PRO).
4. The great hall was restored in 1770 and again, more extensively, in the 1840s, when new stained-glass windows depicting the royal descents of Henry VIII and his wives and children were installed in place of the long-vanished Tudor glass. At the same time, the moulded polychrome cornice was added. In the 1920s, the louvre was removed from the roof, and the Tudor paint stripped away from its timbers. Some of Anne Boleyn’s initials and badges survive on the ceiling; others, more accessible, were replaced by those of Jane Seymour.
5. L&P.
6. CSP: Spanish.
7. See chapter 4. Three of the four courtyards of St. James’s Palace survive today, among them Friary Court. The only other remains from Henry VIII’s original house are his watching chamber and presence chamber in the state apartments, each with a fireplace carved with lovers’ knots encasing the initials H and A, the chapel royal, and the great gatehouse.
8. Raphael Holinshed.
9. L&P; History of the King’s Works; Thurley, Royal Palaces. The royal lodgings in the Tower were demolished in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
10. A portrait attributed to Ambrosius Benson in the collection of the Earl of Ashburnham has sometimes been incorrectly identified as one of Katherine Parr.
11. Henry Clifford.
12. PPE; CSP: Spanish; Edward Hall.
13. George Cavendish; Metrical Visions.
14. PPE.
15. L&P.
16. B.L. Royal MSS.; L&P.
17. Warnicke; Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
18. See Lowinsky, A Music Book for Anne Boleyn.
19. L&P.
20. CSP: Spanish.
21. L&P.
22. All that survives of Shurland House is the ruined entrance façade.
23. Hamy; L&P.
24. CSP: Spanish; L&P; CSP: Venetian.
25. CSP: Venetian.
26. L&P.
27. For the investiture and banquet see Milles, Catalogue of Honour; L&P; B.L. Harleian MSS.; CSP: Venetian; Calendar of the Manuscripts at Hatfield House; CSP: Spanish; Edward Hall.
41 “The Triumph at Calais and Boulogne”
1. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
2. L&P; B.L. Royal MSS.
3. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
4. PPE; L&P.
5. Claude of France had died in 1524.
6. Cited by Perry.
7. Seymour Papers.
8. CSP: Spanish.
9. L&P.
10. CSP: Spanish.
11. PPE. She was the widow of Sir Richard Wingfield, K.G., who died in 1525. Stone is twenty miles north of Hever Castle.
12. For the French visit see The Manner of the Triumph at Calais and Boulogne; L&P; Edward Hall; CSP: Venetian; CSP: Spanish; Chronicle of Calais; An English Garner; Hamy; Knecht.
13. Edward Hall.
14. History of the King’s Works.
15. L&P.
16. CSP: Venetian.
17. Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
18. PPE.
19. Ibid.
20. Cited by Seward.
21. CSP: Venetian.
22. Ibid.
23. L&P.
24. PPE.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. L&P.
28. Edward Hall; CSP: Venetian.
29. L&P.
30. Ibid; Edward Hall; CSP: Spanish.
31. L&P.
32. Ibid.
33. Cited by Bowle.
34. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
35. Ibid.; PPE.
42 “Anna Regina Angliae”
1. Ives speculates that 14 November 1532 may be the date on which Henry and Anne began having sexual relations together after contracting themselves to each other before witnesses, a procedure that was as binding as a canonical marriage in the early sixteenth century; however, the evidence strongly suggests that they were already having sexual relations before that date (see chapter 41).
2. Thomas Cranmer, Miscellaneous Writings and Letters.
3. B.L. Sloane MSS.
4. Later Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield.
5. Later Archbishop of Dublin.
6. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
7. B.L. Sloane MSS.; Nicholas Harpsfield; A Treatise on the Pretended Divorce; Nicholas Sander.
8. CSP: Spanish.
9. She shortly afterwards married Thomas, Lord Berkeley.
10. L&P; Letters and Accounts of William Brereton; Nicholas Sander.
11. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.; CSP: Venetian.
14. Gage talked of renouncing the world and entering a monastery, but later changed his mind and became a loyal supporter of the King. He was allowed to return to court and in 1540 was appointed Comptroller of the Household. Later, he held military commands in Scotland and France.
15. CSP; Spanish; L&P; CSP: Venetian.
16. William Latimer; Dowling, “Anne Boleyn and Reform.” Shaxton became Bishop of Salisbury, Skip became Bishop of Hereford, and Parker became Queen Elizabeth’s first Archbishop of Canterbury.
17. House of Commons.
18. Daughter of Sir John Shelton by Anne Boleyn, Wiltshire’s sister.
19. For Anne Boleyn’s household see L&P; Lisle Letters; CSP: Spanish; Friedmann; House of Commons.
20. Lisle Letters.
21. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
22. L&P.
23. William Latimer; John Foxe.
24. George Wyatt.
25. Matthew Parker; Correspondence.
26. Cited by Norris.
27. William Latimer; Dowling; “Anne Boleyn and Reform.”
28. This badge was derived from the falcon crest of the Butler earls of Ormonde; it was later used by Elizabeth I.
29. CSP: Spanish.
30. L&P.
31. William Latimer.
32. Now in the British Library.
33. Now in the British Library.
34. B.L. Royal MSS.
35. B.L. Harleian MSS.
36. Now owned by the Duke of Northumberland.
37. L&P.
38. Edward Hall.
39. CSP: Spanish.
43 “Here Anna Comes, Bright Image of Chastity”
1. For Anne Boleyn’s coronation, see chiefly Edward Hall; L&P; Charles Wriothesley; The Noble Triumphant Coronation of Queen Anne.
2. L&P.
3. Cited in Rivals in Power.
4. Edward Hall. Holbein’s design is now in the Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin.
5. Edward Hall.
6. CSP: Spanish.
7. L&P; Cronica del Rey Enrico.
8. L&P.
9. B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
10. Edward Hall.
11. Ibid.; L&P.
12. Lancelot de Carles.
13. Edward Hall; The Noble Triumphant Coronation of Queen Anne.
14. Edward Hall; CSP: Venetian.
15. L&P.
16. William Roper.
17. Cited by Bowle.
18. Calendar of State Papers, Foreign . . . Elizabeth I.
19. Charles Wriothesley; CSP: Spanish; L&P; CSP: Venetian.
20. PPE; Lancelot de Carles.
21. CSP: Spanish; Letters and Accounts of William Brereton.
22. Muir; Thomson; Sir Thomas Wyatt; Letters and Accounts of William Brereton.
23. L&P; CSP: Spanish; CSP: Venetian.
24. History of the King’s Works; CSP: Spanish.
25. History of the King’s Works.
26. Ibid.
27. L&P.
28. Paul Hentzner, Travels in England.
29. Ibid.
30. The Paradise Chamber was demolished with most of the rest of these royal apartments in 1689–1691 by Sir Christopher Wren. The present Cumberland Suite occupies the site of Henry VIII’s privy chamber. Henry’s lodgings were replaced by the present King’s Apartments, built for William III.
31. Paul Hentzner, Travels in England.
32. Sunken gardens created in the 1950s in the Tudor style now occupy the site of the Pond Gardens.
33. History of the King’s Works.
34. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
35. Cited in Windsor Castle: The Official Guide. The North Terrace was rebuilt in stone by Elizabeth I. Henry VIII’s private apartments at Windsor were extensively remodelled by Charles II in the 1670s, and again under George IV in the 1820s. The present State Apartments occupy the site.
44 “The High and Mighty Princess of England”
1. L&P.
2. Now in the National Gallery, London.
3. Holbein’s original portrait of Cromwell is lost. The best copy is in the Frick Collection in New York, and there are two other copies in the National Portrait Gallery in London. On one of the latter there is an inscription referring to Cromwell as Master of the Jewel House, which must date the sitting to 1533/4.
4. After Holbein’s death, many of his drawings remained in the Royal Collection, but were sold in 1553 to Henry FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel. They passed in 1590 into the collection of his son-in-law, John, Lord Lumley, by which time they had been bound into a book. On Lumley’s death in 1609, the book was acquired by Henry, Prince of Wales, son of James I. His brother Charles I later gave it to the Earl of Pembroke, who sold it to Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, before 1642. The drawings were purchased by Charles II prior to 1675, and have remained in the Royal Collection ever since. In 1727, the book of eighty-seven drawings was found by Queen Caroline of Ansbach in a bureau in Kensington Palace. The pictures were then extracted and framed. George III had them rebound in two volumes, and in the nineteenth century they were moved to Windsor, where they remain today, remounted and preserved between acrylic sheeting. Eighty-five of the pictures remain, of which eighty are signed by Holbein; several have deteriorated and/or been retouched. Sixty-nine have been identified, but some are incorrectly labelled. In 1590, the Lumley inventory noted that the names on the pictures had been subscribed by Sir John Cheke, Secretary to Edward VI, who had first come to court in 1542 and may not have known all the sitters. It is unlikely that any of the existing labels are his: they were probably copied in the eighteenth century.
5. Karel van Mander.
6. See Derek Wilson, Hans Holbein.
7. Holbein’s design for the cup is now in the Offentliche Kunstsammlung Kupferstichkabinett, Basel.
8. L&P.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Lisle Letters.
13. Ibid.; L&P.
14. John Leland; Collectanea; Lisle Letters.
15. CSP: Spanish; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
16. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
17. L&P.
18. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
19. Lancelot de Carles.
20. CSP: Spanish.
21. One is in B.L. Harleian MSS.
22. L&P; Edward Hall; Charles Wriothesley; CSP: Spanish.
23. CSP: Spanish. A lace-trimmed christening robe, said to be Elizabeth’s, is at Sudeley Castle, but probably dates from the seventeenth century at the earliest.
24. Lancelot de Carles.
25. For the christening, see Edward Hall; L&P.
26. CSP: Spanish.
27. Suffolk renovated and modernized Grimsthorpe, and some of his works can still be seen there.
28. Both are in the Royal Collection.
29. Cronica del Rey Enrico.
30. CSP: Spanish.
31. In 1573, Beaulieu was granted by Elizabeth I to the Earl of Sussex, who rebuilt it. The north wing of his house still survives. The only remains of Henry VIII’s palace are in the cellars, apart from an oriel window which is now in St. Margaret’s Church, Westminster. Beaulieu was largely rebuilt in the eighteenth century, and in 1798 became a Catholic convent school. It was badly damaged by enemy action in 1943, but the Elizabethan façade has been restored.
32. L&P.
33. Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
34. Ibid.
35. State Papers; L&P.
36. L&P.
37. Ibid.; Lisle Letters.
38. B.L. Arundel MSS.
39. CSP: Spanish.
40. Ibid; L&P; quote cited by Bowle.
45 “The Image of God upon Earth”
1. Lisle Letters.
2. She had probably conceived in November 1533: her pregnancy was reported in Rome on 23 January 1534, the news having been presumably conveyed by her uncle, Lord William Howard, the newly arrived English ambassador.
3. L&P; Lisle Letters. The New Year’s gift roll for 1534 survives in the Public Record Office and lists all the gifts given and received by the King.
4. Lisle Letters; L&P.
5. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
6. Letter of Sir Thomas More, cited in Reynolds, The Field Is Won.
7. William Roper.
8. Only one example of this medal survives, in the British Museum. The nose is somewhat mutilated, yet the face shape is recognisably Anne’s.
9. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; PPE; History of the King’s Works.
10. PRO; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
11. L&P.
12. Now in the possession of the Dean and College of Windsor.
13. Foister; Dynasties.
14. Now in the Royal Collection.
15. L&P; CSP: Spanish.
16. Ibid.
17. L&P.
18. CSP: Spanish.
19. History of the King’s Works.
20. Strype.
21. PRO.
22. The Catholic Church today recognises fifty Henrician martyrs, among them More, Fisher, Margaret Pole, thirty-three monks, and eleven priests.
23. L&P.
24. Ibid. It was commissioned in 1535.
25. John Stow. The Survey of London; PRO.
26. John Foxe. This preaching place was demolished in 1649 under the Commonwealth.
27. L&P.
28. Ibid.; William Latimer.
29. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
30. This seal is now in the Public Record Office.
31. An example is in the British Museum.
32. CSP: Spanish.
33. Polydore Vergil.
34. Stephen Gardiner; De Vera Obedientia (1535).
35. L&P.
36. Ibid.
37. Now in the Royal Collection.
38. Now in the Royal Collection. Henry also owned portraits of Francis I and Eleanor of Austria by Joos van Cleve, which are still in the Royal Collection.
39. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
40. L&P; CSP: Spanish.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. L&P; Lisle Letters.
45. L&P; CSP: Spanish; Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies.
46. L&P.
47. Ibid.; Lisle Letters.
48. Lisle Letters.
46 “That Thin Old Woman”
1. Now in the Public Record Office.
2. William Latimer.
3. John Bale, The Laborious Journey and Search of John Leland for England’s Antiquities (London, 1549).
4. Ibid.
5. CSP: Spanish. William Latimer identifies her as Mary Shelton, who married Sir Anthony Heveningham in 1546 and is the subject of a portrait sketch by Holbein (Royal Collection).
6. CSP: Spanish.
7. William Latimer.
8. Ibid.
9. L&P; CSP: Spanish: Warnicke, The Lady Margaret.
10. CSP: Spanish; L&P; Henry Clifford.
11. L&P; Tudor Royal Proclamations.
12. William Latimer; Nicholas Bourbon; L&P.
13. Nicholas Bourbon.
14. Cited by Anglo; Loades, Tudor Court.
15. L&P; CSP: Spanish.
16. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
17. L&P.
18. More and Fisher were both canonised in 1935.
19. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
20. L&P.
21. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
22. Ibid.
23. Chobham Park was sold by Mary I to Nicholas Heath, Archbishop of York, in 1558. Nothing remains of the house today.
24. The manor of Hackney was later granted by Edward VI to Sir William Herbert.
25. Parts of Henry’s house were incorporated into the present Petworth House when it was built at the end of the seventeenth century.
26. The fireplace, doors, and cornice were replaced by Wren in 1700, and the original roundels were replaced with copies in the nineteenth century. The stained glass in the oriel window dates from 1841.
27. PRO; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; Inventory. A lead leaf and a Tudor rose were found during excavations at Greenwich, and are now in Nottingham University Museum.
28. CSP: Spanish.
29. See Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
30. The present Wulfhall is mainly Elizabethan, but incorporates some early sixteenth-century work. Tudor chimneys and mullioned windows may be seen in a house opposite, and may have come from Sir John Seymour’s house.
31. L&P; Seymour Papers.
32. L&P.
33. Ibid.
34. CSP: Spanish.
35. A sketch of Jane by Holbein is in the Royal Collection at Windsor. His finished portrait is in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, while what is thought to be a studio copy hangs in the Mauritshuis in The Hague. Holbein’s likeness is echoed in Lucas Horenbout’s miniature of Jane at Sudeley Castle.
36. CSP: Spanish.
37. L&P; Henry VIII: A European Court in England; Lisle Letters.
38. CSP: Spanish.
39. CSP: Venetian.
40. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Polydore Vergil.
46. CSP: Spanish; Edward Hall; Polydore Vergil; L&P; Lord Herbert of Cherbury; Henry Clifford.
47. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
48. Ibid. Charles Wriothesley also says Henry “had no hurt.”
49. Chiefly MacNalty.
50. CSP: Spanish.
51. Ibid. There is no contemporary evidence to support Warnicke’s elaborate theory that the foetus was deformed. Chapuys’s sources gave him a detailed description of it, and he would not have hesitated to make political capital of any abnormality.
52. L&P.
53. CSP: Spanish.
54. Ibid.
47 “Thunder Rolls around the Throne”
1. CSP: Spanish.
2. Ibid.
3. L&P.
4. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
5. L&P.
6. CSP: Spanish.
7. Loke, Account of Materials.
8. L&P; CSP: Spanish.
9. Statutes of the Realm.
10. L&P.
11. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. L&P; Strype; B.L. Cotton MSS.: Otho; B.L. Harleian MSS.
18. Charles Wriothesley.
19. CSP: Spanish; State Papers; L&P.
20. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
21. Thomas Wyatt: Collected Poems.
22. L&P.
23. Ibid.; Lisle Letters.
24. For the indictment, see L&P. Warnicke has suggested that the men accused with Anne Boleyn were all known to have indulged in criminal perversions and thus were easily framed, but there is no real evidence to support this theory.
25. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
26. L&P.
27. Cited in Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII.
28. CSP: Foreign, Elizabeth I; letter from Alexander Aless to Elizabeth I, 1 September 1559, now in the Public Record Office.
29. L&P; Strype; B.L. Cotton MSS.: Otho; B.L. Harleian MSS.
30. L&P.
31. Ibid.
32. George Constantine. Constantine was Norris’s servant, and had known Brereton since their youth.
33. Ibid.; Chronica del Rey Enrico.
34. Reports of Sir John Spelman; L&P.
35. L&P; Strype; B.L. Cotton MSS.: Otho; B.L. Harleian MSS.
36. George Constantine.
37. Edward Hall.
38. Ibid.
39. Sander says that Henry left in a rage after Anne dropped her handkerchief to Norris as a favour. Norris’s use of it to wipe the sweat from his face was seen by the King as evidence of intimacy. No contemporary source mentions this incident.
40. L&P.
41. Ashmole MSS., Bodleian Library.
42. L&P; Strype; B.L. Cotton MSS.: Otho; B.L. Harleian MSS.
43. State Papers; George Constantine; L&P.
44. Lancelot de Carles; Henry Clifford; Lord Herbert of Cherbury; Gilbert Burnet.
45. Excerpta Historica.
46. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
47. L&P; Lisle Letters; PPE.
48. L&P.
49. Ibid.
50. Letters and Accounts of William Brereton.
51. George Cavendish, Metrical Visions.
52. L&P; Lisle Letters.
53. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
57. Now the official residence of the Governor of the Tower. The Queen’s House is not called after Anne Boleyn, but is known as the King’s House or the Queen’s House according to the gender of the current monarch. The rooms occupied by Anne have been preserved; a carving of her first name is to be seen in the stonework of the fireplace in her bedchamber.
58. Chronicle of Calais; Excerpta Historica; William Thomas; Charles Wriothesley.
59. See Loades, Tudor Court.
60. CSP: Spanish.
61. Edward Hall.
62. L&P; CSP: Spanish.
63. L&P.
64. B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian; Original Letters, ed. Ellis; L&P.
65. L&P; Lisle Letters.
48 “Bound to Obey and Serve”
1. Statutes of the Ream.
2. Charles Wriothesley.
3. CSP: Spanish.
4. L&P.
5. CSP: Spanish.
6. Edward Hall.
7. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
8. L&P.
9. CSP: Spanish.
10. L&P.
11. Ibid.
12. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
13. L&P.
14. This tale was recounted by the eighteenth-century antiquary and art historian George Vertue, who had access to sources now lost to us, and is recorded by Horace Walpole in Anecdotes of Painting in England.
15. L&P.
16. Charles Wriothesley.
17. Cited in L. B. Smith, Henry VII: The Mask of Royalty.
18. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
19. Charles Wriothesley.
20. CSP: Spanish.
21. Ibid.
22. Lisle Letters.
23. CSP: Spanish.
24. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; PRO. Some of Anne’s emblems were too inaccessible to remove, or were overlooked: her initials, entwined with Henry’s, are still to be seen on the vaulted ceiling above the entrance to Anne Boleyn’s gateway at Hampton Court and in the roof timbers of the great hall, and her falcon badge survives on the rood screen in King’s College Chapel, Cambridge.
25. PRO.
26. B.L. Additional MSS.
27. Inventory.
28. Now in the Royal Collection.
29. Both sketches are in the Royal Collection.
30. Lisle Letters.
31. This cup was recorded in royal inventories until the reign of Charles I, who, in 1629, had it melted down to raise funds. Holbein’s preliminary design is in the British Museum, and his more elaborate finished presentation drawing is in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.
32. Jane’s portrait is in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna; Henry’s is in the Thyssen Collection at Lugano. The portraits may have formed a diptych: one of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour is recorded in the King’s Inventory. However, they are not a matching pair, and it may be that one or the other was part of the diptych, and that the corresponding portrait is now lost.
33. More than 250 of his designs survive in the British Museum, in the Ashmolean Museum, and at Basel.
34. See chapter 50.
35. L&P; Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary.
36. Suffolk Place was given by Mary I to the Archbishop of York in 1556. Few traces of the house remain today.
37. Anne of Cleves died there in 1557. In 1639, Chelsea Palace was alienated from the Crown. Nothing remains of it today.
38. Durham House was kept in repair throughout the Tudor period, but demolished in the mid seventeenth century.
39. Copt Hall was given by Edward VI to Mary Tudor in 1548. It was rebuilt in 1758, but later destroyed by fire. Only ruins remain.
49 “The Suppression of the Religious Houses”
1. L&P; B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
2. L&P.
3. Cited by Muir and Mason
4. CSP: Spanish.
5. Cited in The Hamilton Papers (ed. J. Bain, Edinburgh, 1890–1892.
6. A portrait by Holbein of a lady thought to be Elizabeth Seymour that descended in the Cromwell family and is now in Toledo, Ohio, was in the nineteenth century incorrectly identified as one of Katherine Howard. A copy is in the National Portrait Gallery.
7. L&P; State Papers.
8. John Foxe.
9. The present house is a seventeenth-century reconstruction on a much larger scale. Audley also converted an Augustinian friary in Aldgate into a London town house, but this has long since disappeared.
10. Browne was also granted the Priory of St. Mary Overy in Southwark (now Southwark Cathedral), which he converted into a town house.
11. Colvin. The gateway and ruins of the royal apartments have survived. In 1896, the Old Palace at Canterbury was built by Archbishop Temple using building materials from Henry VIII’s palace, which had been alienated from the Crown in 1612.
12. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library. Dartford was granted to Anne of Cleves on Henry’s death, and to Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, in 1606. A brick gate and part of the outer court are all that survive.
13. It was sold by Mary I in 1554.
14. Letters to Cromwell. Reading remained in use as a royal residence until the reign of Charles I. It was mostly destroyed in 1643, during the civil war, but a few ruins remain in Forbury Gardens, while the gatehouse is used as a museum.
15. History of the King’s Works. It stood on the present Friary Street, but was ruinous by 1603 and was demolished in 1607.
16. Edward VI granted it in 1548 to George Brooke, Lord Cobham, but it had been demolished by 1558.
17. L&P; B.L. Additional MSS.; PRO; John Stow, Annals; Charles Wriothesley.
18. L&P.
19. Ibid.
20. CSP: Spanish.
21. L&P.
22. Ibid.
23. Newcastle MSS., Nottingham University Library.
24. L&P.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Charles Wriothesley.
28. CSP: Spanish.
29. There is a later story that she was publicly received back at court on 17 December, but since it is clear that she returned in October, this must be apocryphal (CSP: Spanish).
30. L&P.
31. Rooms were set aside for Mary at Ampthill, Enfield, Guildford, Woking, Otford, and Westenhanger. L&P; CSP: Spanish; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
32. Cited in Neville Williams, The Court of Henry VIII.
33. Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary.
34. Henry Clifford.
35. Later versions are at Knole, Parham Park, and Castle Howard.
36. Cited in Robinson, Dukes of Norfolk.
37. CSP: Spanish.
50 “The Most Joyful News”
1. Edward Hall.
2. De Unitate Eclesiae.
3. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
4. L&P.
5. B.L. Cotton MSS.: Cleopatra.
6. L&P.
7. Ibid.
8. Kybett.
9. L&P.
10. Ibid.; Brewer.
11. L&P.
12. Ibid.
13. Charing was not used by Henry VIII or his successors. It fell into neglect and was alienated from the Crown in 1629. The remains of the palace may be seen near the parish church.
14. Knole: Official Guidebook.
15. It is not certain whether this court and the tower were first built by Archbishop Morton, Archbishop Warham, or Henry VIII. Under Mary I, Knole passed to the Sackville family. It was vastly extended and remodelled by Thomas Sackville, first Earl of Dorset, in 1603–1608, and is now the largest private house in England.
16. Knole: Official Guidebook.
17. Otford rapidly decayed after Henry’s death; by 1549, the lead had already been stripped from the roofs of the hall, presence chamber, and privy chamber. It was sold by Elizabeth I to a local gentleman. Parts of the north entrance range of the outer court remain, consisting chiefly of a three-storey, red-brick, hexagonal tower that stood on the northwest corner of the palace complex and now rises stark, roofless, and derelict in the middle of a field. Its floors have long disappeared, but the fireplaces on each storey may be seen through the windows. Some other buildings have been incorporated into nearby Castle Farm; part of Archbishop Warham’s cloistered gallery with its red-brick floor has been converted into cottages. Otford has been the subject of an archaeological excavation.
18. See chapter 52.
19. PRO
20. Oatlands remained a favoured royal residence until the reign of Charles I, but was sold and largely demolished under the Commonwealth. In 1660, the remaining buildings were given to Queen Henrietta Maria, who converted them into a lodge, which was destroyed by fire in the eighteenth century. Some foundations remain underground beneath the council housing estate that now occupies the site. Parts of the red-brick wall and the gateway to the stables may be seen in Gate Road, off Weybridge High Street. The site was excavated in the 1960s. A picture of Oatlands may be seen in the background of a portrait of Anne of Denmark, wife of James I, by Paul van Somer (Royal Collection).
21. In the Royal Collection and at Petworth House, Sussex.
22. Known as the Chatsworth Cartoon, it is now in the National Portrait Gallery.
23. Karel van Mander.
24. L&P.
25. Ibid.; Lisle Letters.
26. L&P.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.; Lisle Letters.
29. Ibid.
30. L&P.
31. Chronica del Rey Enrico.
32. L&P.
33. PRO.
34. The ceiling remains today, the most splendid example of its kind in England, but the rest of the chapel was refitted by Wren in the late seventeenth century. The gallery was remodelled, but the holyday closets survive, as does a fragment of the original floor. The ceiling of the King’s holyday closet is still in good condition. The gold stars on the chapel ceiling were added on the advice of Augustus Pugin in the nineteenth century, when the ceiling was restored and the windows replaced in the positions they had occupied in Henry’s day. The Tudor glass, however, was all destroyed under the Commonwealth.
35. For the christening, see B.L. Cotton MSS.: Julius; Edward Hall; L&P; Charles Wriothesley; John Leland, Collectanea.
36. Charles Wriothesley.
37. Holbein’s painting was probably lost in the fire which destroyed Cowdray House in 1793 (only ruins remain). A copy is in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Holbein’s original portrait sketch is in the Royal Collection.
38. L&P.
39. Cited by Fraser.
40. L&P.
41. Ibid.; Hall.
42. B.L. Additional MSS.; John Leland, Collectanea.
43. L&P.
44. Ibid.
45. Anne Basset transferred to the household of the Countess of Sussex.
46. Edward Hall.
47. L&P.
51 “The Very Pearl of the Realm”
1. Katherine was a connection of the Boleyns. She later married John Ashley, or Astley. Both remained in Elizabeth’s service until their deaths.
2. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court. Lady Margaret and her husband Sir Thomas Bryan received grants of monastic lands in Buckinghamshire in recognition of her good service to the King’s three children.
3. Bodleian Library MSS.; Thurley, Royal Palace. The canopy was recorded during a visit to the More, but was probably a feature of all the Prince’s cradles.
4. Literary Remains of Edward VI. Edward’s lodgings were largely rebuilt after a fire in 1886, which destroyed forty rooms in Chapel Court.
5. Collection of Ordinances.
6. L&P.
7. B.L. Additional MSS.; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; L&P.
8. PRO. James I may have been following the precedent set by Henry VIII when he gave St. James’s Palace to his son, Henry, Prince of Wales, as an official residence (History of the King’s Works; Strong; Thurley, Royal Palace).
9. L&P.
10. Still in the Royal Collection.
11. CSP: Spanish.
12. Edward Hall.
13. Lisle Letters; L&P.
14. L&P.
15. Ibid. Only the west range of Hatfield Old Palace survives; it contains the great hall (now used as a restaurant) with its original Tudor stained glass windows, a gatehouse with traces of sixteenth-century wall paintings, and various domestic chambers. The palace was granted to Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, in 1607. He demolished most of it and used the materials to help build the present Hatfield House, which stands opposite.
16. It burned down in 1773.
17. History of the King’s Works. It was granted to the Earl of Dunbar in 1605.
18. Hatfield MSS.
19. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
20. Cited in Maurice Howard, The Early Tudor Country House.
21. Various pictures of Nonsuch survive: a late sixteenth-century drawing by Joris Hoefnagel (British Library) shows the elaborate south front, encompassing the inner court, while an anonymous early seventeenth-century painting in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, shows the more conventional entrance façade to the outer court. Nonsuch became one of Elizabeth I’s favourite residences, yet this astonishing palace lasted for only 140 years. The Stuarts did not like it, and it was confiscated by Oliver Cromwell. At the Restoration, Charles II gave it to his mother, Queen Henrietta Maria, who died in 1669. Samuel Pepys visited Nonsuch in 1663 and found the gardens in ruins; when John Evelyn dined in the palace two years later, it was still in good repair. Both diarists marvelled at the Renaissance reliefs on the outer walls. In 1670, however, Charles II gave Nonsuch to his mistress, Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland. Later, after he had discarded her, she had the palace demolished, divided up the park into farms, and sold off the lot. Most of the original park has now been built over; only a small part survives, the present Nonsuch Park at Cheam, Surrey. The Tudor banqueting houses, like the palace, have long since vanished. The palace site was excavated in 1959–1960, when the layout of the house was discovered. The foundations then exposed are now underground in Nonsuch Park; the site is marked by a plaque. Some stonework and pottery uncovered during the dig are on display in the Tudor house known as Whitehall in Cheam, which has associations with the palace, and at Bourne Hall, Ewell. An inlaid wooden chest from the palace is also at Bourne Hall; its decoration is said to mimic the architecture of Nonsuch.
22. History of the King’s Works.
23. William Camden.
52 “A Sort of Knaves”
1. L&P.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
4. L&P.
5. Now in the National Gallery.
6. L&P: CSP: Spanish.
7. L&P.
8. John Foxe; L&P.
9. L&P.
10. Henry Pole died in the Tower in about 1542. Edward Courtenay remained a prisoner there for nearly fifteen years, being released only on the accession of Mary I in 1553.
11. L&P.
12. Cited in Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII.
13. A copy of the lost original, by one of Holbein’s followers, is in the possession of the Courtauld Institute, London.
14. Thomas Fuller.
15. CSP: Spanish.
16. Michell. Beddington was granted to Thomas, Lord Darcy, in 1552 by Edward VI.
17. Examples of the Great Bible are in the British Library and the Royal Collection at Windsor.
18. L&P.
19. Now in the Victoria and Albert Museum.
20. L&P.
21. Charles Wriothesley.
22. Acts of the Privy Council.
23. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; Nottingham University Library MSS.; L&P; PRO.
24. L&P; PPE. Ashridge, which was alienated in 1575 to Thomas, Lord Ellesmere, was in ruins by the late eighteenth century. What was left of it was cleared in 1808–1814, when a neo-Gothic mansion, designed by James Wyatt, was built on the site. This is now a college.
25. Elsynge, which stood near to the surviving Jacobean mansion Forty Hall, has disappeared. It was decaying by the late sixteenth century and was demolished under the Commonwealth. Trent Park is all that remains of its grounds. The foundations of one range of the Tudor house were excavated in the 1960s.
26. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library. Edward VI demolished the manor house, which was located opposite the church on the present High Street, and in its place built Enfield Palace, which he granted to his sister Elizabeth in 1550. Much of Edward’s palace was pulled down in the early seventeenth century, but parts survived until the 1920s.
27. It was extensively altered in the seventeenth century.
53 “Nourishing Love”
1. Collection of Ordinances. Mary I abolished the office of Lord Great Master and restored that of Lord Steward. Two of the Masterships of the Household lapsed on Henry VIII’s death because they had been allocated to the Queen’s side, and Edward VI never married.
2. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
3. Edward Hall.
4. Palmer’s portrait is in a private collection; Parr’s is in the Royal Collection.
5. PRO; B.L. Royal MSS.
6. Henry’s psalter is now in the British Library.
7. After Henry’s death, Somers remained at court, acting in masques and interludes for Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. After he retired, Queen Elizabeth did not employ any more fools, preferring more sophisticated entertainment. Somers was therefore the last court jester.
8. L&P.
9. Ibid.
10. Collection of Ordinances.
11. State Papers.
12. Lisle Letters.
13. Ibid.
14. L&P.
15. Ibid.
16. Chronicle of Calais.
17. Edward Hall.
18. L&P.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Now in the National Gallery of Art, Washington.
54 “Displeasant Airs”
1. L&P.
2. Ibid. There is no surviving contemporary evidence that Henry ever referred to Anne of Cleves as “the Flanders mare.” This story dates from the late seventeenth century, when it was first written by Bishop Burnet, who quotes no source for it.
3. L&P; Correspondance politique, ed. Kaulek (hereafter referred to as CP, ed. Kaulek).
4. L&P.
5. Edward Hall. Hall is the chief source for the reception of Anne of Cleves.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. L&P.
9. Edward Hall.
10. Ibid.; L&P.
11. Ibid.
12. Now in the Burrell Collection, Glasgow Museums.
13. L&P.
14. Ibid.; Strype.
15. Ibid.
16. Under Mary I, Anne was to become a Roman Catholic. She died in 1557.
17. Now in the Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, D.C.
18. Holbein’s designs for nine such jewels are in the British Museum.
19. L&P.
20. Charles Wriothesley.
21. History of the King’s Works. The Tudor ceiling survives, although the chapel was enlarged, panelled, and redecorated in 1836–1840, when the box pews were installed and the royal closet reduced in size. The chapel was damaged by enemy action during the Second World War, but is now fully restored. St. James’s Palace became a favourite royal residence in the seventeenth century, when Sir Christopher Wren enlarged it and added the great staircase. After Whitehall burned down in 1698, St. James’s became the sovereign’s chief London residence, remaining so until it was superseded by Buckingham Palace in the late eighteenth century; ambassadors are still accredited to the Court of St. James’s today. Much of St. James’s Palace was destroyed by a fire in 1809. The present St. James’s Park was designed by John Nash in 1827.
22. Lisle Letters.
23. L&P. The gabled west wall and the great rose window of the fourteenth-century Bishop’s Hall are all that survive of this once vast mediaeval palace.
24. Narratives of the Reformation, ed. Nichols.
25. CP, ed. Kaulek; L&P.
26. The original miniature is in the Royal Collection, while Holbein’s copy is in the collection of the Duke of Buccleuch.
27. CP, ed. Kaulek; L&P.
28. Roberts; Princely Magnificence catalogue.
29. CSP: Spanish.
30. L&P.
31. Ibid.
32. Cited in Loades, Tudor Court.
33. Lisle Letters; L&P.
34. CP, ed. Kaulek; L&P.
35. Lisle Letters.
36. Original Letters, ed. Ellis; L&P.
37. L&P.
38. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
39. L&P.
40. Ibid.
55 “I Have Been Young, and Now Am Old”
1. L&P.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.; CP, ed. Kaulek.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Now at the Tower of London and Windsor Castle. The foot armour in the Tower has decorative borders designed by Holbein.
7. L&P.
8. Ibid.; CP, ed. Kaulek; English Historical Documents.
9. CP, ed. Kaulek; L&P.
10. L&P.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. The reformer Philip Melanchthon, quoted in L&P.
14. L&P.
15. Ibid.
16. Stephen Gardiner, Letters.
17. L&P.
18. State Papers.
19. L&P.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.; CP, ed. Kaulek.
22. Ibid.
23. Nicholas Sander.
24. Statutes of the Realm.
25. L&P.
26. B.L. Royal MSS.
27. L&P.
28. Ibid.; CP, ed. Kaulek.
29. When the book was reprinted in 1545, after Katherine Howard’s execution, the dedication to her was omitted.
30. L&P; CP, ed. Kaulek.
31. L&P.
32. Ibid.; CP, ed. Kaulek.
33. Seymour Papers; State Papers.
34. CP, ed. Kaulek; L&P.
35. L&P.
36. State Papers.
37. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
38. L&P; PRO; Literary Remains of Edward VI; Seymour Papers; State Papers; B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
39. State Papers; PRO.
40. CP, ed. Kaulek; L&P.
41. L&P.
42. State Papers.
43. Collection of Ordinances.
44. L&P; Weir, Margaret Douglas.
56 “Is Not the Queen Abed Yet?”
1. CP, ed. Kaulek; L&P.
2. Acts of the Privy Council.
3. PRO; B.L. Harleian MSS.
4. Acts of the Privy Council.
5. L&P.
6. Now in the British Museum.
7. B.L. Royal MSS.; State Papers; B.L. Additional MSS.
8. In 1698, Whitehall Palace was destroyed by a fire accidentally started by a laundry maid who left washing to dry over an open fire. The Holbein Gate survived the fire, but was demolished in 1749–1750 when the thoroughfare now known as Whitehall was widened. The palace was never rebuilt, and government offices occupy much of the site. The only surviving Tudor building is the underground wine cellar.
9. The only part of the original clock to survive today is the face. The mechanism has been repaired and replaced several times over the centuries, and the clock still works. During the 1830s, William IV had the face replaced with one taken from a clock at St. James’s Palace, but the original was later restored under Queen Victoria.
10. Cited by C.R.N. Routh.
11. Westenhanger was alienated from the Crown in 1585 and is still in private hands. The extensive ruins of the castle incorporate an eighteenth-century house.
12. L&P.
13. Ibid.
14. CP, ed. Kaulek; L&P; Raphael Holinshed.
15. Statutes of the Realm.
16. L&P; CP, ed. Kaulek; CSP: Spanish.
17. CP, ed. Kaulek; L&P.
18. CSP: Spanish.
19. L&P.
20. CP, ed. Kaulek; L&P.
21. Ibid.
22. Cited by John Scarisbrick.
23. L&P.
24. CP, ed. Kaulek; L&P.
25. L&P.
26. It is unclear from the few surviving records exactly what works were carried out. Most of the monastic buildings had disappeared by 1562, and the King’s Manor was largely rebuilt before 1600.
27. L&P.
28. Ibid.; State Papers.
29. B.L. Cotton MSS.: Augustus.
30. L&P.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
57 “Little, Sweet Fool”
1. L&P.
2. Acts of the Privy Council.
3. L&P.
4. Ibid.; Acts of the Privy Council.
5. L&P.
6. Thurley, Royal Palaces.
7. CP, ed. Kaulek; L&P.
8. L&P.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.; Edward Hall.
11. Now in the Public Record Office; State Papers.
12. L&P.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.; CP, ed. Kaulek.
15. L&P.
16. Ibid.
17. Edward Hall.
18. State Papers.
19. L&P; Edward Hall.
20. Edward Hall.
21. CSP: Spanish.
22. Ibid.
23. Nicander Nucius.
24. L&P.
25. Ibid.; CP, ed. Kaulek.
26. Ibid.
27. CSP: Spanish.
28. L&P; CP, ed. Kaulek.
29. Chronica del Rey Enrico.
30. L&P.
31. Statutes of the Realm.
32. CSP: Spanish.
33. L&P; CP, ed. Kaulek.
34. CSP: Spanish.
35. L&P.
58 “A Nest of Heretics”
1. L&P; CSP: Spanish.
2. L&P.
3. Wyatt’s poems, and Surrey’s, were first published in 1557 in Tottel’s Miscalleny.
4. L&P.
5. After Browne’s death, she married, in about 1552, Edward, Lord Clinton, future Earl of Lincoln (d.1585), who had previously been married to Elizabeth Blount. Elizabeth died in 1590, and was buried alongside Clinton in St. George’s Chapel, Windsor.
6. Cowdray was destroyed by fire in 1793; extensive ruins remain.
7. L&P.
8. Edward Hall.
9. L&P; Acts of the Privy Council; B.L. Harleian MSS.
10. B.L. Sloane MSS.
11. PRO.
12. CSP: Spanish.
13. L&P.
14. CSP: Spanish.
15. A lock of her hair, taken from her coffin in the eighteenth century, is preserved at Sudeley Castle.
16. L&P.
17. Marbeck later wrote the musical setting for Edward VI’s first Book of Common Prayer. He died in about 1585. The fifteenth-century house where he lived still survives at Windsor, and is still lived in by the organist of St. George’s Chapel.
18. Edward Hall.
19. Narratives of the Reformation, ed. Nichols.
20. Ibid.
21. For the heresy purge of 1543, see L&P, John Foxe, Edward Hall, and Acts of the Privy Council.
22. Cited in Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII.
23. State Papers; L&P.
24. L&P; only the gatehouse survives today.
25. Cited in Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. John Foxe.
29. B.L. Cotton MSS.: Cleopatra.
30. L&P.
31. Statutes of the Realm.
59 “The Good Expectations of the King’s Majesty”
1. L&P.
2. Ibid.
3. Anne was later granted a pension by Edward VI for her good services to Katherine Parr. She served Mary I as a lady-in-waiting, and in 1554 married Walter Hungerford, a Gentleman Pensioner. She died before 1557.
4. Chronica del Rey Enrico.
5. L&P.
6. Ibid.
7. Ashdown. The Duchess fled England in 1554 to escape the Marian persecution. She returned on the accession of Elizabeth I in 1558, and died in 1580.
8. L&P.
9. John Foxe.
10. L&P.
11. PRO.
12. B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
13. Tudor Royal Proclamations.
14. PRO.
15. This is the only one of Henry’s many hunting lodges to survive today.
16. The King sat for Holbein in 1542. The painting was finished by less competent artists after Holbein’s death, with the result that Henry’s figure is disproportionately large, making the overall design look mediaeval. The picture is still in the possession of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.
17. PRO.
18. Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary. Both portraits are in the National Portrait Gallery. That of Katherine Parr was formerly incorrectly identified as Lady Jane Grey, although it had been known as Katherine Parr since at least the eighteenth century (B.L. Additional MSS.). The incorrect identification was made on the assumption that the coronet jewel on the sitter’s breast is identical to that in a well-attested engraving of Lady Jane Grey, but the pendant at her neck is the same as that in the National Portrait Gallery portrait of Katherine Parr. As Katherine was the wife of Lady Jane’s guardian, she probably gave or bequeathed to Jane the coronet brooch. The sitter in the portrait attributed to Master John is a mature woman, and cannot have been Lady Jane, who was under ten, and notoriously undersized for her age, when it was painted.
19. Now in the National Portrait Gallery. The landscape background was probably added in the seventeenth century.
20. PRO. See the unknown man (c.1545) in the National Portrait Gallery and Sir William Cavendish (also c.1545) at Hardwick Hall. Bettes also painted William, the eldest son of Sir William Butts, in 1543. Bettes’s son, John Bettes the Younger (d.1616), was a pupil of Nicholas Hilliard and one of the foremost artists of the Elizabethan/Jacobean period. His son, Edward Bettes (d.1661), was also a painter.
21. She later served as gentlewoman to both Mary I and Elizabeth I, for whom she painted several miniatures. She died in 1576.
22. Now in the National Portrait Gallery.
23. CSP: Spanish.
24. B.L. Additional MSS.: Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
25. Literary Remains of Edward VI.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Now in the Public Record Office.
30. B.L. Additional MSS.
31. L&P.
32. The clock salt no longer exists, but Holbein’s design for it is in the British Museum.
33. Now in the Bodleian Library, Oxford.
34. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
60 “The Enterprise of Boulogne”
1. Statutes of the Realm.
2. L&P.
3. PRO; Fraser.
4. CSP: Spanish.
5. Ibid.; Archaeologia.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. L&P.
9. John Foxe.
10. This was Lord Darnley, who would later become the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the father of James VI and I.
11. L&P. Katherine would spend much time at Chelsea and Hanworth during her widowhood. Chelsea, which was surrounded by twenty-nine gardens, was demolished around 1700.
12. L&P.
13. Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
14. Ibid.
15. Rutland Papers.
16. Acts of the Privy Council.
17. L&P.
18. PRO. Leeds was alienated from the Crown in 1552. It was restored in 1822, and more extensively in the twentieth century by Lady Baillie, its late owner.
61 “The Worst Legs in the World”
1. The picture is still in the Royal Collection, but now hangs at Hampton Court.
2. Copies are in the Royal Collection, Windsor, the British Museum, and the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.
3. Now in the collection of Lord Weidenfeld.
4. L&P.
5. Ibid.
6. Stephen Gardiner, Letters.
7. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
8. Letters of Henry VIII.
9. John Foxe.
10. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
11. PRO; L&P.
12. CP, ed. Kaulek.
13. CSP: Spanish.
14. John Foxe.
15. CSP: Spanish. Chapuys died in 1546.
16. L&P.
17. Ibid.
18. CSP: Spanish.
19. The house was greatly enlarged in the reign of James I.
20. L&P.
21. It was badly vandalised, and perhaps totally destroyed, during Robert Kett’s rebellion of 1549. No trace remains of it today.
22. L&P.
23. Ibid.; Acts of the Privy Council.
24. See Warnicke, Women of the English Renaissance.
25. CSP: Spanish.
26. Edward Hall.
27. L&P.
28. The dry stamp is now in the Public Record Office.
29. L&P.
62 “Painful Service”
1. “A New Year’s Gift” was edited by John Bale and published in 1549 under the title The Laborious Journey and Search of John Leland for England’s Antiquities (now in the British Library). Leland’s notes were collected and edited by Thomas Hearne in the early eighteenth century, and published at Oxford in 1710–1715.
2. Thomas Cranmer, Miscellaneous Writings and Letters; John Foxe.
3. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
4. L&P; Memoires de Martin et Guillaume du Bellay; State Papers.
5. L&P.
6. Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
7. Acts of the Privy Council.
8. John Foxe.
9. CSP: Spanish.
10. L&P.
11. John Foxe.
12. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
13. CSP: Spanish.
14. L&P.
15. Edward Hall.
16. John Foxe.
17. PRO; Inventory.
18. L&P.
19. CSP: Spanish.
20. Ibid.
21. State Papers; L&P; Gilbert Burnet.
22. L&P.
23. CSP: Spanish.
24. Correspondance politique de Odet de Selve.
25. CSP: Spanish.
26. Ibid.
27. Chronicle and Political Papers of King Edward VI.
28. John Foxe.
29. For the Admiral’s visit, see CSP: Spanish; Charles Wriothesley; Edward Hall.
30. B.L. Additional MSS.; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
31. L&P.
32. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
33. Loseley MSS.
34. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
35. L&P.
36. Ibid.
37. Acts of the Privy Council.
38. CSP: Spanish.
39. L&P.
40. Stephen Gardiner; Letters.
41. L&P.
42. L&P.
63 “The Rarest Man That Lived in His Time”
1. L&P.
2. Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
3. State Papers; L&P.
4. CSP: Spanish.
5. L&P; State Papers.
6. L&P; Chronica del Rey Enrico.
7. L&P.
8. Ibid.; B.L. Stowe MSS.; B.L. Harleian MSS.; CSP: Spanish.
9. CSP: Spanish; Chronica del Rey Enrico.
10. L&P.
11. CSP: Spanish.
12. PRO.
13. L&P.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
18. CPS: Spanish.
19. Edward Hall; John Foxe.
20. The original Will is in the Public Record Office, and is printed in Rymer’s Foedera. See CSP: Spanish; John Foxe; B.L. Harleian MSS.; B.L. Additional MSS.; Gilbert Burnet.
21. L&P.
22. Cf Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII; Elton; Scarisbrick; L. B. Smith, Henry VIII: The Mask of Royalty.
23. L&P.
24. Ibid.
25. Correspondance politique de Odet de Selve.
26. CSP: Spanish.
27. Henry VIII’s Will.
28. State Papers.
29. Chronica del Rey Enrico; Charles Wriothesley; Chronicle of the Grey Friars.
30. L&P.
31. Ibid.
32. Correspondance politique de Odet de Selve; Chronicle and Political Papers of King Edward VI.
33. Acts of the Privy Council; CSP: Spanish.
34. Chronica del Rey Enrico.
35. He was buried in Framlingham Church, where his remains were found in 1835.
36. CSP: Spanish.
37. CSP: Spanish.
38. William Thomas; Chronica del Rey Enrico.
39. CSP: Spanish.
40. Journals of the House of Lords.
41. William Thomas; Chronica del Rey Enrico; Correspondance politique de Odet de selve. Norfolk remained in the Tower throughout the six years of Edward VI’s reign, and was released and restored in blood on the accession of Mary I in 1553. He died in 1554.
42. John Foxe.
43. Ibid.
44. B.L. Cotton MSS.: Titus.
45. CSP: Spanish.
46. Tytler.
47. Strype; Tighe; Henry VIII’s Will; Charles Wriothesley.
48. Henry VIII’s Will.
49. William Thomas.
50. John Stow claims that 72,000 persons were executed in Henry VIII’s reign, but this is a gross exaggeration.
List of Illustrations
1. Portrait of Henry VIII, c.1509, English School (The Berger Collection at the Denver Art Museum/Bridgeman Art Library)
2. Detail from Greenwich Palace, artist unknown (Kingston Lacey Estate/National Trust Photographic Library)
3. Detail from Richmond Palace from across the Thames, by Anthony van Wyngaerde (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford/Bridgeman)
4. Pastime with Good Company, song by Henry VIII, Add. MSS. 31922 ff.14v-15 (British Library)
5. Terracotta Roundel of Emperor Vitellius, by Giovanni Maiano from Hampton Court (© Crown Copyright: Historic Royal Palaces)
6. Portrait of a Man in Royal Livery, by Hans Holbein the Younger (Copyright © 2001 by The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Bequest of Mary Stillman Harkness, 1950. 50.145.24)
7. Thomas Wolsey, artist unknown (National Portrait Gallery, London)
8. Henry VIII, detail from The Battle of the Spurs (The Royal Collection © 2001, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II)
9. Henry VIII’s writing desk with painted decoration, by Lucas Horenbout (V&A Picture Library)
10. Wedding Portrait of Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon, Duke of Su folk, artist unknown (By kind permission of the Marquess of Tavistock and the Trustees of the Bedford Estate)
11. Sir Henry Guildford, by Hans Holbein the Younger (The Royal Collection © 2001, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II)
12. Design for a Pageant at Greenwich, Christmas 1524 (College of Arms)
13. Sir Nicholas Carew, by Hans Holbein the Younger (Collection of The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry KT)
14. Sir Thomas More, artist unknown, after Hans Holbein (National Portrait Gallery, London)
15. Desiderius Erasmus, by Hans Holbein the Younger (Louvre, Paris/AKG/Erich Lessing)
16. Nicolaus Kratzer, by Hans Holbein the Younger (Louvre/AKG/Erich Lessing)
17. Edward Sta ford, Duke of Buckingham, artist unknown (Master and Fellows, Magdalene College, Cambridge)
18. Field of Cloth of Gold, artist unknown (The Royal Collection © 2001, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II)
19. Katherine of Aragon, by Lucas Horenbout (National Portrait Gallery, London)
20. Anne Boleyn, by John Hoskins (Collection of The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry KT)
21. Jane Seymour, by Lucas Horenbout (Sudeley Castle)
22. Anne of Cleves, by Hans Holbein the Younger (V&A Picture Library)
23. Portrait of a Lady called Katherine Howard, by Hans Holbein the Younger (The Royal Collection © 2001, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II)
24. Katherine Parr, by Lucas Horenbout (Christie’s Images)
25. Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire (?), by Hans Holbein the Younger (The Royal Collection © 2001, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II)
26. Mary Boleyn, artist unknown (Hever Castle/Bridgeman)
27. Sir Thomas Wyatt, by Hans Holbein the Younger (The Royal Collection © 2001 Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II)
28. Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk, by Hans Holbein the Younger (The Royal Collection © 2001, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II)
29. Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, by Gerlach Flicke (National Portrait Gallery, London)
30. Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, artist unknown (Hulton Collection)
31. Thomas Cromwell, first Earl of Essex, after Hans Holbein the Younger (National Portrait Gallery, London)
32. Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond, by Lucas Horenbout (The Royal Collection © 2001, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II)
33. Design for a gold cup for Jane Seymour, by Hans Holbein the Younger (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford/Bridgeman)
34. Fragments of a leather mâché frieze from Hampton Court (© Crown Copyright: Historic Royal Palaces)
35. Whitehall Palace, by Anthony van Wyngaerde (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford/ Bridgeman)
36. Henry VII, Elizabeth of York, Henry VIII, and Jane Seymour: copy of Hans Holbein’s lost Whitehall mural, by Remigius van Leemput (The Royal Collection © 2001, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II)
37. Detail from Hampton Court Palace, the South Front, by Hendrick Danckerts (The Royal Collection © 2001, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II)
38. The Great Hall, Hampton Court Palace (© Crown Copyright: Historic Royal Palaces)
39. The Chapel Royal, Hampton Court Palace (© Crown Copyright : Historic Royal Palaces)
40. Henry VIII dining in the Privy Chamber, artist unknown (British Museum)
41. Sir William Butts,by Hans Holbein the Younger (Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston/Bridgeman)
42. Detail from View of Nonsuch Palace in the Time of King James I, Flemish School (Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge/Bridgeman)
43. Henry VIII, Jane Seymour, Prince Edward, the Lady Mary, and the Lady Elizabeth: the Whitehall Fanily Group, artist unknown (The Royal Collection © 2001, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II)
44. Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, attributed to Guillim Scrots (National Portrait Gallery, London)
45. Willam Paget, first Baron Paget, attributed to Master of the Statthalterin Madonna (National Portrait Gallery, London)
46. Henry VIII reading in his Bedchamber, Royal MSS. 2 A XVI f.3 (British Library/ Bridgeman)