NOTES

PROLOGUE

  1. J. H. Elliott, Imperial Spain: 1469–1716 (London: Penguin, 1990), p. 103.

ONE: A BIRTH WITHOUT FANFARE

  1. Nancy Rubin, Isabella of Castile: The First Renaissance Queen (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), p. 16.

  2. King of Castile Don Juan II to the City of Segovia on the birth of his daughter Isabel, Madrid, April 23, 1451, Archivo Exmo, Ayuntamiento de Segovia.

  3. Jerónimo Zurita, Anales de Aragon (Zaragoza: Instituto “Fernando el Católico” [C.S.I.C.] de le Exma Diputación Provincial, 1975), vol. 6, p. 33, “that they had been given herbs,” poisonous herbs, by Luna.

  4. Fernán Pérez de Guzmán, Comienza la crónica del serenísimo príncipe Don Juan, segundo rey deste nombre (Madrid: Librería y Casa Editorial Hernando, 1930), p. 633.

  5. Peggy K. Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 17.

  6. Rubin, Isabella of Castile, p. 19.

  7. Ibid.

  8. Didier T. Jaén, John II of Castile and the Grand Master Álvaro de Luna (Madrid: Editorial Castalia, 1978), pp. 189–90.

  9. Nicholas Round, The Greatest Man Uncrowned: A Study of the Fall of Don Álvaro de Luna (London: Tamesis Books, 1986), p. 42.

10. Rubin, Isabella of Castile, p. 19.

11. Jean Descola, A History of Spain (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1963), pp. 40–42.

12. Townsend Miller, The Castles and the Crown: Spain, 1451–1555 (New York: Coward-McCann, 1963), p. 17.

13. Descola, History of Spain, pp. 32 and 33.

14. Isidore of Seville’s History of the Kings of the Goths, Vandals and Suevi, trans. Guido Donini and Gordon B. Ford (Leiden: Brill, 1966), p. 1.

15. John L. Esposito, The Oxford History of Islam (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 13.

16. Bernard Lewis, Islam: From the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 2:xvi.

17. Roger Collins, The Arab Conquest of Spain: 710–797 (New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 1995), p. 63.

18. Ahmad ibn Muhammad Al-Maqqari, The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain, trans. Pascual de Gayangos, 2 vols. (London: Oriental Translation Fund, 1840–43), p. 1:250, referring to quote from Ayyeshah, widow of the Prophet.

19. Ibid., p. 1:18.

20. Ibid., pp. 1:264–65.

21. Ibid., p. 1:265.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid., p. 1:267.

24. Lewis, Islam from the Prophet Muhammad, p. 2:111.

25. Collins, Arab Conquest of Spain, p. 97.

26. Ibid., p. 105.

27. Al-Maqqari, Mohammedan Dynasties, p. 1:272.

28. Ibid., p. 1:275.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid., p. 1:276.

31. Ibid., p. 1:279.

32. Ibid., p. 1:280.

33. Ibid., pp. 1:280–81. Gayangos said he believes this pattern was so consistent because Jews in Iberia may have already been in communication with North Africans. Of the Berbers who came from North Africa, some were of Jewish descent, and allied themselves with the Jews in Spain upon their arrival. Others may have been only superficially Muslim, and retaining Jewish customs and beliefs “felt great sympathy for their former brethren” (pp. 511, 531).

34. Al-Maqqari, Mohammedan Dynasties, pp. 1:282–88.

35. Ibid., pp. 1:291, 2:20.

36. Ibid., p. 2:41.

37. Diego de Valera, Crónica de España (Salamanca, 1499). Only three copies of this book survive, including one at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.

38. Al-Maqqari, Mohammedan Dynasties, p. 2:34.

39. Descola, History of Spain, p. 82.

40. Jane I. Smith, “Islam and Christendom: Historical, Cultural, and Religious Interaction from the Seventh to the Fifteenth Centuries,” in Esposito, ed., The Oxford History of Islam, pp. 318–19.

41. Ibid., p. 320.

42. Ibid.

43. Dario Fernández-Morera, “The Myth of the Andalucian Paradise,” Intercollegiate Review 41, no. 2 (Fall 2006).

44. Smith, “Islam and Christendom,” pp. 22, 23, 25, 29.

45. Al-Maqqari, Mohammedan Dynasties, p. 2:195.

46. Fernández-Morera, “Myth of Andalusian Paradise,” p. 27.

47. Ibid., pp. 27–28.

48. Bradley Smith, Spain: A History in Art (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1971), pp. 60–62, depicting works held at El Escorial.

49. Al-Maqqari, Mohammedan Dynasties, pp. 2:124–25.

50. Nancy Bisaha, Creating East and West: Renaissance Humanists and the Ottoman Turks (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), p. 68.

51. Alonso Fernández de Palencia, Crónica de Enrique IV, ed. Antonio Paz y Meliá (Madrid: Ediciones Atlas, 1973–75), pp. 50–52.

52. George Sphrantzes, The Fall of the Byzantine Empire: A Chronicle, 1401–1477, trans. Marios Philippides (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), p. 70.

53. John McManners, The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 166.

TWO: A CHILDHOOD IN THE SHADOWS

  1. Ana Sánchez Prieto, Enrique IV el Impotente (Madrid: Alderabán Ediciones, 1999), p. 7.

  2. Peggy K. Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 18.

  3. Ibid., p. 20.

  4. Diego de Valera, Crónicas de los reyes de Castilla: Memorial de diversas hazañas. Crónica del rey Enrique IV, ed. Juan de Mata Carriazo y Arroquia (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1941), doc. 33, cited ibid., p. 14.

  5. Condesa de Yebes, La Marquesa de Moya: la dama del descubrimiento (Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica, 1966), p. 13.

  6. La Poncella de Francia, cited in Nancy Bradley Warren, Women of God and Arms: Female Spirituality and Political Conflict, 1380–1600 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), p. 107.

  7. Friar Martín de Córdoba, p. 94, cited ibid.

  8. Antonio Blanco Sánchez, Sobre Medina del Campo y la reina agraviada (Medina del Campo: Caballeros de la Hispanidad, 1994), pp. 76–77 and 94–99.

  9. Jaime Vicens Vives, “The Economies of Catalonia and Castile,” in Spain in the Fifteenth Century, 1369–1516: Essays and Extracts by Historians of Spain, ed. J. R. L. Highfield, trans. Frances M. López-Morillas (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), p. 43.

10. Memorias de Don Enrique IV de Castilla. vol. 2, La colección diplomática del mismo rey (Madrid: Real Academia de Historia, 1835–1913), doc. 96, cited in Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 17.

11. “Cierto es que el nuevo monarca, Enrique IV, que subió al trono en 1454, no respetó los deseos paternos y entregó el maestrazgo de Santiago a su favorite Beltra’n de la Cueva y el cargo de condestable a otro de sus fieles, Miguel Lucas de Iranzo.”

12. María Isabel del Val Valdivieso, “Isabel, Infanta and Princess of Castile,” in Isabella la Católica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays, ed. by David A. Boruchoff (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 42.

13. Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 13.

14. Alonso Fernández de Palencia, Crónica de Enrique IV, ed. Antonio Paz y Meliá (Madrid: Ediciones Atlas, 1973–75), dec. 1, bk. 3, chap. 2, cited in Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 14.

15. Diego Enríquez del Castillo, Crónica de Enrique IV, ed. Aureliano Sánchez Martín (Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, 1994), pp. 133–35.

16. Ibid., p. 134.

17. Ibid., pp. 138–39.

18. Malcolm Letts, ed. and trans., The Travels of Leo of Rozmital Through Germany, Flanders, England, France, Spain, Portugal and Italy, 1465–1467. Hakluyt Society (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1957), p. 96.

19. Enríquez del Castillo, Crónica de Enrique IV, p. 248.

20. Ibid., p. 163.

21. Ibid., pp. 146–47.

22. Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 48.

23. Mary Purcell, The Great Captain: Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (New York: Alvin Redman, 1963), p. 29.

24. Alonso de Palencia, “Fiesta,” in Crónica de Enrique IV, ed. Antonio Paz y Meliá (Madrid: Atlas, 1973), p. 75.

25. Crónica incompleta de los Reyes Católicos, 1469–1476, ed. Julio Puyol (Madrid: Academia de la Historia, 1934), p. 55.

26. Emilio Calderón, “Maleficio,” in Usos y costumbres sexuales de los Reyes de España (Madrid: Editorial Cirene, 1991), p. 70.

27. Memorias de Don Enrique IV de Castilla, vol. 2, p. 638.

28. Eduardo de Oliver-Copóns, El Alcázar de Segovia (Valladolid: Imprenta Castellana, 1916), pp. 99–105.

29. Purcell, Great Captain, p. 32.

30. Ibid., p. 31.

31. Nancy Rubin, Isabella of Castile: The First Renaissance Queen (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), p. 25.

32. Felix Grayeff, Joan of Arc: Legends and Truth (London: Philip Goodall, 1978).

33. Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 18.

34. Warren, Women of God and Arms, pp. 89, 106–18.

35. Nancy Bradley Warren, “La Pucelle, the ‘Puzzel,’ and La Doncella: Joan of Arc in Early Modern England and Spain,” presentation at the 46th International Congress on Medieval Studies, Kalamazoo, Mich., May 12–15, 2011.

36. Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 52.

37. Enríquez del Castillo, Crónica, p. 183.

38. Purcell, Great Captain, p. 29.

39. Rubin, Isabella of Castile, p. 23.

40. Teofilo Ruiz, The Other 1492: Ferdinand, Isabella and the Making of an Empire (Teaching Co., 2002).

41. Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 53.

42. Memorias de Don Enrique IV de Castilla, vol. 2, p. 638.

43. Isabel I of Castile, letter of March 1471, in Memorias de Don Enrique IV de Castilla, vol. 2, cited in Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 60.

44. Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 53.

45. Ibid., p. 47.

46. Nancy F. Marino, Don Juan Pacheco: Wealth and Power in Late Medieval Spain (Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2006), p. 92.

47. Rubin, Isabella of Castile, pp. 31–32.

48. Charles Derek Ross, Edward IV (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1974), p. 84.

THREE: FRIGHTENING YEARS

  1. James Gairdner, ed., Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII, p. 1:31, cited in Charles Derek Ross, Edward IV (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1974), p. 85; Cora Louise Scofield, The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth, King of England and of France and Lord of Ireland (London: Frank Cass & Co., 1967), p. 1:320.

  2. Ross, Edward IV, p. 10.

  3. Scofield, Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth, p. 1:154.

  4. Ross, Edward IV, p. 85.

  5. Ibid., p. 90.

  6. John Warkworth, A Chronicle of the First Thirteen Years of the Reign of King Edward the Fourth, ed. James Orchard Halliwell (London: Camden Society, 1839), p. 3.

  7. Ross, Edward IV, p. 89.

  8. Scofield, Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth, p. 1:320; Henry Ellis, ed., Original Letters, Illustrative of English History, Including Numerous Royal Letters (London: Richard Bentley, 1846), series 2, p. 1:152; Gairdner, Letters and Papers Illustrative, p. 1:31; Cora Louise Scofield, “The Movements of the Earl of Warwick in the Summer of 1464,” English Historical Review (October 1906), pp. 732–33.

  9. Alonso Fernández de Palencia, Crónica de Enrique IV, ed. Antonio Paz y Meliá (Madrid: Ediciones Atlas, 1975), dec. I, bk. 5, chap. 2, cited in Peggy K. Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 54.

10. Ibid., p. 56.

11. Townsend Miller, The Castles and the Crown: Spain 1451–1555 (New York: Coward-McCann, 1963), pp. 40–41.

12. Ibid., p. 41.

13. Josef Miguel de Flores, Crónica de Don Alvaro de Luna, condestable de los reynos de Castilla y de León (Madrid: Imprenta de Antonio de Sancha, 1784), p. 15.

14. Teofilo F. Ruiz, Spain’s Centuries of Crisis: 1300–1474 (West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), p. 89.

15. Ana Sánchez Prieto, Enrique IV el Impotente (Madrid: Alderaban Ediciones, 1999), p. 13.

16. Gregorio Marañón, Ensayo biólogico sobre Enrique IV de Castilla y su tiempo (Madrid: Colección Austral, 1997), pp. 30–31.

17. Ibid., p. 33.

18. Fray Gerónimo de la Cruz, an eighteenth-century historian who based his account on a fifteenth-century Castilian chronicle, cited in Nancy F. Marino, Don Juan Pacheco: Wealth and Power in Late Medieval Spain (Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2006), p. 51.

19. Barbara Weissberger, “Alfonso de Palencia,” in Queer Iberia, ed. Josiah Blackmore and Gregory S. Hutcheson (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1999), p. 315.

20. Miller, Castles and Crown, p. 42.

21. Ibid., p. 45.

22. William Prescott, History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1873), p. 181–82.

23. Diego de Colmenares, Historia de la insigne ciudad de Segovia, revised by Gabriel María Vergara (Segovia: Imprenta de la Tierra de Segovia, 1931), p. 276.

24. Mary Purcell, The Great Captain: Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (New York: Alvin Redman, 1963), p. 35.

25. Ibid., p. 34.

26. Ibid., p. 42.

27. Ibid., p. 41.

28. Ibid., p. 42.

29. Ibid., pp. 42–43.

30. Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 63.

31. María Dolores Cabanas González, Carmelo Luis López, and Gregorio del Ser Quijano, Isabel de Castilla y su época: Estudios y selección de textos (Alcalá de Henares: Universidad de Alcalá, 2007), pp. 22–23.

32. Purcell, Great Captain, p. 37.

FOUR: ISABELLA FACES THE FUTURE ALONE

  1. Serita Deborah Stevens and Anne Klarner, Deadly Doses: A Writer’s Guide to Poisons (Cincinnati: Writers Digest Books, 1990).

  2. Charles Thompson, and John Samuel, Poisons and Poisoners (London: Harold Shaylor, 1931), p. 83.

  3. María Dolores Carmen Morales Muñiz, Alfonso de Ávila, Rey de Castilla (Ávila: Diputación Provincial de Ávila, Institución Gran Duque de Alba, 1988), p. 363.

  4. Nancy Rubin, Isabella of Castile: The First Renaissance Queen (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), p. 50.

  5. Peggy K. Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 68.

  6. John Edwards, The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs, 1474–1520 (Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell, 2000), p. 8.

  7. Rubin, Isabella of Castile, p. 50.

  8. Townsend Miller, The Castles and the Crown: Spain 1451–1555 (New York: Coward-McCann, 1963), p. 52.

  9. Diego de Valera, Memorial de diversas hazañas, ed. Juan de Mata Carriazo (Madrid: 1941), p. 139, cited in Warren H. Carroll, Isabel of Spain: The Catholic Queen (Front Royal, Va.: Christendom Press, 1991), p. 35.

10. Miller, Castles and Crown, pp. 51 and 52.

11. Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 68.

12. María Dolores Cabanas González, Carmelo Luis López, and Gregorio del Ser Quijano, Isabel de Castilla y su época: Estudios y selección de textos (Alcalá de Henares: Universidad de Alcalá, 2007), p. 27.

13. Edwards, Spain of the Catholic Monarchs, pp. 8, 9.

14. Archivo General de Simancas, Patrimonio Real, 7–112, leg. 738, cited in Rubin, Isabella of Castile, p. 57.

15. Crónica incompleta de los Reyes Católicos, 1469–1476, ed. Julio Puyol (Madrid: Academia de la Historia, 1934), p. 69.

16. Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 69.

17. Rubin, Isabella of Castile, p. 59.

18. Crónica incompleta, p. 70.

19. Salvador de Madariaga, Christopher Columbus: Being the Life of the Very Magnificent Lord Don Cristóbal Colón (New York: Macmillan, 1940), p. 5.

20. Vivien B. Lamb, The Betrayal of Richard III: An Introduction to the Controversy (London: Mitre Press, 1968), p. 43.

21. María Isabel del Val Valdivieso, “Isabel, Infanta and Princess of Castile,” in Isabella la Católica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays, ed. David A. Boruchoff (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 49.

22. Lamb, Betrayal, p. 43.

23. Ibid., p. 57.

24. Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 73.

25. María Isabel del Val Valdivieso, ibid., p. 50.

26. Crónica incompleta, p. 70.

27. Edwards, Spain of Catholic Monarchs, p. 12.

28. Juan Ferrer to Juan II of Aragon, January 30, 1469, cited in Carroll, p. 47.

FIVE: MARRIAGES

  1. Félix de Llanos e Torriglia, Así llegó a reinar Isabel la Católica (Madrid, 1927), p. 163, cited in Peggy K. Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 73.

  2. John Edwards, The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs, 1474–1520 (Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell, 2000), pp. 11, 13.

  3. Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 71.

  4. Ibid., p. 75.

  5. Ibid.

  6. Crónica incompleta de los Reyes Católicos, 1469–1476, ed. Julio Puyol (Madrid: Academia de la Historia, 1934), p. 90.

  7. Salvador de Madariaga, Christopher Columbus: Being the Life of the Very Magnificent Lord Don Cristóbal Colón (New York: Macmillan, 1940), p. 8.

  8. J. H. Elliott, Imperial Spain, 1469–1716 (London: Penguin, 1990), p. 15.

  9. Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 79.

SIX: FERDINAND AND HIS FAMILY

  1. Alan Ryder, The Wreck of Catalonia: Civil War in the Fifteenth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 77.

  2. William Prescott, History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1873), p. 63.

  3. “El dicho Rey Don Juan…,” order granted by Blanca de Navarre, April 30, 1462, Real Academia de la Historia, p. 19, A-7, folio 16 to 20, cited in Indice de la colección de don Luis Salazar y Castro, formado por Antonio de Vargas-Zúñiga y Montero de Espinosa y Baltasar Cuartero y Huerta, vol. 1 (Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia: 1949).

  4. Joan Margarit, bishop of Elna, addressing the Cortes of Barcelona, Oct. 6, 1454; published in R. Albert and J. Gassiot, Parlaments a les corts catalanes (Barcelona: Editorial Barcino, 1928), pp. 209–10; cited in Ryder, Wreck of Catalonia, p. 29.

  5. Paul H. Freedman, Origins of Peasant Servitude in Medieval Catalonia (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 46.

  6. Ryder, Wreck of Catalonia, pp. 156, 163.

  7. Ibid., p, 183.

  8. Ibid., p. 193.

  9. Ibid., p. 186.

10. Ibid.

11. Jerónimo Zurita, Anales de Aragón (Zaragoza: Instituto “Fernando el Católico” [C.S.I.C.] de le Excma Diputación Provincial, 1977), vol. 8, p. 242.

12. Ibid., p. 281.

13. Ryder, Wreck of Catalonia, p. 83.

14. Ibid., p. 87.

15. Ibid., pp. 88 and 89.

16. Ibid., p. 92.

17. Ibid., pp. 94–95.

18. Ibid., p. 104.

19. Ibid., p. 105.

20. Ibid., p. 124.

21. Henry John Chaytor, A History of Aragon and Catalonia (London: Methuen, 1933).

SEVEN: THE NEWLYWEDS

  1. Townsend Miller, The Castles and the Crown: Spain, 1451–1555 (New York: Coward-McCann, 1963), p. 69.

  2. Jerónimo Zurita, Anales de Aragón (Zaragoza: Instituto “Fernando el Católico” [C.S.I.C.] de le Excma Diputación Provincial, 1975 and 1977), p. 7:620.

  3. Miller, Castles and Crown, p. 69.

  4. Aureliano Sánchez Martín, Crónica de Enrique IV de Diego Enríquez del Castillo (Valladolid: Secretariado de Publicaciones, Universidad de Valladolid, 1994), Chapter 137, p. 335.

  5. Isabella to the Countess of Palencia, October 30, 1469, in María Isabel del Val Valdivieso, Isabella la Católica, Princesa, 1468–1474 (Valladolid: Instituto Isabel la Católica de Historia Eclesiástica, 1974), citing Real Academia de la Historia, 9–30–7-6483, folios 485–486.

  6. Peggy K. Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 40.

  7. Ibid., p. 83.

  8. Tarsicio de Azcona, Isabella la Católica: Estudio crítico de su vida y su reinado (Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1993), p. 162.

  9. William Prescott, History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella (London: Richard Bentley, 1838), p. 225.

10. William D. Phillips, Jr. Enrique IV and the Crisis of Fifteenth-Century Castile, 1425–1480 (Cambridge, Mass.: Medieval Academy of America, 1978), p. 113.

11. Nancy Rubin, Isabella of Castile: The First Renaissance Queen (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), p. 92.

12. Jaime Vicens Vives, Historia crítica de la vida y reinado de Ferdinand II de Aragón (Zaragoza: Instituto Fernando el Católico, 1962), p. 279, no. 912.

13. Rubin, Isabella of Castile, p. 93.

14. Diego Clemencin, Elogio de la reina Católica Doña Isabella (Madrid: Imprenta de Sancha, 1820), p. 6:100.

15. Archivo General de Simancas, Diversos de Castilla, leg. 9, number 65, folio 2v, cited in María Isabel del Val Valdivieso, Isabel la Católica, Princesa, p. 497.

16. Vicens Vives, Historia crítica, p. 288.

17. Rubin, Isabella of Castile, p. 97.

18. Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 85.

19. Fernando del Pulgar, Crónica de los Señores Reyes Católicos, ed. Juan de Mata Carriazo (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1943), p. 75.

20. Peggy K. Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), p. 74.

21. Isabella to Juan II of Aragon, April 29, 1473, in Antonio Paz y Meliá, El cronista Alonso de Palencia, su vida y obras, sus decadas y las crónicas contemporáneas (Madrid: Hispanic Society of America, 1914), p. 127, cited in Warren H. Carroll, Isabel of Spain: The Catholic Queen (Front Royal, Va.: Christendom Press, 1991), p. 65.

22. Vicente Rodríguez Valencia, Isabella la Católica en la opinión de españoles y extranjeros, siglos XV al XX (Valladolid: Instituto “Isabel la Católica” de Historia Eclesiástica, 1970), p. 3: 74, trans. Warren Carroll and Maria Barone, Isabel of Spain, p. 72.

23. Fusero Clemente, The Borgias, trans. by Peter Green (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1913), p. 16.

24. Mary Purcell, The Great Captain: Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (New York: Alvin Redman, 1963), p. 41.

25. Ibid., p. 43.

26. Ibid., pp. 46–47.

27. Ibid., p. 46.

28. Ibid., pp. 48–49.

29. Ibid., p. 49.

EIGHT: THE BORGIA CONNECTION

  1. Marion Johnson, The Borgias (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1981), p. 74.

  2. Clemente Fusero, The Borgias, trans. Peter Green (New York: Praeger, 1972), p. 75.

  3. Ibid., p. 77.

  4. Ibid., p. 78.

  5. Ibid., p. 79.

  6. T. C. F. Hopkins, Empires, Wars and Battles: The Middle East from Antiquity to the Rise of the New World (New York: Forge Books, 2006), p. 213.

  7. Fusero, Borgias, p. 119.

  8. Ferdinand to Juan II, August 1472, Biblioteca Nacional, Índice de la colección de don Luis Salazar y Castro, formado por Antonio de Vargas-Zúñiga y Montero de Espinosa y Baltasar Cuartero y Huerta, vol.1 (Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia: 1949), appendix letter 55.

  9. Ferdinand to Juan II, March 1473, ibid., appendix letter 65.

10. José Sanchis y Sivera, “El cardenal Rodrigo de Borgia en Valencia,” Boletín del Real Academia de Historia 84 (1924), p. 149.

11. Peggy K. Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992),p. 91.

12. John Edwards, The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs, 1474–1520 (Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell, 2000), p. 18.

13. William D. Phillips, Jr., Enrique IV and the Crisis of Fifteenth-Century Castile, 1425–1480 (Cambridge, Mass.: Medieval Academy of America, 1978), p. 117.

14. Richard P. McBrien, Lives of the Popes: The Pontiffs from St. Peter to John Paul II (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), p. 182.

15. Tarcisio de Azcona, Isabel la Católica: Estudio crítico de su vida y su reinado (Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1993), p. 186, cited in Rubin, Isabella of Castile: The First Renaissance Queen (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), p. 108.

NINE: PREPARING TO RULE

  1. María Isabel del Val Valdivieso, “Isabel, Infanta and Princess,” in Boruchoff, 53.

  2. Benzion Netanyahu, The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth-Century Spain (New York: Random House, 1995), p. 804.

  3. Conde Brotardi, in Trento, February 7, 1474, Real Academia de la Historia, A-7, folio 158, S&Z, p. 164, cited in Biblioteca Nacional, Índice de la colección de don Luis Salazar y Castro, formado por Antonio de Vargas-Zúñiga y Montero de Espinosa y Baltasar Cuartero y Huerta, vol. 1 (Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia: 1949), letter 632.

  4. George Merula, “The Siege of Shkodra” (1474), trans. George Elsie, in Texts and Documents of Albanian History,http://www.albanianhistory.net/en/texts1000-1799/AH1474.html.

  5. Karolus Vitalus Caurell to unknown person, “remitiendo el juramento que se menciona en la ficha siguiente y el gran temor que había sobre una invasion de los turcos en Ragusa y Venecia.” Real Academia de la Historia, October 27, 1474. A-7, folio 158, p. 164, cited in Indice de la colección de don Luis Salazar y Castro, vol. 1, letter 631.

  6. Gonzalo de Oviedo y Valdés, cited in Don Eduardo de Oliver-Copóns, El Alcázar de Segovia (Valladolid: Imprenta Castellana, 1916), p. 129.

  7. Andrés de Cabrera, June 15, 1473, A-7, folio 89–91, in Índice de la colección de don Luis Salazar y Castro, vol. 1, letter 617.

  8. Crónica incompleta de los Reyes Católicos, 1469–1476, según un manuscript anónimo de la época, ed. Julio Puyol (Madrid: Tipografía de Archivos, 1934), pp. 113–21.

  9. Ibid.

10. Diego de Colmenares, Historia de la insigne ciudad de Segovia, revised by Gabriel María Vergara (Segovia: Imprenta de la Tierra de Segovia, 1931), p. 319.

11. Ibid., p. 320.

12. Ibid.

13. Peggy K. Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 93.

14. Ibid., p. 93.

15. Ibid., p. 94.

16. Ibid., p. 95.

17. Ibid.

18. Nancy F. Marino, Don Juan Pacheco: Wealth and Power in Late Medieval Spain (Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2006), pp. 163–64.

19. Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 95.

20. María Isabel del Val Valdivieso, Isabel la Católica, Princesa, pp. 506–8, Real Academia de la Historia, Colección Salazar, M-26, folio 92–92v.

21. Diego Enríquez del Castillo, Crónica de Enrique IV, ed. Aureliano Sánchez Martín (Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, 1994), p. 398.

22. Ibid., p. 96.

23. Townsend Miller, The Castles and the Crown: Spain, 1451–1555 (New York: Coward-McCann, 1963), p. 79.

24. Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 96.

TEN: ISABELLA TAKES THE THRONE

  1. María Isabel del Val Valdivieso, “Isabel, Infanta and Princessa,” in Isabella la Católica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays, ed. David A. Boruchoff (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 54.

  2. Peggy K. Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 96.

  3. Ibid., p. 97.

  4. Liss, Isabel the Queen, pp. 97, 98.

  5. Diego de Colmenares, Historia de la insigne ciudad de Segovia, revised by Gabriel María Vergara (Segovia: Imprenta de la Tierra de Segovia, 1931), p. 330.

  6. John Edwards, The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs, 1474–1520 (Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell, 2000), p. 21.

  7. Ibid.

  8. Ibid., pp. 21, 22.

  9. Alonso Fernández de Palencia, Crónica de Enrique IV, ed. Antonio Paz y Meliá (Madrid: Ediciones Atlas, 1975), pp. 160–61.

10. Crónica incompleta de los Reyes Católicos, 1469–1476, ed. Julio Puyol (Madrid: Academia de la Historia, 1934), p. 145.

11. Memorias de Don Enrique IV de Castilla, vol. 2, La colección diplomática del mismo rey (Madrid: Real Academia de Historia, 1835–1913), doc. 206.

12. M. Grau Sanz, “Así fue coronado Isabel la Católica,” Estudios Segovianos 1 (1949), pp. 24–39.

13. Nuria Silleras-Fernández, Power, Piety and Patronage in Late Medieval Queenship (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), p. 5.

14. Theresa Earenfight, ed., Queenship and Political Power in Medieval and Early Modern Spain (Hampshire, U.K.: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2005), p. xiv.

15. Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 105.

16. William Prescott, History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1896), p. 118.

17. Janna Bianchini, The Queens Hand, Power and Authority in the Reign of Berenguela of Castile (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), p. 21.

18. Miriam Shadis, Berenguela of Castile (1180–1246) and Political Women in the High Middle Ages (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), p. 23.

19. Edwards, Spain of Catholic Monarchs, p. 22.

20. Ibid., p. 22.

21. Peggy K. Liss, “Isabel, Myth and History,” in Boruchoff, p. 60.

22. Barbara F. Weissberger, “Tanto monta: The Catholic Monarchs’ Nuptial Fiction and the Power of Isabel I of Castile,” The Rule of Women in Early Modern Europe, eds. Anne J. Cruz and Mihoko Suzuki (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009), pp. 43, 46.

23. Ruy de Pina, 1902, ch. 165, cited in Miguel Ángel de Bunes Ibarra et al., The Invention of Glory: Afonso V and the Pastrana Tapestries (Madrid: Fundación Carlos de Amberes, 2011), p. 75.

24. Edwards, Spain of the Catholic Monarchs, p. 5.

25. Ibid., p. 1.

26. Andrés Bernáldez, Historia de los Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel: Crónica inedita del siglo XV (Granada: Imprenta y Librería de Don José María Zamora, 1856), p. 51.

27. Queen Isabella, June 21, 1475, from Àvila, in Documentos referentes a las relaciones con Portugal durante el reinado de los Reyes Católicos, ed. Antonio de la Torre and Luis Suárez Fernández (1858; Valladolid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Patronato Menéndez Pelayo, 1963), letter 524, pp. 1:85–87.

28. Fernando del Pulgar to Obispo de Osma, in Letras: Glosa a las coplas de Mingo Revulgo (Madrid: Ediciones de la Lectura, 1929), letter 5, pp. 27–29.

29. Luis Suárez Fernández, Juan de Mata Carriazo y Arroquia, and Manuel Fernández Álvarez, La Espana de los Reyes Católicos, 1474–1516 (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1969), p. 163.

30. Cora Louise Scofield, The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth, King of England and of France and Lord of Ireland (London: Frank Cass & Co., 1967), p. 1:195.

31. Nancy F. Marino, Don Juan Pacheco: Wealth and Power in Late Medieval Spain (Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2006), p. 172.

32. Fernando del Pulgar to Obsipo de Osma, in Fernando del Pulgar, Letras: Glosa a las coplas de Mingo Revulgo (Madrid: Ediciones de la Lectura, 1929), letter 5, pp. 27–29.

ELEVEN: THE TRIBE OF ISABEL

  1. Tarsicio Azcona, cited in Peggy K. Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 153.

  2. Andrés Bernáldez, Historia de los Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel: Crónica inedita del siglo XV (Granada: Imprenta y Libreria de Don José Maria Zamora, 1856), p. 459.

  3. Ibid., chap. 33, cited in María Isabel del Val Valdivieso, Isabel I de Castilla, 1451–1504 (Madrid: Ediciones del Orto, 2004), p. 75.

  4. Hernando del Pulgar, Letras: Glosa a las coplas de Mingo Revulgo (Madrid: Ediciones de La Lectura, 1929), letter 9, in Liss, Isabel the Queen, pp. 154–55.

  5. Vicente Rodríguez Valencia, Isabel la Católica en la opinión de españoles y extranjeros, siglos XV al XX (Valladolid: Instituto “Isabel la Católica” de Historia Eclesiástica, 1970), vol. 3, pp. 75–79.

  6. Giles Tremlett, Catherine of Aragon: The Spanish Queen of Henry VIII (New York: Walker & Co, 2010), p. 24.

  7. Crónica incompleta de los Reyes Católicos, 1469–1476, ed. Julio Puyol (Madrid: Academia de la Historia, 1934), p. 239.

  8. Ibid., pp. 243–45.

  9. Baldesar Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier, trans. Charles S. Singleton (New York: Anchor Books, 1959), p. 191.

10. Don Ferdinand to King Juan II, November 23, 1475, Burgos: Biblioteca Nacional, cited in Biblioteca Nacional, Índice de la colección de don Luis Salazar y Castro, formado por Antonio de Vargas-Zúñiga y Montero de Espinosa y Baltasar Cuartero y Huerta, vol. 1 (Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia: 1949), letter 126.

11. Ludwig Pastor, The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages, trans. E. F. Peeler (St. Louis, Mo.: B. Herder, 1898), p. 4:397.

12. Sergio L. Sanabria, “A Late Gothic Drawing of San Juan de los Reyes in Toledo at the Prado Museum in Madrid,” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 51, no. 2 (June 1992), pp. 161–73.

13. Jack Freiberg, Bramante’s Tempietto and the Spanish Crown (Rome: American Academy in Rome, 2005), p. 1:154.

14. Ibid., p. 1:155.

15. John Julius Norwich, The World Atlas of Architecture (New York: Portland House, 1988), p. 276.

16. Bethany Aram, Juana the Mad: Sovereignty and Destiny in Renaissance Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), p. 15.

17. Tremlett, Catherine of Aragon, pp. 26–27.

18. María del Cristo González Marrero, La casa de Isabel la Católica: espacios domésticos y vida cotidiana (Ávila: Diputación de Ávila, Institución Gran Duque de Alba, 2004), p. 40.

19. Ibid., pp. 42, 43.

20. Malcolm Letts, ed. and trans., The Travels of Leo of Rozmital through Germany, Flanders, England, France, Spain, Portugal and Italy, 1465–1467 (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1957).

21. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press).

22. Mark P. McDonald, Ferdinand Columbus: Renaissance Collector (London: British Museum Press, 2000), p. 35.

23. Ibid., p. 36.

24. Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Historia general y natural de las Indias (Madrid: Imprenta de la Real Academia de la Historia, 1851), part 1, p. 71.

25. McDonald, Ferdinand Columbus, p. 42.

26. Ferdinand Columbus, The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus: By His Son Ferdinand, trans. Benjamin Keen (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1959), p. vii.

27. Antonia Fraser, The Wives of Henry VIII (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992), p. 11.

28. Aram, Juana the Mad, p. 21.

29. Ibid., pp. 18–19.

30. Fraser, Wives of Henry VIII, p. 11.

31. Ibid., p. 16.

32. James Gairdner, ed., “Journals of Roger Machado,” in Historia Regis Henrici Septimi (London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts, 1858), pp. 157–99.

TWELVE: THE WHOLE WORLD TREMBLED

  1. John Freely, The Grand Turk (New York: Overlook Press, 2009).

  2. Mark Mazower, Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims, and Jews, 1430–1950 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), p. 30.

  3. Ibid.

  4. Marios Philippides, Emperors, Patriarchs and Sultans of Constantinople: A Short Chronicle of the Sixteenth Century (Brookline, Mass.: Hellenic College Press, 1990), p. 31. Translation from an anonymous Greek chronicle of the sixteenth century.

  5. Freely, The Grand Turk, p. 20.

  6. Ibid., p. 12.

  7. Ibid., p. 21.

  8. Franz Babinger, Mehmed the Conquerer and His Time (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 430.

  9. Giacomo de Langushi, cited in Freely, Grand Turk, p. 59.

10. Halil Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600 (London: Phoenix Press, 2000), p. 26.

11. Marios Philippides, ed., Mehmed II the Conquerer: And the Fall of the Franco-Byzantine Levant to the Ottoman Turks: Some Western Views and Testimonies (Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2007), p. 171.

12. Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror, p. 93.

13. Ibid.

14. Kritoboulos quoted in Freely, Grand Turk, p. 43.

15. Evlyia Celebi quoted in Freely, Grand Turk, p. 46.

16. Philippides, Mehmed II the Conquerer, pp. 37–40.

17. Freely, Grand Turk, p. 48.

18. Ibid., p. 49.

19. Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire, p. 29.

20. Freely, Grand Turk, p. 60.

21. Ibid., p. 69.

22. Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror, p. 280.

23. Marin Barleti, The Siege of Shkodra: Albania’s Courageous Stand Against the Ottoman Conquest 1478, trans. David Hosaflook (Tirana, Albania: Onufri, 2012), p. 184.

24. Ibid., p. 51.

25. Freely, Grand Turk, p. 181.

26. Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror, p. 390.

27. Ibid., pp. 390–92.

28. Carta de Reina de Sicilia al Conde de Cardona, Sitio de Otranto, 1481, in Antonio Paz y Meliá, El cronista Alonso de Palencia, su vida y sus obras, sus decadas y las crónicas contemporáneas (Madrid: Hispanic Society of America, 1914), pp. 310–11.

29. Freely, Grand Turk, p. 170.

30. Hernando del Pulgar, Crónica de los Señores Reyes Católicos por su secretario Fernando del Pulgar, ed. Juan de Mata Carriazo (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1943), vol. 1, p. 435.

31. Ibid.

THIRTEEN: THE QUEEN’S WAR

  1. Salma Khadra Jayyusi, ed., The Legacy of Muslim Spain (Leiden: Brill, 1994), p. 1:83.

  2. José Antonio Conde, Historia de la dominación de los Arabes en España, sacada de varios manuscritos y memorias arábigas (Madrid: Biblioteca de Historiadores Españoles, Marín y Compañía, 1874), p. 309.

  3. Ibid.

  4. Ibid., p. 310.

  5. Peter Martyr, Opus Epistolarum: The Work of the Letters of Peter Martyr (London: Wellcome Library), epistle 32, August 13, 1488.

  6. L. P. Harvey, Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 268.

  7. Alonso Fernández de Palencia, Guerra de Granada (Barcelona: Linkgua Ediciones, 2009) bk. 1, pp. 13–14.

  8. Don Jose Antonio Conde, Historia de la dominación de los Arabes en Espana: sacada de varios manuscritos y memorias arábigas (Madrid: Marin y Co., 1874), p. 310.

  9. Ibid.

10. Ibid., p. 310.

11. Condesa de Yebes, La marquesa de Moya: la dama del descubrimiento, 1440–1511 (Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica, 1966), p. 58.

12. Jerónimo Zurita, Anales de Aragón, vol. 8, p. 406.

13. Conde, p. 310.

14. Palencia, Guerra de Granada, p. 33.

15. Hernando del Pulgar, Crónica de Los Señores Reyes Católicos, Don Fernando y Doña Isabel de Castilla y de Aragón (Valencia: Imprenta de Benito Monfort, 1780), p. 173.

16. Zurita, Anales de Aragón, vol. 8, pp. 414–15.

17. Ibid., pp. 406–10.

18. Harvey, Islamic Spain, p. 268.

19. Juan Mata Carriazo y Arroquia, Los relieves de la guerra de Granada en la sillería del coro de la Catedral de Toledo (Granada: Universidad de Granada, 1985), p. 33.

20. Peggy Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 194.

21. Harvey, Islamic Spain, p. 273.

22. Ibid., p. 312.

23. Jerónimo Münzer, Viaje por España y Portugal, 1494–1495 (Madrid: Ediciones Polifemo, 1991), pp. 117–19.

24. Harvey, Islamic Spain, p. 309.

25. Conde, Historia de la dominación, p. 310.

26. Ibid., p. 311.

27. Ibid., p. 274.

28. Ibid., p. 313.

29. Ibid., p. 312.

30. Ibid., p. 315.

31. Ibid., p. 288.

32. Isabella to Ferdinand, May 18, 1486, Cartas autógrafas de los reyes católicos de Espana, Don Fernando and Doña Isabel que conservan en el archivo de Simancas, 1474–1502, ed. Amalia Prieto Cantara (Valladolid: Instituto “Isabel la Católica” de Historia Eclesiástica, 1971), letter 9, p. 57.

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid.

35. Mata Carriazo y Arroquia, Los relieves de la guerra de Granada, p. 58.

36. Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 216.

37. Harvey, Islamic Spain, p. 301.

38. Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 218.

39. Ibid., pp. 219–20.

40. Peter Martyr to Sforza, August 14, 1489, in Martyr, Opus Epistolarum.

41. Ibid.

42. Ibid.

43. Harvey, Islamic Spain, p. 301.

44. Mata Carriazo y Arroquia, Los relieves de la guerra de Granada, p. 112.

45. Marilyn Yalom, Birth of the Chess Queen (New York: Harper Perennial, 2005), p. 195.

46. Harvey, Islamic Spain, p. 310.

47. Harvey, Islamic Spain, p. 312.

48. Ibid.

49. Ibid., p. 322.

50. Zurita, Anales de Aragón, vol. 8, p. 602.

51. Bernarndo Del Roi to Italy, January 7, 1492, cited in Arnold Harris Mathew, The Diary of John Burchard of Strasburg (London: Francis Griffiths, 1910), pp. 1:407–8.

52. Hieronymus Münzer, Viaje por España y Portugal (Granada: Asociación Cultural Hispano Alemana, 1981), pp. 19–20.

53. Mathew, Diary of Burchard, pp. 1:407–8.

54. Münzer, Viaje por España y Portugal, p. 95.

55. Zurita, Anales de Aragón, vol. 8, p. 603.

56. Mathew, Diary of Burchard, pp. 1:317–18.

FOURTEEN: ARCHITECTS OF THE INQUISITION

  1. Henry Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1997), p. 82.

  2. Archivo Histórico Nacional, Catálogo de las causas contra la fe seguidas ante el tribunal de Santo Oficio de la Inquisición de Toledo (Madrid, 1903).

  3. Lu Ann Homza, ed. and trans., The Spanish Inquisition, 1478–1614: An Anthology of Sources (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2006), p. xi.

  4. Benzion Netanyahu, Don Isaac Abravanel: Statesman and Philosopher (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1982), p. 3.

  5. Elias Hiam Lindo, The History of the Jews of Spain and Portugal (1848; repr. New York: Burt Franklin, 1970), p. 6.

  6. Ibid., p. 51.

  7. Netanyahu, Don Isaac Abravanel, p. 6.

  8. Kamen, Spanish Inquisition, p. 30.

  9. Netanyahu, Don Isaac Abravanel, p. 52.

10. Yolanda Moreno Koch, El judaísmo hispano, según la crónica hebrea de Rabi Eliyahu Capsali (Granada: Universidad de Granada, 2005), pp. 133–35.

11. Jerónimo Zurita, Crónica de los Reyes Católicos, ed. Juan de Mata Carriazo y Arroquia (1927), p. 1:127, cited in Netanyahu, Origins of the Inquisition, p. 899.

12. Ian MacPherson and Angus MacKay, Love, Religion and Politics in Fifteenth-Century Spain (Leiden: Brill, 1998), p. 183.

13. Ibid., p. 184.

14. Charles Berlin, Elijah Capsali’s Seder Eliyyahu Zuta, Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, September 1962, p. 82.

15. Charles Berlin, “A Sixteenth Century Hebrew Chronicle of the Ottoman Empire: The Seder Eliyahu Zuta of Elijah Capsali and Its Message,” in Studies in Jewish Bibliography, History, and Literature, ed. Charles Berlin (New York: KTAV Publishing, 1971), pp. 23–31.

16. Hernando del Pulgar, Crónica de los Reyes Católicos, ed. Juan de Mata Carriazo y Arroquia (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1943), p. 1:309.

17. Ibid., pp. 1:310–11.

18. Ibid., p. 1:314.

19. Ibid., p. 1:313.

20. Rafael Sabatini, Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition: A History (London: Stanley Paul, 1924), p. 98.

21. Ibid., pp. 98–99.

22. Ibid., pp. 102–3.

23. Ibid., p. 108.

24. Peggy Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 196.

25. Henry Charles Lea, History of the Inquisition in Spain (London: Macmillan, 1906), p. 1:587.

26. Kamen, Spanish Inquisition, pp. 49–50.

27. Sabatini, Torquemada, pp. 120–21.

28. Ibid., pp. 121–24.

29. Ibid., p. 125.

30. Benzion Netanyahu, The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth-Century Spain (New York: Random House, 1995), p. 1035.

31. José Martínez Millán, “Structures of Inquisitorial Finance,” in The Spanish Inquisition and the Inquisitorial Mind, ed. Ángel Alcalá (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987).

32. Netanyahu, Origins of Inquisition, p. 898.

33. Ibid., p. 972.

34. Ibid., p. 930.

35. Renée Levine Melammed, Heretics or Daughters of Israel? The Crypto-Jewish Women of Castile (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 174.

36. Archivo Histórico Nacional, Catálogo, pp. 198, 228, 239.

37. David Martin Gitlitz, Secrecy and Deceit: The Religion of the Crypto-Jews (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002), p. 576.

38. Ibid.

39. Gretchen D. Starr-LeBeau, In the Shadow of the Virgin: Inquisitors, Friars, and Conversos in Guadalupe, Spain (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003), p. 39.

40. Ibid., p. 172.

41. Ibid., p. 217.

42. Kamen, Spanish Inquisition, p. 42.

43. Ibid.

44. Netanyahu, Origins of Inquisition, p. 1010.

45. Ibid., p. 795.

46. Ibid., p. 903.

47. Ibid., p. 921.

48. Ibid., p. 1032.

49. Ibid., p. 918.

50. Netanyahu, Don Isaac Abravanel, p. 56.

51. Lindo, History of Jews of Spain, p. 284.

52. Charles Berlin, Elijah Capsali’s Seder Eliyyahu Zuta, p. 154.

53. Andrés Bernáldez, Historia de los Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel: crónica inedita del siglo XV (Granada: Imprenta y Librería de Don José María Zamora, 1856), quoted in Lindo, History of Jews of Spain, p. 285.

54. Ibid.

55. Ibid., p. 290.

56. Ibid., p. 291.

FIFTEEN: LANDING IN PARADISE

  1. Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Columbus (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 20.

  2. Bartolomé de Las Casas, History of the Indies, trans. and ed. Andrée Collard (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), p. 19.

  3. Ibid.

  4. Fernández-Armesto, Columbus, p. 4.

  5. Las Casas, History of the Indies, p. 22.

  6. Capitan Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Historia general y natural de las Indias (Madrid: Imprenta de la Real Academia de la Historia, 1851), pt. 1, p. 19.

  7. Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, vol. 1 (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1942), p. 118.

  8. Ibid., p. 130.

  9. Duke of Medina Celi to Grand Cardinal of Spain, March 19, 1493, in Journals and Other Documents on the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus, ed. and trans. Samuel Eliot Morison (New York: Limited Editions Club, 1963), p. 20.

10. Fernández-Armesto, Columbus, p. 41.

11. Ferdinand Columbus, The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus: By His Son Ferdinand, trans. Benjamin Keen (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1959), p. 9.

12. Ibid., p. 284.

13. Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, vol. 1, p. 133.

14. Ibid., p. 135.

15. Ibid., p. 136.

16. Columbus, Life of Columbus, p. 42.

17. Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, vol. 1, p. 137. Morison calculated that 2 million maravedis would be $14,000 in 1942 dollars (when he performed the calculation); that would be $195,000 in 2012.

18. Fernández-Armesto, Columbus, p. 62.

19. Alice Bache Gould, cited in Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1949), pp. 141–42.

20. Royal decree requiring the people of Palos to provide Columbus with caravels Pinta and Niña, April 30, 1492, Archives of the Indies, in Samuel Eliot Morison, ed. and trans., Journals and Other Documents, pp. 31–32.

21. Fernández-Armesto, Columbus, p. 62.

22. Las Casas, History of the Indies, p. 23.

23. Alice Bache Gould, cited in Morison, Journals and Other Documents, pp. 33 and 34.

24. Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, one-volume edition (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1949), pp. 158–59.

25. Oviedo, Historia general y natural, pp. 22, 23.

26. Fernández-Armesto, Columbus, p. 80.

27. Oviedo, Historia general y natural, p. 24.

28. Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, one-volume edition, p. 229.

29. Morison, trans., Journals and Other Documents, pp. 65, 67, 68.

30. Ibid., p. 142.

31. Ibid., p. 146.

32. Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, one-volume edition, p. 2:7.

33. Ibid., p. 2:8.

34. Las Casas, History of the Indies, p. 37.

35. Columbus, Life of Columbus, p. 100.

36. Oviedo, Historia general y natural, p. 29.

37. Ibid.

38. Las Casas, History of the Indies, p. 38–39 (book 1, chapter 78).

39. Ibid., p. 42 (book 1, chapter 80).

40. Oviedo, Historia general y natural, p. 71.

41. Fernández-Armesto, Columbus, p. 61.

42. Columbus’s Letter to the Sovereigns on His First Voyage, February 15 to March 4, 1493, New York Public Library, in Morison, ed. and trans., Journals and Other Documents, pp. 180–86.

43. Ibid.

44. Morison, ed. and trans., Journals and Other Documents, p. 181.

SIXTEEN: BORGIA GIVES HER THE WORLD

  1. Michael Mallett, The Borgias: The Rise and Fall of a Renaissance Dynasty (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1969), p. 120.

  2. John Fyvie, The Story of the Borgias (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1913), p. 29.

  3. Paul Strathern, The Artist, the Philosopher and the Warrior: The Intersecting Lives of Da Vinci, Machiavelli, and Borgia and the World They Shaped (New York: Bantam Books, 2009), p. 69.

  4. Mary Hollingsworth, The Cardinal’s Hat: Money, Ambition and Everyday Life in the Court of a Borgia Prince (Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Press, 2005), p. 230.

  5. Peter Martyr to Count of Tendilla, September 23, 1492, in Opus Epistolarum: The Work of the Letters of Peter Martyr (London: Wellcome Library).

  6. Peter Martyr to Franciscus Pratensis Griolanus, September 18, 1492, ibid.

  7. Peter Martyr to Ascanio Sforza, September 27, 1492, ibid.

  8. Peter de Roo, Material for a History of Pope Alexander VI, His Relatives and His Time, vol. 2 (New York: Universal Knowledge Foundation, 1924). pp. 308–14.

  9. Vatican Secret Records, ASV, A.A. ARM I-XVIII, 5023, ff 61v–64r, cited in Sarah Bradford, Lucrezia Borgia (New York: Viking, 2004), pp. 22 and 23.

10. Ibid., p. 24.

11. Jean Lucas-Dubreton, The Borgias (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1955), pp. 82–83.

12. Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, one-volume edition (Boston: Little, Brown, 1949), p. 2:22.

13. Paul Gottschalk, The Earliest Diplomatic Documents on America: The Papal Bulls of 1493 and the Treaty of Tordesillas (Berlin: Paul Gottschalk, 1927), p. 35.

14. Ibid., p. 21.

15. Ibid.

16. Mallett, p. 97.

17. Bradford, Lucrezia Borgia, p. 30.

18. Ibid., p. 31.

19. Miquel Batllori, La Família Borja, Luzio, p. 120, July 13, 1493, cited ibid., p. 31.

20. Marion Johnson, The Borgias (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1981), p. 116.

21. Christopher Hibbert, The Borgias and Their Enemies, 1439–1513 (New York: Harcourt, 2008), p. 51.

22. Peter Martyr to Count of Tendilla and Archbishop of Granada, September 28, 1492, in Opus Epistolarum.

23. Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, p. 224.

24. Antonio de la Torre, Documentos, pp. 142–43; Jack Freiberg, Bramante’s Tempietto and the Spanish Crown.

25. Hugh Thomas, The Conquest of Mexico (London: Pimlico, 1993), p. 72.

SEVENTEEN: LANDS OF VANITY AND ILLUSION

  1. Andrés Reséndez, A Land So Strange: The Epic Journey of Cabeza de Vaca (New York: Basic Books, 2007).

  2. Roger Bigelow Merriman, The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and the New (New York: Cooper Square, 1962), p. 2:205.

  3. Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus (Boston: Little, Brown, 1949), p. 390.

  4. Laurence Bergreen, Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1492–1504 (New York: Viking, 2011), pp. 129–30.

  5. Bartolomé de Las Casas, History of the Indies, trans. and ed. Andrée Collard (1875; repr., New York: Harper & Row, 1971, originally circulated between 1560 and 1600), p. 43 (original chapter 84).

  6. Samuel Eliot Morison, Journals and Other Documents on the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (New York: Limited Editions Club, 1963), p. 211.

  7. Peter Martyr to Pomponius Letus, December 5, 1494, in The Discovery of the New World in the Writings of Peter Martyr of Anghiera, ed. Ernest Lunardi, Elisa Magioncalda, and Rosanna Mazzacane (Rome: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 1992), p. 57.

  8. Capitan Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Historia general y natural de las Indias (Madrid: Imprenta de la Real Academia de la Historia, 1851), pt. 1, pp. 30–35.

  9. Las Casas, History of the Indies, pp. 48–50 (chaps. 88 and 92).

10. Oviedo, Historia general y natural, p. 49.

11. Morison, Journals and Other Documents, p. 213.

12. Ibid., p. 212.

13. Las Casas, History of the Indies, p. 52 (chapter 92).

14. Ibid., pp. 52–53 (chapter 92).

15. Ibid., p. 49.

16. Morison, Journals and Other Documents, p. 226.

17. Andrés Bernáldez, Historia de los Reyes Católicos, Don Fernando y Doña Isabel: Crónica inedita del siglo XV (Granada: Imprenta y Libreria de Don José María Zamora, 1856), pp. 1:331–32.

18. Andrés Bernáldez, Historia de los Reyes Católicos, Tomo I (Granada: Imprenta y Librería de José María Zamora, 1856).

19. Salvador de Madariaga, Christopher Columbus: Being the Life of the Very Magnificent Lord Don Cristóbal Colón (New York: Macmillan, 1940), p. 304.

20. Ibid., p. 306.

21. Oviedo, Historia general y natural, p. 88.

22. Bartolomé de Las Casas, Apologética historia, ch. 19, p. 44, ed. Serrano y Sanz (Madrid: Bailly y Baillière, 1909) [this citation is in the book, which is in the Hispanic Reading room], cited in Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, vol. 2 (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1942), p. 196.

23. Ibid., p. 2:204.

24. Karl Sudhoff, Earliest Printed Literature on Syphilis, p. xxxii, 190, cited ibid., p. 2:198.

25. Oviedo, cited ibid., pp. 201–2.

26. Tom Mueller, “CSI: Italian Renaissance,” in Smithsonian Magazine, July–August 2013.

27. Morison, Journals and Other Documents, p. 202.

28. Ferdinand Columbus, The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus: By His Son Ferdinand, trans. Benjamin Keen (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1959), pp. 221–22.

29. Madariaga, Christopher Columbus, p. 305.

30. Morison, Journals and Other Documents, p. 212.

31. Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, p. 2:301.

32. Hugh Thomas, Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire from Columbus to Magellan (New York: Random House, 2003), pp. 201–2.

33. Ibid., p. 205.

34. Oviedo, Historia general y natural, p. 84.

EIGHTEEN: FAITH AND FAMILY

  1. Ruth Mathilda Anderson, Hispanic Costume, 1480–1530 (New York: Hispanic Society of America, 1979), p. 135.

  2. Ibid.

  3. Teresa de Castro, ed., “El tratado sobre el vestir, calzar y comer del Arzobispo Hernando de Talavera,” Espacio, tiempo, forma, Serie III, Historia medieval, no. 14 (2001), pp. 11–92.

  4. Nancy Rubin, Isabella of Castile: The First Renaissance Queen (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), p. 261.

  5. Chiyo Ishikawa, The retablo of Isabel la Católica (Brussels: Brepols, 2004), p. 1.

  6. Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes, Patrimonio Nacional, Palacio Real, Madrid.

  7. Marriage of Cana, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.

  8. Mocking of Christ, Palacio Real, Madrid.

  9. Ignacio Omaechevarría, Orígenes de La Concepción de Toledo (Burgos: Aldecoa, 1976), pp. 8–10.

10. Peter Martyr to Count of Tendilla and Archbishop of Granada, November 8, 1492, in Opus Epistolarum: The Work of the Letters of Peter Martyr (London: Wellcome Library).

11. Peter Martyr to Count of Tendilla, December 23, 1492, ibid.

12. Crónica de Felipe Primero, llamado El Hermoso, Lorenzo de Padilla y Dirijida to Emperador Carlos V, in Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España ed. Miguel Salvá y Munar and Pedro Sainz de Baranda (Madrid: Imprenta de la Viuda de Calero, 1846), p. 8:20.

13. Rodrigo González de Puebla to Ferdinand and Isabella, July 15, 1488, Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers, Relating to the Negotiations Between England and Spain, Preserved in the Archives of Simancas and Elsewhere. vol. 1, Henry VII: 1485–1509, ed. Gustav Bergenroth (London: Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury, 1862).

14. Letters of December 1497 and December 1502, ibid.

15. Isabella to De Puebla, September 12, 1496, ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. Ruy de Pina, Crónica de el-rei D. Affonso V (Lisbon: Escriptorio, 1901), pp. 1:147–48.

18. Elaine Sanceau, The Perfect Prince: A Biography of the King Dom João II (Porto and Lisbon: Livraria Civilizacão, 1959), p. 318.

19. Ibid., p. 377.

20. Philippe de Commynes, The Memoirs of Philippe de Commynes, Lord of Argenton (London: G. and W. B. Whittaker, 1823), p. 2:402.

21. Ruy de Pina, Croniqua Delrey Dom Joham II (Coimbra: Atlantida, 1950), p. 113.

22. Ibid., p. 123.

23. Ibid., p. 125.

24. Ruy de Pina, cited in Antonio Henrique de Oliveira Marques, Daily Life in Portugal in the Late Middle Ages, trans. S. S. Wyatt (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971), pp. 264–65.

25. Ruy de Pina, Croniqua Delrey Dom Joham II, p. 130.

26. Antonio Henrique de Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal, vol. 1, From Lusitania to Empire (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), p. 1:179.

27. Commynes, Memoirs of Comines, p. 2:402.

28. Peter Martyr to Alfonso Carrillo, bishop of Pamplona, March 18, 1492, in Opus Epistolarum.

29. Ruy de Pina, cited in Oliveira Marques, Daily Life in Portugal, pp. 274–75.

30. Ibid., pp. 277–79.

31. José-Luis Martín, Isabel la Católica: sus hijas y las damas de su corte, modelos de doncellas, casadas y viudas, en el Carro de Las Doñas. 1542 (Ávila: Diputación Provincial de Ávila, Institución “Gran Duque de Alba,” 2001), pp. 102–5.

32. Jerónimo Zurita, Historia del rey Don Hernando el Católica: De las empresas y ligas de Italia, vol. 2 (Zaragoza: Diputación General de Aragón, 1989–1994), p. 26–29.

33. Peter Martyr to Pomponius Laetus, December 7, 1494, in Opus Epistolarum.

34. Peter Martyr to Archbishop of Braga, September 1, 1492, ibid.

35. Peter Martyr to Ludovidus Torres, March 30, 1492, ibid.

36. Dagmar Eichberger, Women of Distinction: Margaret of York, Margaret of Austria (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2005), pp. 139–40.

37. Peter Martyr to Cardinal Carvajal, October 3, 1496, in Opus Epistolarum.

38. Peter Martyr to Cardinal Santa Croce, December 10, 1496, ibid.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid.

41. Christopher Hare, The High and Puissant Princess Marguerite of Austria, Princess Dowager of Spain, Duchess Dowager of Savoy, Regent of the Netherlands (New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1907), p. 66.

42. Jacobo Stuart Fitz-James and Falcó Alba, Correspondencia de Gutierre Gómez de Fuensalida (Madrid: Imprenta Alemana, 1907), p. xxii.

43. Bethany Aram, Juana the Mad: Sovereignty and Dynasty in Renaissance Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), pp. 37–38.

44. Dagmar Eichberger, Women at the Burgundian Court: Presence and Influence (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2010), p. 46.

45. The Sub-prior of Santa Cruz to Ferdinand and Isabella, August 16, 1498, in Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers, Relating to the Negotiations Between England and Spain, Preserved in the Archives of Simancas and Elsewhere, vol. 1, Henry VII: 1485–1509, ed. Gustav Bergenroth (London: Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury, 1862).

46. Peter Martyr to Cardinal Santa Croce, June 13, 1497, in Opus Epistolarum.

47. Fernando Díaz-Plaja, Historia de España en sus documentos, siglo XV (Madrid: Ediciones Catedra, 1984), p. 346.

48. Thomas P. Campbell, Tapestry in the Renaissance: Art and Magnificence (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002), pp. 4, 138.

49. Eichberger, Women of Distinction, pp. 195–96.

50. Ibid., pp. 184–85.

51. Peter Martyr to Cardinal Santa Croce, June 13, 1497, in Opus Epistolarum.

52. Biblioteca de la Academia Real, Volumen ms. en folio, rotulado, “Varios de Historia y Marina,” E 132, p. 89; Fray Diego de Deza to Ferdinand and Isabella, 1497, in Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Libro de la Camara Real del principe Don Juan e officios de su casa e servicio ordinaro (Madrid: La Sociedad de Bibliofilos Españoles, 1870), pp. 232–33.

53. Peggy Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 324–25.

54. Jerónimo Zurita, Historia del rey Don Hernando el Católico: De las empresas y ligas de Italia, ed. Angel Canellas López (Zaragoza: Diputación General de Aragón, 1989), p. 2:67.

55. Peter Martyr to Archbishop of Granada, October 30, 1497, in Opus Epistolarum.

56. Philippe de Commynes, The Memoirs of Philip de Comines, Lord of Argenton (London: G. and W. B. Whittaker, 1823), p. 2:400.

57. Ibid., p. 2:400–1.

58. Ibid., p. 2:401.

59. Zurita, Historia del rey Don Hernando, pp. 2:120–21.

60. Alonso de Santa Cruz, Crónica de los Reyes Católicos, ed. Juan de Mata Carriazo y Arroquia (Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos de Sevilla, 1951), p. 2:215; a similar account appears in La Crónica del emperador Carlos V.

61. Bethany Aram, Juana the Mad: Sovereignty and Dynasty in Renaissance Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), pp. 53–54.

NINETEEN: TURKS AT THE DOOR

  1. Halil Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire, p. 6.

  2. Jason Goodwin, Lords of the Horizon: A History of the Ottoman Empire (New York: Henry Holt, 1998), p. 69.

  3. Ibid., p. 65.

  4. Pietro Bembo, History of Venice, ed. and trans. Robert W. Ulery, Jr. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007–9), p. 1:39.

  5. V. J. Parry, A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730 (London: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 57, 58.

  6. Marin Barleti, The Siege of Shkodra: Albania’s Courageous Stand Against Ottoman Conquest 1478, trans. David Hosaflook (Tirana, Albania: Onufri, 2012), p. 194.

  7. Ibid., p. 233.

  8. Ibid., p. 241.

  9. Miguel A. de Bunes Ibarra and Emilio Sola, La vida y historia de Hayradin, llamado Barbarroja (Granada: Universidad de Granada, 1997), p. 33.

10. Press Department, Ministry of the Interior, The Turkish Woman in History (Ankara, Turkey, 1937), p. 10.

11. Robert Dankoff and Sooyoung Kim, An Ottoman Traveler: Selections from the Book of Travels of Evliya Celebi (London: Eland, 2010), p. 231.

12. Halil Inalcik, Studies in Ottoman Social and Economic History (London: Variorum Reprints, 1985), p. 39.

13. Klemen Pust, “Slavery, Childhood and the Border: The Ethics and Economics of Child Displacement Along the Triplex Confinium in the Sixteenth Century,” presented at the 15th World Economic History Congress, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, July 9–13, 2012.

14. Halil Inalcik, Studies in Ottoman Social and Economic History (London: Variorum Imprints, 1985), p. 35.

15. Geza Palffy, “Ransom Slavery Along the Ottoman-Hungarian Frontier in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,” in Suraiya Faroqhi and Halil Inalcik, eds., The Ottoman Empire and Its Heritage (Leiden: Brill, 2007), p. 37.

16. Halil Inalcik, Studies in Ottoman Social and Economic History, p. 27.

17. Georgius de Hungaria, Libellus de Ritu et Moribus Turcorum (1530); digitized version provided by Göttingen State and University Library, Germany, translated by Paul A. Healy, ch. 6.

18. Ibid., chapter 7.

19. Ibid., chapter 12.

20. Inalcik, Studies in Ottoman Social and Economic History, p. 26.

21. Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, The History of the Ottoman State, Society and Civilization (Istanbul: Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture, 2001), pp. 1:352–55.

22. King James IV, in Edinburgh, May 21, 1490, in “Venice 1486–1490,” in Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, ed. Rawdon Brown (Great Britain: National Archives, 1864).

23. Henry VII to Pope Alexander VI, January 12, 1493, ibid.

24. Philippe de Commynes, The Memoirs of Philip de Comines, Lord of Argenton (London: G. and W. B. Whittaker, 1823), pp. 2:363–64.

25. Pope Alexander VI to Isabella and Ferdinand, March 20, 1494, Archivo General de Simancas, Patronato Real, leg. 60, folio 34, cited in Luis Suárez Fernández, Política internacional de Isabel la Católica, estudio y documentos (Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, 1971), pp. 189–90.

26. Archivo General de Simancas, Patronato Real, leg. 60, fol. 35, cited in Suárez Fernández, Política internacional de Isabel la Católica, pp. 192–94.

27. Commynes, Memoirs of Philip de Comines, pp. 2:159–60.

28. John Addington Symonds, A Short History of the Renaissance in Italy (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1894), p. 105.

29. Bembo, History of Venice, p. 1:79.

30. Memoir of what has taken place between Ferdinand and Isabella and the King of France, July 20, 1495, in Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers, Relating to the Negotiations Between England and Spain, preserved in the Archives of Simancas and Elsewhere, vol. 1, Henry VII: 1485–1509, ed. Gustav Bergenroth (London: Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury, 1862).

31. Peter Martyr to archbishops of Braga and Pamplona, October 31, 1494, in Opus Epistolarum: The Work of the Letters of Peter Martyr (London: Wellcome Library).

32. Birsen Bulmus, Plagues, Quarantines and Geopolitics in the Ottoman Empire (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012), p. 45.

33. Bembo, History of Venice, p. 1:219.

34. Ibid., p. 1:115.

35. Ferdinand and Isabella to De Puebla, March 28, 1496, in Bergenroth, ed., Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers, vol. 1.

36. Bembo, History of Venice, p. 1:121.

37. Paul Stewart, “The Santa Hermandad and the First Italian Campaign of Gonzalo de Córdoba, 1495–1498,” Renaissance Quarterly 28, no. 1 (Spring 1975), pp. 29–37.

38. Bembo, History of Venice, p. 1:203.

39. Miguel Ángel Ladero Quesada, La España de los Reyes Católicos (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1999), p. 276.

40. Alison Caplan, “The World of Isabel la Católica,” in David Boruchoff, ed., Isabel la Católica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 29.

41. Mary Purcell, The Great Captain: Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (New York: Alvin Redman, 1963), p. 124.

42. Commynes, Memoirs of Philip de Comines, p. 2:251.

43. Stanford Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p. 1:75.

44. Peter Martyr to Count of Tendilla, April 26, 1499, in Opus Epistolarum.

45. Peter Martyr to Archbishop of Granada, September 3, 1499, ibid.

46. Daniel Goffman, The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 143.

47. Archivo General de Simancas, Patronato Real, leg. 52, fol. 70, Bergenroth, cited in Luis Suárez Fernández, Política internacional de Isabel la Católica: Estudios y documentos (Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, 2002), pp. 6:88–90.

48. De Puebla to Ferdinand and Isabella, June 16, 1500, in Bergenroth, ed., Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers. vol. 1,

49. Peter Martyr to Peter Fagardius, September 2, 1500, in Opus Epistolarum.

50. Ibid.

51. Biblioteca Nacional, mss 20.211, folio 12, cited in Suárez Fernández, Política internacional de Isabel la Católica, p. 6:180–81.

52. Purcell, Great Captain, pp. 136–37.

53. Jerónimo Zurita, Historia del rey Don Fernando el Católico: De las empresas y ligas de Italia, ed. Ángel Canellas López (Zaragoza: Diputación General de Aragón, 1989), pp. 2:264–65.

54. John Julius Norwich, A History of Venice (New York: Vintage Books, 1988), p. 385.

55. Goffman, Ottoman Empire, p. 144.

56. Colin Imber, The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), p. 41.

57. Ferdinand and Isabella to De Puebla, July 29, 1501, in Bergenroth, ed., Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers.

58. Ibid.

59. Peter Martyr to Cardinal Santa Croce, February 16, 1501, in Opus Epistolarum.

60. Tommaso Astarita, The Continuity of Feudal Power: The Caracciolo di Brienza in Spanish Naples (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 13.

TWENTY: ISRAEL IN EXILE

  1. David A. Boruchoff, “Introduction: Instructions for Sainthood and Other Feminine Wiles in the Historiography of Isabel I,” in Boruchoff, Isabel la Católica (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 4.

  2. Charles Berlin, Elijah Capsali’s Seder Eliyyahu Zuta, Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, September 1962.

  3. Don José Antonio Conde, Historia de la dominación de los Árabes en España, sacada de varios manuscritos y memorias arábigas (Madrid: Biblioteca de Historiadores Españoles. Marín, y Compañía, 1874), p. 320.

  4. Antonio de la Torre and Luis Suárez Fernández, Documentos referentes a las relaciones con Portugal durante el reinado de los Reyes Católicos (1858; Valladolid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Patronato Menéndez Pelayo, 1963), pp. 2:116–17.

  5. William Prescott, History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1854), vol. 1, p. 420.

  6. Ibid., p. 457.

  7. Peggy Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 331.

  8. Peter Martyr to Cardinal Santa Croce, June 9, 1501, in Opus Epistolarum: The Work of the Letters of Peter Martyr (London: Wellcome Library).

  9. Ibid.

10. Miguel Ángel de Bunes Ibarra and Emilio Sola, La vida, y historia de Hayradin, llamado Barbarroja (Granada: Universidad de Granada, 1997), p. 43.

11. Ibid., p. 46.

12. François Soyer, “King João II of Portugal, ‘O Principe Perfeito,’ and the Jews (1481–1495),” Sefarad 69, no. 1 (2009).

13. Ibid., p. 91.

14. Ibid., p. 97.

15. Jerónimo Zurita, Historia del rey Don Hernando el Católico: De las empresas y ligas de Italia, ed. Angel Canellas López (Zaragoza: Diputación General de Aragón, 1989), pp. 2:26–29.

16. Ibid.

17. Antonio Henrique de Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), vol. I, p. 213.

18. Minna Rozen, A History of the Jewish Community in Istanbul: The Formative Years, 1453–1566 (Leiden: Brill, 2010), p. 38.

19. Aryeh Shmuelevitz, “Capsali as a Source for Ottoman History, 1450–1523,” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 9 (1978), p. 342.

20. Martin Jacobs, “Joseph ha-Kohen, Paolo Giovio and Sixteenth-Century Historiography,” Cultural Intermediaries, Jewish Intellectuals in Early Modern Italy, ed. David B. Ruderman and Giuseppe Veltri (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), p. 74.

21. Jane S. Gerber, The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience (New York: Free Press, 1994), p. xi.

22. Salma Khadra Jayyusi, ed., The Legacy of Muslim Spain (Leiden: Brill, 1994), p. xvii.

TWENTY-ONE: THREE DAUGHTERS

  1. Caro Lynn, A College Professor of the Renaissance: Lucio Marineo Sículo Among the Spanish Humanists (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1937), p. 122.

  2. Peter Martyr to Perdro Fagiardo, Lord of Cartagena, December 19, 1494, in Opus Epistolarum: The Work of the Letters of Peter Martyr (London: Wellcome Library).

  3. Ferdinand Columbus, The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus: By His Son Ferdinand (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1959), p. 215.

  4. Bartolomé de Las Casas, An Account, Much Abbreviated, of the Destruction of the Indies, ed. Franklin W. Knight, trans. Andrew Hurley (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2003), p. xvi.

  5. Bartolomé de Las Casas, History of the Indies, trans. Andrée Collard (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), p. 71.

  6. Ruth Mathilda Anderson, Hispanic Costume, 1480–1530 (New York: Hispanic Society of America, 1979), p. 142.

  7. Document from Academia de la Historia Colección Salazar, A-11, fol. 288r–v, cited in Luis Suárez Fernández, Politica internacional de Isabel la Católica: Estudios y documentos (Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, 2002), pp. 6:108–9.

  8. Nancy Rubin, Isabella of Castile: The First Renaissance Queen (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), p. 378.

  9. Hernando del Pulgar, Crónica de los Señores Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel de Castilla y de Aragón (Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, Librería de los Sucesores de Hernando, 1923), p. 3:65.

10. Ochoa de Isasaga to the Reyes Católicos, November 24, 1500, Estabdo Leg. 3678, fol. 17, cited in Antonio de la Torre, and Luis Suárez Fernández, Documentos referentes a las relaciones con Portugal durante el reinado de los Reyes Católicos (1858; Valladolid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Patronato Menéndez Pelayo, 1963), pp. 66–69.

11. Fray Prudencio de Sandoval, Historia de la vida y hechos del emperador Carlos V (Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, Atlas, 1955), p. 22.

12. Antonio Henrique de Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal, vol. 1, From Lusitania to Empire (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), p. 2:214.

13. Edward McMurdo, History of Portugal (London: St. Dunstan’s House, 1889), pp. 3:111–13.

14. José-Luis Martín, Isabel la Católica: sus hijas y las damas de su corte, modelos de doncellas, casadas y viudas, en el Carro de las Doñas, 1542 (Ávila: Diputación Provincial de Ávila, Institución “Gran Duque de Alba,” 2001), p. 109.

15. Sandoval, Historia de la vida y hechos, p. 20.

16. King Henry VII to Reyes, November 28, 1501, in Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers, Relating to the Negotiations Between England and Spain, preserved in the Archives of Simancas and Elsewhere, vol. 1, Henry VII: 1485–1509, ed. Gustav Bergenroth (London: Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury, 1862).

17. Giles Tremlett, Catherine of Aragon: The Spanish Queen of Henry VIII (New York: Walker & Co., 2010), p. 81.

18. Garrett Mattingly, Catherine of Aragon (New York: Quality Paperback Books, 1941), p. 55.

19. Christopher Hare, The High and Puissant Princess Marguerite of Austria, Princess Dowager of Spain, Duchess Dowager of Savoy, Regent of the Netherlands (New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1907), p. 79.

20. Bethany Aram, Juana the Mad: Sovereignty and Dynasty in Renaissance Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), p. 35.

21. Ibid., p. 47.

22. Subprior of Santa Cruz to Fernando and Isabel, January 15, 1499, Archivo General de Simancas, Patronato Real 52–116, cited ibid., pp. 48, 49.

23. Rubin, Isabella of Castile, p. 377.

24. Jacobo Stuart Fitz-James and Falcó Alba, Correspondencia de Gutierre Gómez de Fuensalida (Madrid: Imprenta Alemana, 1907), p. xxvii.

25. Ibid., p. xxv.

26. Tomás de Matienzo to Fernando and Isabel, January 15, 1499, Archivo General de Simancas, Patronato Real 52–116, cited in Aram, Juana the Mad, p. 52.

27. Subprior of Santa Cruz to Isabella, January 15, 1499, in Bergenroth, ed., Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers.

28. Peter Martyr to Cardinal Santa Croce, September 20, 1502, in Opus Epistolarum.

29. Peter Martyr to Cardinal Santa Croce, December 19, 1503, ibid.

30. Stuart Fitz-James and Alba, Correspondencia de Gómez de Fuensalida, p. ix.

31. Peter Martyr to Cardinal Santa Croce, March 10, 1503, in Opus Epistolarum.

32. Vicente Rodríguez Valencia, Isabel la Católica en la opinión de españoles y extranjeros, siglos XV al XX (Valladolid: Instituto “Isabel la Católica” de Historia Eclesiástica, 1970), p. 1:278.

33. Alonso de Santa Cruz, Crónica de los Reyes Católicos, ed. Juan de Mata Carriazo y Arroquia (Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos de Sevilla, 1951), p. 302.

34. Aram, Juana the Mad, p. 77.

35. Santa Cruz, Crónica de los Reyes Católicos, p. 302.

36. Tremlett, Catherine of Aragon, p. 99.

TWENTY-TWO: A CHURCH WITHOUT A SHEPHERD

  1. Vicente Rodríguez Valencia, Isabel la Católica en la opinión de españoles y extranjeros, siglos XV al XX (Valladolid: Instituto “Isabel la Católica” de Historia Eclesiástica, 1970), p. 1:278.

  2. Mary Purcell, The Great Captain: Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (New York: Alvin Redman, 1963), p. 155.

  3. Ibid., p. 158.

  4. Charles Oman, A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1937), p. 55.

  5. Peter Martyr to archbishop and count, January 12, 1504, in Opus Epistolarum: The Work of the Letters of Peter Martyr (London: Wellcome Library).

  6. Ibid., p. 178.

  7. Tarsicio de Azcona, Juana de Castilla, mal llamada La Beltraneja, 1462–1530 (Madrid: Fundación Universitaria Española, 1998), p. 65.

  8. Peter Martyr to archbishop and count, January 12, 1504, in Opus Epistolarum.

  9. Peter Martyr to archbishop of Granada, November 1, 1503, ibid.

10. Desmond Seward, The Burning of the Vanities: Savonarola and the Borgia Pope (Stroud, U.K.: Sutton, 2006), p. 221.

11. Ibid., p. 229.

12. Fray Prudencio de Sandoval, Historia de la Vida y Hechos del Emperador Carlos V, Biblioteca de Autores Españoles (Madrid: Atlas, 1955), p. 22.

13. Ibid., pp. 250–51.

14. Francisco Javier Sánchez Cantón, Libros, tapices y cuadros que collecciónó Isabel la Católica (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 1950), p. 54.

15. Nancy Rubin, Isabella of Castile: The First Renaissance Queen (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), pp. 337–38.

16. Ibid., p. 367.

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., p. 339.

19. Jerónimo Zurita, Historia del rey Don Hernando el Católico: De las empresas y ligas de Italia (Zaragoza: Diputacion General de Aragón, 1989), pp. 2:6–7.

20. William Prescott, History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, p. 502.

21. Ibid.

22. Jean Lucas-Dubreton, The Borgias (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1955), p. 159.

23. Peter Martyr to Count of Tendilla and Archbishop of Granada, November 10, 1503, in Opus Epistolarum.

24. Pope Julius II, December 26, 1503, Calendar of State Papers, Spain.

25. Fusero Clemente, The Borgias, trans. Peter Green (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1972), p. 278.

26. Prescott, History of the Reign, p. 585.

TWENTY-THREE: THE DEATH OF QUEEN ISABELLA

  1. Isabel to King Manuel of Portugal, November 21, 1501, in Documentos referentes a las relaciones con Portugal durante el reinado de los Reyes Católicos, ed. Antonio de la Torre and Luis Suárez Fernández (1858; Valladolid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Patronato Menéndez Pelayo, 1963), pp. 3:106–7.

  2. Peter Martyr to Count of Tendilla and Archbishop Talavera, October 3, 1504, in Opus Epistolarum: The Work of the Letters of Peter Martyr (London: Wellcome Library).

  3. Peter Martyr to Licenciate Polancus, Royal Counselor, October 15, 1504, ibid.

  4. Catherine, Princess of Wales, to Queen Isabella, November 26, 1504, in Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers, Relating to the Negotiations Between England and Spain, preserved in the Archives of Simancas and Elsewhere, vol. 1, Henry VII: 1485–1509, ed. Gustav Bergenroth (London: Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury, 1862).

  5. Bishop of Worcester to Henry VII, March 15, 1505, ibid.

  6. Jerónimo Zurita, Historia del rey Don Hernando el Católico: De las empresas y ligas de Italia, ed. Ángel Canellas López (Zaragoza: Diputación General de Aragón, 1989), p. 3:331.

  7. Alonso de Santa Cruz, Crónica de los Reyes Católicos, ed. Juan de Mata Carriazo y Arroquia (Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos de Sevilla, 1951), p. 2:303.

  8. Zurita, Historia del Rey, pp. 328–29.

  9. Baldesar Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier, trans. Charles S. Singleton (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1959), p. 237.

10. Ibid., p. 238.

11. Philippe de Commynes, The Memoirs of Philip de Comines, Lord of Argenton (London: G. and W. B. Whittaker, 1823), p. 2:402.

12. Testamento de la Reina Isabel la Católica, Publicaciones del quinto centenario, 1504–2004, Granada, p. 59.

13. Nancy Rubin, Isabella of Castile: The First Renaissance Queen (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), p. 414.

14. Ibid.

15. Testamento de la Reina Isabel la Católica, p. 59.

16. Peter Martyr to Ferdinand of Aragon, December 25, 1504, in Opus Epistolarum.

17. Ibid.

18. Juan Antonio Vilar Sánchez, Los Reyes Católicos en la Alhambra (Granada: Editorial COMARES, 2007), pp. 135–37; and Juan Manuel Barrios Rozva, Guía de la Granada Desaparecida (Granada: Editorial COMARES, 2006), pp. 131–33.

TWENTY-FOUR: THE WORLD AFTER ISABELLA

  1. King Ferdinand to King Henry VII, November 26, 1504, in Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers, Relating to the Negotiations Between England and Spain, Preserved in the Archives of Simancas and Elsewhere, vol. 1, Henry VII: 1485–1509, ed. Gustav Bergenroth (London: Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury, 1862).

  2. Tarsicio de Azcona, Isabel la Católica: Estudio crítico de su vida y su reinado (Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1993), p. 951.

  3. Chiyo Ishikawa, The retablo of Isabel la Católica (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2004), pp. 5–8.

  4. Azcona, Isabel la Católica, p. 951.

  5. Peter Martyr, Opus Epistolarum: The Work of the Letters of Peter Martyr (London: Wellcome Library), vol. 3, letter 285.

  6. Bethany Aram, Juana the Mad: Sovereignty and Dynasty in Renaissance Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), pp. 77–78.

  7. Jacobo Stuart Fitz-James and Falcó Alba, Correspondencia de Gutierre Gómez de Fuensalida (Madrid: Imprenta Alemana, 1907), p. 389.

  8. Peter Martyr to Archbishop of Granada, August 4, 1505, in Opus Epistolarum.

  9. Aram, Juana the Mad, p. 82.

10. Ibid., p. 80.

11. Vincenzo Quirini to the Signory, September 1505, Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, vol. 1, 1502–1509, ed. Rawdon Brown (Great Britain: National Archives, 1864), pp. 300–10.

12. Quirini to the Signory, April 4, 1506, ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Quirini to the Sigorny, April 4, 1506, April 16, 1506, ibid.

16. Philibert Naturel to Philip le Beau, June 7, 1506, LM 24195, correspondence of Margaret of Austria, Archives du Nord, Lille, France.

17. King Ferdinand to De Puebla, December 1505, Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers, Relating to the Negotiations Between England and Spain, Preserved in the Archives of Simancas and Elsewhere, vol. 1, Henry VII: 1485–1509, ed. Gustav Bergenroth (London: Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury, 1862).

18. James Braybroke to Henry VII, July 1505, ibid.

19. Maximilian de Austria, 1505, in Fernando Díaz-Plaja, Historia de España en sus documentos, siglo XVI (Madrid: Ediciones Catedra, 1988).

20. April 4, 1506, Brussels, September 9, 1505, in Brown, ed., Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs, vol. 1.

21. Peter Martyr, in Opus Epistolarum, vol. 3, letter 300.

22. Ibid., letter 311.

23. Aram, Juana the Mad, p. 88.

24. Elaine Sanceau, The Reign of the Fortunate King, 1495–1521 (New York: Archon Books, 1970), p. 140.

25. Aram, Juana the Mad, p. 10.

26. Annemarie Jordan, The Development of Catherine of Austria’s Collection in the Queen’s Household: Its Character and Cost (London: Simon & Schuster, 2010).

27. Mary Purcell, The Great Captain: Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (New York: Alvin Redman, 1963), p. 190.

28. Ibid., p. 159.

29. Bartolomé de Las Casas, History of the Indies, trans. and ed. Andrée Collard (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), pp. 138–39.

30. Roger Bigelow Merriman, The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and the New (New York: Cooper Square, 1962), vol. 1, p. 213.

31. Las Casas, History of the Indies, p. 35.

32. Peter Martyr to Luis Hurtado de Mendoza, December 31, 1514, in Opus Epistolarum, epistle 542.

33. Robert C. Davis, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. xiv.

34. V. J. Parry, A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730 (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p. 64.

35. Ishikawa, The retablo of Isabel la Católica, p. 1.

36. Peter Martyr to Marquess of Mondejar, December 5, 1515, in Opus Epistolarum.

37. Tom Mueller, “CSI: Italian Renaissance,” Smithsonian, July–August 2013.

38. G. González Dávila, Teatro de Las Grandeza de la Villa de Madrid (Madrid, 1623), quoted in Clarence Henry Haring, Trade and Navigation Between Spain and the Indies (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964), pp. xii and xiii.