Notes

1

For Vasily’s mother, see Soloviev, III, 55–64; Vernadsky, IV, 18–26.

1

“Whom do I resemble?”: PPL, PSRL, IV, 295; Soloviev, III, 285.

1

For Vasily’s character, see PPL, PSRL, IV, 298–299.

2

For Vasily’s reign, see Zimin, Rossiya; Soloviev, III, 218–352; Karamzin, VII, 1–225; NL, PSRL, XIII, 1–77, 409–418; Herberstein, Commentaries.

2

For Salomonia and her divorce, see Zimin, Rossiya, 267–299; Soloviev, III, 285–287; Karamzin, VII, 128–131; Fennell, History, 4–5; Vernadsky, IV, 135, 158–159.

2

“If you should . . .”: Karamzin, VII, 129, footnote 268; Shmidt, O vremeni, 110–122; Zimin, Rossiya, 293–294.

2

For Mikhail Glinsky, see Soloviev, III, 239–246; RBS, G, 324–330; Karamzin, VII, 61–62.

2

For Elena Glinskaya and her family, see Vernadsky, IV, 138–139; RBS, G, 317–318.

4

For the marriage ceremony, see Karamzin, VII, 211–214: Latysheva, G. P. and Rabinovich, M. G., Moskva i moskovsky kray, 226–230.

4

“Lord, come to the place: ibid., 212.

5

“The will of the Tsar: Kliuchevsky, Sochineniya, II, 137.

5

For the new idealogy, see Vernadsky, IV, 165–170.

5

For the Boyar Council, see Kliuchevsky, Boyarskaya Duma; Zimin, Rossiya, 409–411.

5

For clerks, see Fennell, History, 96–97.

6

For the Grand Prince leaving the boyars and secretaries in charge of the government, see Buganov, Razriadnaya kniga, 44, 53, 69.

7

For life in sixteenth certury Moscow, see Latysheva and Rabinovich, Moskva v dalekom proshlom, 90–247; Staden, The Land and Government; Sytin, Iz istorii; Nechayev, “Ulichnaya zhizn,” 56–80; Ulanov, “Polozheniye,” 85–106; Dovnar-Zapolsky, “Torgovlia,” 5–67; Ulanov, “Zapodnoye vliyaniye,” 68–96; Hakluyt,Principal Navigations, I, 418–438.

8

“All the burden: Hakluyt, Principal Navigations (Everyman), 417.

9

“Their speech is: Berry and Crummey, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 199.

9

For youths practicing fisticuffs, see Herberstein, Description, 42; Nechayev, “Ulichnaya zhizn,” 78.

9

For birth of Ivan, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 49.

9

For the storm, see Vtoraya novgorodskaya letopis, PSRL, VI, 287–288; Karamzin, VII, 150.

10

For Ivan’s baptism, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 49–53; Karamzin, VII, 150.

10

“O Sergius, by your prayers: NL, PSRL, XIII, 49–53; Karamzin, VII, 150.

11

“had been sent by God: NL, PSRL, XIII, 49–53.

11

“because a loving mother: ibid.

11

For Ivan’s first public appearance, see ibid., 59.

11

For the visit to Kolomenskoye, see ibid., 65.

12

For the birth of Yury, see ibid., 66.

12

“From Grand Prince Vasily Ivanovich: Pisma russkikh gosudarey, 3–5.

12

“From Grand Prince Vasily Ivanovich: ibid.

13

For illness and death of Vasily, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 75, 410 ff.

15

“like hail or rain”: ibid., 410.

15

For the “possessors” and “nonpossessors,” see Vernadsky, IV, 130–133, 150–151; Riazanovsky, A History, 135–137; Soloviev, III, 197, 327–334.

18

“As you well know: NL, PSRL, XIII, 76, 413; Karamzin, VII, 159; Soloviev, III, 289–290.

19

“Brethren, Nikolay has: NL, PSRL, XIII, 414.

19

“Pray, father for: Soloviev, III, 290; Karamzin, VII, 161.

19

“My son is young: NL, PSRL, XIII, 415.

19

“Guard my son: ibid.; Karamzin, VII, 161–162.

20

“Brother, do you: NL, PSRL, XIII, 417–418.

20

On Shigona’s vision, see ibid., 76, 418.

21

For burial of Vasily, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 76–77, 418–419; Tatishchev, VI, 138–139; Karamzin, VII, 163–164; Soloviev, III, 293–294.

24

“May God bless you: PPL, PSRL, IV, 299; Nasonov, Pskovskiye letopisi, 106; Soloviev, III, 395–396; Karamzin, VIII, 3.

24

For population of Russia, see Kopanev, “Naseleniye,” 233–254.

29

For Mikhail Glinsky, see Soloviev, III, 239–246; RBS, G, 324–330.

32

For arrest of Prince Yury, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 78–79, 420; Letopisets nachala tsarstva, PSRL, XXIX, 10–11; Karamzin, VIII, 3–6; Tikhomirov, “Zapiski,” 283.

33

For arrest of Mikhail Glinsky, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 83; RBS, G, 330; Karamzin, VII, 8; Soloviev, III, 400; Zimin, Reformy, 230–231; Tikhomirov, “Zapiski,” 283.

34

For Andrey Shuisky’s governorship of Pskov, see PPL, PSRL, IV, 304.

34

For the Shuiskys, see RBS, Sh, 504–515; for the Belskys, see RBS, B, 663–674.

35

For Andrey of Staritsa, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 91–97, 428–431; Vologodskopermskaya letopis, PSRL, XXVI, 317–318; Tikhomirov, “Maloizvestniye letopisnye pamiatniki,” 84–87; Soloviev, III, 401–404; Karamzin, VIII, 8–12; Zimin, Reformy, 243–248; Tikhomirov, “Zapiski,” 284.

37

“My Lord, you have: Soloviev, III, 402.

39

“Thus by God’s will: Fennell, Correspondence, 72–73; NL, PSRL, XIII, 124; RBS, Sh, 509.

40

The source for the footnote is Soloviev, III, 71, 302, 308.

41

For the first arrest of Ivan Belsky, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 126, 431–432; Karamzin, VIII, 44–45 and footnote 70; Soloviev, III, 423; Zimin, Reformy, 251–252.

42

For the banishment of Metropolitan Daniel, see Tikhomirov, “Zapiski,” 83; Zimin, Reformy, 253; Karamzin, VIII, 45–46; Fennell, Correspondence, 74–75; NL, PSRL, XIII, 127.

42

For the release of Ivan Belsky, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 132; Zimin, Reformy, 257; Karamzin, VIII, 51–52; RBS, B, 668.

44

For relations with Lithuania, 1533–1538, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 81–89, 94–96, 99, 107–108, 110–116, 420–424, 427; Soloviev, III, 268, 406–411; Zimin, Reformy, 243–244; Karamzin, VIII, 18–21, 25, 29–31.

47

For Khanate of Kasimov, see Vernadsky, History, III, 330–332.

47

For flight of Simeon Belsky, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 83; Soloviev, III, 406; Zimin, Reformy, 232, 240–243; Karamzin, VIII, 6–7; RBS, B, 674.

48

For Crimean invasion of 1541, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 99–114,137–139,433–438; Letopisets nachala tsarstva, PSRL, XXIX, 40–41; Buganov, Razriadnaya Kniga, 101; Tatishchev, VI, 148–153; Karamzin, VIII, 56–64; Soloviev, III, 443–447; Zimin, Reformy, 259–260.

48

“I shall come: NL, PSRL, XIII, 110, 433.

49

“Oh, most holy: NL, PSRL, XIII, 434.

49

“a bright candle: ibid.

49

“Our Grand Prince: ibid., 434–435.

49

For the meeting of the Boyar Council to prepare for the invasion, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 434–435; Soloviev, III, 444–445; Karamzin, VIII, 57.

50

“But if it should: NL, PSRL, XIII, 106, 435–436.

50

“We are well armed: ibid.

51

“I was told: ibid., 109.

52

“because the Khan: ibid., 112–113.

53

For the second overthrow of Ivan Belsky and the return to power of Ivan Shuisky, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 140–141, 439–440; Tikhomirov, “Zapiski,” 285; Letopisets nachala tsarstva, PSRL, XXIX, 42; Karamzin, VIII, 64–67; Soloviev, III, 425; Tatishchev, VI, 154; Fennell, History, 10–11; Fennell, Correspondence, 78–79; Zimin, Reformy, 260–261.

54

Ivan receives Lithuanian ambassadors, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 141; Karamzin, VIII, 68 and footnotes 109 and 114; Soloviev, III, 453.

55

“The Shuiskys treated us: Fennell, Correspondence, 74–75.

56

For death of Ivan Belsky, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 141, 440; Tikhomirov, “Zapiski,” 85.

56

For Andrey Shuisky, see RBS, Sh, 506–507.

56

For arrest of Fyodor Vorontsov, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 443; Fennell, Correspondence, 78–79; Karamzin, VIII, 71; Soloviev, III, 427.

58

For arrest and death of Andrey Shuisky, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 145, 444–445; Zimin, Reformy, 267, footnote 3. Another chronicle stated that Andrey Shuisky was killed “by the keepers of the hounds near the Kuriatny Gate on the orders of the boyars, and lay naked at the gate for two hours.” See Shmidt, “Prodolzheniye,” 289. This shows that certain boyars were involved in the arrest and death of Andrey Shuisky.

58

“The Grand Prince: NL, PSRL, XIII, 444.

58

“The boyars committed: ibid.

58

“From this time: ibid., 145, 444.

58

“and became obedient: ibid., 444.

59

It was observed: Fennell, History, 10–11.

59

There were always flatterers: ibid.

60

“some rude words: NL, PSRL, XIII, 147, 446.

60

Later, Ivan appears: Buganov, Razriadnaya kniga, 157, 198–199, 208, 223, 226.

60

Fyodor Vorontsov’s crime: NL, PSRL, XIII, 147, 449; Karamzin, VIII, 78; Soloviev, III, 430; Zimin, Reformy, 268. One suspects the hand of Ivan’s maternal relatives, the Glinskys, in this because of later events and because they had easy access to the young Grand Prince.

61

For the enthronement of Shigaley as Khan of Kazan, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 148, 447; Soloviev, III, 448. It should be noted that at the time of Grand Prince Vasily III, Kazan was nominally a vassal state but then it became independent again; see Soloviev, III, 264, 416, 418, 442.

61

For Ivan’s games at Kolomna, see Tikhomirov, “Piskarevsky letopisets,” 115; Yakovleva, “Piskarevsky letopisets,” 73–74.

61

For Ivan at Kolomna, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 149, 448; Tikhomirov, “Zapiski,” 286.

61

For description of the city of Kolomna, see Tikhomirov, Rossiya, 146.

62

For the Novgorodian musketeers, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 448–449; Zimin, Reformy, 268, footnote 8.

63

For the execution of the Vorontsovs, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 149, 448–449; Aleksandro-nevskaya letopis, PSRL, XXIX, 147; Tikhomirov, “Zapiski,” 286; Tatishchev, VI, 160; Soloviev, III, 430–431; Zimin, Reformy, 268–269 and footnote 8 on p. 268.

64

“the root of all evil: Fennell, History, 14–15.

64

The Tsarstvennaya Kniga is a part of the Nikonovskaya letopis covering Ivan IV’s reign from 1533 to 1553.

64

“The Glinsky’s were close: NL, PSRL, XIII, 456.

64

For Ivan’s journey to Novgorod and Pskov, see PPL, PSRL, IV, 306–307.

65

For Spiridon Sawa and his works, see Vodovozov, Istoriya, 207–212.

65

For the legend of Vladimir Monomakh’s coronation, see ibid., 210; NL, PSRL, IX, 144.

66

For Filofey and the “Third Rome” theory, see Vodovozov, Istoriya, 212–213; Andreev, “Filofey,” 6–9, 21, 28–31; Golubinsky, Istoriya, II, 765–766.

66

For the coronation of Dmitry, see NL, PSRL, XII, 246–247; Barsov, Drevne-russkiye pamiatniki, 33–37.

66

For the enthronement of Russian Grand Princes in the past, see Barsov, Drevne-russkiye pamiatniki, XIII–XIV.

67

Both Ivan’s father and grandfather occasionally used the title of Tsar and were addressed as Tsar. But Ivan was the first to be crowned officially as Tsar. See Vernadsky, V, 1, 20; Zimin, Rossiya, 140, 157.

67

For Ivan’s coronation, see Barsov, Drevne-russkiye pamiatniki, 1–90; NL, PSRL, XIII, 150–151, 450–452; Karamzin, VIII, 82–87; Tatishchev, VI, 161–162; Vernadsky, V, 1, 30; Zimin, Reformy, 274–277.

67

“Father, Most Holy Metropolitan: Barsov, Drevne-russkiye pamiatniki, 73.

68

“Here I am, O Lord: ibid., 84.

68

showered him with gold and silver coins: ibid., 89; NL, PSRL, XIII, 453.

68

Another tradition places the origin of the Zakharin family in Novgorod, where they were boyars. Roman Zakharin was not a fully fledged boyar but had the rank of a boyar-okolnichi.

69

For Andrey Kobyla, see NL, PSRL, XII, 17.

69

For Ivan’s marriage to Anastasia, see ibid., XIII, 151–152,450,453; Karamzin, VIII, 89.

70

For pilgrimage, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 453; Karamzin, VIII, 88–89.

70

For hatred of the Glinskys, see Fennell, History, 191; NL, PSRL, XIII, 456.

70

For the deputation from Pskov, see PPL, PSRL, IV, 307.

71

For the great bell, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 453–454; Tikhomirov, Kratkiye zametki, 13.

72

For serdechniki, see Tikhomirov, “Zapiski,” 288.

72

For the great fire of June 1547, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 152–154, 454–455; Mazurinsky letopisets, PSRL, XXXI, 130–131; Aleksandro-nevskaya letopis, PSRL, XXIX, 151–153; Tikhomirov, “Zapiski,” 287–288; PPL, PSRL, IV, 307; Tatishchev, VI, 163–165; Karamzin, VIII, 91–95; Soloviev, III, 433–435; Vernadsky, V, I, 31–33; Fennell, History, 14–17; Fennell, Correspondence, 82–83; Zimin, Reformy, 295–299; Shmidt, “O Moskovskom vostanii.”

74

“The fire came to an end: NL, PSRL, XIII, 154, 455.

75

“Princess Anna Glinskaya: NL, PSRL, XIII, 456.

76

“Who would be so mad: Fennell, Correspondence, 82–83. See also Poslaniya, 35.

78

“In this way perhaps: Fennell, History, 16–17.

80

For Alexey Adashev, see Shmidt, Pravitelstvennaya deyatelnost.

80

“governed the Russian land: Tikhomirov, “Piskarevsky letopisets,” 114. Yakovleva, “Piskarevsky letopisets,” 55–56.

80

Historians are unable to agree whether these marginal notes were written by Ivan himself or by Ivan Viskovaty, his secretary of foreign affairs. For examples of these notes, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 443–445, 448–449, 455–456. For discussion on this subject see Zimin, Oprichnina, 67–71; Andreev, “Interpolations” and “Ob avtore”; Alshits, “Ivan Grozny” and “Tsar Ivan Grozny.”

80

“Sylvester was all powerful: NL, PSRL, XIII, 524.

81

For the early and later membership of the Chosen Council and its relationship to the Boyar Council, see Zimin, Reformy, 316–325; Smirnov, Ocherki, 139–163, 194–263; Vernadsky, V, I, 36–37.

81

For bad harvests, see Shmidt, “Prodolzheniye,” 294; Zimin, Reformy, 313. Bad harvests began in 1547 and became worse in 1548 and 1549.

81

For Ivan’s campaign against Kazan in winter of 1547–1548, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 155–156,457–458.

81

For defeat of Tatars before Kazan, see ibid., 156–157, 458–459; Tatishchev, VI, 166–167; Karamzin, VIII, 109–110; Soloviev, III, 449.

81

For attack by Khan of Crimea on Astrakhan, see Karamzin, VIII, 112.

81

“You were young: ibid., 112–113.

82

For arrest of Crimean ambassador, see ibid., 113.

82

For Safa and Utemish Guirey and for Kazan affairs in 1549, see ibid., 113; NL, PSRL, XIII, 157, 459; Soloviev, III, 455, 449; Tatishchev, VI, 167.

82

For Adashev and petitions, see Zimin, Reformy, 326–328; Yakovleva, “Piskarevsky letopisets,” 56. The Office of Petitions was established in February 1549 in the Kremlin near the Cathedral of the Annunciation, most probably in the treasury building.

82

For Prince Yury’s marriage, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 154, 457.

82

For flight and arrest of Glinsky and Turantay-Pronsky, see ibid., 154–155; Shmidt, “Prodolzheniye,” 293.

83

For reformers, see Zimin, Peresvetov.

83

For Artemy of Pskov, see ibid., 155–156,167–168; Vernadsky, IV, 283; also V, 1, 26, 71, 73, 75, 77; Golubinsky, Istoriya, II, I, 832–837.

83

“he was invited: Zimin, Peresvetov, 156.

83

For Ermolay Erazm, see ibid., 126–141; Vernadsky, V, 1, 26–28; Grekov, Krestiane, II, 210–219.

84

“The monks,” he wrote: Zimin, Peresvetov, 132.

84

“In this way: ibid., 141.

84

For reforms of the Chosen Council, see Zimin, Reformy, 316 ff.; Nosov, Stanovleniye; Vernadsky, V, 1, 48, 84–85; Soloviev, IV, 36–37; Nosov, “Sobor,” 12, 49–50.

85

For convocation of February 1549, see Shmidt, “Prodolzheniye,” 295–296; Zimin, Reformy, 325; Nosov, “Sobor,” 8–9; Vernadsky, V, 1, 39; Shmidt, Stanovleniye, 133–196.

85

“I have no rancor: Shmidt, “Prodolzheniye,” 296.

85

For the convocation of the people on Red Square, see Nosov, “Sobor,” 39–40; Karamzin, VIII, 98–99 and footnote on 159; Soloviev, III, 437–438.

85

“I was very young: Soloviev, III, 437–438; Karamzin, VIII, 98–99 and footnote on 159.

87

For Peresvetov and his works, see Zimin, Peresvetov, 270 ff.; Vernadsky, V, 1, 26, 28, 40; Vodovozov, Istoriya, 223–226; Grekov, Krestiane, II, 219–221; Sazonova, Istoriya, II, 347–355; Soloviev, III, 713; Rzhiga, Peresvetov.

88

For the reasons behind the Church reforms, see Soloviev, IV, 76–78, 83; Zimin, Reformy, 380, 384.

88

For the Stoglav, see Zimin, Reformy, 378–391; Vernadsky, V, I, 44–50; Soloviev, IV, 76–98; Kozanchikov, Stoglav; Stefanovich, O stoglave.

88

“No one can describe: Soloviev, III, 435; Karamzin, VIII, 105; Vernadsky, V, I.45.

89

For musicians, clowns, and fortune-tellers, see Soloviev, IV, 83–84; Zimin, Reformy, 381.

90

For icon painters, see Soloviev, IV, 79–80; Vodovozov, Istoriya, 220.

90

For decrees limiting acquisition of property by the monasteries and abolition of tax privileges, see Zimin, Reformy, 389–390; Vernadsky, V, 1, 47; Soloviev, IV, 88–89.

90

For education, see Vodovozov, Istoriya, 218–219; Soloviev, IV, 80; Vernadsky, V, 1, 48; Demkova and Droblenkova, “K izucheniyu,” 27–61.

90

For copying of manuscripts, see Vodovozov, Istoriya, 119–120; Soloviev, IV, 79–80; Vernadsky, V, 1,48.

91

For Ivan’s second campaign against Kazan, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 158–160, 460–462; Aleksandronevskaya letopis, PSRL, XXIX, 156–157; Soloviev, III, 455–456; Letopisets nachala tsarstva, 57–58; Karamzin, VIII, 113–118; Tatishchev, VI, 168–169.

91

“You should not be: NL, PSRL, XIII, 159, 461.

92

“On this hill: Karamzin, VIII, 115–116.

92

Ivan spent a month: NL, PSRL, XIII, 160–161, 462.

92

the Nogay Tatars raided: ibid., 161, 462.

92

“the prince of princes: Karamzin, VIII, 117.

92

For Ulan Korshchak, see ibid., 120.

92

Utemish Guirey was born in 1546 and died in 1566.

92

For the third campaign against Kazan, for the building of Sviazhsk, and for the enthronement of Shigaley, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 162–169, 462–470; Aleksandro-nevskaya letopis, XXIX, 159–164; Letopisets nachala tsarsva, XXIX, 59–67; Tatishchev, VI, 171–177; Karamzin, VIII, 117–124; Soloviev, III, 456–457; Vernadsky, V, 1, 53–54.

93

For attack on suburbs of Kazan, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 163–164, 465.

93

For building of Sviazhsk, see ibid., 164, 466.

93

For the Cheremiss and other tribes, see Vernadsky, III, 209; V, 1, 53.

93

For Cheremiss sent against Tatars, see Karamzin, VIII, 119–120; Soloviev, III, 456–457.

94

Flight and capture of Ulan Korshchak, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 166, 468; Karamzin, VIII, 120–121. Soloviev, III, 457.

94

Tatar embassies arrived: NL, PSRL, XIII, 166–167, 468.

94

“If you do this: Karamzin, VIII, 122.

94

For Suyun Beka, see ibid., 122–123; NL, PSRL, XIII, 168, 468, 469.

94

For enthronement of Shigaley, see ibid., 169, 470.

95

For release of Russian slaves, see ibid., 169–170, 470; Vernadsky, V, 1, 54; Karamzin, VIII, 124.

95

For massacre of Tatar nobles by Shigaley, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 172, 472; Karamzin, VIII, 125; Kazansky letopisets, PSRL, XIX, 355–357.

96

Shigaley leaves throne of Kazan, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 174, 474; Kazansky letopisets, PSRL, XIX, 355–357; Karamzin, VIII, 127–128.

96

“You wanted to kill me: NL, PSRL, XIII, 174, 474.

96

For Mikulinsky’s failure to enter Kazan, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 175–177, 474–476; Karamzin, VIII, 128–130; Soloviev, III, 460–462.

97

About the arrival of Yediger Makhmet, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 179, 478; Kazansky letopisets, PSRL, XIX, 376–377.

97

For the incident with the women at Sviazhsk and Makary’s sermon, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 180–183, 479–482; Karamzin, VIII, 137–138; Tatishchev, VI, 186–189.

98

“Blessings from the: NL, PSRL, XIII, 180, 479.

98

“Let them go: ibid., 181, 480.

100

“O merciful Creator: Nasonov, “Novye istochniki,” 10.

101

Ivan prays in the Uspensky Cathedral, see ibid., 12–13.

102

“so that our enemies: ibid., 13.

102

“Wife, it is my wish: ibid., 13–14; NL, PSRL, XIII, 184–185, 483.

103

For the Tsar’s march to Kolomna and the attack of the Crimean Tatars, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 186–190, 484–488; Aleksandro-nevskaya letopis, PSRL, XXIX, 178–181; Letopisets nachala tsarstva, 80–84; Tatishchev, VI, 192–195; Nasonov, Novye istochniki, 14–16; Karamzin, VIII, 140–144; Soloviev, III, 463–464.

103

For the council of war at Kolomna, see Aleksandro-nevskaya letopis, PSRL, XXIX, 181; NL, PSRL, XIII, 191, 488; Trofimov, Pokhod, 41–42.

107

Complaints of the Novgorodians, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 191, 488, Karamzin, VIII, 144; Soloviev, III, 464.

107

For march from Kolomna to Kazan, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 191–192, 489, 494–499; Aleksandro-nevskaya letopis, XXIX, 181–182, 187–190, Letopisets nachala tsarstva, XXIX, 85–86, 91–95; Soloviev, III, 465–466; Karamzin, VIII, 146–151; Trofimov, Pokhod, 45–49; Fennell, History, 30–35.

Makary’s letter, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 192–197; 489–494.

108

Ivan’s reply, see ibid., 197–198, 494.

108

Kurbsky’s description, see Fennell, History, 30–31.

109

“From the Sura River: ibid., 32–33.

109

For appearance of Sviazhsk, see Karamzin, VIII, 147–148.

109

“like coming home: Fennell, History, 32–33.

110

For letters to Yediger Makhmet and Tatars, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 201, 498; Karamzin, VIII, 149.

112

For description of Kazan, see Fennell, History, 34–35; Trofimov, Pokhod, 52–59; Tikhomirov, Rossiya, 498–499.

113

For siege of Kazan, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 202–220, 498–514; Aleksandro-nevskaya letopis, PSRL, XXIX, 190–206; Letopisets nachala tsarstva, PSRL, XXIX, 94–111; Lvovskaya letopis, PSRL, XX, 516–33; Kazansky letopisets, PSRL, XIX, 412–462; Nasonov, “Novye istochniki,” 17–26; Korotkov, Ivan Grozny, 31–38; Trofimov, Pokhod, 50–114; Fennell, History, 34–71; Ilovaisky, III, 193–203; Tatishchev, VI, 204–218; Soloviev, III, 466–472; Karamzin, VIII, 150–180; Bogdanovsky, “Inzhenerno-istoricheskiy ocherk,” 1021–1055; Strokov, Istoriya, 370–376; Vernadsky, V, 1, 55–57.

113

For Tatar forces, see Strokov, Istoriya, 372; Korotkov, Ivan Grozny, 28–39.

113

For the army and its commanders, see Buganov, Razriadnaya kniga, 134, 137–138.

113

It appears that Mikhail Vorotynsky was the more talented. The Kazansky letopisets, PSRL, XIX, 466, says that Mikhail Vorotynsky was a great general.

116

“Therefore strive together: NL, PSRL, XIII, 203, 499.

117

For Tatar attack, see ibid., 204, 500; Fennell, History, 36–37.

118

For the storm, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 205.

118

For Yapancha’s breakout, see ibid., 207.

120

For Tatars practicing magic spells, see Fennell, History, 52–53.

121

“They could not even eat: ibid., 44–45.

121

A Danish historian has suggested that Razmysl was really a Danish engineer called Rasmussen. Karamzin, VIII, 161, suggested that Razmysl was not a name at all, but meant “engineer” from the verb razmyshliat, to think out.

122

For igniting of gunpowder and defeat of Yapancha, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 208–210, 504–506.

122

For Gorbaty-Shuisky’s expedition, see ibid., 210–211, 506–507; Fennell, History, 48–51.

123

“Glory to Thee: Nasonov, Novye istochniki, 18–19.

124

“I have been appointed: ibid., 8.

125

For the liberation of the Russians, see ibid., 19.

125

“I am doing this: ibid., 21.

125

For the siege engine, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 507; Fennell, History, 54–55.

126

“A candle burns up quickly: Evgenieva and Putilov, Drevniye Rossiiskiye stikhotvoreniya, 196.

127

“Those who suffer: Kazansky letopisets, PSRL, XIX, 443–444.

127

“There shall be one fold: Nasonov, Novye istochniki, 22; NL, PSRL, XIII, 216, 511.

128

“Lord, the time has come: NL, PSRL, XIII, 217, 512.

128

“his councillors took: Fennell, History, 60–61.

130

“I had so many grievous: ibid., 66–67.

130

For surrender of Yediger Makhmet, see Fennell, History, 64–65; Karamzin, VIII, 176.

130

“by the grace of God: NL, PSRL, XIII, 513–514.

131

“Tell them that according: Buganov and Koretsky, “Neizvestny moskovsky letopisets,” 141–142. For Yediger Makhmet prostrating himself, see Kazansky letopisets, PSRL, XIX, 464–465.

132

The few surviving Tatar chronicles briefly describe the defeat. Here is the account of one Tatar chronicler: “After the massacre the Russian Khan took Kazan and established his power in its territories. This happened in the year 961 from the Hegira, the year of the Mouse, on the second day of the Constellation of the Scorpion, on a Sunday in the year 1552 according to the Christians” (Rubinstein, Istoriya Tatarii, 95).

A somewhat lengthier account is given by another chronicler: “At last misfortune turned its face upon the Muslims. They lost their homes and became captives. They had fought courageously but to no avail. At the head of the Russian Army was Ivan Vasilievich, called the Terrible. Before this, he built a strong fortress on the Sviaga River, which served as his base. Here he kept his guns and provisions, and his soldiers were always ready to attack. The heart of Islam was destroyed, and countless numbers of believers were killed. The emirs and all their treasures and their wives fell into Russian hands and suffered dishonor. To save themselves from the Russians some fled and sought refuge in the Crimea and the Kuban, and became inpoverished, while others, tempted by worldly riches, received high rank and gifts of peasants from the Russians and gave up their faith. And many unfortunate Muslims from hunger gave up their faith and were enslaved. Many of these people now live in the lands of Kazan. Thus the unbelievers were victorious (Rubinstein; Istoriya Tatarii, 123).

133

For Ivan’s entrance into the city, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 220, 515.

133

One sixteenth-century source says that about 190,000 Tatars, men, women, and children, were killed. The same source gives the number of Russians killed as 15,355. See Kazanskaya istoriya, 159.

134

“They are not Christians: Kazansky letopisets, PSRL, XIX, 467–468; Karamzin, VIII, 179.

134

“With my own eyes: Nasonov, “Novye istochniki,” 23.

134

For processions around Kazan, see Nasonov, “Novye istochniki,” 24.

134

For Gorbaty-Shuisky as governor, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 221.

135

For Kurbsky’s views on the Tsar’s policy, see Fennell, History, 72–75.

135

For Tatar uprisings, see ibid., 90–95; Lvovskaya letopis, PSRL, XX, 540–541, 546–547, 552–554

136

For Tsar’s return journey, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 222–223, 516–518; Kazansky letopisets, XIX, 471–473; Fennell, History, 74–75.

136

“After God in His: Fennell, Correspondence, 92–93.

137

“Long live our God-fearing: NL, PSRL, XIII, 223, 518.

138

“Before I set forth: ibid., 223–225, 518–520.

140

“The grace of God: ibid., 225–227, 520–521.

140

For Ivan’s visit to churches, see Kazansky letopisets, PSRL, XIX, 477.

141

For the banquet: NL, PSRL, XIII, 227–228, 522.

142

“God protected me from you: Fennell, History, 72–73.

142

For the baptism of Prince Dmitry, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 522–523. For the baptism of Utemish Guirey and Yediger Makhmet, see ibid., 229.

143

For Ivan’s illness and the troubles concerning the succession, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 238, 523–532; Aleksandro-nevskaya letopis, PSRL, XXIX, 211–214; Fennell, Correspondence, 94–95, 192–193, 210–213; Zimin, Reformy, 406–414; Andreev, “Interpolations” and “Ob avtore”; Alshits, “Proizkhozhdeniye” and “Tsar Ivan Grozny”; Karamzin, VIII, 197–207; Soloviev, III, 524–528; Vernadsky, V, 1, 58–63.

145

“At the time of: NL, PSRL, XIII, 238.

145

“God knows, and so dost thou: ibid., 524.

146

“If you will not: NL, PSRL, XIII, 524–525.

146

“Yesterday you swore: ibid., 525.

146

“And you Zakharins: ibid.

147

“Tell me why: Fennell, Correspondence, 192–193.

147

if he recovered he would go: Fennell, History, 74–75. For journey to St. Kirill’s, see ibid., 74–91; NL, PSRL, XIII, 231–232.

148

Fighting had broken out near Kazan: Aleksandro-nevskaya letopis, PSRL, XXIX, 215.

148

For Ivan’s companions, see Fennell, History, 80–81; Buganov and Koretsky, “Neizvestny moskovsky letopisets,” 150.

149

“You have made a vow: Fennell, History, 76–79.

150

“I must go: ibid., 78–79.

150

“If you do: ibid., 80–81.

151

“How may I rule: ibid., 82–83.

152

For drowning of Dmitry, see ibid., 90–91; Buganov and Koretsky, “Neizvestny moskovsky letopisets,” 150; NL, PSRL, XIII, 232.

152

For burial of Dmitry, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 232.

152

For marriage of Yediger Makhmet, see ibid., 235.

152

For Fyodor Adashev becoming a boyar, see Zimin, “Sostav,” 66.

153

For the birth of Tsarevich Ivan, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 239.

153

For the conquest of Astrakhan, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 235, 242–244, 274–277; Soloviev, III, 482–487; Karamzin, VIII, 216–220. After the capture of Astrakhan in 1554 the Russians installed the vassal Khan Derbish. After the Khan’s attempted rebellion in 1556, a Russian governor was appointed.

154

For will of May 1554, see Karamzin, VIII, 210–211 and footnote on 318.

155

For Cabot’s instructions, see Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 232.

156

“Yea and though they lie: ibid., 259.

158

“There was a majesty: ibid., 280.

160

“We shall doe all that is: ibid., 317.

163

That done, the people: Berry and Crummey, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 55.

165

For Vishnevetsky’s raid, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 288, 296. Vishnevetsky came from Lithuania and entered the Tsar’s service in 1557.

165

For the Tatar invasion, see ibid., 314; Soloviev, III, 494–495.

165

For Daniel Adashev’s raid into the Crimea, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 315, 318–320; Lebedevskaya letopis, PSRL, XXIX, 277, 279–280; Soloviev, III, 495; Karamzin, 291–293.

166

“As a result of: NL, PSRL, XIII, 319.

166

For Vishnevetsky’s second raid, see ibid., 318, 320.

166

For Cossack raids and famine in Crimea, see ibid., 322–323; Soloviev, III, 495; Karamzin, VIII, 249, 294.

166

For prohibition of travel in Russia of skilled artisans, see Soloviev, III, 498–499; Karamzin, VIII, 252–253.

167

For Dorpat tribute, see Yuriens, Vopros o livonskoy dani, 9–10, 13–14, 16, 57. Informer times Dorpat, known as Yuriev, was a Russian city. In 1224, when the Germans captured it, the German bishop of the city agreed to pay tribute to Russia. The Russians maintained that this agreement was still in effect.

167

For the Livonian war, see Soloviev, III, 499–502; Karamzin, VIII, 252–256, 262–263; Yuriens, Vopros o livonskoy dani, 47, 49, 51; NL, PSRL, XIII, 280, 286–287; Lebedevskaya letopis, PSRL, XXIX, 254, 259, 260–261; Fennell, History, 106–121.

167

For the capture of Narva, see Soloviev, III, 502–503; Karamzin, VIII, 266–270; Fennell, History, 109–115; Lebedevskaya letopis, PSRL, XXIX, 264.

168

“My house and my ears: Karamzin, VIII, 280.

169

For capture of Ringen, see ibid., 282; Fennell, History, 118–119.

169

“Since the days of: Soloviev, III, 509.

170

“God knows, and: Karamzin, VIII, 299–300, and footnote on 498; Soloviev, III, 519.

170

“You call Livonia yours: ibid.

170

“He led me into: Fennell, History, 136–137.

170

For the Livonian campaign of 1560, see Fennell, History, 142–147; Karamzin, IX, 20–24; Soloviev, III, 566–568.

171

“the last defender: Fennell, History, 142–143.

171

“You are attempting: ibid., 148–149.

172

“Serves you right: Karamzin, IX, 25; Soloviev, III, 568.

172

For the peasant uprising, see Soloviev, III, 569.

172

“You can certainly: Staden, The Land and Government, 112–113.

172

For Anastasia’s journey to Kolomenskoye, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 328; Lebedevskaya letopis, PSRL, XXIX, 287.

173

For death of Anastasia, see ibid. The chroniclers say nothing about the place of her death, but it seems likely to have been at Kolomenskoye.

174

“This empress became wise: Berry and Crummey, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 264–265, 299.

174

Concerning Ivan’s order to end the mourning period, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 329; Fennell, Correspondence, 190–193; Karamzin, IX, 13–14.

175

For Vasily Blazhenny (St. Basil), see Fedotov, Sviatye drevney Rusi, 199–202.

175

For construction of the cathedral, see Lebedevskaya letopis, PSRL, XXIX, 235; NL, PSRL, XIII, 251–252, 320, 334.

176

“they, by God’s: Kapitokhin, Pokrovsky sobor, 2.

176

For Postnik and Barma, see Myachin and Chernov, Moscow, 92.

177

For consecration of cathedral, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 320.

178

For Church of St. John the Baptist at Dyakovo, see Grabar, Istoriya, III, 435–439.

183

For frescoes in Zolotaya Palata, see Podobedova, Moskovskaya shkola, 10–22, 59–69; Zabelin, Domashny byt, 129–133.

185

For Ivan Viskovaty’s objections, see Andreev, “O dele,” 47–98; Vernadsky, V, 1, 75–76.

186

For icon of St. John the Baptist, see Daen, “Novootkryty pamiatnik,” 207–225.

180

For Tsar’s throne, see Mneva, Iskustvo, 131–132; Podobedova, Moskovskaya shkola, 22.

180

For crown of Monomakh, see Vernadsky, III, 386, and for crown of Kazan see Bogoyavlensky and Novitsky, Gosudarstvennaya oruzheynaya palata, 157–159, 514; Kazansky letopisets, XIX, 467, footnote. The crown was made in 1553. Historians hold various views about it. Some think it was made for Yediger Makhmet after he was baptized and received the honorary title of Khan of Kazan, while others believe that Ivan made it for himself.

186

For Ivan as a good singer and choir master, see Uspensky, Drevnerusskoye pevcheskoye iskustvo, 186. For the teaching of singing and the introduction of part-song, see ibid., 153, 169, 223–227.

188

For Ivan’s hymn to the Virgin, see Leonid, Pamiatniki, No. 428, Vol. 63; Uspensky, Drevnerusskoye pevcheskoye iskustvo, 187–191, 357–362.

190

For St. Peter of Moscow, see Muraviev, A History, 51–57, and for the Hymn to St. Peter, see Leonid, Pamiatniki, loc. cit., and Tcherepnin, Anthology, 13, xxx.

193

For Domostroy, see Sylvester, Domostroy; Sazonova, Istoriya, II, 338–347; Vodovozov, Istoriya, 230–233; Soloviev, IV, 173–181.

194

“whip your child: Sylvester, Domostroy, 13–15.

195

“When rising in: Sylvester, Domostroy, 11–12.

196

For book printing in Ivan’s time see Tikhomirov, U istokov, 10–40, 234–247; Barenbaum and Davydova, Istoriya, 55–65; Soloviev, IV, 187–188; Grabar, Istoriya, III, 610–625.

199

The skomorokhi—the word comes from the Scaramouche of the Commedia del’ Arte—consisted of entertainers, buffoons, clowns, and musicians, who regularly attended feasts, weddings, and wakes. They traveled about and sometimes gave public performances. The Church objected to them primarily for their lewdness, and their activities were criticized by the Church Council of 1551. Under the Chosen Council they were banned from court, to the satisfaction of Prince Andrey Kurbsky, but after the fall of Adashev and Sylvester Ivan brought them back. See Nasonov, Ocherki, 402–403; Fennell, History, 22–23; Nechayev, “Ulichnaya zhizn,” 78–79.

199

“The Tsar came: Fennell, History, 288.

200

For Ivan at Mozhaisk, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 320–322; Fennell, History, 136–137; Fennell, Correspondence, 96–99.

200

For Sylvester’s retirement, see Fennell, Correspondence, 98–99; Fennell, History, 160–161.

201

For banishment of Adashev, see ibid., 158–159; Veselovsky, Issledovaniya, 98.

201

For trial of Sylvester and Adashev in their absence, see Fennell, History, 152–159. For burial of Adashev, see Tikhomirov, “Piskarevsky letopisets,” 114.

202

“there was a great peace: Tikhomirov, “Piskarevsky letopisets,” 114.

202

“kept scores of sick: Fennell, History, 178–179.

202

For Ivan’s second marriage, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 329–333; Lebedevskaya letopis, PSRL, XXIX, 288–289, 291–292; Soloviev, III, 702; Karamzin, IX, 43; Vernadsky, V, 1, 103; Bond, Russia, 158. There exists very little information about Ivan’s second wife. According to Staden, she advised Ivan to establish the Oprichnina. See Staden, The Land and Government, 17–18.

203

For the displeasure at court over Ivan’s second marriage, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 90.

203

“God grant that: Pomerantsev and Mints, Russkoye narodnoye, poeticheskoye tvorchestvo, 378.

203

“One could see: Soloviev, III, 702.

203

On the confirmation of the Tsar’s title by the Patriarch, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 334–339; Fennell, History, 274–279; Lebedevskaya letopis, PSRL, XXIX, 292–296.

204

For the arrest of Ivan Belsky, see ibid., 297; NL, PSRL, XIII, 340; Zimin, Oprichnina, 91–92; Veselovsky, Issledovaniya, 112.

204

For the King of Poland’s letter to the Khan of the Crimea, see Soloviev, III, 574; NL, PSRL, XIII, 340; Karamzin, IX, 32–33.

204

For Ivan at Mozhaisk, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 341.

204

For arrest of Mikhail Vorotynsky, see ibid., 344; Zimin, Oprichnina, 90 and footnote 1.

204

For arrest of Kurliatev, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 344; Fennell, History, 182–183.

205

“And Kurliatev—why: Fennell, Correspondence, 190–191.

205

For Ivan’s campaign of 1562–1563 and the capture of Polotsk, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 345–365; Lebedevskaya letopis, PSRL, XXIX, 301–319.

205

For death of Shakhovskoy, see Fennell, History, 190–191.

206

“a small single angry word: Fennell, Correspondence, 22–23.

206

For Kurbsky’s banishment, see Andreyev, “Kurbsky’s Letter,” 426; Skrynnikov, “Kurbsky,” 104; Zimin, Oprichnina, 102–103.

206

For the alleged treason and for the execution of Adashev’s relatives, see Skrynnikov, “Kurbsky,” 104; Zimin, Oprichnina, 103; Fennell, History, 179; Veselovsky, Issledovaniya, 110.

206

For the prosecution of the Sheremetevs, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 109–110. This took place in the spring of 1563 after the capture of Polotsk. Ivan Sheremetev was pardoned in the spring of 1564.

206

“His torture chamber: Fennell, History, 208–209.

207

“Adashev, Sylvester and Sheremetev: Zimin, Oprichnina, 110. These instructions were given to the Russian ambassador to the Crimean Khan in April 1563.

207

For the death of Vasily, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 366.

207

For the death of Yury, see ibid., 372.

207

For the death of Makary, see ibid., 374; Golubinsky, Istoriya, II, 744–875; Muraviev, A History, 101–112.

208

For the Minei Chetii, see Gumilevsky, Obzor, I, 147–155; Velikiye Minei Chetii.

208

For Makary’s testament, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 374–377.

208

For Vladimir of Staritsa and his secretary, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 368; Zimin, Oprichnina, 104–106.

208

“After the capture: Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 16.

209

For release of the Poles, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 363.

209

For Molchan Mitkov, see Fennell, History, 290–291.

210

For Mikhail Repnin and Yury Kashin, see ibid., 180–181.

210

“Why,” he asked: Fennell, Correspondence, 2–3.

210

For Kurbsky’s and Ivan’s letters, see Fennell, Correspondence; Poslaniya; Kuntsevich, Sochineniya.

In 1971 Professor Edward Keenan, wrote a book called The Kurbskii-Groznyi Apocrypha, in which he attempted to show that the correspondence between Ivan IV and Andrey Kurbsky was not written by them but by certain persons in the 17th century. Professor Nikolay Andreyev of Cambridge, Professor Dmitry S. Likhachev of Moscow and Professor Ruslan G. Skrynnikov of Leningrad have published criticisms of Keenan’s hypotheses. They pointed out numerous errors and inconsistencies. Professor Keenan’s hypothesis rests on the fact that there are no sixteenth-century copies of the correspondence. All internal and external evidence goes to prove the authenticity of the Kurbsky-Ivan correspondence and Kurbsky’s History of Ivan IV.

211

For Kurbsky’s flight, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 383; Prodolzhenie, PSRL, XXIX, 334; Zimin, Oprichnina, 112–113; Skrynnikov, “Kurbsky,” 110; Andreyev, “Kurbsky’s Letters,” 418, 428; Karamzin, IX, 56; Soloviev, III, 543.

211

For Kurbsky’s wife, see Karamzin, VIII, 56.

211

For Yuliana becoming a nun, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 382; Prodolzhenie, PSRL, XXIX, 334.

212

“the Tsar, exalted above all: Fennell, History, 2–3.

212

For Vasily Shibanov, see Skrynnikov, “Kurbsky,” 115; Karamzin, IX, 56–57, 59–6O

212

For Kurbsky’s family relationship to Anastasia, see Fennell, Correspondence, 210–211.

212

For Kurbsky and Maxim the Greek, see Kurbsky, Predisloviye, 273–274.

212

For Kurbsky’s literary activity and life in Lithuania, see Ustrialov, Skazaniya; Kuntsevich, Sochineniya; Gorsky, Zhizn; RBS, K, 585–600.

213

“It is always proper: Fennell, Correspondence.

213

“If thou considerest: ibid., 20–21.

213

“a leprous conscience: ibid., 2–3.

213

“As for blood: ibid., 66–67.

213

“I boast not: ibid., 152–153.

214

For Ivan’s quotation from Dionysius, see ibid., 144–147.

214

“If it is sweet: ibid., 146–147.

215

“Why do you not: ibid., 246.

215

Kurbsky’s History of the Grand Prince of Moscow appears to have been completed in 1573. Later Kurbsky added to it, see Zimin, “Kogda Kurbsky napisal ‘Istoriyu o velikom kniaze Moskovskom’?”

215

For the deaths in Kurbsky’s family, see Ustrialov, Skazaniya, 271–272.

216

For Ovchina-Obolensky and for the protests of the Metropolitan and the boyars, see Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 16–17.

217

“The Tsar,” he wrote: Barberini, “Relatione,” 207–208.

218

For the establishment of the Oprichnina, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 391–396; Prodolzheniye, PSRL, XXIX, 341–345; Yakovleva, “Piskarevsky letopisets,” 75–76; Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 31–36; Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 18; Staden, The Land and Government, 17–19; Veselovsky, Issledovaniya, 134–143; Zimin, Oprichnina, 127–135; Sadikov, Ocherki, 19–25; Soloviev, III, 550–553; Karamzin, IX, 70–79; Shmidt, Stanovleniye, 211–246; Skrynnikov, “Oprichnaya zemelnaya reforma,” 223–226; Skrynnikov, “Vvedeniye,” 7–11; Kliuchevsky, Sochineniya, II, 172–176; Vernadsky, V, I, 107–109; Waliszewski, Ivan the Terrible, 237–247.

For the names of the oprichniki and the composition of the Oprichnina court, see Kobrin, “Sostav oprichnogo dvora,” 16–91; Bibikov, “K voprosu,” 5–28; Sukhotin, “Spisok,” 19–25; Sukhotin, “K peresmotru.”

218

For Ivan’s regulated daily life, see Fennell, Correspondence, 90–93.

219

“My soul is satiated: Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 18.

220

For Ivan removing his robes and crown, see Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 31.

220

For Ivan plundering the Moscow icons, see ibid., 31–32.

220

For Ivan’s leave-taking, see ibid., 32; NL, PSRL, XIII, 391; Staden, The Land and Government, 18; Zimin, Oprichnina, 127–128; Prodolzheniye, PSRL, XXIX, 341; Veselovsky, Issledovaniye, 134; Soloviev, III, 550–551.

221

For Ivan at Troitsa-Sergeyevsky Monastery, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 392.

221

For dress of oprichniki, see Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 38; Staden, The Land and Government, 18; Tikhomirov, “Piskarevsky letopisets,” 115; Karamzin, IX, 83–84; Sadikov, Ocherki, 22.

221

For the boyars being sent back naked, see Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 32.

222

For Ivan’s letters to Moscow, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 129–130; NL, PSRL, XIII, 392; Prodolzheniye, PSRL, XXIX, 342.

222

“wherefore the Tsar: NL, PSRL, XIII, 392.

222

“If God and the weather: Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 32.

223

For Ivan’s letter to the people, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 392.

223

“Woe unto us who have sinned: ibid., 393.

224

“With grave reluctance: Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 32.

225

For the delegation and their reception, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 392; Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 32.

226

“Thus,” commented a Livonian: Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 34.

226

For the Oprichnina part of Moscow and the Kremlin, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 395.

227

For Ivan’s speech to the boyars, see Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 34–35; NL, PSRL, XIII, 395.

228

For arrests and executions, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 395–396.

228

For money for prayers, see Veselovsky, Issledovaniye, 147.

228

For death of Gorensky, see Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 36. According to another account he was hanged, see Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 35.

229

For death of Simeon Rostovsky, see Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 20–21.

231

For description of Alexandrova Sloboda, see Bocharov and Vygolov, Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda; Karamzin, IX, 84; Vasiliev, Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda. For life there see Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 39–40; Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 25–27.

232

For young Basmanov being Ivan’s bedmate, see Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 17; Staden, The Land and Government, 125.

233

For the recruiting of the oprichniki, see Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 35–36.

233

“If any citizen: ibid., 35.

233

“I swear to be loyal: ibid., 35. See also Staden, The Land and Government, 18, 30, 104–105. For Kurbsky’s version of the oath, see Fennell, History, 249–251.

234

For power and abuses of the oprichniki, see Staden, The Land and Government, 19, 32–34, 80, 109; Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 37–38.

236

“The tyrant habitually: Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 25.

236

Taube and Cruse relate: Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 40.

237

For Shlichting at Alexandrova Sloboda, see Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 26.

237

Concerning the policy of refusing Christian burial, see Veselovsky, Issledovaniya, 325–336, especially 334–336.

237

For the story-tellers, see Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 40.

237

For the Tsar’s pilgrimage, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 399–400.

238

For Tatar raid, see ibid.

238

For the provinces and townships taken into the Oprichnina, see ibid., 394–395; Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 35–36; Zimin, Oprichnina, 306–341; Skrynnikov, “Oprichnaya zemelnaya reforma,” 223–350; Veselovsky, Issledovaniye, 156–177.

238

For Vorotynsky being pardoned, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 161.

238

For the pardon given to the nobles exiled to Kazan, see Skrynnikov, “Oprichnaya zemelnaya reforma,” 249.

238

For the resignation of Afanasy, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 401; Prodolzheniye, PSRL, XXIX, 350; Zimin, Oprichnina, 240–241.

238

“a man of great: Fennell, History, 244–245. For Polev, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 240–241.

239

For the appointment of Philipp Kolychev, see Karamzin, IX, 91–94; Zimin, Oprichnina, 244–247; Muraviev, A History, 114–115; NL, PSRL, XIII, 403.

239

“I will obey your wish”; Karamzin, IX, 91–92.

240

For Metropolitan Philipp’s sermon, see Karamzin, IX, 94; Muraviev, A History, 115.

241

For the Oprichnina Palace, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 401–406; Staden, The Land and Government, 48–52; Skrynnikov, “Samoderzhaviye,” 83, and footnote 40.

242

For the petition to abolish the Oprichnina, see Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 38–39; Zimin, Oprichnina, 202–203; Sadikov, Ocherki, 29; Yakovleva, “Piskarevsky letopisets,” 76; Petrei, “Podlinnoye i podrobnoye Opisaniye,” 137.

242

For the execution of the petitioners, see Fennell, History, 192–193; Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 39.

242

“The Tsar is indeed merciful: Zimin, Oprichnina, 203; Veselovsky, Issledovaniye, 432.

242

“Do you not know: Karamzin, IX, 92; Zimin, Oprichnina, 249.

243

For Ivan’s fears and plans of flight, see Skrynnikov, “Samoderzhaviye,” 84–85; Tolstoy, Pervye sorok let, 40.

243

For the oprichniki keeping Ivan’s suspicions at fever pitch, see Skrynnikov, “Samoderzhaviye,” 84.

243

For Oprichnina Palace, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 401–406.

243

For retiring to monastery, see Skrynnikov, “Samoderzhaviye,” 84.

243

For fortifications of Vologda, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 406.

243

For messages to the four boyars from Sigismund Augustus, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 267–268.

244

“We have carefully read: Poslaniya, 418–419.

245

“You say that God: ibid., 419–420.

246

“Being possessed by: ibid., 438.

246

For Ivan setting out against Livonia, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 265–267.

250

“I and those two: Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 23; Skrynnikov, “Samoderzhaviye,” 85; Skrynnikov, “Vvedeniye,” 37–42.

250

For the death of Dubrovsky, see Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 24; Zimin, Oprichnina, 272–273.

250

For the Cheliadnin affair, see Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 21–22; Staden, The Land and Government, 19–20; Zimin, Oprichnina, 273–284; Skrynnikov, “Vvedeniye, 37–41; Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 41–42.

250

“This is what you: Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 22.

252

For the reign of terror against those connected with Cheliadnin, see Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 41–42; Fennell, History, 314–217.

252

For the punitive expeditions against Cheliadnin’s estates, see Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 22–23, 37; Staden, The Land and Government, 21; Skrynnikov, “Vvedeniye,” 38–39, 68–71.

253

“None of the victims: Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 41.

For punitive raids on villages in the far north, see Kopanev, “Nezemledelcheskaya volost,” 176–194.

For punitive raids against fortresses in the south, see Fennell, History, 224–229.

254

For the conflict between the Tsar and Metropolitan Philipp, see Yankovsky, “Pechalovaniye dukhovenstva,” 186–198; Zimin, Oprichnina, 248–257; RBS, F, 116–121; Muraviev, A History, 114–117; Karamzin, IX, 99–106; Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 43–44; Fennell, History, 233–241.

254

“Those who are close: Yankovsky, “Pechalovaniye dukhovenstva,” 190.

254

For Philipp’s proposal to convene a synod, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 249–251.

254

“Holy father, the Tsar: Karamzin, IX, 100.

255

“Even in the heathen kingdoms: Karamzin, IX, 101–102.

255

“Do you dare challenge: ibid., 102; Yankovsky, “Pechalovaniye dukhovenstva,” 192.

255

“Up to now: Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 43.

255

“I am a stranger: Yankovsky, “Pechalovaniye dukhovenstva,” 192.

255

For the arrest of the Metropolitan’s court, see Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 43.

256

“You are making: Yankovsky, “Pechalovaniye dukhovenstva,” 192.

256

“When we are glorifying: ibid., 193.

257

For the delegation to the Solovetsky Monastery, see ibid., 194–195.

257

“The evil you have; ibid., 194–195.

258

For the attack against Philipp in the Cathedral, see ibid., 195.

258

“Children I have done: Yankovsky, “Pechalovaniye dukhovenstva,” 195.

260

For Archbishop Herman Polev and his death, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 250, 255–256.

260

“Spells, spells has he cast!” Fennell, History, 238–239.

261

For the Tsar’s fear of riots, see Yankovsky, “Pechalovaniye dukhovenstva,” 197.

261

“Here is the head: Fennell, History, 217.

262

For the affair of Vladimir of Staritsa, and his death, see Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 45–47; Staden, The Land and Government, 21, 28; Karamzin, IX, 136–140; Zimin, Oprichnina, 289–292; Skrynnikov, “Vvedeniye,” 45–46; Fennell, History, 192–193.

263

“knowing nothing whatsoever: Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 46.

264

For the death of Efrosinia, see Karamzin, IX, 140; Zimin, Oprichnina, 292.

267

For Peter Volynets and the forged letter of treason, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 294; Novgorodskiye letopisi, 485; Karamzin, IX, 142.

269

For the downfall of the Basmanovs and Viazemsky, see Vernadsky, V, 1, 123; Zimin, Oprichnina, 442.

269

For the fall of Viazemsky, see Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 32–33.

269

“You can see for yourself: ibid., 33.

269

Only a short while before: Staden, The Land and Government, 125.

269

Concerning the passing of power to Maliuta Skuratov and Vasily Griaznoy, see Skrynnikov, “Samoderzhaviye,” 89.

269

For the secret meeting, see Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 47; Zimin, Oprichnina, 294 and footnote 1.

270

For the punitive expedition against Novgorod, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 294–303; Skrynnikov, “Oprichny razgrom Novgoroda,” 157–171: Novgorodskaya tretiya letopis, 254–262: Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 47–50; Staden, The Land and Government, 25–27; Fennell, History, 245–247; Karamzin, IX, 141–149; Shlichting,Novoye izvestiye, 27–32; Soloviev, III, 558–560; Bond, Russia, 161–163; Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 268–269.

270

For size of Oprichnina forces, see Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 48.

271

“Only those who are good: Karamzin, IX, 143.

273

For the Tatar prisoner’s attack on the Tsar, see Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 49.

274

For Gorodishche, see Tikhomirov, Drevenerusskiye goroda, 22–23.

276

“Because you worship: Novgorodskaya tretiya letopis, 256–258.

276

For the pillage of the cathedral, see ibid., 257–259.

277

“You have no right: Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 29–30.

277

“Here is your wife!” ibid, 30.

277

Concerning the musical instrument, see ibid., Karamzin, IX, 148.

278

“Archbishop Pimen may not: Skrynnikov, “Oprichny razgrom Novgoroda,” 165.

278

For women and children being thrown off the bridge, see Novgorodskaya tretiya letopis, 260.

278

For Ivan’s part in the killings, see Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 29.

279

Concerning Maliuta Skuratov and his victims, see Skrynnikov, “Vvedeniye,” 49–50.

279

“Did you see anything: Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 30.

280

For the plunder of the monasteries outside Novgorod, see Novgorodskaya tretiya letopis, 259, 261.

280

For the sack of the city, see Novgorodskaya tretiya letopis, 261.

280

“After the pillage: Staden, The Land and Government, 27.

281

“Men of Novgorod the Great: Novgorodskaya tretiya letopis, 261–262, 259–260.

282

For people dying of pestilence and famine, see Novgorodskiye letopisi, 101, 106.

282

For the booty, see Staden, The Land and Government 28, 119; Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 49–51; Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 31.

282

For Horsey’s fantastic number, see Bond, Russia, 162.

283

For bodies stored in barrels, see Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 31–32.

283

For the Market Side being incorporated in the Oprichnina, see Novgorodskiye letopisi, 100, 110; Zimin, Oprichnina, 339.

284

For the annexation of Pskov, see Karamzin, VII, 25–41; Zimin, Rossiya, 112–123; Soloviev, III, 233–238.

284

For life in Pskov, see Tikhomirov, Rossiya, 317–321; Spegalsky, Pskov; Moleva, Pskov; Hammerich and Jakobson, Tonnies Fenne’s Low German Manual; Khoroshevich, “Byt i Kultura,” 200–217.

286

They waited in fear: Karamzin, IX, 149–151.

286

For the plundering by the oprichniki, see Staden, The Land and Government, 119–121, see also 33–34.

286

“I began to assemble: ibid., 119–120.

286

“We came to a town: ibid., 120–121.

287

For Ivan’s punitive expedition against Pskov, see Karamzin, IX, 149–151; Skrynnikov, “Oprichny razgrom Novgoroda,” 167–168; Zimin, Oprichnina, 302–303; Soloviev, III, 561, 734 and footnote 91; Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 32.

288

For Vassian Muromtsev being among those who met Ivan, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 302–303.

288

“Our Lord and Tsar: Karamzin, IX, 150.

290

For the Tsar gazing at the sword of Prince Vsevolod, see ibid., IX, 151.

290

For the execution of forty local nobles, see Skrynnikov, “Oprichny razgrom Novgoroda,” 67.

290

“Ivashka! Ivashka!” See Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 50; Staden, The Land and Government, 27–28.

290

“I am a Christian: Karamzin, IX, 151.

290

“A thunderbolt will: Bond, Russia, 161.

291

For horse falling dead, see Soloviev, III, footnote 91 to page 734.

291

For the heavy war tax, see PPL, PSRL, IV, 318.

291

For muster at Staritsa, see Staden, The Land and Government, 121.

292

For Staden being in the Tsar’s good graces, see ibid., 121. At the muster at Staritsa the Tsar said to Staden, “You shall be called Andrey Vladimirovich.” As a result Staden believed he was now a noble as only important men were addressed with their patronymic and began calling himself Heinrich von Staden. In 1572 he commanded 300 oprichnik petty nobles, thus confirming his new position, see ibid., 130.

292

For Krotowski’s embassy and his hopes, see Vernadsky, V, 1, 127.

293

“You believe in the Ten Commandments: Scherbatow, The Answer, 14, from whose unpublished manuscript the remaining quotations from Ivan’s answer to Rakita are taken.

297

For the departure of the Polish and Lithuanian embassy, see Vernadsky, V, 1, 128; Zimin, Oprichnina, 436.

297

For the death of Peter Serebriany, see Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 44–45.

297

For the executions in Moscow, see Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 44–49; Staden, The Land and Government, 28; Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 51; Petrei, “Opisaniye,” 141–144; Zimin, Oprichnina, 436–444; Skrynnikov, “Vvedeniye,” 53–58; Karamzin, IX, 152–158.

298

For preparations on the Red Square for the executions, see Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 45–46; Petrei, “Opisaniye,” 141.

299

“Is it right for me: Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 46.

300

For Viskovaty’s petition to the Tsar, see Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 62; Skrynnikov, “Samoderzhaviye,” 88.

300

“I have only just: Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 62.

300

For Ivan’s suspicions concerning the Tsarevich Ivan, see Skrynnikov, “Samoderzhaviye,” 88–89; Shmurlo, Rossiya i Italiya, II, 230. At the end of 1570 it was reported in Poland that “a serious disagreement and rift had occurred between the Tsar and his eldest son, and that there were many important persons well disposed to the father and many others were well disposed to the son.”

301

“Your Illustrious Highness: Skrynnikov, “Samoderzhaviye,” 88, footnote 58; Shcherbachev, “Kopengagenskiye akty.” Chteniya, II, III, 34.

301

Evdokia was sometimes mistakenly called Eufimia. She died that same year on November 20, 1570; see Zimin, Oprichnina, 433, footnote 5.

301

Magnus married Maria on April 12, 1572 in Novgorod, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 433, footnote 5: Tsvetayev, Maria Vladimirovna, 57–85.

301

“This man Ivan: Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 46–47.

302

“Your second act: ibid., 47.

302

How many women and girls: Petrei, “Opisaniye,” 143.

302

“Damnation upon your tyrant!; Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 47.

303

“That’s goose flesh: Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 165.

303

“You will die!; Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 48.

303

For execution of the cook, see ibid., 48.

303

Concerning the Tsarevich Ivan spearing the victims, see Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 51.

304

“Dear Father, let me have her!; Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 57, footnote 49.

304

For the execution of the prisoners’ wives, see Skrynnikov, “Vvedeniye,” 56.

304

For the death of the Basmanovs, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 442–443; Staden, The Land and Government, 35; Fennell, History, 288–289.

304

For the punishment and imprisonment of Viazemsky, see Shlichting, Novoye izvestiye, 33; Zimin, Oprichnina, 443. Later Viazemsky was released from prison and in the reign of Ivan’s son he was serving in Kazan. But he never regained any influence. See Buganov, Razriadnaya Kniga, 494.

307

For the Tsar’s departure for the Oka River, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 451.

307

For Serpukhov and other fortresses on the Oka, see Tikhomirov, Rossiya, 137–155. For defense of the southern frontier, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 251.

307

For the fixed scale of ransom, see Veselovsky, Issledovaniya, 214.

307

For the force of 6,000 Tatars, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 450–451.

307

For Novosil and other possessions of Mikhail Vorotynsky in the south, see Skrynnikov, “Oprichnina,” 163.

308

For the Tatar invasion of 1571 and the fire of Moscow, see Karamzin, IX, 176–183; Soloviev, III, 606–608; Zimin, Oprichnina, 450–452; Buganov, Razriadnaya Kniga, 239–240; Staden, The Land and Government, 46–48, 51, 83–84, 129; Bond, Russia, 163–168; Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 270–274; Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 52–54; NL, PSRL, XIII, 300–301; Tikhomirov, “Maloizvestnye letopisnye pamiatniki,” 225; Yakovleva, “Piskarevsky letopisets,” 79–80; Tikhomirov, “Piskarevsky letopisets,” 116–117; Novoselsky, Borba Moskovskogo gosudarstva, 26–27, 32, 430. For Ivan’s own account, Tolstoy, “Rech,” 298; Soloviev, III, 620; Turgenev, Historica, Vol. I, 230.

308

“the insides were falling; Novoselsky, Borba, 26–27.

308

For the Turkish expedition against Astrakhan, see Karamzin, IX, 123–128.

308

For the size of the Khan’s army, Zimin, Oprichnina, Karamzin, IX, 176.

308

“If you fail to reach Moscow: Zimin, Oprichnina, 452.

309

For the size of the Russian forces on the Oka River, see Novoselsky, Borba Moskovskogo gosudarstva, 430.

309

For Ivan’s flight, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 453; NL, PSRL, XIII, 301; Bond, Russia, 165. Turgenev, Historica, Vol. I, 221.

309

“No one warned me: Tolstoy, “Rech,” 298; Soloviev, III, 620.

312

For Giles Fletcher, see Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 191–192.

312

For the disposition of the Russian forces around Moscow, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 454.

312

For Temkin-Rostovsky, see Kobrin, “Sostav,” 76–77.

313

Stone walls only existed around the Kremlin and Kitay Gorod, around the rest of the city there were earthern ramparts with moat and wooden bridges. See Sytin, Ulitsy, 68, 118, 288. There may have been gates.

313

For the battle south of the river and the wounding of Belsky, see Tikhomirov, “Maloizvestnye letopisnye pamiatniki,” 225.

314

“the entire city: Yankovleva, “Piskarevsky letopisets,” 79.

314

For Staden forcing people out of the cellar, see Staden, The Land and Government, 129.

314

For the Khan on Sparrow Hills, see Karamzin, IX, 180.

314

For the number of prisoners taken by the Tatars, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 457. According to reports from Poland received from the Crimean ambassador, the Tatars took 60,000 prisoners and killed 60,000 Russians, loc. cit.

315

For council at Alexandrova Sloboda, see Karamzin, IX, 180; Bond, Russia, 166.

315

For the rebuilding of the city, see Bond, Russia, 167–168.

315

For the Tsar losing faith in the oprichniki, see Staden, The Land and Government, 34–35.

316

For the execution of the oprichniki, see Zimin, Oprichnina 460–462; Staden, The Land and Government, 35; Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 54.

316

“Hanged from the court gates: Staden, The Land and Government, 35.

316

For Bomelius, see Dictionary of National Biography, 796–797; Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 274, 279, 292–293; PPL, PSRL, IV, 318; Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 54.

316

“The Tsar,” they reported: Roginsky, “Poslaniye,” 54.

317

“I pressed among many: Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 293.

317

“completely turned the Tsar: PPL, PSRL, IV, 318.

317

“he lived in great favor: Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 279, 293.

317

For the defensive preparations on the Oka in the event of another Tatar invasion, see Burdey, “Molodinskaya bitva,” 53–54, 60, 62.

317

For truce with Sweden, see ibid., 64.

317

For the Tsar’s meeting with the ambassador of the Crimean Khan, on June 15, see Karamzin, IX, 180–182; Soloviev, III, 607–608; Bond, Russia, 166–167.

318

“I came to Russia: Karamzin, IX, 181–182: Soloviev, III, 607–608.

319

“He fell into an agony: Bond, Russia, 167.

322

For Ivan’s policy of prolonging the negotiations, Karamzin, IX, 182; Soloviev, III, 608.

322

“You offer Astrakhan: Soloviev, III, 608.

322

For Ivan’s journey to Novgorod and the truce with Sweden, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 467.

322

“The sword remains sharp: Soloviev, III, 609.

322

For Ivan’s third marriage and for the marriage of Tsarevich Ivan, see Karamzin, IX, 183–184; Zimin, Oprichnina, 466.

323

“Christians are being enslaved: Mazurinsky letopisets, PSRL, XXXI, 138.

323

For Ivan’s fourth marriage to Anna Koltovskaya, see ibid., Zimin, Oprichnina, 470, for Anna becoming a nun, see Skrynnikov, “Vvedeniye,” 63.

323

“advance like a bloodthirsty: Fennell, History, 194–195, Staden, The Land and Government, 58, 76; Zimin, Oprichnina, 472.

324

For defensive preparations, see Burdey, “Molodinskaya bitva,” 53–54, 63.

324

For Ivan’s move to Novgorod, see Novgorodskiye letopisi, 108, 110, 113–116; Karamzin, IX, 196; Zimin, Oprichnina, 470.

324

“Tell me when the Khan: Veselovsky, Issledovaniya, 313.

325

For Ivan’s message to the army, see Burdey, “Molodinskaya bitva,” 63; Buganov, “Dokumenty,” 179.

325

For Ivan’s will, see Dukhovnye i dogovornye gramoty, 426–445; Zimin, Oprichnina, 471–472, Veselovsky, Issledovaniya, 302–322; Skrynnikov, “Dukhovnoye zaveshchaniye,” 309–318. Skrynnikov believes that the will was written in the winter of 1564–1565, but most historians are of the opinion that it was written in Novgorod in the summer of 1572. Vernadsky, V, 1, 135–137; Grigoriev, “Zaveshchaniye,” 210–214.

326

“My body has grown feeble: Dukhovnye i dogovornye gramoty, 426.

326

“although I am: ibid., 426.

327

For the invasion and the battle of Molodi, see Buganov, “Dokumenty,” 168–183 and “Povest,” 259–275; Burdey, “Molodinskaya bitva,” 48–79; Staden, The Land and Government, 53–55, 129–130: Karamzin, IX, 198–201; Buganov and Koretsky, “Neizvestny Moskovsky letopisets,” 142–143.

327

“All our plans: Buganov and Koretsky, “Neizvestny Moskovsky letopisets,” 143.

328

“every corpse that: Staden, The Land and Government, 55.

328

“No mighty cloud: Zenkovsky, Medieval Russian Epics, 424–425.

332

“I had believed: Karamzin, IX, 200–201; Soloviev, III, 640–641.

332

For services and celebrations in Novgorod, see Novgorodskiye letopisi, 120.

332

For the Tsar handing out rewards, see Buganov and Koretsky, “Neizvestny Moskovsky letopisets,” 143; Buganov, “Documenty,” 181.

334

“The Tsar began to hate: Buganov and Koretsky, “Neizvestny Moskovsky letopisets,” 143.

334

For Ivan receiving the Tatar envoy, see Karamzin, IX, 206–207.

334

“We have one sword: ibid.

335

“If the Polish and Lithuanian: Tolstoy, “Rech,” 297; Karamzin, IX, 209–210; Soloviev, III, 620.

335

For Ivan’s speech to the Polish and Lithuanian delegates, see Tolstoy, “Rech,” 297–302; Karamzin, IX, 211–213; Soloviev, III, 619–623; Turgenev, Historica, Vol. I, 229–232.

337

For the wedding of Magnus and Maria in Novgorod, see Karamzin, IX, 216–217; Likhachev, “Kanon i molitva,” 20.

338

“King Magnus, it is now: Karamzin, IX, 217.

339

For the end of the Oprichnina, see Staden, The Land and Government, 34–35, 52, 130; Bond, Russia, 166; Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 273; Zimin, Oprichnina, 473; 476–477; Veselovsky, Issledovaniya, 190–199; Sadikov, Ocherki, 134–138; Karamzin, IX, 202–204: Vernadsky, V, I, 135–139.

339

“All their estates: Staden, The Land and Government, 52.

339

For the death of Skuratov, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 477; Kobrin, “Sostav oprichnogo dvora,” 23–24.

339

For Vasily Griaznoy’s death, see Veselovsky, Issledovaniya, 214–215; Karamzin, IX, 207–208; according to Karamzin the Tsar in the end ransomed Griaznoy.

339

“Why did you say: Veselovsky, Issledovaniya, 215; Karamzin, IX, 207; Obnorsky, Khrestomatiya, 252–253.

340

For arrest and death of Vorotynsky, see Vernadsky, V, I, 140–141; Fennell, History, 196–199; Karamzin, IX, 262–263; Veselovsky, Issledovaniya, 369–370.

340

“Your servant, Ivan said: Fennell, History, 196–199.

341

For the death of Odoevsky, see Fennell, History, 199.

341

For the death of Morozov, see ibid., 230–231.

341

For the Tsar’s donation, see Veselovsky, Issledovaniya, 416–417, 367.

341

For the Tsar’s letter, see Poslaniya, 161; Sazonova, Istoriya, 368–372; Gudzey, Khrestomatiya, 300–304; Obnorsky, Khrestomatiya, 260–265.

341

The Tsar’s statement that the Sheremetev brothers urged the Tatars to attack Russia was pure fantasy. See Zimin, Oprichnina, 464.

341

For the Sobakins, see Skrynnikov, “Vvedeniye,” 62; Veselovsky, Issledovaniya, 445–446.

345

For the interrogation of returning prisoners, see Zimin, Oprichnina, 464; Bogoyavlensky, “Dopros,” 29–30.

345

For Anna Koltovskaya, see Skrynnikov, “Vvedeniye,” 63.

345

For Leonid, Archbishop of Novgorod, see Bond, Russia, 187–188; Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 292–293; Nasonov, Pskovskiye letopisi, II, 262; Novgorodskiye letopisi, 148, 345; Buganov and Koretsky, “Neizvestny Moskovsky letopisets,” 163, footnote 20. According to Jerome Horsey the arrest of Leonid was connected with the arrest of Eliseus Bomelius.

345

“His majesty came to the city: Bond, Russia, 194; Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 298–299; Buganov, “Neizvestny Moskovsky letopisets,” 145.

346

For Andrey Shchelkalov’s punishment, see Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 299.

346

For the heads thrown in courtyards, see Yankovleva, “Piskarevsky letopisets,” 81.

346

For the sporadic executions, see ibid.; Buganov and Koretsky, “Neizvestny Moskovsky letopisets,” 145.

347

For Sayin Bulat’s arrival in Russia, see NL, PSRL, XIII, 333.

347

For Tatar princes in Russian service, see Vernadsky, V, I, 92–94, 142.

348

For Simeon Bekbulatovich, see RBS, S, 465–471; Vernadsky, V, I, 142–146; Lileev, Simeon Bekbulatovich; Vernadsky, “Ivan Grozny,” 151–169; Buganov and Koretsky, “Neizvestny Moskovsky letopisets,” 132–134, 145–146.

348

For Novosiltsev’s report to the Sultan, see RBS, S, 466.

349

“If you remain Tsar: Yakovleva, “Piskarevsky letopisets,” 82.

349

“The Tsar and Grand Prince: Buganov and Koretsky, “Neizvestny Moskovsky letopisets,” 145.

350

For the enthronement ceremony, see Prinz, “Nachalo,” 29; Tikhomirov, “Piskarevsky letopisets,” 17; Sadikov, Ocherki, 42.

350

For Ivan’s title of Prince Moskovsky, see Buganov and Koretsky, “Neizvestny Moskovsky letopisets,” 132–134, 146.

350

For Ivan’s house on Petrovka Street, see Soloviev, III, 564–565; Sytin, Iz istorii Moskovskikh ulits, 420.

350

For Ivan’s messages to Kazan, see Kashtanov, “Finansovaya problema,” 245.

351

“Ivanets Vasiliev together with: RIB, XXII, II, 76–77.

352

For Simeon’s marriage, see Buganov and Koretsky, “Neizvestny Moskovsky letopisets,” 145; Sadikov, Ocherki, 41–42.

352

For the treaty, see Tolstoy, Pervye sorok let, 39, 179, Bond, Russia, xxvi–xxxix.

353

“We have resigned the estate: Tolstoy, Pervye sorok let, 179–182.

354

For the relations between Maximilian II and Ivan, see Karamzin, IX, 231–232.

354

“Dear brother, you grieve: Karamzin, IX, 232.

354

For the embassy of Maximilian II, see Prinz, “Nachalo,” 27–29, 50–56; Pernshtein, “Doneseniye,” 1–20.

354

“You should not be alarmed: Prinz, “Nachalo,” 50–51.

355

“He is very tall: ibid., 27.

355

“They say that: ibid.

357

For Henry of Valois in Poland, see Soloviev, III, 629.

358

For the negotiations, see ibid., 636–637.

359

For the second meeting with Sylvester, see Tolstoy, Pervye sorok let, 183–185.

360

“At our pleasure: Tolstoy, Pervye sorok let, 184–185.

361

For the decrees issued by Simeon Beckbulatovich, see Kashtanov, “Finansovaya problema,” 244–247.

361

For Ivan Liubovnikov, see Likhachev, Razriadniye diaki, 472.

361

“Prince Ivan Vasilievich Moskovsky, Buganov and Koretsky, “Neizvestny Moskovsky letopisets, 146.

361

“To the Lord: “Neizvestny Moskovsky letopisets,” 146; Likhachev, Razriadniye diaki, 65.

362

For Simeon Bekbulatovich becoming Grand Prince of Tver, see Buganov and Koretsky, “Neizvestny Moskovsky letopisets,” 146; RBS, S, 470–471.

363

For sources of Ivan’s campaign of 1577, see Soloviev, III, 645–646; Karamzin, IX, 246–260; Buganov, Razriadnaya Kniga, 281.

363

For truce, see Karamzin, IX, 251.

364

For women and children sold into slavery, see ibid.

364

“To Magnus the king: ibid., 253; Soloviev, III, 645.

364

“Fool! So you dared: Karamzin, IX, 255; Soloviev, III, 645.

366

For Ivan’s letter to Kurbsky from Volmar, see Fennell, Correspondence, 186–197.

366

“I could not: ibid., 192–197.

367

“I am Ivan: Karamzin, IX, 260.

368

For sources for the events after Ivan’s campaign of 1577, see Karamzin, IX, 276–282; Soloviev, III, 646–649; Ulfeld, “Opisaniye,” 48, 50; Vernadsky, V, I, 150–151.

369

“As for your vaunting: Fennell, Correspondence, 212–215.

369

For Stephen Bathory’s campaign of 1579 and the fall of Polotsk, see Karamzin, IX, 287–300; Soloviev, III, 652–655; Vasilievsky, “Polskaya i nemetskaya pechat,” 131–139; Heidenstein, Zapiski, 38–87.

369

For the tombstone from the sky, see Polosin, Sotsialno-politicheskaya istoriya, 205.

369

“Good people! Know that: ibid., 205–206; Karamzin, IX, 300, footnote 519.

373

For the disastrous situation in Russia, Shmidt, “K istorii,” 146; Zimin, “Khoziaistvenny krizis,” 11–20.

373

“He told them that: Bond, Russia, 174–180; Berry and Crummey, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 280–285.

374

“You buy and sell: ibid., 282; Bond, Russia, 176.

375

For the arrest of the seven monks, see ibid., 178; Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 283–284.

375

For the Church Council, see ibid., 285; Bond, Russia, 179; Karamzin, IX, 302; Vernadsky, V, 1, 156–157.

375

For the peasants, see Vernadsky, V, 1, 157; Staden, The Land and Government, 33, 67. Staden added that “a number of peasants in the country have a lot of money, but they do not brag about it . . ,” ibid., 67.

376

For Ivan’s speech on Ascension Day, see Bond, Russia, 188–189; Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 293–294.

376

For the Tsar’s marriage to Maria Nagaya, see Karamzin, IX, 312; Bond, Russia, 181; Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 286.

377

Concerning the Tsar needing war supplies, see Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 290; Bond, Russia, 184–185.

377

For the Tsar’s conversation with Horsey, see Bond, Russia, 185–186; Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 290–291.

378

For Horsey’s travels, see Bond, Russia, 189–194; Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 294–298. Many historians believe that Horsey returned only in the summer of 1581. In fact he could have made the journey there and back in six months. He was traveling very fast. For example he reached the island of Oesel from Moscow in ten days.

382

For Ivan’s efforts to make peace with Bathory, see Karamzin, IX, 303–305; Soloviev, III, 655–656.

382

“If you want anything: Karamzin, IX, 305; Soloviev, III, 656.

382

For Bathory’s ultimatum, see Karamzin, IX, 305.

382

For Tsar’s message to the monasteries, see Soloviev, III, 657.

383

For Bathory’s campaign of 1580, see Heidenstein, Zapiski, 97–160; Soloviev, III, 657–659; Karamzin, IX, 306–310.

383

For the siege and capture of Veliki Luki, see Karamzin, IX, 307–309; Soloviev, III, 657–658.

383

For the capture of Padis by the Swedes, see Soloviev, III, 659; Karamzin, IX, 310–311.

384

“Fodder! Fodder!”; Soloviev, III, 660.

384

For Ivan’s instructions to Pushkin and Pissemsky, see Karamzin, IX, 315; Soloviev, III, 661.

384

“Then what kind of peace: Karamzin, IX, 315–316; Soloviev, III, 661–662.

385

“You accuse me of abusing: Soloviev, III, 663; Karamzin, IX, 317 and footnote 547.

385

“Read what they say: Karamzin, IX, 318 and footnote 548.

386

“Send greetings: Soloviev, III, 663; Karamzin, IX, 318.

386

For Ivan’s letters to the Pope and the arrival of Possevino, see Karamzin, IX, 305–306; Soloviev, III, 665–668; Vernadsky, V, I, 162–163. For the papers of Possevino on his mission, see Turgenev, Historica, Supplement, 1–125.

387

For Bathory’s campaign of 1581 and the siege of Pskov, see Karamzin, IX, 321–345; Soloviev, III, 663–664; Vernadsky, V, 1, 163–165; Malyshev, Povest; Heidenstein, Zapiski, 198–260; Buganov, Razriadnaya Kniga, 317–318.

387

Warned by a Russian traitor: Karamzin, IX, 327–328.

388

For the size and composition of Bathory’s army, see Soloviev, III, 663; Karamzin, IX, 326.

388

“If the Sultan: Karamzin, IX, 326.

389

“Thus the first day: ibid., 330–331.

389

“We do not betray: ibid., 332.

390

For Radziwill’s raid, see Karamzin, IX, 336–337; Vasilievsky, “Polskaya i nemetskaya pechats,” 373–377.

390

“For three years our enemies: Polosin, Sotsialno-politicheskaya istoriya, 207.

391

For the events leading up to the death of Tsarevich Ivan, see Polosin, Sotsialno-politicheskaya istoriya, 207–208; Karamzin, IX, 349; Heidenstein, Zapiski, 242; Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 300; Bond, Russia, 195; Soloviev, III, 703; Vernadsky, V, I, 165; Veselovsky, Issledovaniya, 337–339.

391

For the presence of Godunov, see Karamzin, IX, 349.

391

According to Possevino, the Tsar visited the wife of the Tsarevich, who was expecting a child, became angry with her and began to beat her. The Tsarevich came running in and tried to stop his father. The Tsar was enraged and struck his son. As a result of the blow the Tsarevich later died and the Tsarevna Elena had a miscarriage that night. See Antonio Possevino, Commentarii, 39.

391

“I have killed my son! Karamzin, IX, 349.

391

“I have always: Karamzin, IX, 349.

392

Tsarevna Elena was the third wife of Tsarevich Ivan and the daughter of the boyar Ivan Vasilievich Sheremetev the Younger. The first wife was Evdokia Saburova, who was made a nun and sent to the Pokrovsky Monastery; his second wife was Feodosia Solovova, who was sent to a nunnery in Beloozero. See Buganov and Koretsky, “Neizvestny Moskovsky letopisets,” 149.

392

For the funeral, see Karamzin, IX, 349; Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 300; Bond, Russia, 195.

392

For the Tsar’s announcement about abdication, see Karamzin, IX, 351.

394

For Ivan’s visit to the monastery, see Veselovsky, Issledovaniya, 339–340.

394

For the sinodiki, see Veselovsky, Issledovaniya, 340–354. For the names listed, see ibid., 354–478; Skrynnikov, “Vvedeniye,” 3–86.

395

“In 1583 the Tsar: Skrynnikov, “Vvedeniye,” 67; Veselovsky, Issledovaniya, 352–253.

397

“Nikita, Ivan Viskovaty: Skrynnikov, “Vvedeniye,” 81.

397

“At Ivanovo Bolshoye: ibid., 69. These were the estates of the boyar Ivan Cheliadnin, devastated in 1568, see ibid., 38.

397

“Kazarin Dubrovsky with: ibid., 67.

400

For the negotiations at Yam Zapolsky, see Karamzin, IX, 339–345; Soloviev, III, 669–670, 723.

401

For Shuisky’s last sortie, see Karamzin, IX, 343.

401

For date of truce, see Vernadsky, V, I, 165.

402

For the discussions between Possevino and Ivan, see Karamzin, IX, 353–363; Soloviev, III, 671–673; Possevino, Commentarii, 72 and ff.

402

“I found the Tsar: Karamzin, IX, 353–354.

402

“In our church,” Soloviev, III, 672.

403

“This man who calls: Karamzin, IX, 359.

405

For the Russian envoys dressed in black, see Karamzin, IX, 364, footnote 621.

405

For the Cheremiss uprising, see Karamzin, IX, 410–411; Buganov and Koretsky, Razriadnaya Kniga, 331, 335, 340; Buganov, “Neizvestny moskovsky letopisets,” 149–150.

405

For the war and peace with Sweden, 1582–1583, see Karamzin, IX, 407–409; Vernadsky, V, I, 165–166; Soloviev, III, 673–674.

405

For Dr. Jacoby, see Bond, Russia, xlviii–xlix; Karamzin, IX, 414–415.

406

For Pissemsky’s embassy to England, see Bond, Russia, xlviii–liii; Karamzin, IX, 415–422; Soloviev, III, 676–679.

406

“I love him: Karamzin, IX, 416.

406

For Pissemsky’s private audience with the Queen, see ibid., 419.

408

For Pissemsky’s interview with Mary Hastings, see ibid., 420–421; Bond, Russia, 196; Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 301.

408

“Cast down his countenance: Bond, Russia, 196.

409

“tall, well shaped, slender: Karamzin, IX, 421.

409

“I do not think: Soloviev, III, 678.

409

“the Empress of Muscovy: Bond, Russia, 196.

409

For the letters given to Pissemsky, see Karamzin, IX, 422.

410

For the instructions to Bowes, see Tolstoy, Pervye sorok let, xxxvii; Bond, Russia, lii; Soloviev III, 679; Karamzin, IX, 423.

410

For the embassy of Jerome Bowes, see Karamzin, IX, 422–427; Soloviev, III, 679–683; Bond, Russia, liv–lv; 196–198; Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 301–303.

411

For the reception of Bowes, see Bond, Russia, 197–198.

412

“Queen Elizabeth must: Karamzin, IX, 423.

412

“Faith does not interfere: Soloviev, III, 680.

413

For exchange between Bowes and Ivan, see Karamzin, IX, 424; Bond, Russia, liv.

413

“Pray God that I: Karamzin, 424.

413

For the ambassador’s meeting with the Tsar to discuss marriage, see Karamzin, IX, 425–426.

413

“I see you have: Soloviev, III, 680.

414

“Who are they?”: ibid., 681.

414

“Then what instructions: ibid.

414

“You talk a good deal: ibid.

414

“Tell us what the Queen: ibid.

415

“You are an ignoramus!: ibid., 582.

415

For Bowes’ complaints against Shchelkalov, see ibid.

415

Concerning the Tsar’s hope of going to England, see Bond, Russia, liv-lv.

416

“Your English Tsar is dead!” Tolstoy, Pervye sorok let, xxxix; Vernadsky, V, I, 168.

418

For the conquest of Siberia, see Karamzin, IX, 365–406, X, 17–20; Soloviev, III, 686–702, 715–723, IV, 279–280; Vernadsky, V, I, 175–183; Vvedensky, Dom Stroganovykh, 15–111; Mazurinsky letopisets, PSRL, XXXI, 142–144.

418

For the Stroganovs’ decision to invade Siberia, see Vernadsky, V, 1, 179.

418

For Yermak’s earlier life and brigandage, see Vvedensky, Dom Stroganovykh, 88.

418

For the description of Yermak, see Karamzin, IX, 403.

418

For Yermak’s forces, arms and provisions, see Vvedensky, Dom Stroganovykh, 97.

418

“spewed out flame: Soloviev, III, 700.

419

“If we retreat: ibid.

419

For the triumphal arrival of Ivan Koltso in Moscow, see Karamzin, IX, 391–392.

419

“for ever and ever: ibid., 391.

420

For the Prince of Siberia, see Mazurinsky letopisets, PSRL, XXXI, 143. The chronicler wrote, “the Tsar ordered a letter to be sent to Yermak not to the ataman but to the Prince of Siberia.”

420

For the reception of the Stroganovs by the Tsar, see Karamzin, IX, 392, 394.

420

For capture of Mametkul, see Karamzin, IX, 387, 397.

420

For Khan Kuchum’s flight into the steppes, see ibid., 388.

421

For the death of Yermak, see ibid., 402; Soloviev, IV, 280; Vernadsky, V, 1, 181. Ivan Koltso died in the spring of 1585.

421

“Then Yermak and all the Cossacks: Evgenieva and Putilov, Drevniye rossiiskiye stikhotvoreniya, 89–90. For more songs about Yermak, see ibid., 86–87; Chadwick, Russian Heroic Poetry, 201–202; Melnikov, Yermak Timofeevich.

422

“Ho, there, my boyars: Pomerantseva and Mints, Russkoye narodnoye poeticheskoye tvorchestvo, 379.

423

“This sign foretells my death.” Karamzin, IX, 428; Novy letopisets, PSRL, XIV, 34.

423

Concerning the witches from Lapland, see Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 304; Bond, Russia, 199.

423

“To the great and most pure: Peresvetov, Po sledam Nakhodok i utrat, 118–119; Soloviev, III, 704.

424

Concerning the Tsar’s will, see Karamzin, IX, 428–429; Soloviev, III, 704.

424

For the great bird, see Yakovleva, “Piskarevsky letopisets,” 85.

426

For Ivan’s attack on Tsarevna Irina, see Karamzin, IX 430; Petrei, “Opisaniye,” 158.

426

“Before thy fearful: Likhachev, “Kanon i molitva,” 22–23.

426

“grievously to swell: Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 304; Bond, Russia, 199.

427

Concerning Ivan’s talk about his treasures, see Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 304–306; Bond, Russia, 199–201.

427

“Behold these precious stones: Bond, Russia, 200–201; Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 305–306.

428

For Ivan taking baths, see Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 306; Bond, Russia, 201; Karamzin, IX, 431.

428

For Ivan’s death at the chessboard, see Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 306; Bond, Russia, 201; Karamzin, IX, 431. Russian chronicles usually had only a brief mention of Ivan’s death, for example, “In the year 1584 on the fourth Saturday of Lent died the Tsar and Grand Prince Ivan Vasilievich of all Russia. He reigned for many years and was married seven times. Tsar Ivan died suddenly. Some say that those who were close to him gave him poison.” See Buganov and Koretsky, “Neizvestny moskovsky letopisets,” 150.

428

For fainting spells, see Petrei, “Opisaniye,” 157–160.

429

For events immediately after Ivan’s death, see Karamzin, IX, 431–432; Buganov and Koretsky, “Neizvestny Moskovsky letopisets,” 150–151; Berry, Rude & Barbarous Kingdom, 306; Bond, Russia, 201.

429

“Where is the city: Buganov and Koretsky, “Neizvestny moskovsky letopisets,” 150–151.

430

They wept: Karamzin, IX, 432.

431

“O bright moon; Weinberg, Russkiye narodnye pesni, 60; Morfill, Russia, 89.

432

“You have shone: Weinberg, Russkiye narodnye pesni, 205–206.

432

For the opening of Ivan’s tomb, see Gerasimov, The Face Finder, 184–189.