The letters of James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington are all online, readable at websites maintained by the Library of Congress. Fortunately, most of the founders and their correspondents wrote legibly, Albert Gallatin excepted. Letters are identified here with obvious abbreviations of the most famous names (JM, TJ, etc.) and dates. All of Madison’s are cross-referenced to the most common one-volume edition of his Writings (M) whenever they are also found there.
Many public documents, from the Magna Carta to the South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, are readily available online. They are simply named.
The Constitution and the King James Bible are not footnoted.
Debates McClellan, James, and M. E. Bradford, eds. Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 as Reported by James Madison. Richmond, VA: James River Press, 1989.
FP The Federalist (cross-referenced to H and M).
H Hamilton, Alexander. Writings. New York: Library of America, 2001.
J Jefferson, Thomas. The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson . New York: Modern Library, 1944.
M Madison, James. Writings. New York: Library of America, 1999.
W Washington, George. Writings. New York: Library of America, 1997.
INTRODUCTION
1 heat and humidity: Gleig, 61; “pelt[ing] the enemy”: Brant V, 291
1 “what the devil”: Brant V, 290; “The enemy are”: ibid., 297
3 “The innumerably”: Adams (Madison), 1002
3 “the former”: “Memorandum on the Battle of Bladensburg,”: M, 700
4 “[I] expressed”: ibid., 701; “attacks resembling”: Ketcham, 51
4 “a little round”: Adams (Madison), 452; “commanding talents”: Ketcham, 532
5 “I remarked”: “Memorandum on the Battle of Bladensburg,”: M, 702
5 “the arrangements”: ibid.
6 during his lifetime: Ketcham, 669; “answer its national ”: JM to TJ, 9/6/87, M, 136
6 “a better choice”: JM to Sparks, 4/8/31, M, 855
7 “He always”: Farrand III, 94
7 “In this favorable”: “A Sketch Never Finished Nor Applied,” M, 840
8 “the happiness”: ibid.
8 “fullest toleration”: ibid., 925
8 “I flatter myself ”: JM to TJ 1/22/86
9 “with a holy zeal”: M, 504
10 “could not be distinctly”: ibid., 387
12 “the great little”: Allgor, 28
CHAPTER 1: YOUTH, REVOLUTION
16 “the addition”: JM to Bradford 11/9/72, M, 5
16 “the young colonel”: Ketcham, 389
17 “my brothers”: JM to Bradford 11/9/72, M, 4
18 “If you meet”: JM to TJ 8/12/86, M, 57; “The talent”: Ketcham, 39
18 “never knew”: ibid., 35
19 “Come, noble Whigs”: Brant I, 87; “[He is] full”: Ketcham, 428
19 “miscellaneous studies”: Brant I, 111; “a long”: JM to Bradford 11/9/72, M, 3; “You hurt”: Brant I, 105
20 “I am too dull”: JM to Bradford 11/9/72, M, 3
20 “that diabolical”: JM to Bradford 1/24/74, M, 7; “When I have been”: Harper and Jacumin, 127
20 “I have neither”: JM to Bradford 1/24/74, M, 7; “Religious bondage”: ibid., 9
21 “the mind prefers”: JM to Frederick Beasley 11/20/25
22 “There is something”: Ketcham, 61; “a hostile attack”: ibid., 64
23 “useless members”: Broadwater, 80; “all men”: ibid., 82–83
23 “the fullest toleration”: M, 925
23 “All men”: ibid., 10
24 “No man”: ibid.
24 “all men”: ibid., 10, 925
24 “were in the practice”: “Detached Memoranda—Popular Elections,” ibid., 767
25 silent for two years: Ketcham, 89
26 “They say”: ibid., 107
26 missed only seven: ibid., 82; missed hardly any: ibid., 101
26 “the venerable”: ibid., 93
27 “clear indications”: ibid., 96
27 “perpetual union”: Rossiter, 351
28 “arm[ed] with coercive”: JM to TJ 4/16/81, M, 13
29 “The God”: J, 311
30 Madison measured: Ketcham, 151
30 “It would give me”: ibid., 109; “Firmness”: ibid., 110
31 “There is not”: Brookhiser (Founding Father), 114; “the great fatigues” : Leibiger, 16; “As for our”: ibid., 21
31 “The story”: ibid., 6
32 “father of his country”: Brookhiser (Founding Father), 159
32 “Mr. Hamilton”: Hamilton (Intimate Life), 35
33 “pernicious to leave”: Meyerson, 19; “the most intelligent”: ibid.; “contains both”: ibid., 38
33 “We have borne”: ibid., 20; “general funds”: ibid., 23
34 “imprudent and injurious”: ibid., 24; “the energy”: H, 121
34 “Mr. Hamilton”: Meyerson, 24; “guide the torrent”: H, 122
34 “You will give”: W, 500
35 “rigid adherence”: Meyerson, 32
CHAPTER 2: THE CONSTITUTION
38 “I began”: JM to TJ 6/19/86; “Seven o’clock”: TJ to JM 10/28/85, J, 388–389
39 “a valuable lesson”: JM to TJ 6/19/86
40 “I set out”: TJ to JM 9/6/89, J, 488–493
41 “many interesting”: JM to TJ 2/4/90, M, 473–477
42 “that no man”: J, 313
42 “disavows a dependence”: M, 30–34
42 “produced all”: JM to TJ 1/22/86; “Well aware”: J, 311
43 “the state senate objected”: Malone I, 279; “They did not”: JM to TJ 1/22/86
43 “his unremitted”: Leibiger, 34
44 “Nature has given”: JM to Lafayette 3/20/85, M, 25; “Your own”: Leibiger, 42
45 “if anything”: Leibiger, 53
45 “fresh and endearing”: ibid., 57
46 “measures to cement”: Meyerson, 58; “render the constitution”: ibid., 59
47 “literary cargo”: Ketcham, 183
47 “of subjection”: JM, “Of Ancient and Modern Confederacies”
48 “common interest”: M, 71; “what probability”: M, 73
48 “I smelt”: Grigsby, 32
49 “It was”: JM to GW 12/7/86, M, 59–60
49 “except Maryland”: JM to GW 2/21/87; “have come into”: JM to GW 3/18/87
50 “I will hope”: GW to Edmund Randolph 4/9/87, W, 650
50 “these delays”: Brookhiser (Founding Father), 57
51 “licentious publications”: Debates, 29, 5/28/87; “opened the main”: ibid., 30, 5/29/87; “the Articles”: M, 89, 5/29/87
51 “in all cases”: M, 89–91, 5/29/87
52 “whether he meant”: Debates, 35, 5/30/87; “absolutely necessary”: JM to GW 4/16/87, M, 81
52 “The majority”: M, 75; “consistent with”: ibid., 92, 6/6/87; “justice and”: ibid., 120, 7/5/87
53 “enlarge the sphere”: ibid., 92, 6/6/87; “control the centrifugal”: M, 99–100, 6/8/87
53 “the intrigues”: ibid., 105, 6/19/87
54 “Passing over”: ibid., 117, 6/30/87; “we were now”: ibid., 111, 6/26/87
54 “a spirit”: Farrand III, 94–95; “able and close”: M, 117, 6/30/87
55 “Every species”: Farrand III, 92; “fickle and inconstant”: ibid.; “pork still”: Elliot, Debates I, 423
55 “I am sorry”: GW to AH 7/10/87, W, 653; “No man”: Farrand III, 92
56 “sustains the sovereignty”: Debates, 119, 6/16/87; “You see”: ibid., 116, 6/15/87
56 “cunning”: Rossiter, 91–92; “the proudest”: ibid., 130
56 “the great division”: M, 118, 6/30/87
57 “he had rarely”: Debates, 228, 7/2/87
57 “The time”: ibid., 289, 7/16/87 (actually 7/17)
58 “the plan”: JM to TJ 9/6/87, M, 136
58 “The people”: Debates, 534, 8/31/87
58 “The curiosity”: “A Sketch Never Finished Nor Applied,” M, 840
59 “In this favorable”: ibid.
59 “very extravagant”: Brookhiser (Gentleman Revolutionary), 83
60 “A better choice”: JM to Jared Sparks 4/8/31, M, 855; “No man’s”: Debates, 621, 9/17/87
CHAPTER 3: THE FEDERALIST, THE BILL OF RIGHTS
61 “laid before”: Rossiter, 130; “when altered”: JM to GW 9/30/87, M, 138
62 “would sooner”: Debates, 536, 8/31/87; “now under”: JM to TJ 10/24/87, M, 153
62 “There are subjects”: JM to Edmund Randolph 1/10/88, M, 191
63 “A free republic”: Brutus, #1, 10/18/87
64 “The people”: FP 1, H, 171, 174
64 as had happened: Meyerson, 88; “In the beginning”: “Detached Memoranda, The ‘Federalist,’” M, 768–769
65 “A patient”: FP 38, M, 204–205
66 “that the great”: FP 40, M, 222
66 “one of our”: FP 54, M, 310–314
66 “A nation”: FP 49, M, 287–288; “If men”: FP 51, M, 295
67 “In all”: FP 55, M, 316
67 “Why is the”: FP 14, M, 172
67 “Extend[ing] the sphere”: FP 10, 165–167
68 “The proposed”: FP 39, M, 217; “parchment barriers”: FP 48, M, 281–283
68 “The interior structure”: FP 51, M, 294–296
68 “Energy”: FP 70, H, 274; “the veins”: FP 11, H, 206–207
69 “a known difference”: “Detached Memoranda, ‘The Federalist,’” M, 769
69 “agitated”: FP 19, M, 182
70 “You will be”: Labunski, 44
70 “I think”: ibid., 45; “The consciousness”: GW to JM 3/9/88
70 “a few hours”: Debates, 597, 9/12/87; “remains in the people”: Elliot, Debates II, 435
71 “what propriety”: Brutus, #2, 11/1/87; “A bill of rights”: TJ to JM 12/20/87, J, 438
71 “For the first”: JM to Elizabeth House Trist 3/25/88, M, 353
72 “as Homer wrote”: J, 6
72 David Robertson: M, 931–932; “he spoke”: M, 354; “here Mr. Madison”: M, 390
73 “I hope”: M, 354–355; “Madison among”: Leibiger, 94
73 “an illustrious”: Labunski, 97–98; “Is it come”: M, 381
74 “If there were”: M, 381; “If an enumeration”: M, 405
74 “bill of rights”: Labunski, 105; “You agree”: ibid., 66
75 “can produce”: M, 407; “A storm”: Ketcham, 263
75 “Moderate exercise”: GW to JM 6/23/88
75 “extravagant self-importance”: JM to TJ 10/17/88, M, 419
76 “I could . . . lay”: TJ to JM 2/20/84
77 “he resisted”: Labunski, 153; “The secret wish”: JM to Edmund Randolph 11/2/88, M, 424
77 “I sincerely”: TJ to JM 7/31/88, J, 450; “anxiously desired”: JM to TJ 10/17/88, M, 420–422
78 “A brace”: TJ to JM 3/15/89, J, 463; “despised”: JM to Edmund Randolph 11/23/88, M, 425
78 “extreme distaste”: JM to GW 12/2/88; “seemed to consider”: Labunski, 166
78 “essential rights”: JM to George Eve 1/29/89, M, 428; “the many important”: Labunski, 167
79 “unsuccessful advocate”: JM to Thomas Mann Randolph 1/13/89
79 “the smallest”: JM to TJ 3/29/89
80 “deep”: Maclay, 121
80 “the security”: M, 440
81 “the most”: Labunski, 227
81 “they have”: M, 446–447; “spirit of deference”: M, 439; “frothy”: Labunski, 226
81 “the political thermometer”: ibid., 231; “They were treated”: Maclay, 133; “injure the beauty”: Labunski, 221
82 “kill the opposition”: JM to Richard Peters 8/19/89, M, 471; “Virginia has been”: Labunski, 251
83 “pensive”: Reif
83 “an ingenious”: FP 37, M, 200, FP 10, M, 164, FP 53, M, 308
83 “practical attention”: FP 53, M, 308
CHAPTER 4: THE FIRST POLITICAL PARTY
85 “a man”: Ames I, 569; “the drudgery”: JM to Edmund Randolph 3/1/89, M, 429; “His Highness”: Maclay, 29
85 “splendid tinsel”: M, 434
86 “destroy”: ibid., 436
86 “talk together”: Elkins and McKitrick, 114
86 “Hamilton . . . is”: JM to TJ 5/27/89; “personal goodwill”: H, 736
88 “too voluminous”: JM to TJ 1/24/90
88 “collision”: Brookhiser (Hamilton), 85
89 “I call not”: Maclay, 183–185; “exploring the interior”: JM to TJ 1/24/90
89 “We must go”: Debates and Proceedings, 1st Cong., 2nd Session, 1387, 2/24/90
90 “hangs heavy”: Ames I, 729
90 “somber, haggard”: Elkins and McKitrick, 155–156
91 its war debts: McDonald, 181–187, 404–405
92 “a little in advance”: M, 488; “the diffuse”: ibid., 485
92 “whenever the end”: FP 44, M, 256; Rep. Elias Boudinot: Elkins and McKitrick, 231–232
93 “Mark the reasoning”: M, 486
93 “listen[ing] favorably”: ibid., 749
94 “unnatural”: Ketcham, 281–282
94 “other powers”: Elkins and McKitrick, 67; “greatly the advantage”: JM to Comte de Moustier 10/30/88
95 “advantages are”: Ketcham, 281; “Mr. Madison”: H, 527
95 “We think”: H, 523
95 “has been treated”: TJ to JM 8/28/89
96 “the vehement”: H, 521; “want an American”: Brookhiser (Gentleman Revolutionary), 166
96 “may [you] enjoy”: Paine, 433
96 “fewer evils”: Brookhiser (America’s First), 95
97 “political heresies”: O’Brien, 103; “Nothing was”: ibid., 108
97 “Mr. Adams”: JM to TJ 5/12/91, M, 491
98 “the latent”: FP 10, M, 161–162
98 “[I would] quarrel”: Brookhiser (America’s First), 48; “Let me”: W, 969; “I never”: J, 460
99 “There was every”: Malone II, 362
100 “Delenda est”: ibid.
100 “more conspicuous”: Pasley, 541; “Beckley Clerk”: JM to Edmund Randolph 4/12/89
101 “From hints dropped”: Cunningham (Beckley), 42
101 “The following”: ibid., 43; “It would be”: Marsh, 58
101 “possess[ing] the confidence”: Cunningham (Beckley), 44; “A second Pope”: Leary, 36
102 “a moderate knowledge”: ibid., 186; “antidote”: ibid., 188
102 “all my letters”: ibid., 190–191; “With Mr. Freneau”: Cunningham (Republicans), 17
103 “the little task”: Sheehan, 156; “’Tis not”: M, 512
103 “the consumption”: M, 514; making exports: ibid., 495; “The spirit”: H, 664
104 “progress of reason”: ibid., 506–508
104 “Are not”: FP 6, H, 179–181; “cords of affection”: FP 14, M, 172
105 “a general intercourse”: M, 501; “Let it be”: ibid., 500; “every good citizen”: ibid., 502; “Every citizen”: ibid., 504
105 “the real domination”: ibid., 510–511
105 “new vices”: ibid., 504–505; “one party”: M, 504–505
CHAPTER 5: LEADING AN OPPOSITION
109 “Republican party”: Cunningham (Republicans), 33–49; “The Republican party, as it”: M, 532
109 “Having thus”: JM to GW 6/20/92, M, 526
110 Jefferson warned Washington: TJ to GW 5/23/92, The Anas of Thomas Jefferson, 10/1/92
110 “Mr. Madison cooperating”: H, 738; “a man”: ibid., 751; “peculiarly artificial”: ibid., 741
111 “the union”: ibid., 738
111 fingering Madison’s role: Leibiger, 163; “Could no”: H, 756; “injurious”: Leary, 202; “mutual forbearances”: W, 817, 819; “not a syllable”: J, 521
111 “some instrumentality”: H, 789; election of 1792: Cunningham (Republicans), 45–49
112 “artificial boundaries”: JM to Roland 4/93
112 “Curious example”: Brookhiser (Hamilton), 113; “The French”: O’Brien, 141
113 “deeply wounded”: J, 522
113 “blasphemer”: M, 534; “heretical”: JM to TJ 6/13/93, M, 534–536; “a womanish”: H, 745
113 “look of an upstart”: Brookhiser (Gentleman Revolutionary), 140
114 “I live here”: Elkins and McKitrick, 343; “more affectionate”: ibid., 342
114 “for us”: ibid., 344; “the executive power”: H, 805; “For God’s sake”: Elkins and McKitrick, 362
114 “foreigners”: M, 537
115 “much inflamed”: Brookhiser (Leadership), 220
115 “It is not thus”: Elkins and McKitrick, 348
115 “quitting a wreck”: ibid., 364; “to avoid”: Ketcham, 345
116 “his farm”: M, 522
116 “obnoxious”: JM to Edmund Pendleton 1/2/91; “impracticable”: H, 210; “ardent spirits”: H, 563; “of any consequence”: H, 767–768
117 “the advantage”: FP 46, M, 271; “resistance”: JM to Monroe 12/4/94
118 “a standing army”: JM to Monroe 12/4/94
118 “The real authors”: ibid.; Madison thought: JM to TJ 12/21/94
118 “the cradle”: Elkins and McKitrick, 462; “certain self-created”: W 888, 893
119 “An action”: M, 551–552
119 “The game”: JM to Monroe 12/2/94
120 “I should be”: W, 886
120 “the gayeties”: Allgor, 20
121 “grosse”: Adams (Madison), 112; “the most beautiful”: Allgor, 249; “Thou must”: ibid., 28; “the great little Madison”: ibid.
121 American leadership class: Wood, 78; “I cannot express”: M, 550
122 “Dolley” was no nickname: Allgor, 416
122 “Mrs. Madison”: Morris II, 417; “Everybody loves”: Allgor, 232
123 “it flew”: JM to Monroe 12/20/95, M, 554
124 “the British party”: ibid., M, 555
124 “really a colossus”: TJ to JM 9/21/95
125 rejected the idea: Debates, 495, 565; “The situation”: JM to TJ 12/27/95
125 “The nature”: W, 930–932
126 “hereditary prerogatives”: M, 568; “high authority”: M, 580; “oracular guide”: M, 574
127 “great fault[s]”: Ketcham, 360
127 “the people of Maryland”: Elkins and McKitrick, 447
127 “Mr. Madison looks worried”: ibid., 846
CHAPTER 6: WILDERNESS YEARS
129 “inflexible”: JM to JM Sr. 3/16/97
129 “passionate attachments”: W, 973
130 potential successors: M, 522–523
131 “I have not seen”: JM to Monroe 9/29/96; “to plant”: Cunningham (Republicans), 108
132 “The public”: TJ to JA 12/28/96
132 “I have felt”: JM to TJ 1/15/97, M, 582–583
134 “a foot”: Green et al., 21–22
135 “a real treasure”: Ketcham, 359
135 “You are right”: Stevens, 23
136 “van of every”: Durey, 31; work as a schoolteacher: James Callender to JM 5/28/96
137 “A curious specimen”: Brookhiser (Hamilton), 134
137 “a man of genius”: Brodie, 422
138 “something”: Elkins and McKitrick, 571; “No, no”: ibid., 573
138 “kindl[e] a flame”: JM to TJ 5/13/98, M, 588
139 “false, scandalous”: Elkins and McKitrick, 591–592
140 “in case”: Virginia Resolutions Against the Alien and Sedition Acts, M, 589–591
141 “Confidence”: see the discussion of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. 30, 529–556. Compare Jefferson’s drafts, written before October, with the version finally passed in November.
141 did not expect or want it: Brookhiser (Adamses), 46
142 “inflammatory”: Elliot, Debates IV, 537
142 “A sergeant”: Elkins and McKitrick, 698
143 “grasp[ed] for power”: ibid., 710
143 “hideous”: Brodie, 424
143 “Death” he said, “has robbed”: Leibiger, 221
144 to the courts: see the replies of Rhode Island, New York, New Hampshire, and Vermont in Elliot, Debates IV, 533–539; “the Judicial”: M, 613
144 “pave the way”: Report on the Alien and Sedition Acts, M, 619–620, 647–652
146 “We have beat you”: Miller, 513
146 “Rather suddenly”: JM to TJ 2/28/01
CHAPTER 7: IN POWER
147 “we want”: Sparks III, 130
149 “a Hamiltonian”: Ketcham, 410
150 “I was extremely”: James Callender to JM 4/27/01
150 conveyed to him by Madison: Lomask I, 303
150 Davis was so zealous: Cunningham (Republicans), 183; “be found”: Lomask I, 302
151 “expedient”: Adams (Jefferson), 207
152 “the passing wind”: The Anas of Thomas Jefferson, 1/26/04
152 “What is the spirit”: Adams (Randolph), 92
153 “It is well known”: Brodie, 464
153 Madison thought: JM to TJ 2/18/98, M, 585
154 Jefferson wondered: J, 557
156 “We must marry”: Adams (Jefferson), 277
157 division of powers: AH to Pickering 2/21/99
157 “It is possible”: Sparks III, 180. See also H, 1001, and Morris II, 444
158 “Gentlemen”: W, 763
159 “the pageantry”: M, 531
159 “The wine”: Adams (Jefferson), 549
159 hangovers the next day: Allgor, 73–74; “the principle”: Adams (Jefferson ), 549
160 “plain, unassuming”: Adams (Jefferson), 546
160 “Mobs of boys”: Ketcham, 431–432
161 “has furnished”: Adams (Jefferson), 555
161 “Quite pretty”: Allgor, 103
162 “stability”: Debates, 108, 6/13/87
162 “If there be”: H, 972; “Is it a recommendation”: H, 979
162 “the adventure”: Chernow, 714
163 “That [Mr. Hamilton]”: JM to James K. Paulding 4/31
164 “respectable retirement”: Lomask I, 332
CHAPTER 8: PROBLEMS OF POWER
165 “maps are not”: Adams (Jefferson), 486
166 “I considered it”: ibid., 695
167 American vessels overall: Wood, 642
168 “The progress”: Ketcham, 443
168 John Quincy Adams . . . approved: ibid., 444
168 “clear, calm”: Adams (Jefferson), 679
170 Jefferson developed a migraine: Ketcham, 451
170 “to a power”: Adams (Jefferson), 887. Monroe was writing some years after the fact.
170 John Randolph . . . proposed: Adams (Randolph), 150
171 Jefferson’s character: see Adams (Jefferson), 1021–1022; “retaliating regulations”: JM to Monroe 8/7/85
171 “of absolute”: Debates, 475, 8/21/87; he had calculated: M, 495; “force all”: JM to TJ 9/14/05; “mak[e] it to”: Malone V, 488; Dooley, 207–208
172 “Governmental prohibitions”: Adams (Jefferson), 1043–1044
172 “Congress must”: Wood, 653–656; McDonald, 271–273; Cornog, 86
173 His enemies said so: Adams (Jefferson), 1172; “dear”: ibid., 1056; “a spectator”: ibid., 1171; “continues to take”: Ketcham, 458–461
173 “Mr. Madison is”: Adams (Jefferson), 1181
174 Washington’s example: see TJ to John Taylor 1/6/05
174 “I came here”: Adams (Jefferson), 716; “accidental miscarriage”: Cunningham (Beckley), 52
176 “It has been”: JM to Monroe 5/25/07
176 spoke slightingly of Monroe: Allgor, 133; “unfortunate”: ibid.
177 “gives dinners”: Allgor, 122
177 “personal attachment”: Ketcham, 484
177 “We ask”: Adams (Jefferson), 1083
179 “interpose”: ibid., 1251; “to my family”: TJ to David B. Warden 2/25/09
CHAPTER 9: PRESIDENT
181 “difficulties”: M, 680–682
182 “woebegone”: Ketcham, 475
182 “I emerged”: Irving, 24
183 “he can spell”: Ketcham, 482
183 the Invisibles: Henry Adams attributed the nickname to Rep. Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina. Adams (Gallatin), 427
185 “fraud and folly”: JM to TJ 8/3/09
186 “a plain”: Adams (Madison), 87; “a mob”: ibid., 110; “une bonne, grosse”: ibid., 112; “detestable”: ibid.; a swell of Anglophobia: see ibid., 152–154; Ketcham, 497.
186 “Too late”: JM to TJ 4/23/10; “loves”: Adams (Madison), 181
187 “understood”: Adams (Madison), 180; “we commit”: ibid., 181; “It is a bargain”: ibid., 239
187 Jefferson . . . labored: see TJ to JM 3/30/09
187 “with great kindness”: Monroe to John Taylor 5/9/10; “Differences of opinion”: JM to Monroe 3/26/11
188 “a remedy”: JM “Memorandum as to Robert Smith,” 4/11
189 Washington handled: see Brookhiser (Founding Father), 97–98; Brookhiser (Leadership), 129–132; Adams fired: see Elkins and McKitrick, 735–736; Brookhiser (Leadership), 222–223
190 “Energy”: FP 70, H, 423
190 “a mere expedient”: JM “Memorandum as to Robert Smith,” 4/11
190 fed dirt to allies: see Ketcham, 490
191 “I have found”: Chernow, 647
191 “under the varied”: JM to Charles Ingersoll 6/25/31
191 “made his opinion”: Brant V, 137
192 a rumor: see ibid., 268; inconsistent: Irving Brant, his admiring biographer, writes of “Madison’s lifelong unwillingness to make a public display of political inconsistency.” Brant V, 269
192 “the power”: Adams (Jefferson), 234
193 “The withered arm”: ibid., 134
195 “violating”: war message to Congress, 6/1/12, M, 685–690
196 “stimulating everything”: Hickey, 75; “The old officers”: Scott, 31–36
196 “consumed his time”: Ketcham, 522; a drunk: Hickey, 90
197 “It was a fair”: JM to Henry Wheaton 2/26/27
198 top legal minds: Hickey, 70
198 “seasonable antidote”: ibid., 67, 69; “a mere matter”: TJ to William Duane 8/4/12
199 shot: TJ to JM 11/4/12
199 “an unprincipled fellow”: Morris II, 539
200 “vigor in war”: Cornog, 99; Historians scoff: see Adams (Madison), 581, parroted by almost everyone ever since
CHAPTER 10: WAR LEADER
202 Monroe disliked Armstrong: see Monroe to JM 12/27/13; “a proper mixture”: “Review of a Statement Attributed to Gen. John Armstrong . . . ,” 2/24.
202 “national sovereignty”: M, 693–696
203 “did not like”: Ketcham, 560
204 “We have met”: Hickey, 133; “Ripsi, Rantsi”: Anderson, 279
204 “Don’t give up”: Hickey, 156
205 “The committee”: Adams (Madison), 661
206 “Those are regulars”: Hickey, 187
207 a letter: JM to JA 8/13/14, M, 697–700
207 harassed only by the humidity: see Gleig, 54; “good spirits”: Ketcham, 576
208 Self-hating wits: Hickey, 198; “it would be proper”: Memorandum on the Battle of Bladensburg 8/24/14, M, 702
209 “clear out!”: Jennings, 9
209 “Jemmy’s health”: Ketcham, 579; “seat”: Allgor, 361; “I never saw”: Adams (Madison), 1013–1014
210 “tear off”: Memorandum on Armstrong’s Resignation 8/29/14, M, 703–706
211 “No, no!”: Brant V, 290
213 “a right”: Adams (Madison), 1093
213 “Such a bargain”: Ingersoll II, 294;
214 Madison lobbied against: ibid., 264
214 Gallatin had warned: Adams (Madison), 1190
214 “Mr. Clay”: Nevins, 129
215 “I feel no”: Lodge, 28–31
216 “[I have] been told”: Morris II, 548; “[Shall] the slave holding”: ibid., 543
216 “I hear”: ibid., 559
216 “in case”: M, 589; “in cases”: Dwight, 361
217 “a crisis so momentous”: ibid., 378
218 “Mr. Madison”: Ingersoll II, 340
218 The man who had called: M, 617; “preserve and promote”: M, 709; “universal peace”: M, 505–508; “Experience has taught”: M, 708
219 “the wisdom”: M, 707
219 “contemptible little”: Hickey, 279; “Madison’s wrinkled”: Ingersoll II, 348
220 “Let us forget”: Sparks III, 361
221 “with a laudable”: M, 716–717
221 “a low, sordid”: Adams (Madison), 1283; “by any just”: M, 719–720
222 “a school boy”: Ketcham, 612
CHAPTER 11: RETIREMENT, DEATH
223 “The truth is”: Allgor, 363
224 $40,000: see Allgor, 351
225 “It is said”: JM to TJ 9/2/93, M, 549
226 “If the end”: McCulloch v. Maryland. See also H, 621
226 “the general and abstract”: JM to Spencer Roane 9/2/19, M, 733–734
226 “hang . . . inference”: TJ to Justice William Johnson 6/12/23
227 “troublesome”: JM to TJ 6/27/83, M, 800–802
227 “egregious”: McCoy, 85–86
228 “on the democracy”: Robert Yates Notes, 6/12/87; “the popular branch”: Debates, 108
228 “the older”: McCoy, 164
229 “As the scheme”: Ketcham, 651
229 “There is one”: TJ to JM 2/1/25
230 “But why”: TJ to JM 2/17/26, J, 728
230 “You cannot”: JM to TJ 2/24/26, M, 811
231 “Have they not”: Elliot, Debates III, 590
231 “Such an idea”: M, 406; his last journalistic hoax: Van Doren, 775; “proceed with”: JM to Edmund Randolph 3/21/90
231 “the rights”: Ketcham, 627. Italics in original; “whipping negroes”: see “War Leader,” above
232 “better the condition”: JM to Robert Walsh 11/27/19, M, 743
232 “permanently removed”: JM to Robert J. Evans 6/15/19, M, 728–730
233 $109 million: Hickey, 303
233 “gangs of negroes”: McCoy, 311–312
233 “Not believing”: Washburne, 47
234 “You are pursuing”: McCoy, 313–314
234 “abundant stock”: Ketcham, 636
235 “It is due”: M, 825
235 “Any allusion”: JM to Lafayette 2/1/30
235 “certain African dye”: M, 781, 786
236 “lively—often playful”: Martineau I, 190–192
238 “The African man”: Benton VII, 110; “All laws”: King VI, 276
238 “above or below”: JM to Robert Walsh 11/27/19, M, 741
239 “founded on”: ibid., M, 744; “a machine”: Remini, 329
239 “interpose”: South Carolina Exposition and Protest
240 “unbroken current”: JM to Joseph Cabell 9/18/28
240 too flummoxed: see McCoy, 140; “to concur”: JM to Edward Everett 8/28/30, M, 851
241 “an extra-”: ibid., M, 848; “Madison”: Brant VI, 484
241 “to NULLIFY”: South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification
242 “trash”: McCoy, 154
242 “whensoever”: Journals, 34; “every state”: see Jefferson, The Papers, Vol. 30, 529–556, first two drafts
242 “would without”: JM to Nicholas Trist 5/32, M, 860; “It is remarkable”: JM to Nicholas Trist 12/23/32, ibid., 862–863; “Allowances”: JM to Trist 5/32, ibid., 860
243 The “tendency”: JM to Henry Clay 4/2/33; “peculiar labor”: South Carolina Exposition and Protest
244 “The advice”: M, 866
244 “an interruption”: JM to Nicholas Trist 7/6/26, M, 812
244 “I have been”: Hunt, 236
245 “I am thus”: JM to Andrew Stevenson 11/20/32, M, 861
245 “bright”: Jennings, 18; “in the full”: Allgor, 376; “What is the”: Jennings, 18–19
EPILOGUE: LEGACY
247 “particularly gratifying”: McCoy, 164
247 “invaluable”: Register, 24th Cong., 2nd Session, Senate, 858–859
248 “It was”: McCoy, 320
248 “told me”: Jennings, 14–15; she attended: Harvey, 46
250 “If men”: FP 51, M, 295; “The censorial”: M, 552