Chapter I: In the Beginning Was the Word
In the beginning was: John 1:1. All biblical citations are taken from the Revised Standard Version.
1 “Have you not heard”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 99.
2 Throughout the text, I have relied on W. P. Barrett’s translation of the trial of condemnation. Unless otherwise cited, all quotes attributed to Joan or her judges are taken from that translation. As it was the custom during the Middle Ages to record testimony in the third rather than first person, I have on occasion returned the inquisitor’s examination of Joan to its original dialogue form.
3 “seeing may not see”: Luke 8:10.
4 “new and everlasting covenant”: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints’ conflation of Isaiah 55:3, Jeremiah 32:40, and Hebrews 8:13 and 12:24.
5 “the most noble life”: Twain, Personal Recollections, xvi.
6 “In preference to all the brave men”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 105.
7 Her Ditié de Jehanne: “The Song of Joan” is generally known as “The Song of Joan of Arc,” but as the suffix “d’Arc” is an anachronism added centuries after her death, I have left it off.
8 a “young maiden, to whom God gives”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 102.
9 summoned as a trio: Fraioli, Joan of Arc, 61.
10 the fifth century BC: Heraclitus, 12th frag.
11 “Behold, battles resound”: Fraioli, Joan of Arc, 62.
12 “For unto us a child is born”: Isaiah 9:6.
13 prophets Isaiah, Daniel, and Hosea: Isaiah and Hosea in the eighth century BC, and Daniel in the second.
14 “triumphant and victorious is he”: Zechariah 9:9.
15 “All this has taken place”: Matthew 26:26.
16 “set at liberty those who are oppressed”: Isaiah 58:6.
17 “great sufferings”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 115.
18 “bad form to praise”: Huizinga, Waning of the Middle Ages, 22.
19 “to see only its suffering”: Ibid., 28.
20 Isaiah, Ezekiel, and Zechariah: Isaiah 40:11 and 44:28; Ezekiel 34:12, 23, 24; Zechariah 11:16.
21 lumped Joan in among the herd: Duby, France in the Middle Ages, 288.
22 “even cooking instructions”: Tuchman, Distant Mirror, 32.
23 “went down into the abyss”: Cervantes, Don Quixote, 601.
24 hairdressers: Hubert Demory, Monsieur Antoine: Grand maître de la haute coiffure française (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2006).
Chapter II: By Angels’ Speech and Tongue
1 The strategy was intended: Gies, Joan of Arc, 19.
2 Born in 1375: According to some accounts, he was born in 1380.
3 “true and good Catholics”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 73.
4 “Honest farmers”: Ibid., 71.
5 “the only house in the village”: Richey, Joan of Arc, 26.
6 “It was during the night”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 31.
7 “Wonderful to relate”: Ibid., 31.
8 The Evangelist Matthew chose Bethlehem: Micah 5:2.
9 “You, oh Bethlehem”: Matthew 2:1.
10 “We have found him”: John 1:45.
11 “bears herself vigorously”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 48.
12 “never had any carnal desire”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 160.
13 “Although she was a young girl”: Ibid., 174.
14 “found that she was stricta”: Wheeler and Wood, Fresh Verdicts, 299.
15 “Black and swart before”: William Shakespeare, Henry VI, Part One, act 1, scene 2.
16 “was very small and looked”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 229.
17 “A white dove will fly up”: Schiller, Joan of Arc, 136.
18 “in the skies of France”: Anouilh, Lark, adapt. Hellman, 35.
19 “making sparrows, then slapping”: Charlesworth, Historical Jesus, 65.
20 “saw the Spirit of God descending”: Matthew 3:17.
21 “accompanied the mayors”: Larissa Juliet Taylor, Virgin Warrior, 6.
22 “the daughter of a shepherd”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 112.
23 “young girl who had only”: Ibid., 90.
24 “mendacious propositions”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 61.
25 “Ladies who cast spells”: Ibid., 72.
26 “leaves and branches come down”: Ibid., 84.
27 posthumously acquitted of the crime: Warner, Joan of Arc, 41.
28 “a whole century” : Huizinga, Waning of the Middle Ages, 9.
29 “Their only liege”: Michelet, Joan of Arc, 7.
30 “near continuous incursions”: Larissa Juliet Taylor, Virgin Warrior, 12.
31 “used to go down on her knees”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 87.
32 “it was her habit”: Ibid., 143.
33 “seized with a marvelous”: Ibid., 142.
34 as Satan is called: Revelation 12:20.
35 “the primordial feat of arms”: Huizinga, Waning of the Middle Ages, 56.
36 “The first maker of the gods”: James, Varieties of Religious Experience, 74.
37 “orison of union”: Teresa of Avila, Life of Saint Teresa of Jesus, 158.
38 “ineffable light and splendor”: Saint Bridget of Sweden, Birgitta of Sweden, 203.
39 “air opened as bright”: Kempe, Margery Kempe, 42.
40 “dead from the middle downwards”: Julian of Norwich, Revelations of Divine Love, 19.
41 “the red blood trickl[ed] down”: Ibid., 21.
42 “The Roman soldier who stuck”: Péguy, Mystery of the Charity of Joan of Arc, 34.
43 “malicious semblance”: Julian of Norwich, Revelations, 153.
44 “Satan, in an abominable shape”: Teresa of Avila, The Life of Saint Teresa of Jesus, 168.
45 “comes to snare a soul”: Anouilh, Lark, trans. Fry, 7.
46 “her reluctance to discuss”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 298.
47 “A light came over the sun”: Anouilh, Lark, adapt. Hellman, 7.
48 “Born in the shadow”: Michelet, Joan of Arc, 9.
49 “Virgins would be rewarded”: Duby et al., History of Women in the West, 29.
50 “an explosion of female categories”: Ibid., 74.
51 Sexually immature girls: Ibid.
52 “Art thou not formed”: Rogers, Troublesome Helpmate, 67.
53 “foul substance was blamed”: Duby et al., History of Women in the West, 65.
54 Aristotle taught that the gaze: Ibid.
55 “a temple built over a sewer”: Grant, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 483. Grant corrects the widely held misperception, attributing the words to Marcion.
56 “whitewashed tombs”: Matthew 24:13–36.
57 “In her, the life of the spirit”: Michelet, Joan of Arc, 9.
58 “I was only born the day”: Anouilh, Lark, adapt. Hellman, 54.
59 “She gave alms gladly”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 84–85.
60 “She was deeply devoted”: Ibid., 79.
61 “I and the others”: Ibid., 87.
62 “I say my prayers, yes, Joan”: Péguy, Mystery of the Charity of Joan of Arc, 17–18.
63 “She liked going to church”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 81.
64 “when her parents thought”: Ibid., 72.
65 “You were crying out”: Anouilh, Lark, adapt. Hellman, 11–12.
Chapter III: A Small, Nay, the Least, Thing
1 “escalating tensions between the warring factions”: Larissa Juliet Taylor, Virgin Warrior, 30.
2 “She was not so much warned”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 109.
3 “A terrible contract binds me”: Schiller, Joan of Arc, 173.
4 “The terms in which earthly women”: Gies, Knight in History, 54.
5 “completely human in her origin”: Pelikan, Mary Through the Centuries, 107.
6 “Daily was she visited”: Anonymous, The Gospel of the Nativity of Mary, chap. 7.
7 “appeared in front of me”: Schiller, Joan of Arc, 157–58.
8 “If anyone comes to me”: Luke 14:26; 33.
9 “He’d been a good son”: Péguy, Mystery of the Charity of Joan of Arc, 46.
10 “well-behaved, pious, and patient”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 86.
11 “Was it not said that France”: Ibid., 86.
12 “give her a good slapping”: Ibid.
13 “I saw her there”: Ibid., 102.
14 “The King of Heaven”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 74.
15 “kick [her] in the place”: Anouilh, Lark, adapt. Hellman, 15.
16 “The village girls”: Anouilh, Lark, trans. Fry, 20.
17 “they only laughed”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 250.
18 “Don’t get involved”: Brecht, Saint Joan of the Stockyards, 13.
19 “In a dark time of cruel confusion”: Ibid., 7.
20 “We are soldiers of God”: Ibid., 9.
21 Joan “did not like”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 85.
22 “Do you know”: Péguy, Mystery of the Charity of Joan of Arc, 36–38.
23 “loved her very dearly”: Ibid., 81.
24 “When she went away”: Ibid., 82.
25 “All I know”: Ibid., 84.
26 “No eggs! No eggs!!”: Shaw, Saint Joan, 1.
27 “There is no milk”: Ibid., 3.
28 “I heard it said”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 87.
29 “What are you doing here”: Ibid., 96.
30 “Before mid-Lent”: Ibid.
31 “for that she was born”: Ibid., 100.
32 “sought him and would have kept him”: Luke 4:43.
33 “I had great trust”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 98.
34 “I believed in what she said”: Ibid., 99.
35 “reading and writing in French”: Tuchman, Distant Mirror, 53.
36 “We have not nurtured and cherished”: Goldstone, The Maid and the Queen, 70.
37 “I saw Robert de Baudricourt”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 98–99.
38 “all good Christians”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 185.
39 “I asked her”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 96–97.
40 “some people of Vaucouleurs”: Ibid., 97.
41 “infinity of hats”: Tuchman, Distant Mirror, 20–21.
42 “attributes sublime virtues”: Huizinga, Waning of the Middle Ages, 49.
43 “God, the theory went”: Duby, History of Private Life, 569.
44 “It was characteristic of the time”: Michelet, Joan of Arc, 91.
45 “Mark what I say”: Shaw, Saint Joan, 95.
46 “If a woman could”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 127.
47 “warlike thoughts”: Schiller, Joan of Arc, 136.
48 “the primordial feat of arms”: Huizinga, Waning of the Middle Ages, 56.
49 A sacred vessel: Loomis, Grail, 152.
50 Galahad wore flaming red armor: Campbell, Power of Myth, 249.
51 Saint Joseph of Arimathea: Matthew 27:57–60; Mark 15:43–46; Luke 23:50–54; John 19:38–41.
52 “about four parts in five”: Tuchman, Distant Mirror, 62.
53 “the worst conceivable crime”: Gies, Knight in History, 125.
54 “massacre and torture”: Ibid., 43.
55 “Dismembered bodies lay”: Ibid.
56 “he was sinning”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 123.
57 “She was very bold”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 255.
58 “It’s no good”: Anouilh, Lark, trans. Fry, 16.
59 “If God didn’t mean”: Ibid., 9.
60 “I would much prefer to stay”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 96.
61 “I am a soldier”: Shaw, Saint Joan, 45.
Chapter IV: The King’s Treasure
1 “I was sent for this purpose”: Luke 4:43.
2 Joan of Arc Leaving Vaucouleurs: 1887, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Orléans.
3 “the mother of her country”: Acocella, Twenty-Eight Artists, 510.
4 “A mother bears children”: Ibid.
5 “a contemporary debate between”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 157.
6 “traveled in Joan’s region”: Larissa Juliet Taylor, Virgin Warrior, 19.
7 “to arm her because she knew”: Warner, Joan of Arc, 90.
8 “In God’s name, Robert de Baudricourt”: Twain, Personal Recollections, 53.
9 “French knights [who] continued”: Richey, Joan of Arc, 16.
10 “No member of the noble class”: Ibid., 15.
11 “the noble-born English knights”: Ibid., 20.
12 “individualistic glory-seekers”: Ibid.
13 “no roads and no bridges”: Michelet, Joan of Arc, 17.
14 “some soldiers who had gone”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 112.
15 “heard it said”: Ibid., 122.
16 “Joan’s intimates say”: Ibid., 119–20.
17 “I afterward heard the men”: Ibid., 124.
18 “We escorted her”: Ibid., 98.
19 “Le Berger was spared”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 256 n.
20 “a virtual temporal state”: Tuchman, Distant Mirror, 26.
21 “fetters, shackles, balls”: Warner, Joan of Arc, 163.
22 “was going into the royal lodgings”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 182.
23 “most faithfully records”: Preminger, Saint Joan, 107.
24 “because of that letter”: Ibid., 108.
25 “There is nothing in that court”: Anderson, Joan of Lorraine, 26.
26 “pressed in the King’s name”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 108.
27 “And while the generals discussed”: Schiller, Joan of Arc, 153–54.
28 “moral, serious, and ethical”: Fraioli, Joan of Arc, 12–13.
29 “a respected but entirely independent”: Ibid., 17.
30 “make himself ridiculous in the eyes”: Ibid., 18–19.
31 “French people of all ages”: Gastyne, La merveilleuse vie de Jeanne d’Arc.
32 “crowds of people”: Anderson, Joan of Lorraine, 23.
33 “through the territory of the King’s enemies”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 108.
34 “There is something strange”: Anouilh, Lark, adapt. Hellman, 25.
35 “When the King learned”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 108.
36 “appeared before His Royal Majesty”: Ibid., 116.
37 “a black doublet”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 48.
38 “If he can make three”: Anderson, Joan of Lorraine, 27.
39 “The Maid talked with our lord”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 162.
40 “After hearing her”: Ibid., 108.
41 “humble silent request in prayer”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 24.
42 “When Joan came to find the King”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 153.
43 “After dinner the King went”: Ibid.
44 “I saw her completely covered”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 93.
45 “When the King had seen and heard”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 116.
46 “When Joan came to the King”: Ibid., 182.
47 “keep personal watch over Joan”: Ibid., 161.
48 “The Queen said and told”: Ibid., 163.
49 “I lived in that tower with Joan”: Ibid., 175.
50 Their tax-exempt status: Gies, Knight in History, 196.
51 “the King’s prosecutors dragged”: Tuchman, Distant Mirror, 42.
52 Herod’s incestuous marriage: Herod had abandoned his own wife to poach his brother’s. Mark 6:17–18.
53 all four of the Gospels: Matthew 26:24–25; Mark 14:18–21; Luke 22:21–23; John 18:4.
54 “For many bore false witness against him”: Mark 14:56–59.
55 Once crowned, Charles: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 15.
56 “she appeared to have studied”: Ibid., 110.
57 Sola cum multis: Fraioli, Joan of Arc, 49.
58 “Besides myself”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 112.
59 “a gathering of the finest”: Fraioli, Joan of Arc, 48.
60 “Ask Who, What, Why”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 14.
61 “By following Holy Writ”: Ibid., 73.
62 “soul must be probed”: Fraioli, Joan of Arc, 45.
63 “Afterward, when she was taking her meal”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 154.
64 “oldest remaining considerable fragment”: New Oxford Annotated Bible, 298.
65 “Up; for this [is] the day”: Judges 4:14.
66 “a subtly planned anti-Semitic pogrom”: New Oxford Annotated Bible, 603.
67 equated piety with patriotism: New Oxford Annotated Apocrypha, 76.
68 “The Lord has struck”: Judith 13:15.
69 “Many will come in my name”: Mark 13:6.
70 “inclined toward a certain indecency”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 117.
71 “had been given to her”: 1 Corinthians 11:15.
72 “A woman shall not wear”: Deuteronomy 22:5.
73 “There is neither Jew”: Galatians 3:28.
74 “Adam was not deceived”: 1 Timothy 2:14.
75 “no woman to touch”: Ibid., 2:12.
76 “I asked her again”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 113.
77 “You said the voice told you”: Ibid.
78 “In God’s name!”: Ibid.
79 “Heaven never helps the men”: Sophocles, Tragedies and Fragments, 2:165.
80 “What language do your voices speak?”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 113.
81 “God cannot wish us”: Ibid.
82 “I have not come to Poitiers”: Ibid.
83 “An evil and adulterous”: Matthew 12:39.
84 “I do not know A from B”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 118, 124.
85 “no evil is to be found”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 73.
86 “much pious belief”: Ibid., 80.
87 “In the end they agreed”: Anouilh, Lark, trans. Fry, 56.
88 “splendid apartment”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 122.
89 “he withdrew behind the others”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 108.
90 “Because you have the cruelest face”: Brecht, Saint Joan of the Stockyards, 19.
91 “the same bows”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 250.
92 “fully adequate to express”: Huizinga, Waning of the Middle Ages, 191.
Chapter V: Who Is This Then, That Wind and Seas Obey?
1 “Who Is This Then”: Mark 4:41.
2 “peasant army”: “Royal Financial Records Concerning Payments for Twenty-Seven Contingents in the Portion of Joan of Arc’s Army Which Arrived at Orléans on 4 May 1429,” Joan of Arc: Primary Sources Series (Historical Academy for Joan of Arc Studies, 2006), online.
3 “To the Master Armorer”: Larissa Juliet Taylor, Virgin Warrior, 52.
4 “She was armed as quickly”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 224.
5 To furnish context: Taylor, Virgin Warrior, 52.
6 “the ‘steel’ used”: www.oakeshott.org/metal.html.
7 “handed down from grandfathers”: Gies, Knight in History, 145.
8 Contrary to the irresistible: Literally farcical, as its first known appearance was in When Knights Were Bold, by Harriett Jay (who used the male pseudonym Charles Marlowe), a British comedy first performed in 1907.
9 Experiments with genuine: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/aams/hd_aams.htm#details.
10 The open-faced bascinet: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/aams/hd_aams.htm#details_b.
11 “often went about”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 224.
12 “I never saw the man”: Joan told the examiner she “was at Tours or Chinon” when she sent for the sword—she didn’t remember which. That an “armorer of Tours” fetched the sword suggests she was in that city.
13 “sharp, two-edged sword”: Revelation 1:16.
14 “Do not think that I came”: Matthew 10:34.
15 “as a prize of war”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 51–52.
16 “chase a girl who was with the soldiers”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 160.
17 a battle sword typical: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/aams/hd_aams.htm#weight_b.
18 “All of them. In a mess of tears”: Anderson, Joan of Lorraine, 34.
19 Jesus, too, was described: John 2:14–15.
20 “Do you not know”: 1 Corinthians 6:19.
21 “You think you have a right”: Brecht, Saint Joan of the Stockyards, 55.
22 “the virgin sword”: Michelet, Joan of Arc, 52.
23 “Hauves Poulnoir”: Larissa Juliet Taylor, Virgin Warrior, 52.
24 A dove descended: Duby, France in the Middle Ages, 15.
25 likely inspired by the yellow iris: Pierre-Augustin Boissier de Sauvages, Dictionnaire languedocien-françois (1765), 253.
26 “astonished at his teaching”: Matthew 7:28–29.
27 “Go to the shrine at Puy”: Fleming, Joan of Arc.
28 “I served her as chaplain”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 184.
29 “With all your sins”: Anouilh, Lark, adapt. Hellman, 43.
30 “King of England”: Joan’s “Letter to the English” is included in the record of the Trial of Condemnation. This translation is by W. P. Barrett.
31 These were the men: Fraioli, Joan of Arc, 73.
32 “a preemptive strike against”: Ibid., 76.
33 “Now you shall see what”: Exodus 6:1.
34 “Go and tell Talbot”: Michelet, Joan of Arc, 28.
35 “not girl’s work”: Anderson, Joan of Lorraine, 14.
36 “Oh, if I could speak”: Ibid., 16.
37 “wolves and … hyenas”: Twain, Personal Recollections, 100.
38 “the whole of France”: Huizinga, Waning of the Middle Ages, 146.
39 “told La Hire, whose habit”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 114.
40 “he might swear by his bâton”: Twain, Personal Recollections, 102.
41 “had a horror of the game”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 125.
42 It was a horror: Mark 15:24; Matthew 27:35.
43 “when we were in her company”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 144.
44 “Joan bade me assemble”: Ibid., 184.
45 “a heroic defense”: Tuchman, Distant Mirror, 75.
46 “Le feu! Le feu!”: Villemarqué, Barzaz-Breiz, 321.
47 “Whoever listened to the voice”: Twain, Personal Recollections, 103.
48 “When Joan departed from Blois”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 184–85.
49 “awoke bruised and weary”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 151.
50 “the lord de Villars, seneschal”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 134.
51 “rough band of looters and libertines”: According to Jean-José Frappa, the screenwriter of Gastyne’s La merveilleuse vie de Jeanne d’Arc.
52 “immediately collected a great number”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 134.
53 “instead of going straight”: Ibid., 136.
54 “I answered that I and others”: Ibid.
55 “in actual fact it had”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 68–69.
56 “as a test for Joan”: Gondoin, Joan of Arc and the Passage to Victory, 40.
57 “many wagons and carts”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 70–71.
58 “shallow, rapid, but navigable”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 62.
59 “In God’s name”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 136.
Chapter VI: Surrender to the Maid
1 estimated twenty thousand: Larissa Juliet Taylor, Virgin Warrior, 56.
2 “sallied out in great strength”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 74.
3 “begged her to agree”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 137.
4 “succeeded in rendering them”: “Royal Financial Records Concerning Payments for Twenty-Seven Contingents in the Portion of Joan of Arc’s Army Which Arrived at Orléans on 4 May 1429.”
5 “Her entrance was greatly desired”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 145.
6 “men, women, and small children”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 75.
7 “There was a very extraordinary rush”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 145.
8 “such was the press around her”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 166.
9 “been sent for the consolation”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 125.
10 “Who is going to give”: Péguy, Mystery of the Charity of Joan of Arc, 22.
11 “Who was it that touched me?”: Luke 8:45–46.
12 “Jesus, your people are hungry”: Péguy, Mystery of the Charity of Joan of Arc, 32.
13 “If their baseness”: Brecht, Saint Joan of the Stockyards, 29–30.
14 “Foxes have holes”: Matthew 8:20.
15 “still in so great a state”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 176.
16 “she would kill”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 77.
17 “went to see the Bastard”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 176.
18 “a certain bulwark”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 77.
19 “called the Bastard of Granville”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 176.
20 “absence of echeloned units”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 85.
21 “Since you pay more heed”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 172.
22 “written in her mother tongue”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 138.
23 “From that moment the English”: Ibid., 146.
24 “torture and burn her”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 77.
25 “left Orléans for Blois”: Ibid.
26 “the town militia”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 68.
27 “presented money and gifts”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 78.
28 “as soon as she learned”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 166.
29 “observed the rules that children”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 166–67.
30 “on a couch that was”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 166.
31 “Oh wicked boy!”: Ibid., 176.
32 “When I had harnessed”: Ibid.
33 “she never saw French blood”: Ibid., 167.
34 “she found many wounded”: Ibid., 186.
35 “By 1429 purchases of gunpowder”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 86.
36 “protectors and defenders”: Anonymous, Lancelot of the Lake, 52.
37 “The Franks there strike”: Anonymous, Song of Roland, 115.
38 “assault with very few”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 167.
39 “They’re dead”: Anderson, Joan of Lorraine, 40–41.
40 “The voice of Heaven”: Schiller, Joan of Arc, 175.
41 “You men of England”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 84.
42 “She took an arrow”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 167.
43 “when the Maid and her people”: Ibid., 187.
44 “cross to a certain island”: Ibid., 168.
45 “the most imposing fortifications”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 62.
46 “to use the power”: Richey, Joan of Arc, 15.
47 “being ‘the most courteous’ ”: Gies, Knight in History, 165.
48 “managed to subordinate French notions”: Richey, Joan of Arc, 17.
49 “Any attack or charge”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 109.
50 “and many other knights”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 84.
51 “La Hire and the Maid”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 168.
52 “sallied out of the Tourelles”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 84.
53 “strong and harsh”: Ibid.
54 “majority of the enemy”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 168.
55 “Get up early tomorrow”: Ibid., 188.
56 “Seeing that the city”: Ibid.
57 “You have been to your council”: Ibid.
58 “Behold you scoffers, and wonder”: Acts of the Apostles 13:41; the Evangelist Luke is considered the author of Acts.
59 Habakkuk’s apocalyptic message: Habakkuk 1:5.
60 “The just shall live”: Ibid., 2:4.
61 “bloodiest military engagement”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 87.
62 “spectacular assault during”: Ibid.
63 “rode up hastily”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 191–92.
64 “penetrated her flesh”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 138.
65 “When some soldiers saw her thus”: Ibid., 189.
66 “that when they saw”: Ibid., 178.
67 “Glasdale, Glasdale, give in”: Ibid., 189.
68 “Afterwards [Glasdale] was fished up”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 81.
69 “Then the Maid came up to me”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 139.
70 “took up her standard”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 281.
71 “shook the standard so vigorously”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 171.
72 “The she-warrior”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 110.
73 “a maid all alone”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 95.
74 “There fell by the hand”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 239.
75 “heard from the soldiers”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 155.
76 “the myth of English invincibility”: Richey, Joan of Arc, 64.
77 “eight sous for having beached”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 196.
78 “giving wondrous praise”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 91.
79 “He was transfigured before them”: Matthew 17:2.
80 “glistening … as no fuller”: Mark 9:3.
81 “And when they lifted”: Matthew 17:8.
82 “withered away to its roots”: Mark 11:20.
83 “the appearance of his countenance”: Luke 9:29.
84 “suddenly a light”: Acts of the Apostles 9:3–5.
85 “Moses did not know”: Exodus 34:29–30.
86 “lo, a bright cloud”: Matthew 17:5.
87 “O unique virgin”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 111–12.
88 “Master Pierre de Versailles”: Ibid., 303–4.
89 “And all the crowd”: Luke 6:19.
90 “bringing paternosters”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 125.
Chapter VII: A Leaping Stag
1 “had her supper, eating”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 139.
2 “Take and eat”: Matthew 26:26.
3 “very abstemious”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 296.
4 “In the Middle Ages”: Huizinga, Waning of the Middle Ages, 30.
5 “as a trainer holds back”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 199.
6 “Look back and see”: Ibid., 200.
7 “Oh God! What do I see!”: Schiller, Joan of Arc, 172.
8 “departed discomfited and in confusion”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 172.
9 The Chronique de la Pucelle reported: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 99.
10 “Do not take such long and copious”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 141.
11 “say here in the presence”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 283.
12 “some verisimilitude”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 165.
13 “through their great prowess”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 86.
14 “commanded the nobles of all”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 99.
15 “a very small thing”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 93.
16 taken at the Battle of Verneuil: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 157.
17 “not to fear the numbers”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 306.
18 “set off to the attack”: Ibid., 157.
19 “surrender this place”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 104.
20 “Oh gentle duke”: Ibid., 105.
21 “defended themselves most virtuously”: Ibid.
22 “Our Lord has doomed the English”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 158.
23 “During the attack”: Ibid., 157.
24 “large garrison of their own”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 108.
25 “lords, knights, squires, captains”: Ibid.
26 “news came that the English”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 159.
27 “Ah, my good constable”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 308.
28 “Joan, it has been said”: Ibid., 111.
29 “a man’s heart inside a woman’s body”: Goldstone, The Maid and the Queen, 248.
30 “6,000 soldiers of which”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 112.
31 “Many of the King’s men”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 159.
32 “poorly timed … incredibly ineffective”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 114.
33 “In God’s name!”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 159.
34 “in the leading and drawing up”: Ibid., 121.
35 “In the conduct of war”: Ibid., 160.
36 six thousand men: Ibid., 117.
37 “one of the most lopsided”: Richey, Joan of Arc, 22.
38 “vanguard, supplies, artillery”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 118.
39 “five hundred elite mounted archers”: Ibid.
40 “uttered a great cry”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 61.
41 In one Christian legend: Martin, Book of Symbols, 285.
42 a manifestation of purity and nobility: Psalms 42:1, 18:33.
43 “Flying Stag … arising”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 96–97.
44 diminish the stag’s role: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 218.
45 “the unplanned, that turns the tide”: Ibid., 120.
46 The English soldiers’ attention: Richey, Joan of Arc, 71.
47 “four thousand men in dead”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 141.
48 “master of the horse”: Larissa Juliet Taylor, Virgin Warrior, 200.
49 “Whatever the relationship”: Gies, Knight in History, 43.
50 “had been crowned and consecrated”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 283.
51 The letter was a circular: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 125.
52 “copied and transmitted”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 94.
53 “chased the English out”: Ibid.
54 “a small piece of paper”: Larissa Juliet Taylor, Virgin Warrior, 80.
55 “welcomed the soldier and the Maid”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 128–29.
56 “told continually by their Anglo-Burgundian leaders”: Ibid., 131.
57 a popular preacher could summon: Michelet, Joan of Arc, 4 n.
58 “since it was he who was entrusted”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 101.
59 “Joan the Maid commands and informs”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 94.
60 “In God’s name”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 143.
61 “set up all of the French gunpowder”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 132.
62 “the dauphin dealt mercifully”: Ibid.
63 “Look over there!”: Schiller, Joan of Arc, 199.
64 Regnault’s flock hadn’t seen him: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 221.
65 “lance, which wounded Our Lord”: Anonymous, Song of Roland, 76.
66 “secreted away by monks”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 133.
67 “Magic Porridge Pot”: Grimm and Grimm, Grimm’s Fairy Tales, 475.
68 “all night long the city resounded”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 221.
69 “ornamented by hundreds of precious stones”: Huizinga, Waning of the Middle Ages, 229.
70 “I anoint you for the realm”: Larissa Juliet Taylor, Virgin Warrior, 94.
71 “the royal entourage judged”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 67.
72 “Everyone cried ‘Noel!’ ”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 224.
73 “When the Maid saw”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 134.
74 “questions of precedence and etiquette”: Huizinga, Waning of the Middle Ages, 33.
75 “from the infinite Creator”: Lovejoy, Great Chain of Being, 190.
76 “This girl is ambitious and unscrupulous”: Anderson, Joan of Lorraine, 39.
77 “as a means of hiding”: Wheeler and Wood, Fresh Verdicts, 43.
78 the ten plagues God visited on Egypt: Exodus 7:14–12:29.
79 “whenever and wherever tournaments”: Horrox, Black Death, 130.
80 “You stand alone”: Shaw, Saint Joan, 82.
81 “the Maid,” Dunois testified: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 143–44.
82 “I sometimes heard Joan say”: Ibid., 160.
83 “produced an extraordinary perception”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 70.
84 “You Charles, King of France”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 100–101.
85 “the proof Joan offered”: Ibid., 98.
86 “The famous holy oil”: Shaw, Saint Joan, 72.
87 “Great and mighty prince”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 95–96.
88 “I wrote to you and sent”: Ibid., 97.
89 “among the most violent”: Michelet, Joan of Arc, 64.
Chapter VIII: Black Horseman
1 While Charles lay prone: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 119.
2 “in a frenzied and gory assault”: Richey, Joan of Arc, 59.
3 “sympathetic magic”: Frazer, Golden Bough, 26–27.
4 “for purpose of removing”: Ibid., 489.
5 “If my Voices do not answer”: Anderson, Joan of Lorraine, 64.
6 “Oh, dear Dunois”: Shaw, Saint Joan, 69.
7 “You will miss the fighting”: Ibid., 73.
8 “the medieval Western European conception”: Richey, Joan of Arc, 40.
9 “massive gate houses … with angular towers”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 148.
10 “What voices do you need”: Shaw, Saint Joan, 76.
11 as many as six or seven thousand: As with most medieval head counts, this one varies from source to source—by thousands.
12 “the duke of Bedford would come”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 142.
13 “expressing optimism that the King”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 118.
14 “eight months of drifting about”: Twain, Personal Recollections, 213.
15 “The expedition seemed”: Michelet, Joan of Arc, 44.
16 “Joan the Pucelle sends you her news”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 118–19.
17 “without cause entitle yourself King”: Ibid., 119–21.
18 “ordered in a good formation”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 142.
19 “so that a prince of the blood royal”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 74.
20 “rode about the battlefield”: Ibid.
21 “as close as the shot”: Ibid.
22 it took his entire entourage: Richey, Joan of Arc, 79.
23 “his assailants’ daggers”: Ibid., 74.
24 Charles agreed to surrender four cities: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 145.
25 “was deeply grieved that he wished”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 76.
26 “We have feasted in Campiegne [sic]”: Anderson, Joan of Lorraine, 64.
27 “stayed away from the new king”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 136.
28 “equip your men”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 76.
29 “the defenses of Paris were strengthened”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 136.
30 “as much to intimidate any enemy”: Ibid., 149.
31 “They began by bombarding the walls”: Ibid., 150.
32 “The attack was hard and long”: Ibid.
33 “so full of great error”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 126.
34 “a very savage attack”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 151.
35 “ ‘See here, you whore, you slut’ ”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 230.
36 “remained the whole day”: Ibid., 256–57.
37 “fired into their backs”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 152.
38 “defected from the city”: Ibid.
39 “over the vehement objections”: Ibid., 153.
40 “was broken the will”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 127.
41 “And this was why the Jews”: John, 5:16–18.
42 “he said to them, ‘The Sabbath’ ”: Mark 2:27–28.
43 “While Joan had been victorious”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 156.
44 “where he could balk and hinder”: Twain, Personal Recollections, 212.
45 “member of a vagabond”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 200.
46 “On the first night, Jeanne”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 244–45.
47 “The business of this Catherine”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 80.
48 “Catherine later reciprocated by testifying”: Ibid., 200.
49 “Her army, of which she was”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 157.
50 the area was controlled: Ibid., 157–58.
51 fourteen thousand: Charles VI had restyled the old écu d’or, or shield of gold—named for its escutcheon design—as the écu à la couronne, or crown, valued at ten times the écu d’argent, or shield of silver. In 1577, the last of the Valois monarchs, Henry III, officially abolished the livre in favor of the ecu. Philip Grierson, Coins of Medieval Europe (London: Seaby, 1991), 144.
52 “the French were forcibly compelled”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 172–73.
53 “gunpowder, saltpeter, sulphur, arrows”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 131.
54 the French could make no effective attack: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 164.
55 “even without any relief”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 81.
56 “thanks for the multiple”: Ibid.
57 “acted like a minister of state”: Ibid., 82.
58 “The candidate [for knighthood] first was bathed”: Gies, Knight in History, 85.
59 “the activity of royalist ‘partisans’ ”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 82.
60 “Joan the Pucelle has received”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 131.
61 “She will restore harmony”: Ibid., 105.
62 “For some time now”: Ibid., 132.
63 “the protest of the individual”: Shaw, Saint Joan, 65–66.
64 of like mind and scruples: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 71.
65 “Slums breed immorality”: Brecht, Saint Joan of the Stockyards, 38.
66 “I know their money”: Ibid., 56.
67 “clerks, artisans, and merchants”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 82.
68 “resolute to undergo every risk”: Ibid., 83.
69 “to betray the city”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 133.
70 “She went to the town”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 168.
71 “Each and every captain”: Larissa Juliet Taylor, Virgin Warrior, 111.
72 plot recently uncovered in Paris: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 85.
73 “the incident was trumpeted”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 138.
74 “But if I do them [perform miracles]”: John 10:38.
75 “that whatever you ask from God”: Ibid., 11:22.
76 “ ‘I have said this on account’ ”: Ibid., 11:42–44.
77 “the chief priests and the Pharisees”: Ibid., 11:47–48.
78 “from that day on”: Ibid., 11:53.
79 “Never,” Péguy’s Joan says: Péguy, Mystery of the Charity of Joan of Arc, 56.
80 “a newborn baby”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 85.
81 “a curious incident”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 138.
82 “Have you cured people”: Bresson, Trial of Joan of Arc.
83 its script based on the French trial minutes: Ibid.
84 “Are you so tired already”: Schiller, Joan of Arc, 193.
85 “amassed a large army”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 169.
86 “fought large skirmishes”: Ibid., 171.
87 “the pleasure of seeing”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 256.
88 “refused to allow Jeanne and her followers”: Ibid.
89 “300–400 more soldiers”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 172.
90 On May 22, spies reported: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 259.
91 “Does thou not see”: DeMille, Joan the Woman.
92 “I have not long!”: Ibid.
Chapter IX: The Golden Cloak
1 “a secret hour”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 86.
2 “and entered the town”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 259.
3 “without confusion nor disturbance”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 172.
4 “a small and unsuspecting garrison”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 260.
5 “young, violent and formidable”: Ibid., 259.
6 “let God deliver him now”: Matthew 27:43.
7 “mounted on her horse”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 174.
8 “large and forceful skirmish”: Ibid., 173.
9 “archers and men with crossbows”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 260.
10 “charged forward strongly”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 174.
11 “The English who were there”: France, Joan of Arc, 152.
12 She spoke to her men: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 174.
13 “was really beyond redemption”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 261.
14 “a rough and very sour man”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 176.
15 “bribery to achieve the surrender”: Ibid., 177.
16 “fell on his face and prayed”: Matthew 26:39.
17 “Why didn’t you take special”: Redacted from testimony of Pierre Daron, Pernoud, The Retrial of Joan of Arc, 209.
18 “Of that day and hour”: Matthew 24:36.
19 “the rush of a violent wind”: Acts of the Apostles 2:2.
20 “My Lord,” she whispers: Besson, Messenger.
21 “We will draw down the curtain”: Twain, Personal Recollections, 217.
22 “Holy and terrible one”: Schiller, Joan of Arc, 227.
23 “when you see that your prayers”: Péguy, Mystery of the Charity of Joan of Arc, 75–76.
24 “the one putting his hand”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 175.
25 “she did not wish to pay attention”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 91.
26 He hadn’t the courage to admit: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 256.
27 “Have I not been punished”: Shaw, Saint Joan, 103.
28 “tremendous and immediate excitement”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 262.
29 “more joyous than if”: Larissa Juliet Taylor, Virgin Warrior, 118.
30 England’s royal account books: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 264.
31 “the Burgundian and English partisans”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 88.
32 “The woman called the Maid”: Ibid., 90.
33 “as soon as it can be done safely”: Ibid., 91.
34 “savored all the fruit”: Ibid., 98.
35 “the noblest Christian of all Christians”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 237.
36 “not actually in the diocese”: Michelet, Joan of Arc, 65.
37 For her second meeting: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 92.
38 “the choice of a more suitable”: Ibid.
39 “conceived a great devotion”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 266.
40 “greatly distressed by her obstinate”: Ibid., 266–67.
41 “black hair, cut round”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 48.
42 “cast herself at [her nephew’s] feet”: Michelet, Joan of Arc, 67.
43 “to heavy legal penalties”: France, Joan of Arc, 190.
44 “the younger son of a younger son”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 264.
45 “had a lien on French prisoners”: Ibid.
46 “placed him in charge”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 209.
47 “for 153 days, ‘Pierre Cauchon took leave’ ”: Ibid., 97.
48 “of which 10,000 was set aside”: By some accounts, it was 6,000.
49 “the great expenses”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 192.
50 “a kind of frenzy”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 267.
51 “the argument continued daily”: Ibid., 268.
52 “offers his right-hand glove”: Anonymous, Song of Roland, 72.
53 “she ceased to listen”: France, Life of Joan of Arc, 181.
54 She landed in the castle’s dry moat: Gies, Joan of Arc, 149.
55 “Her body was at Beaurevoir”: Michelet, Joan of Arc, 69.
56 “The devil took him”: Matthew 4:5–6. “For he commands his angels with regard to you, to guard you wherever you go. With their hands they shall support you, lest you strike your foot against a stone.” Psalm 91:11–12.
57 Jesus answered him: Matthew 4:7, quoting Deuteronomy 6:16.
58 “wait here alone, in the darkness”: Anderson, Joan of Lorraine, 64.
59 “As he returns through”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 106.
60 “paraded throughout many of the lands”: DeVries, Joan of Arc, 181–82.
61 they called her a dirty cunt: From the Middle English cunte, via Middle Low German kunte; first recorded use in the fourteenth century.
62 “She received the ladies”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, 276.
63 who also heard her confession: Ibid., 277.
Chapter X: The Tower Keep
1 “I have heard from Étienne Castille”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 211.
2 “I saw it being weighed”: Ibid.
3 “Joan was brought to this city”: Ibid.
4 “lined with buildings”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 152.
5 “very dark”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 210.
6 “a great bed in it”: Ibid.
7 “unable to stir from her place”: Ibid.
8 “greatly displeased some”: Ibid., 215–16.
9 “tried several times playfully”: Ibid., 194.
10 “complained to the Bishop”: Ibid., 213.
11 “She’s lived with soldiers”: Bresson, Trial of Joan of Arc.
12 “injury from riding horseback”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 154.
13 “if she were robbed of it”: Michelet, Joan of Arc, 107.
14 “two layers of hosen”: Allen Williamson, “Primary Sources,” 1–2.
15 Once her virginity had been confirmed: Gies, Joan of Arc, 154.
16 “a gentleman in the service”: Ibid.
17 “A case must quickly be”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 202.
18 “they reckoned that while”: Ibid.
19 “moved by fear”: Ibid., 208.
20 “took no part in”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 156.
21 “There was no one”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 206.
22 “The English instituted the prosecution”: Ibid., 205.
23 “We only gave our opinions”: Ibid., 207.
24 “came of their own”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 156.
25 “spoke exultingly with great joy”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 274.
26 “a wanton and a whore”: Ibid., 215.
27 “loose woman and a filthy”: Ibid., 62.
28 “Somebody important from Lorraine”: Ibid., 92.
29 the single precondition required: Gies, Joan of Arc, 158.
30 “zealous university man”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 211.
31 “vast holocaust”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 159.
32 “subjected to the Inquisition’s tactic”: Ibid.
33 “very highly regarded”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 214.
34 “pretended to be a man”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 50.
35 “to defy the court”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 159.
36 “two white wings reaching”: Anouilh, Lark, trans. Fry, 3.
37 “Now you have heard”: New Oxford Annotated Bible, 1209.
38 “He deserves death”: Matthew 26:66–68.
39 “sought false testimony”: Ibid., 26:59.
40 “You will see the Son of man”: Ibid., 27:64.
41 “There came one”: Daniel 7:13–14.
42 “just when one of them”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 217.
43 “surprised to see how well”: Ibid.
44 “they often asked Joan questions”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 163.
45 “alone, sitting on a high chair”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 225.
46 “leading Joan from her”: Ibid., 216.
47 “the malice inherent”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 208.
48 Instead, she used a scrap: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 148.
49 “La Barbe-Bleue”: Perrault, Complete Fairy Tales, 104.
50 “surpassing all others”: Tuchman, Distant Mirror, 22.
51 “only a hard shell”: Ibid., 479.
52 They stand in roads: Numbers 22:23.
53 they sit under oak trees: Judges 6:11.
54 wrestle: Genesis 32:24.
55 climb up and down ladders: Ibid., 28:12.
56 and brandish swords: Numbers 22:31.
57 the mouths of donkeys: Ibid., 23:28.
58 go up in flames: Judges 13:20.
59 Counterfeits of reality: Warner, Joan of Arc, 128.
60 “had invited a number”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 174–75.
61 “with great repugnance”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 221–22.
62 “Do you not hear”: Matthew 27:13–14.
63 “Have nothing to do”: Ibid., 27:19.
64 “harshly turned back”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 225.
65 “no more to do with”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 176.
66 “to catch her out”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 273.
67 “causes that move us”: Larissa Juliet Taylor, Virgin Warrior, 172.
68 “convoked a group of the assessors”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 190.
69 “they were interrogating her”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 222–23.
70 Five hundred: Michelet, Joan of Arc, 94.
71 “offered counsel with the explanation”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 191.
72 so “troubled by the course”: Ibid.
73 “Why do you keep touching”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 227.
74 “decided by the counselors”: Ibid., 57.
Chapter XI: A Heart That Would Not Burn
1 “she had vomited”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 214.
2 “her on the right side”: Ibid., 215.
3 “asked her what was wrong”: Ibid., 214.
4 “ ‘It is you, you wanton’ ”: Ibid.
5 “fishers of men”: Matthew 4:19.
6 “stormed most angrily”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 228–29.
7 Twenty years earlier: Ibid., 209.
8 “instruments of torture”: Ibid., 213.
9 Truth lay hidden in the body: DuBois, Torture and Truth, 5.
10 “she replied with so much wisdom”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 224.
11 “Michael, the angel of battles”: Michelet, Joan of Arc, 89.
12 “the one who would give succor”: Pelikan, Mary Through the Centuries, 133.
13 “The God of that age”: Michelet, Joan of Arc, 25.
14 “An angel of the Lord”: Infancy Gospel of James 4:1–2.
15 “Let us bring her up to the temple”: Ibid., 7:1.
16 rather than the usual single: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 128.
17 “I have a dirty virgin”: Anouilh, Lark, adapt. Hellman, 6.
18 “I have come here to offer”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 194.
19 “In God’s name”: Ibid., 195.
20 “was incensed by this speech”: Ibid.
21 “the quality of the person”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 213.
22 Belial appears in both the Old Testament: 1 Samuel 2:12; Proverbs 6:12.
23 stalks through the book of Job: Job 40:15–24.
24 “believes lightly and affirms rashly”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 214.
25 “displayed a great deal of fervor”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 216.
26 “suddenly from heaven”: Acts of the Apostles 2:1–4.
27 “organized a spectacle”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 129.
28 “Trust me”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 211–12.
29 “Oh, royal house of France”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 236.
30 “slip of parchment designed”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 130.
31 “Joan did not understand”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 237.
32 “In principle, the pains of fire”: Ibid., 239.
33 “Never were the Jews filled”: Michelet, Joan of Arc, 106.
34 “the chief priests and the elders”: Matthew 27:20–23.
35 “were most indignant”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 240.
36 “Do not worry, my lord”: Ibid.
37 “mockingly drew a kind of circle”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 214.
38 “Please God, you’ve done”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 241.
39 “ludicrously easy to compel”: Ibid., 241.
40 “heard from Joan’s own lips”: Ibid., 242.
41 “pulled off the women’s clothing”: Ibid., 241.
42 “crowd of English notables”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 218.
43 “The soldiers of the governor”: Matthew 27:27–31.
44 Joan the Woman’s opening credits: DeMille, Joan the Woman.
45 “by what death she was”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 245.
46 “I had rather be seven times”: Ibid., 245.
47 “she complained exceedingly”: Ibid.
48 “ ‘Truly I say to you’ ”: Luke 23:39–43.
49 “Where shall I be tonight?”: adapted from Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 250.
50 “I administered our Lord’s Body”: Ibid., 248.
51 accounts vary: According to Michelet, eight hundred; to Gies, eighty to one hundred. Michelet, Joan of Arc, 115; Gies, Joan of Arc, 222.
52 “So many indeed”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 254.
53 “weeping, tried to climb”: Gies, Joan of Arc, 222.
54 “The crowd was enormous”: Sackville-West, Saint Joan, 325.
55 “And it was not only”: Michelet, Joan of Arc, 104.
56 “and on the mitre”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 228.
57 “a smell pleasing”: See, for example, Genesis 8:21.
58 “Oh, Rouen, I am much afraid”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 250.
59 “she most humbly begged”: Ibid., 247.
60 “If it will save”: Péguy, Mystery of the Charity of Joan of Arc, 42.
61 “What, priest, are you going”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 248.
62 “slow, protracted burning”: Michelet, Joan of Arc, 116.
63 “Ego te absolvo”: Besson, Messenger.
64 solitary and frigid: Leonard Cohen, “Joan of Arc,” Songs of Love and Hate, Universal Music Publishing Group, Sony/ATV Music Publishing LLC, 1970.
65 “And when the sixth hour”: Mark 15:33.
66 “while the sun’s light failed”: Luke 23:45.
67 “And at the ninth hour”: Mark 15:34.
68 “And Jesus uttered”: Ibid., 15:37–38.
69 “And the earth shook”: Matthew 27:51–53.
70 “the fire was raked back”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 233–34.
71 “Look! Do you see”: Schiller, Joan of Arc, 238.
72 “We made a lark”: Anouilh, Lark, adapt. Hellman, 56.
73 “said and affirmed”: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 283.
74 “I never wept as much”: Ibid., 254.
Chapter XII: Life Everlasting
1 “a friar of the Order of Saint Dominic”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 234.
2 “Pierre, bishop of Lisieux”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 236–37.
3 As reported by Enguerrand de Monstrelet: Ibid., 209–10.
4 “the judges of the nullification trial”: Ibid., 210.
5 “first professional, permanent, national standing army”: Richey, Joan of Arc, 85.
6 “cannons quickly pulverized”: Ibid.
7 “believed she had been burned”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc, 234.
8 “confessed her imposture”: Ibid.
9 “A long time ago”: Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc, 260.
10 “They will reveal to you”: Ibid., 261.
11 “wipe out this mark”: Ibid., 264.
12 “After having taken away”: Ibid., 265.
13 “execution of the sentence”: Ibid., 349.
14 “Was Mahomet inspired”: Shakespeare, Henry VI, Part One, act 1, scene 2.
15 imagined would become France’s Aeneid: Pernoud, Retrial of Joan of Arc, 238.
16 “this shameful abuse”: Voltaire, Maid of Orleans, 143.
17 The Maid of Orléans enraged enough readers: Heimann, Joan of Arc in French Art and Culture, 13.
18 “to ravish that which”: Voltaire, Maid of Orleans, 84.
19 “will last for all eternity”: Christine de Pizan, City of Ladies, 12.
20 “Field of Letters”: Ibid., 16.
21 “such high walls”: Ibid., 13.
22 “yardstick of truth”: Ibid.
23 “towers, houses, and palaces”: Ibid., 15.
24 “vessel of pure gold”: Ibid., 14.
25 “city full of worthy”: Ibid., 15.
26 “have attacked all women”: Ibid., 17.
27 “such high walls”: Ibid., 13.
28 “a cause of canonization”: Woodward, Making Saints, 23.
29 “on grounds that the proofs”: Wheeler and Wood, Fresh Verdicts, 208.
30 “boasted of her virginity”: Ibid., 210.
31 “did not face death”: Ibid.
32 “What was heroic”: Ibid., 217.
33 “the saints of history”: Ibid.
34 “surprising to read”: Ibid.
35 “who makes his angels”: Hebrews 1:7.