Government Documents
Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice (listed by numerical file number)
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) releases
Earl Little Arson Special Report (#2155), Department of State Police, Lansing, Michigan
Estate of Earl Little (File A-4053), Ingham County Probate Court, State of Michigan
Louise Little Mental Health Record (File B-4398), Ingham County Probate Court, State of Michigan
Malcolm Little, Office of Public Safety and Security, Department of Corrections, State of Michigan
Malcolm X Bureau of Special Services and Investigation file, New York Police Department
Malcolm X Central Intelligence Agency file
Malcolm X Secret Service file
Malcolm X State Department file
New York City Department of Records and Information Services, Municipal Archives in the City of New York
Prison File of Malcolm Little (#22843), Department of Corrections, Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Archival Collections
A. Peter Bailey/OAAU Papers, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, New York, New York
Alex Haley Papers, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, New York, New York
Aliya Hassen Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Anne Romaine Collection, Special Collections Library, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
C. Eric Lincoln Collection, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Special Collections Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
Earl Little Death Certificate, Michigan Department of Community Health, Division for Vital Records and Health Statistics
George Breitman Papers, Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University
Howard K. Smith Papers, Archives Division, Wisconsin Historical Society
J. B. Matthews Papers, Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
James Haughton Papers, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, New York, New York
John Henrik Clarke Papers, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, New York, New York
Julian Mayfield Papers, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, New York, New York
Kalamazoo State Hospital, Clarence L. Miller Local History Room, Kalamazoo Public Library, Kalamazoo, Michigan
Ken McCormick Collection of the Records of Doubleday and Company, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress
Malcolm X Assassination Trial Transcripts, Union Theological Seminary, New York, New York
Malcolm X Collection, 1941-1955, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Special Collections Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
Malcolm X Collection, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, New York, New York
Malcolm X Debate with Willoughby Abner, 1962, Archives Division, Wisconsin Historical Society
Milton A. Galamison Papers, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, New York, New York
National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees Record, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
Oral History of Charles Kenyatta, 1970, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University Library, Washington, D.C.
Oral History of Peter Bailey, 1968, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University Library, Washington, D.C.
Papers of Jackie Robinson, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress
Paul Revere Reynolds Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, New York, New York
Percival Leroy Prattis Papers, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University Library, Washington, D.C.
Reminiscences of Bayard Rustin, 1987, Oral History Research Office, Columbia University, New York, New York
Reminiscences of Ed Edwin, 1967, Oral History Research Office, Columbia University, New York, New York
Reminiscences of James Farmer, 1979, Oral History Research Office, Columbia University, New York, New York
Reminiscences of Kenneth B. Clark, 1976, Oral History Research Office, Columbia University, New York, New York
Reminiscences of Malcolm X: A Lecture, 1963, Oral History Research Office, Columbia University, New York, New York
Reminiscences of Mamie Clark, 1976, Oral History Research Office, Columbia University, New York, New York
Willoughby Abner Collection, Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
Oral Histories
Bailey, A. Peter. June 20, 2003
Baraka, Amiri. June 11, 2001
Brown, Dr. William Neal. May 10, 2005
Butler, Norman 3X. December 22, 2008
Davis, Ossie. June 29, 2003
Farrakhan, Louis. May 9, 2005; December 27, 2007
Feelings, Muriel. October 10, 2003
Ferguson, Herman. June 27, 2003; June 24, 2004; July 31, 2007; August 28, 2007
Fulcher, Gerry. October 3, 2007
Johnson, Thomas 15X. September 29, 2004
McCallum, Dr. Leo X. December 26, 2005
Prescott, Larry 4X. March 10, 2006; June 9, 2006; November 7, 2007
Reynolds, Jeanne. June 25, 2003
Savage, Langston Hughes. September 6, 2008
Stanford, Max. January 31, 2003; August 28, 2007
Warden, James 67X. June 18, 2003; July 24, 2007; August 1, 2007
Interviews
DeCaro, Louis A., Jr. July 16, 2001
Goldman, Peter. July 12, 2004
Griffin, Farah Jasmine. August 6, 2001
Hussey, Dermot. May 7, 2005
Kelley, Robin D. G. July 13, 2001
Muhammad, Najee. September 5, 2003
Powell, Kevin. June 22, 2001
Sherwood, Marika. December 6, 2002
Newspapers and Periodicals
Afro-American (Baltimore)
American Heritage
Amsterdam News
Atlanta Daily World
The Atlantic (Washington, D.C.)
Baltimore Sun
The Black Panther
Black Scholar
Black World
Boston Herald
The Butler Herald (Butler, GA)
The Catalogue of Brown University
The Challenger
The Charleston Chronicle (Charleston, SC)
Chicago Daily News
Chicago Defender
Chicago Tribune
Chicago’s American
Christian Century
Christianity and Crisis
City Sun (New York)
Columbia Daily Spectator
Daily Graphic (Ghana)
Daily Telegraph
Democrat and Chronicle (Rochester, NY)
The Detroit News
Dialogue Magazine
Ebony
Egyptian Gazette
Emerge
Esquire
Essence
Ghanaian Times
Guardian (London)
Hartford Courant
The Harvard Crimson
Herald Tribune (New York)
International Socialist Review
Jet
Journal American
Journal and Guide (Norfolk, VA)
The Liberator
Look
Los Angeles Herald-Dispatch
Los Angeles Sentinel
Los Angeles Times
Manchester Guardian Weekly
Michigan Chronicle
Michigan Citizen
The Militant (New York)
Monthly Review
Moslem Sunrise
Muhammad Speaks
Muslim World
Negro Digest
Negro World
New Crusader (Chicago)
New Jersey Herald News (Newark)
The New Leader
New Statesman (London)
New York magazine
New York Herald Tribune
New York Journal American
New York Post
New York Telegraph and Sun
New York Times
The New York Times Book Review
New York World Telegram and the Sun
Newsday (New York)
Newsweek
Oakland Tribune
Pittsburgh Courier
Playboy
Readers Digest
The Rockwell Report
Rutgers Observer
Sacramento Observer
San Francisco Chronicle
Saturday Evening Post
The Source
Springfield Union (Springfield, MA)
St. Louis Globe-Democrat
State Journal (Lansing, MI)
The Sunday Telegraph (London)
Time
Tri-State Defender (Memphis, TN)
U.S. News and World Report
Village Voice
Wall Street Journal
Washington Post
Yale Daily News
Young Socialist
Dissertations and Theses
Bertley, Leo W. “The Universal Negro Improvement Association of Montreal, 1917-1974.” Ph.D. dissertation, Concordia University, California, 1980.
Brooks, Stacy Lamar. “Celebrating Martin and Forgetting Malcolm: The Punishment of Black Leadership Purpose Agency.” M.A. thesis, University of Louisville, 2004.
Burrows, Cedric Dewayne. “The Contemporary Rhetoric About Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X in the Post-Reagan Era.” M.A. thesis, Miami University, 2005.
DeCaro, Louis Anthony, Jr. “Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam: Two Moments in His Religious Sojourn.” Ph.D. dissertation, New York University, 1994.
Dinkins, Andrew Ann. “Malcolm X and the Rhetoric of Transformation: 1948-1965.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 1995.
Dvorak, Kenneth R. “Terror in Detroit: The Rise and Fall of Michigan’s Black Legion.” Ph.D. dissertation, Bowling Green State University, 1990.
Dyson, Michael Eric. “Uses of Heroes: Celebration and Criticism in the Interpretation of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr.” Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 1993.
Farrah, Daryl. “Re-examining Malcolm X.” M.A. thesis San Jose State University, 2000.
Gay, John Franklin. “The Rhetorical Strategies and Tactics of Malcolm X (Movement Theory, Neo-Aristotelian, Black Muslims, Persuasion).” Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1985.
Hess, Eldora F. “The Negro in Nebraska.” M.A. thesis, University of Nebraska, 1932.
Hodges, John Oliver. “The Quest for Selfhood in the Autobiographies of W. E. B. Du Bois, Richard Wright, and Malcolm X.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1980.
Lee, Andrew Ann Dinkins. “Malcolm X and the Rhetoric of Transformation: 1948-1965.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 1995.
Leullen, David Elmer. “Ministers and Martyrs: Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr.” Ph.D. dissertation, Ball State University, 1972.
Mazucci, Elizabeth. “St. Martin’s Relics: A Study of the Artifacts Shaped by the Assassination of Malcolm X.” M.A. thesis, Columbia University, 2005.
Moore, William Henry. “On Identity and Consciousness of El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Malcolm X): An Application of the Theory of Identity to the History of Black Consciousness.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1974.
Morrison, Carlos D. “The Rhetoric of the Nation of Islam, 1930-1975: A Functional Approach.” Ph.D. dissertation, Howard University, 1996.
Muhammad, Najee Emerson. “The Transformational Leadership and Educational Philosophic Legacy of Malcolm X.” Ed.D. dissertation, University of Cincinnati, 1999.
Namphy, Mychel Josef. “Malcolm’s Mood Indigo: A Theodicy of Literary Contests.” Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 2003.
Norman, Barbara Ann. “The Black Muslims: A Rhetorical Analysis (Malcolm X, Nation of Islam, Elijah Muhammad).” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oklahoma, 1985.
Onwubu, Chukwuemeka. “Black Ideologies and the Sociology of Knowledge: The Public Response to the Protest Thoughts and Teachings of Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X.” Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, 1975.
Polizzi, David. “The Experience of Antiblack Racism: A Phenomenological Hermeneutic of The Autobiography of Malcolm X.” Ph.D. dissertation, Duquesne University, 2002.
Pugh, Maurice. “Black Theology: Cone, King, and Malcolm X.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dallas Theological Seminary, 2006.
Sales, William W., Jr. “Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity: A Case Study in Afro-American Nationalism.” Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1991.
Smallwood, Andrew Peter. “Malcolm X: An Intellectual Aesthetic for Black Adult Education. Ed.D. dissertation, Northern Illinois University, 1998.
Terrill, Robert Edward. “Symbolic Emancipation in the Rhetoric of Malcolm X.” Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, 1996.
Varda, Scott Joseph. “A Rhetorical History of Malcolm X.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Iowa, 2007.
Washington, Von Hugo. “An Evaluation of the Play Purlie Victorious and Its Impact on the American Theater Scene.” Ph.D. dissertation, Wayne State University, 1979.
Whitaker, Catherine Jean. “Almshouses and Mental Institutions in Michigan, 1871-1930.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1986.
Woods, Ventris. “Political Communication and the Social Construction of Malcolm X.” Ph.D. dissertation, Northern Arizona University, 1998.
Woodyard, Jeffrey Lynn. “Africalogical Rhetorical Theory and Criticism: Afrocentric Approaches to the Rhetoric of Malcolm X.” Ph.D. dissertation, Temple University, 1996.
Journal Articles
“A Conversation with Ossie Davis.” Souls, vol. 2, no. 3 (Summer 2000): 6-16.
Amann, Peter H. “Vigilante Fascism: The Black Legion as an American Hybrid.” Contemporary Studies in Society and History, vol. 25, no. 3 (July 1983): 490-524.
Baraka, Amiri (aka LeRoi Jones). “Jazz Criticism and Its effects on the Art Form,” pp. 55-70, in Baker, David, ed. New Perspectives in Jazz. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian, 1986.
Beynon, Erdmann Doane. “The Voodoo Cult Among Negro Migrants in Detroit.” American Journal of Sociology, vol. 43, no. 6 (May 1938): 894-907.
Bloch, Herman D. “The Employment Status of the New York Negro in Retrospect.” Phylon , vol. 20, no. 4 (1959): 327-344.
Branham, Robert James. “‘I Was Gone on Debating’ Malcolm Xʹs Prison Debates and Public Confrontations.” Argumentation and Advocacy, vol. 31 (Winter 1995): 117-137.
Burns, W. Haywood. “The Black Muslims in America: a Reinterpretation.” Race, vol. 5, no. 1 (July 1963): 26-37.
Capeci, Dominic J. “From Different Liberal Perspectives: Fiorello H. LaGuardia, Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., and Civil Rights in New York City, 1941-1943.” Journal of Negro History, vol. 62, no. 2 (April 1977): 160-173.
Clinonsmith, Michael S. “The Black Legion: Hooded Americanism in Michigan.” Michigan History Magazine, vol. 55, no. 3 (1971): 243-262.
Condit, Celeste Michelle, and John Louis Lucaites. “Malcolm X and the Limits of the Rhetoric of Revolutionary Dissent.” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 23, no. 3 (March 1993): 291-313.
Curtis, IV, Edward. “Islamism and Its African American Muslim Critics: Black Muslims in the Era of the Arab Cold War.” American Quarterly, vol. 59, no. 3 (September 2007): 683-709.
Daniels, Douglas Henry. “Los Angeles Zoot Race ʹRiotʹ: The Pachuco and Black Culture Music.” Journal of Negro History, vol. 82, issue 2 (Spring 1997): 201-220.
Davidson, Nicol. “Alioune Diop and the African Renaissance.” African Affairs, vol. 78, no. 310 (January 1979): 3-11.
Demarest, David P., Jr. “The Autobiography of Malcolm X: Beyond Didacticism.” CLA Journal, vol. 16, no. 2 (December 1972): 179-187.
DeVeaux, Scott. “Bebop and the Recording Industry: The 1942 AFM Recording Ban Reconsidered.” Journal of the American Musicological Society, vol. 41, no. 1 (Spring 1988): 126-165.
El-Beshti, Bashir M. “The Semiotics of Salvation: Malcolm X and the Autobiographical Self.” The Journal of Negro History, vol. 82, no. 4 (Autumn 1997): 359-367.
Epps, Archie. “The Rhetoric of Malcolm X.” Harvard Review, no. 3 (Winter 1993): 64-75.
Fras, Ivan, and Joseph Joel Friedman. “Hallucinogenic Effects of Nutmeg in Adolescent.” New York State Journal of Medicine, vol. 69, no. 3 (February 1, 1969): 463-465.
Gambino, Ferruccio. “The Transgression of a Laborer: Malcolm X in the Wilderness of America.” Radical History, vol. 55 (Winter 1993): 7-31.
Gold, Russell. “Guilty of Syncopation, Joy, and Animation: The Closing of Harlem’s Savoy Ballroom.” Studies in Dance History, vol. 5, no. 1 (1994): 50-64.
Greenberg, Cheryl. “The Politics of Disorder: Reexamining Harlem’s Riots of 1935 and 1943.” Journal of Urban History, vol. 18, no. 4 (August 1992): 395-441.
Himes, Chester B. “Zoot Riots Are Race Riots.” Crisis, vol. 50 (July 1943): 200-201.
Horne, Gerald. “‘Myth’ and the Making of ‘Malcolm X.’” American Historical Review, vol. 98, no. 2 (April 1993): 440-450.
Jones, Oliver, Jr. “The Black Muslim Movement and the American Constitutional System.” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 13, no. 4 (June 1983): 417-437.
Kelley, Robin D. G., “The Riddle of the Zoot: Malcolm Little and Black Cultural Politics During World War II,” pp. 155-182, in Wood, Joe, ed. Malcolm X: In Our Own Image. New York: St. Martin’s, 1992.
Kelley, Robin D. G., and Betsy Esch. “Black Like Mao: Red China and Black Revolution.” Souls, vol. 1, no. 4 (Fall 1999): 6-41.
Knight, Frederick. “Justifiable Homicide, Police Brutality, or Governmental Repression? The 1962 Los Angeles Police Shooting of Seven Members of the Nation of Islam.” Journal of Negro History, vol. 79, no. 2 (Spring 1974): 182-196.
Laremont, Ricardo René. “Race, Islam, and Politics: Differing Visions Among Black American Muslims.” Journal of Islamic Studies, vol. 10, no. 1 (1999): 33-49.
Lightfoot, Claude. “Negro Nationalism and the Black Muslims.” Political Affairs, vol. 41, no. 7 (July 1962): 3-20.
Lott, Eric. “Double V, Double-Time: Bebop’s Politics of Style.” Callaloo, no. 36 (Summer 1988): 597-605.
Maloney, Thomas N., and Warren C. Whatley. “Making the Effort: The Contours of Racial Discrimination in Detroit’s Labor Markets.” Journal of Economic History, vol. 55, no. 3 (September 1995): 456-493.
Mazucci, Liz. “Going Back to Our Own: Interpreting Malcolm Xʹs Transition from ʹBlack Asiatic’ to ‘Afro-American.’” Souls, vol. 7, no. 1 (Winter 2005): 66-83.
McAlister, Melani. “One Black Allah: The Middle East in the Cultural Politics of African American Liberation, 1955-1970.” American Quarterly, vol. 51, no. 3 (September 1999): 622-656.
Meyer, Douglas K. “Evolution of a Permanent Negro Community in Lansing.” Michigan History Magazine, vol. 55, no. 2 (1971): 141-154.
Miller, Kelly. “After Marcus Garvey—What of the Negro?” Contemporary Review, vol. 131 (April 1927): 492-500.
Morris, Albert. “Massachusetts: The Aftermath of the Prison Riots of 1952.” The Prison Journal 1954, vol. 34, no. 1 (April 1954): 35-37.
Murray, Paul T. “Blacks and the Draft: A History of Institutional Racism.” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 2, no. 1 (September 1971): 57-76.
Norman, Brian. “Reading a Closet Screenplay: Hollywood, James Baldwin’s Malcolm X and the Threat of Historical Irrelevance.” African American Review, vol. 39, no. 2 (Spring 2005): 103-118.
Ohmann, Carol. “The Autobiography of Malcolm X: A Revolutionary Use of the Franklin Tradition.” American Quarterly, vol. 22, no. 2 (1970): 131-149.
Payne, R. B. “Nutmeg Intoxication.” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 269 (1963): 36-38.
Peterson, Joyce Shaw. “Black Automobile Workers in Detroit, 1910-1930.” Journal of Negro History, vol. 64, no. 3 (Summer 1979): 177-190.
Schuyler, Michael W. “The Ku Klux Klan in Nebraska, 1920-1930.” Nebraska History, vol. 66, no. 3 (1985): 234-256.
Sitkoff, Harvard. “Racial Militancy and Interracial Violence in the Second World War.” Journal of American History, vol. 58, no. 3 (December 1971): 661-681.
Sitkoff, Harvard. “The Detroit Race Riot of 1943.” Michigan History, vol. 53, no. 3 (1969): 183-206.
Soule, Sarah A. “Populism and Black Lynching in Georgia, 1890-1900.” Social Forces, vol. 71, no. 2 (December 1992): pp. 431-449.
Stein-Roggenbuck, Susan. “‘Wholly Within the Discretion of the Probate Court’: Judicial Authority and Mothers’ Pensions in Michigan, 1913-1940.” Social Service Review, vol. 79, no. 2 (June 2005): 294-321.
Stephens, Ronald J. “Garveyism in Idlewild, 1927 to 1936.” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 34, no. 4 (March 2004): 462-488.
Taylor, Wayne. “Premillennium Tension: Malcolm X and the Eschatology of the Nation of Islam.” Souls, vol. 7, no. 1 (Winter 2007): 52-65.
Tumini, Joseph. “Sweet Justice.” Michigan History Magazine, vol. 83, no. 4 (July/August 1999): 23-27.
Vold, George B. “A Report on the Development of Penological Treatment at Norfolk Prison Colony in Massachusetts.” American Journal of Sociology, vol. 46, no. 6 (May 1941): 917.
Weiss, G. “Hallucinogenic and Narcotic-Like Effects of Powdered Myristica (nutmeg).” Psychiatric Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 1 (1960): 346-356.
West, Cynthia Sʹthembile. “Revisiting Female Activism in the 1960s: The Newark Branch Nation of Islam.” Black Scholar, vol. 26, nos. 3-4 (Fall 1996/Winter 1997): 41-48.
Books
Abel, Roger. The Black Shield. Bloomington, IN: Author House, 2006.
Anderson, Jervis. This Was Harlem, 1900-1950. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1982.
Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life. New York: Grove, 1997.
Angelou, Maya. The Heart of a Woman. New York: Random House, 1981.
Angelou, Maya. A Song Flung Up to Heaven. New York: Random House, 2002.
Appiah, Kwame Anthony, and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., eds. Africana Encyclopedia of the African American Experience. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Aslan, Reza. No God but God: The Origins, Evolution and Future of Islam. New York: Random House, 2003.
Baldwin, James. One Day When I Was Lost: A Scenario Based on Alex Haley’s ‘The Autobiography of Malcolm X.ʹ New York: Dell, 1972.
Baldwin, James. The Fire Next Time. New York: Dell, 1970.
Ball, Howard. Hugo Black: Cold Steel Warrior. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Barbeau, Arthur E, and Florette Henri. The Unknown Soldiers: Black American Troops in World War I. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1974.
Berlin, Ira. The Making of African America. New York: Viking, 2010.
Biondi, Martha. To Stand and Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Postwar New York City. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.
Boyle, Kevin. Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age. New York: Henry Holt, 2004.
Bracey, John, Jr., August Meier, and Elliott Rudwick, eds. Black Nationalism in America. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1970.
Branch, Taylor. Pillar of Fire. New York: Touchstone, 1998.
Breitman, George. The Last Year of Malcolm X: The Evolution of a Revolutionary. New York: Schocken, 1967.
Breitman, George, ed. By Any Means Necessary: Speeches, Interviews, and a Letter by Malcolm X. New York: Pathfinder, 1970.
Breitman, George, ed. Malcolm X on Afro-American History. New York: Pathfinder, 1967.
Breitman, George, ed. Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements. New York: Grove, Weidenfield, 1990.
Breitman, George, ed. Malcolm X: The Man and His Ideas. New York: Pathfinder, 1965.
Breitman, George, Herman Porter, and Baxter Smith, eds. The Assassination of Malcolm X. New York: Pathfinder, 1976.
Carbada, Devon W., and Donald Weise, eds. Time on Two Crosses: The Collected Writings of Bayard Rustin. San Francisco: Cleis, 2003.
Carew, Jan. Ghosts in Our Blood: With Malcolm X in Africa, England, and the Caribbean. Westport, CT: Laurence Hill, 1994.
Carmichael, Stokely, and Ekwueme Michael Thelwell. Ready for Revolution. New York: Scribner, 1993.
Carson, Clayborne, ed. Malcolm X: The FBI File. New York: Carroll and Graf, 1991.
Clark, Kenneth B. The Negro Protest: James Baldwin, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King. Boston: Beacon, 1963.
Clark, Steve, ed. February 1965: The Final Speeches. New York: Pathfinder, 1992.
Clark, Steve, ed. Malcolm X Talks to Young People: Speeches in the U.S., Britain, and Africa. New York: Pathfinder, 1991.
Clarke, John Henrik, ed. Malcolm X: The Man and His Times. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1990.
Clegg III, Claude Andrew. An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad. New York: St. Martin’s, 1997.
Cole, Peter. Wobblies on the Waterfront: Interracial Unionism in Progressive-Era Philadelphia. Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 2007.
Collins, Rodnell P., with A. Peter Bailey. Seventh Child: A Family Memoir of Malcolm X. New York: Kensington, 1998.
Cone, James. Martin and Malcolm and America: A Dream or a Nightmare. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1992.
Cruse, Harold. The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual: From Its Origins to the Present. New York: William Morrow, 1967.
Curtis, IV, Edward. Islam in Black America. New York: State University of New York Press, 2002.
Dannin, Robert. Black Pilgrimage to Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Davies, Carole Boyce, ed. Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 2008.
DeCaro, Louis A., Jr. Malcolm and the Cross: The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, and Christianity . New York: New York University Press, 1998.
DeCaro, Louis A., Jr. On the Side of My People: A Religious Life of Malcolm X. New York: New York University Press, 1996.
Decker, William A. Asylum for the Insane: History of the Kalamazoo State Hospital. Traverse City, MI: Arbutus, 2007.
D’Emilio, John. Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin. New York: Free Press, 2003.
Denny, Frederick Mathewson. An Introduction to Islam. New York: Macmillan, 1985.
Deutsch, Nathaniel, ed. Black Zion. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
DeVeaux, Scott. The Birth of Bebop: A Social and Musical History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
Doering, Carl R., ed. A Report on the Development of Peneological Treatment at Norfolk Prison Colony in Massachusetts. New York: Bureau of Social Hygiene, 1940.
Du Bois, David Graham. . . . And Bid Him Sing. Palo Alto: Ramparts, 1975.
Duberman, Martin Bauml. Paul Robeson. New York: Ballantine, 1989.
Dyson, Michael Eric. Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Edmonds, Anthony O. Muhammad Ali: A Biography. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2006.
Emery, L. F. Black Dance in the U.S. from 1619 to 1970. Palo Alto: National Press Books, 1972.
Enayat, Hamid. Modern Islamic Political Thought. London: I. B. Taurus, 1982.
Epps, Archie, ed. The Malcolm X Speeches at Harvard. New York: Paragon House, 1961.
Esposito, John L. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Essien-Udom, E. U. Black Nationalism: A Search for an Identity in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
Evanzz, Karl. The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X. New York: Thunderʹs Mouth, 1992.
Evanzz, Karl. The Messenger: The Rise and Fall of Elijah Muhammad. New York: Pantheon, 1999.
Evers-Williams, Myrlie, and Manning Marable, eds. The Autobiography of Medgar Evers: A Hero’s Life and Legacy Revealed Through His Writings, Letters and Speeches. New York: Basic Civitas, 2005.
Fanon, Frantz. Black Skin, White Masks. New York: Grove, 1967.
Field, Edward. State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations at the End of the Century: A History. Boston: Mason, 1902.
Finkelman, Paul, ed. Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century, vol. 2. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Finkelman, Paul, ed. Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties, vol. 2. New York: Routledge, 2006.
Finkle, Lee. Forum for Protest. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1975.
Fisher, Humphrey J. The Ahmadiyya Movement. London: Oxford University Press, 1963.
Flamming, Douglas. Bound for Freedom: Black Los Angeles in Jim Crow America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
Foner, Philip S. Organized Labor and the Black Worker, 1619-1981, second edition. New York: International Publishers, 1981.
Friedly, Michael. Malcolm X: The Assassination. New York: Carroll and Graf, 1992.
Friedman, Yohannon. Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
Gaines, Kevin. African Americans in Ghana: Black Expatriates and the Civil Rights Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
Gaines, Kevin. Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics and Culture in the Twentieth Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Gallen, David, ed. Malcolm X: As They Knew Him. New York: Carroll and Graf, 1992.
Gálves, William. Ché in Africa: Ché Guevara’s Congo Diary. Melbourne, Australia: Ocean, 1999.
Gardell, Mattias. In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996.
Garrow, David J. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. New York: Vintage, 1986.
Gitler, Ira., ed. Swing to Bop: An Oral History of the Transition of Jazz in the 1940s. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Goldman, Peter. The Death and Life of Malcolm X, revised edition. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979.
Grant, Colin. Negro with a Hat: The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
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