Unless fully cited here see Bibliography and Abbreviations
CHAPTER 1: THE MARRIAGE OF THE CENTURY
1. The most satisfactory original sources in print are: La Marche, iii, pp. 101-201, iv, pp. 95-44. After writing a hundred pages on the wedding in the third volume of his memoires he went on to write another fifty pages in his fourth volume to rectify any faults and omissions; Haynin, ii, pp. 17-63; Excerpta Historica, pp. 223-239; Waurin, v, pp. 559-62; de But, pp. 489-90; Phillips, Archealogica, xxxi, pp. 326-38.
Good secondary sources: Cartellieri, pp. 124-134; Hommel, pp. 25-52; Kipling, pp. 75-163; Kirk, i, pp. 468-78; Laborde, ii, pp. 293-381; Münch, pp. 8-38; Vaughan, pp. 45-53.
Useful articles: C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘La Politique Matrimoniale des ducs de Bourgogne de la maison de Valois’ first printed in the Annales de Bourgogne, xl, 1968, pp. 5-58, 89-139, and reprinted in England, France and Burgundy in the Fifteenth Century, 1983, pp. 237-342. Mr Armstrong provides a definitive analysis of the issues concerning the dower and dowry of Margaret; Boeren, pp. 89-94, 234-251; Calmette, Le mariage, pp. 193-214; Kervyn de Lettenhove, Relation du mariage, pp. 245-66; de Ram, pp. 168-74.
2. Hall, p. 269; for Simon Mulart’s ‘De Ortu’: pp. 234-241 in Boeren, ‘Twee Maaslandse Dichters’. Mulart records all the clergy present and gives details of the processions and the banquets including a list of the meats provided, eg. ‘800 pingues porcos 2500 vitulos and 2100 lepores’. Like Sir John Paston he compared the magnificence of the occasion to the golden age of King Arthur.
3. Paston/Davis, i, pp. 538-40, 8 July 1468.
4. Rozmital, p. 45.
5. The most famous feast of Philip’s reign was the Feast of the Pheasant at Lille, 1454, see R. Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 143-6.
6. Paston/Davis, i, pp. 397-8, 1 May 1467.
7. See Map, p. 207.
8. La Marche, iii, pp. 75-6; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 45; Scofield, i, p. 404 n.l.
9. Armstrong, La Politique Matrimoniale, pp. 5-58; Vaughan, Philip the Good, p. 342. There were past marriages between English princesses and the rulers of the Low Countries. Edward I’s daughter Margaret had married John II, Duke of Brabant in 1294.
10. See genealogy Tables 2 and 3.
11. For an examination of the economic situation see: M-R. Thielemans, Relations politiques et économiques entre les Pays-Bas Bourguignons et l’Angleterre 1435-67, Brussels, 1966; J. H. Munro, Review of Thielemans in Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire, 46 B, 1968, pp. 1228-1238; Prevenier and Blockmans, pp. 97-107, 121; P. Spufford, Monetary problems and policies in the Burgundian Netherlands, Leiden, 1970.
12. For the negotiations: PRO, C/81/1499/no.7; C/81/1380/no.ll; CPR, 1461-67, p.442; Foedera, xi, p.565; Hommel, pp.27-34; Armstrong, La Politique Matrimoniale, pp. 44-7; CSPM, pp. 198, 256, 270, 356, 372.
13. Hicks, pp. 42-4.
14. CSPM, i, pp. 118-20; Croyland, p. 457; Scofield, i, pp. 327, 424-6; Ross, pp. 107-9; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 44-7; Calmette and Perinelle, pp. 78-80, 81-7.
15. CSPV, i, p. 117; Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 34-50, 80-84.
16. Commynes/Mandrot, i, p. 196.
17. Six Town Chronicles, p. 115; the Woodvilles advanced their position at court and in the country throughout 1466-8, Hicks, pp. 35-36. Their support for Margaret’s marriage to Charles may derive from Jacquetta’s connections with the St Pol family and a wish to assert their influence over the King.
18. Anglo, Tournament Roll, pp. 19-20; Anglo, Anglo-Burgundian Feats of Arms, p. 7; La Marche, iii, pp. 48-56; New Chronicles, pp. 655-6; Historical Collections, p.236; Foedera, xi, p.580; Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, pp. 277-8.
19. Hall, p. 267; for a contemporary assessment of the significance of the Count of La Roche’s visit see T. Hearne, (ed.) Thomae Sprotti Chronica, 1719, p. 295; Kingsford, English Historical Literature, p. 177.
20. Kipling, pp. 73-127.
21. Excerpta Historica, pp. 171-212; Scofield, i, pp. 414-20.
22. Hall, pp. 267-8.
23. Ross, p. 111.
24. PRO, French Rolls, C/76/151, C/76/152, C/81/1499/no.7.
25. Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 375, 379.
26. Croyland, p. 551; Basin, i, pp. 294-5; Hicks, pp. 41-2.
27. Stevenson, Letters and Papers, ii, p. 788.
28. For marriage treaties: PRO, C/81/1380/no. 11, C/81/1499/No.7; AGR, Chartes de Brabant et Mss Divers no. 43/11, cart. xliv f.51, cart. xlviii f.164v., Chartes de Brabant et Chambre des Comptes no. 134; ADN, B/330/16.128 for the Treaty of Brussels signed and sealed by Edward IV and with his earlier authority to his officers to negotiate the treaty.
29. PRO, Signed Bills 1499 no.4227, Issue Roll, Easter VIII Edward IV, 1 June; C/81/1499/no.28.
30. AND B/429/16.141; for comments on dispensation see CSPM, i, p. 120; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 48.
31. RP, v, pp. 622-3.
32. See genealogy Tables 1 and 2.
33. Paston/Davis, ii, p. 386, 18 April 1468.
34. PRO, Exchequer, Tellers Bills C/81/1499/no.28; CSPV, i, p.121; Scofield, i, pp. 446-453; for rumours that Warwick would not guarantee the loan: Calmette, Le mariage, p. 202.
35. M. A. Hicks, ‘The Case of Sir Thomas Cook, 1468’, EHR, p. 93, 1978, 82-96; New Chronicles, p. 656; Historical Collections, pp. 656-7; Great Chronicle, pp. 204, 272.
36. Ibid, p. 204.
37. PRO, E404 74/1/35, 74/1/69; Scofield i, p. 456.
38. Jean Squilbeck, ‘Coronne Votive’, in ‘Marguerite d’York et son temps’, exhibition organised by the Banque de Bruxelles, 1967; E. Grimme, ‘Der Aachener Domschatz’ in Aachener Kunstblatter, p.42, 1972; M. Campbell, ‘English Goldsmiths in the Fifteenth Century’, in Williams, Harlaxton Symposium, p.45; P. W. Hammond, ‘The Coronet of Margaret of York’, The Ricardian, September 1984, vi, pp. 362-5.
39. Louis’ annoyance: Vaesen et Charavay, iii, p.144; Legeay, i, p.529; Calmette, Le mariage, p. 169; Waurin, v, p.559; CSPV, p. 121; CSPM, i, pp. 124-6.
40. For the slanders: Chronique Scandaleuse, i, p. 241; CSPM, pp. 95-6, 124-5; Hommel, p. 53-4; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p.48; ‘Margaret had achieved the reputation of a whore’: Lander, Government and Continuity, p. 244.
41. Hall, p. 267.
42. Haynin, ii, p. 19.
43. Ross, p. 115.
44. Historical Collections, p. 238; Chronicles of the White Rose, pp. 20-1.
45. Excerpta Historica, p. 227; New Chronicles, p. 656; Scofield, i, pp. 456-7; Hommel, pp. 35-6.
46. Scofield, i, pp. 455-6; the payments to her escort are recorded in PRO, Exchequer, Tellers Bills, E/404/74/1/no.35.
47. Scofield, i, pp. 455-6; Paston/Davis, i, p. 538; for ‘the lovely widow’: La Marche, iii, p. 107.
48. ADN, Comptes de l’Argenterie, B 2068/1468 f.159; Laborde, i, p. 500; La Marche, iii, p. 174 adds that Margaret had with her a dwarf from Constantinople who was a servant of King Edward.
49. Excerpta Historica, p. 228; Hommel, p. 38.
50. For her arrival at Sluis: Haynin, ii, p. 19; Excerpta Historica, pp. 228-9; La Marche, iii, pp. 102-3; for the movements of Charles see Vander Linden, Itinéraires, p. 9.
51. Kervyn de Lettenhove, Relation du mariage, pp. 250-3; Cartellieri, pp. 158-165; Kipling, p. 111; Book of Esther.
52. Kipling, pp. 75, 117-125.
53. Hunter, pp. 87-8.
54. Ibid.
55. See below ch. 7.
56. Book of Judges, ch. 6-7-8; Hunter, pp. 264f.
57. R. A. Weigert, La tapisserie et le tapis en France, pp. 38-60; Hunter, pp. 50, 87-90, 108-110, 238, 247-8, 264-70.
58. Hunter, p. 56.
59. Phillips, Archeologica, xxxi p. 329; Excerpta Historica, pp. 229-30.
60. Dumont, ‘Marie’, pp. 8-12.
61. Haynin, ii, pp. 20-63; Hommel, p. 53.
62. Chastellain, vii, pp. 228-9. For Charles’ soubriquet: La Marche, i, p. 147.
63. Excerpta Historica, p. 230.
64. Ibid, p. 231; La Marche, iii, p. 105; de Ram, pp. 170-4.
65. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 258-60; La Marche, iii, p. 105, iv, 97; RP. v, 628; ADN, B/429/16140, B/430/16.286; Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, pp. 279, 281.
66. Paston/Davis, i, p. 539.
67. Prevenier and Blockmans, pp. 17-19; E. Gilliat Smith, The Story of Bruges, 1926, pp. 230-248.
68. For Margaret’s reception into Bruges and the pageants: Excerpta Historica, pp. 321-4; La Marche, ii, pp. 98-105; Cartellieri, pp. 159-163; for the gift from Bruges: Plancher, iv, p. 362.
69. Huizinga, p. 239.
70. Phillips, Archeologica, xxxi, p. 331.
71. Rozmital, pp. 30, 41.
72. Excerpta Historica, p. 234.
73. The Gideon tapestries cost 8,960 gold crowns for 630 square yards in 1449: Hunter, p. 89.
74. La Marche, ii, pp. 107-11; Excerpta Historica, pp. 234-5; Paston/Davis, i, pp. 538-540; Cartellieri, ch 2.
75. The Market Hall of Bruges was built in the thirteenth century. Its famous belfrey had been begun at the end of the thirteenth century but the octagonal top portion was only completed in 1482-7.
76. Phillips, Archeologica, xxxi, p.335; Excerpta Historica, pp. 235-6 among others.
77. Phillips, Archeologica, xxxi, pp. 337-8; Excerpta Historica, pp. 235-239; La Marche, ii, pp. 11-122, among many other descriptions. The most comprehensive modern description appears in Cartellieri, pp. 124-134.
78. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 49-53.
CHAPTER 2: DAUGHTER OF YORK
1. See genealogy Table 1. For the following genealogical information: Cockayne, xii, pp. 895-913; Sandford, pp. 387-402.
2. Morel-Fatio, pp. 411-16.
3. See genealogy Table 2.
4. For this paragraph and for the career of Richard of York see particularly Gorman and Griffiths and generally Chrimes, Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VI, and Lander and Storey. For Richard’s appointment after Bedford’s death with like powers see Stevenson, ii, p. 585.
5. William Worcester’s Annales rerum anglicarum, in Stevenson, ii, 2nd part, p. 764: ‘nata est Margareta filia tertia Ricardi ducis Eboraci iii die Maii in die Martis apud Fodryngay’; Chronicles of the White Rose, pp. 213-4, also gives the birthdates and birthplaces for all the children of Duke Richard and Duchess Cecily and states that Margaret was born at Waltham Abbey on 3 May 1446. This chronicle gives several differences from Worcester’s Annales.
6. H.K. Bonney, ‘Historic Notices of Fotheringhay’ (1821) cited in Some Ancient Interests of Fotheringhay, pp. 1-5; Joan Evans, English Art, 1307-1461 in Oxford History of Art (ed.) T. S. R. Boase, 1949, pp. 186-7.
7. Cecily’s will is printed in Nichols and Bruce, pp. 1-8.
8. Bonney, p. 4.
9. I have discussed the question of Margaret’s birth at Waltham with Dinah Dean, the secretary of the Waltham Abbey Historical Society. There seems to be considerable evidence for a Yorkist presence in the area at that time. See also James Thorne, Handbook to the Environs of London, 1983 edition, pp. 650-2. He cites Thomas Fuller who was a curate at Waltham from 1648-58. For the abbey: D. Knowles and R. Neville Hancock, Medieval Religious Houses, 1953, ch. 1.
10. see below ch. 7, n. 35.
11. E. Carleton Williams, My Lord of Bedford, 1389-1435, 1963, pp. 5, 247. There is no substantial evidence that the so-called Waltham Chronicle was in fact written at Waltham.
12. CPR, 1441-1447, pp. 416, 427 for 5 March 1446; CPR, 1446-1452, p. 43 for 26 October 1446.
13. For York at Hunsdon: CPR, 1446-52, p. 77; Griffiths, Henry VI, p. 541. For quotation: R. Clutterbuck, History and Antiquities of Hertfordshire, III, p. 177. For Hunsdon house: Victoria County History, Hertfordshire, iii, pp. 323-5; A. Havercroft, ‘Excavations on Hunsdon House. An Interim Report’, Hertfordshires Past, 1984, no. 17, pp. 15-24; A. Emery, ‘Ralph Lord Cromwell’s Manor at Wingfield’, Archeological journal, 1985, vol. 142, p.333; CPR, 1452-61, p.34; P. M. Kendall, The Yorkist Age: Daily life during the Wars of the Roses, 1962, p. 337. For Sir William Oldhall: J. C. Wedgwood and A. D. Holt, History of Parliament 1439-1509: Biographies, 1936, pp. 647-8; C. E. Johnston, ‘Sir William Oldhall’, EHR, xxv, 1910 pp. 715-22. Sir John Oldhall’s son was killed at Bosworth. In 1471 Edward IV bought back Hunsdon from the executors of Oldhall for 2,000 marks. Was he simply redeeming his father’s mortgage?
14. See below ch. 7, n. 5, 7.
15. There is an extensive discussion of Richard’s finances in Gorman, Griffiths and McFarlane. See also J. T. Rosenthal’s two articles: The Estates and Finances of Richard, Duke of York’, Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History, ii, Nebraska, 1965 and ‘Fifteenth Century Baronial Incomes and Richard, Duke of York’, BIHR, xxxvii, 1964; also in C. D. Ross, ‘The Estates and Finances of Richard, Duke of York’, Welsh History Review, iii, 1967; and in B. P. Wolffe, ‘The Management of English Royal Estates under the Yorkist Kings’ EHR, lxxi, 1956. Whether the Duke was actually short of money or whether he used the crown indebtedness to him to put political pressure on the King is far from clear. Certainly there are few signs of serious financial problems and he continued to build at Fotheringhay, Ludlow and Hunsdon throughout all his troubles. However he had apparently pawned his jewels to Fastolf: Paston/Gairdner, i, pp. 249-50, letter of 18 December 1452 referring to the ‘nowch of gold sett up on a roose enameled white’ and known as the ‘White Rose’ for the betrothal of Anne of York and her dowry: Griffiths, pp. 468, 479 n.80.
16. The importance of securing good marriages is emphasised by McFarlane.
17. Commynes/Calmette, ii, p. 248.
18. For a general biography: K. V. Vickers, Humphrey of Gloucester, 1967. For the Duke of York’s gains: CPR, 1446-1452, p. 79.
19. Historical Collections, p. 189. For Richard in Ireland: E. Curtis, ‘Richard of York as Viceroy of Ireland 1447-1460’, Journal of theRoyal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, lxii, 1932.
20.. CPR, 1467-77, p. 439; CPR, 1476-1485, p. 411.
21. Hicks, p. 14.
22. Holinshed’s Chronicles, (ed.) H. Ellis, 1807-8, vi, pp. 267-8.
23. Six Town Chronicles, pp. 132-6; Griffiths, pp. 617-9, 686.
24. See genealogy Table 2.
25. Cambridge Medieval History, viii, pp. 404-5; Griffiths, pp. 687-8.
26. Ibid, pp. 695-7.
27. For the violence between the Nevilles and the Percys at Huntington, near York see: R. A. Griffiths, ‘Local Rivalries and National Politics: The Percys, the Nevilles and the Duke of Exeter, 1452-1455’, Speculum, xliii, 1968; Storey, p. 131.
28. The alliance between York, Salisbury and Warwick came about after York’s disappointment in 1452-1453. The Duke seems to have been a slow learner in the art of making useful political alliances.
29. Six Town Chronicles, p. 140; English Chronicle, p. 79. For Margaret of Anjou: J. J. Bagley, Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England, 1948.
30. Griffiths, p. 720, n.84.
31. Richard had bad relations with his son-in-law, partly due to his failure to provide the full dowry for Anne. Henry, Duke of Exeter continued to give his support to the Lancastrian cause throughout his life and steadfastly opposed both Richard and later Edward IV. See also the article by Griffiths in Speculum (above note 27).
32. Whethamstede, i, pp. 168-9; C. A. J. Armstrong, `Politics and the Battle of St Albans’, BIHR, xxxiii, 1960, pp. 1-72.
33. For Caistor: Paston/Davis, ii, pp. 167-8, 15 November 1456; for ‘love-day’: New Chronicles, p. 633.
34. Chronicles of London, pp. 169-70; Croyland, i, p. 454.
35. English Chronicle, p. 83.
36. M. Wood, The English Medieval House, 1965, p. 266.
37. For the fate of Cecily and her children after the rout of Ludford: CPR, 1452-1461, p.542; Croyland, p.454, Whethamstede, i, p. 345; English Chronicle, p. 83; New Chronicles p. 635; Scofield, i, p. 37.
38. Paston/Davis, ii, pp. 187-8.
39. Historical Collections, p. 208.
40. Paston/Davis ii, pp. 216-7.
41. Scofield, i, pp. 42-4, 47-54, 59-65; Waurin, v. p. 284.
42. RP, v, pp. 375-80; M. Levine, Tudor Dynastic Problems, 1973, pp. 127-131; Whethamstede, i, pp. 376-8; Griffiths, p. 29. Yorkist proclamations were widely quoted by chroniclers and were clearly given a great deal of publicity. A lengthy justification of the Duke of York’s claims appears in English Chronicle pp. 100-105 as the preamble to the agreement between Henry VI and Richard after the battle of Northampton.
43. Whethamstede, i, pp. 381-2 A. D. Leadham, ‘The Battle of Wakefield’, Yorkshire Archeological Journal, 1890-1, ii, p. 348; English Chronicle, pp. 106-7; Six Town Chronicles, p. 152.
44. Great Chronicle, p.195; New Chronicles,p. 639.
45. P. M. Kendall, Louis XI, 1971, pp. 95-102.
46. Livia Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard in Holland, 1461’, The Ricardian, vi, no. 81, 1983, pp. 184-188; CSPM, i, p. 67.
47. Vickers, pp. 445-6.
48. Scofield, i, p. 149; English Chronicle, p. 109.
49. English Chronicle, p. 110; Hall, p. 251. Scofield, i, p. 139.
50. CSPM, i, p. 69.
51. Historical Collections, p. 215.
52. Burne, Battlefields, pp. 96-108, 114; Ross, pp. 36-38.
53. Hicks, p. 20-1; Ross, p. 273.
54. CSPM, i, pp. 62-3, 66-7.
55. Rozmital, p. 53.
56. C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘The Piety of Cecily Neville’ in For Hilaire Belloc: Essays in Honour of his 72nd Birthday, (ed.) D. Woodruff, 1942, pp. 73-94.
57. For extracts from the writings of these saints: Medieval Women Writers, (ed.) Katherina M. Wilson, 1984, pp. 227-268.
58. Griffiths, p. 22.
59. Haynin, ii, p. 17.
60. For Margaret’s signature see the autograph dedication from the Vie de Sainte Collette, reproduced on p. 217.
61. see below ch. 7.
62. Gorman, p. 182; British Library, additional ms. 11814 f.25.
63. see below, ch. 7, n. 56.
64. Hommel, p. 30.
65. Rozmital, pp. 49-55.
66. Vickers, pp. 234, 445-6.
67. For payment of her allowances and arrears on her allowances see: CPR, 1461-1467, pp. 93, 442; CCR, 1461-1468, p. 286; PRO, E404 73/1/43, 73/1/102; payments for plate, clothes etc see PRO, E404 73/1/102, 73/1/117, 73/2/61.
68. Gairdner, Letters and Papers, i, p. 31; Scofield, i, p. 320; Ross, pp. 85-96.
69. D. MacGibbon, Elizabeth Woodville, 1938, pp. 45, 225.
70. George Smith, The Coronation of Elizabeth Wydeville, 1935, pp. 15, 19, 41.
71. Rozmital, pp. 46-49.
72. The Woodvilles were a well-educated family as may be seen in the patronage which Anthony Woodville extended towards Caxton: see below ch. 7.
73. Myers, ‘Household of Edward IV’, pp. 237-8; A. R. Myers, ‘The Household of Elizabeth Woodville, 1466-7’, BJRL, i, 1967-8, p.667; Ross, pp. 96, 372.
74. Scofield, i, p. 247; Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, vii, xli, p. 63.
75. Scofield, i, pp. 387-8; Calmette, The Golden Age, pp. 238-9; Calmette and Perinelle, pp. 260-1, 324.
76. Scofield, i, pp. 387-8; Calmette, The Golden Age, p. 331, n.5.
CHAPTER 3: THE DUCHESS OF BURGUNDY
1. La Marche, i, p. 146; Molinet, ii, p. 162. As Duchess of Burgundy, Margaret was a feudal sovereign in her own right.
2. La Marche, iii, pp. 56-7.
3. For a survey of the economy and demography: Prevenier and Blockmans, pp. 37-46, 70-96; see above, ch. 1, note ll
4. See below ch. 7.
5. For Margaret of Bavaria: R. Vaughan, John the Fearless, 1966, pp. 173-192; for Isabelle of Portugal: Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 114-120, 171-2, 339-40.
6. Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 107-8.
7. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 158.
8. Letter from Charles to magistrates of Valenciennes quoted by Hommel, p. 56.
9. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 159, 239.
10. M. Bergé, ‘Les Batards de la maison de Bourgogne, leur descendance’ in L’intermédiaire des généalogistes, lx, Paris, 1955, pp. 395-6.
11. See itinerary in Vander Linden; Hommel, p. 59.
12. Margaret at St Josse from February to April 1473: Vander Linden, Itinéraires, p.50; Hommel, p.77; Dumont, Marie, pp. 82-3.
13. Hommel pp. 54-7; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 234-5.
14. Chastellain, vii, pp. 228-9; Rubbrecht, Trois portraits, pp. 15-64; La Marche, i, pp. 51, 146-9, ii, pp. 214-17.
15. Charles’ splendour is noted at his marriage in 1468 and at his meeting with the Emperor at Trier in1472. Kirk, iii, p. 309.
16. Prevenier and Blockmans, plate 278.
17. Chastellain, vii, p. 228.
18. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 166-7.
19. La Marche, ii, pp. 214-17.
20. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 160-1
21. Commynes/Mandrot i, pp. 44, 339, 386, ii, p. 88.
22. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 75-6, 171, 180.
23. Chastellain, vii, p. 229.
24. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 144.
25. Chronique Scandaleuse, i, pp. 268-85; note the reservations in Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 79.
26. La Marche, ii, pp. 214-17.
27. Helene Adhemar, Le Musée National du Louvre, Brussels, 1962, i, pp. 11-19. As a member of the painters guild at Tournai in 1468, Marmion may have worked on the displays and pageants for Margaret’s wedding. He was a well-known miniaturist who passed most of his working life at Valenciennes. Margaret visited Valenciennes in May 1472 and May 1473.
28. Rubbrecht, Trois portraits, pp. 15-64; O. Rubbrecht, L’origine du type familial de la maison de Habsbourg, Brussels, 1910, ch. 1. For the information on the New York portrait I am indebted to Dr George Szabo the curator of the Robert Lehman Collection at the Metropolitan Museum. For the Getty painting see article in the journal of the J Paul Getty Museum by Hans van Miegrot. The Society of Antiquaries painting may be a sixteenth century copy of an earlier painting by Hugo van der Goes. There are two other known portraits of Margaret, one is a drawing in the Biblioteque d’Arras, ms. 266 fo. 64 and the other, attributed to Memlinc, is in the Nardus collection at Suresnes in France.
29. Royal Library Brussels, ms. 9296.
30. Bodleian Library Oxford, ms. Douce 365.
31. Convent of Poor Clares at Ghent, ms. 8.
32. D. H. Farmer, The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, 1978, pp. 28, 260-1.
33. ‘Marguerite d’York et son temps’, Catalogue of the 1967 Brussels Exhibition, p. 41; original in Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. For the van der Beecke hunting drawing see G. Szabo, ‘Catalogue of Landscape Drawings of Five Centuries, 1400-1900 from the Robert Lehman Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art’, pp. 50-1.
34. Wielant, p. 56.
35. Vander Linden, Itinéraires; Wellens, Un fragment d’itinéraire, pp. 108-13.
36. Hommel pp. 75-6; see Itinerary in Vander Linden.
37. Hommel, p. 57; Vander Linden, pp. 9-11; ADN, B/17703, lettres reçues et dépêchées.
38. In 1471, Vander Linden, Itinéraires, p. 44.
39. Ibid and Hommel, p.59; Galesloot, pp. 213-17.
40. Vander Linden, Itinéraires, pp. 47, 58.
41. Ibid., pp. 51, 62; Wellens, Un fragment d’itinéraire, pp. 111-12.
42. Dumont, Marie, pp. 80-1; for Mary see also L. Hommel, Marie de Bourgogne ou le Grand Héritage, Brussels, 1951.
43. Corstanje and Derolez, pp. 122-142; Dumont, Marie, pp. 77-8.
44. ADN, B/429/16.230; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 127-9.
45. Dumont, Marie, ch. 4; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 381-2, 421.
46. L. Leemans Feygnaert, Isabelle de Portugal, Brussels, 1947; W. Deventer, ‘Isabella van Portugal’, Spiegel historiael, March, 1977; Waurin, iii, pp. 210-215.
47. Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 289-92 and in Charles the Bold, pp. 240-1, 353.
48. Ibid, p. 235; BN, ii, 1868, pp. 837-42.
49. S. B. J. Zilverberg, ‘David van Bourgondie, bischop van Terwan en van Utrecht’, Bijdragen van het Instituut voor Middeleeuwse Geschiedenis der Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht, xxiv, 1951.
50. BN, vii, 1884-5, pp. 41-4; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 4.
51. Ibid, pp. 4-5, 247-50, 257; BN, iv, 1873, pp. 152-3, viii, 1884-5, pp. 381-391. For the following quotation: Haynin, ii, pp. 182-4.
52. BN, iii, 1870, pp. 67-8, ix, 1886-7, pp. 639-46; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 4, 230, 233, 253-6; and ch. 4 below.
53. Ibid., pp. 258-9.
54. Ibid, pp. 141, 193; Cartellieri, pp. 65-70; H. Stein, ‘Etude sur Olivier de La Marche et sa famille’, Memoires de l’Academie royale de Belgique, 4th series, xlix, Brussels, 1888.
55. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 193.
56. Alienor de Poitiers, ‘Les Honneurs de la Cour’ (ed.) La Curne de Sainte-Palaye, Mémoire sur 1’ancienne chevalerie, Paris, 1759, ii, pp.171-267; Cartellieri, p. 70.
57. Cartellieri, p.154; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 162.
58. Ibid., ch. 6 for Charles’ armies; Cartellieri, p. 70.
59. Ibid, p. 66; for Charles’ expenses and finances: Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 407-415.
60. see above ch. 2, n.15.
61. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 377; Kirk, iii, pp. 308-12.
62. Ibid, iii, p. 309.
63. For this and the following: Olivier de La Marche, ‘L’Estat de la maison du duc Charles de Bourgoigne’, in La Marche; summarised in Cartellieri, pp. 65-69; for Margaret’s household establishment of 1468: ADN, B/3376/113546.
64. Kirk, ii, p. 191.
65. Hommel, p. 59.
66. For the seizure of Jacqueline’s lands: Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 32-52.
67. Sir John Froissart, Chronicles of’ England, France and Spain, (ed.) T. Joines, 2 vols., 1857, i, pp. 579, 640-1.
68. Vander Linden, Itinéraires, pp. 58, 65, 71, 78.
69. AGR, Chambres des Comptes, 15727, 15750, 15759, 15764, 15772; ADN, B/6903, 12419; Doren and Hermans, p. 71; Hommel, p. 76.
70. C. Weightman and A. Barnes, Brussels, Grote Markt to Common Market, Brussels, 1976, pp. 65-6.
71. Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 137-9.
72. For Charles’ policies towards the Empire: Vaughan, Charles the Bold, ch. 4.
73. See genealogy Table 4.
74. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 278-9.
75. Ibid., pp. 7-9.
76. Correspondance de la Mairie de Dijon, (ed.) J. Garnier, 3 vols., Dijon, 1868-70, i, pp. 124-5
77. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 115.
78. See above ch 1, n.38.
79. Croyland, p. 457; also P. M. Kendall, Warwick the Kingmaker, 1957 for the development of the relationship between Charles and Warwick which began as early as 1457 with Warwick’s gift of an Irish pony for Charles.
80. Hicks, p. 66.
81. Stevenson, Letters and Papers, pp. 788-9.
82. Hommel, pp. 63-4.
83. Vander Linden, Itinéraires, pp. 18-20.
84. Scofield, i, pp. 500-1.
85. Campbell, ‘English Goldsmiths’, in Williams, Harlaxton Symposium, pp. 47-8; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 60.
86. Ross, pp. 124-5, 138-141.
87. Scofield, i, pp. 519-20.
88. Chastellain, v, pp. 450-3.
89. Commynes/Mandrot, i, p. 203.
90. Livia Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard in Holland, 1470-1’, The Ricardian, vi no. 82, 1983, p. 221.
91. Scofield, i, p. 562; Hommel, p. 69.
92. Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard in Holland, 1470-1’, p. 222.
93. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 77.
94. Hommel, p.69; Commynes/Mandrot, i, p. 215, Commynes/Calmette, i, p. 211; Chastellain, v, pp. 501-3; for Richard’s visit to Margaret in February: Vander Linden, Itinéraires, p. 28.
95. Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard in Holland 1470-1’, p. 225.
96. C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘Verses by Jean Mielot on Edward IV and Richard earl of Warwick’, Medium Aecum, vol. 8, 1939, pp. 193-7.
97. CSPM, i, p. 151.
98. Arrivall, pp. 9-10; Croyland, p. 464; Waurin, v, p. 652.
99. van Praet, pp. 81-3.
100. Ibid.; for the rest of this paragraph: Kipling, pp. 8-9; A. de Behault de Dornon, Bruges séjour d’exil d Eduard IV, Bruges, 1931; W.J. St John Hope, Architectural History of Windsor Castle, 1913, pp. 398-406, 429-44.
101. Myers, The Household of Edward IV, pp. 4-5.
102. van Praet, pp. 10-11.
103. Waurin, v, pp. 652-3, 660-3; Haynin, ii, pp. 125-6.
104. Commynes/Calmette, i, p. 213.
105. Haynin, ii, p. 128; for the battle of Barnet see Ross, pp. 167-8.
106. Haynin, ii, pp. 128-9.
107. Haynin, ii, p. 126; for the battle of Tewkesbury see the Arrivall, pp. 23-8; Burne, Battlefields, pp. 118-25.
108. Arrivall, p. 38; CSPM, i, p. 157; Croyland, p. 468; Margaret did not mention this death in her letter to Isabelle.
109. Kingsford, English Historical Literature, pp. 379-88; For bonfires: La Marche, iii, p. 73 n.4; Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, p. 111.
110. Reward of 12th February 1472: Foedera, xi, p. 735; CPR 1467-77, p. 306; PRO, French Roll 15 Edward IV, m.20, m.l-2.
111. Gachard, pp. 124-7.
112. CSPM, i, pp. 164-70;
113. CSPM, i, p. 16; Vander Linden, Itinéraires, p. 77; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 235; Hommel, pp. 88-90.
114. ADN, B/429/16285 letter from Arbois dated lst July 1476, and B/429/16263 for Edward’s letter of 29th July 1474; Galesloot, pp.199-201.
115. CSPM, i, pp. 197-8; Ross, pp. 221-2.
116. Jean de Dadizeele, Mémoires, (ed.) Kervyn de Lettenhove, Bruges, 1850,
pp. 47-8.
117. Molinet, i, pp. 106-8; Commynes/Mandrot, i, pp. 292-5, Commynes/Calmette, ii, pp. 34-6; Vaesen and Charavay, v, p. 366.
118. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 351; Ross, p. 233.
119. CSPM, i, pp. 211, 217; Croyland, p. 559.
120. O. Delpierre, Marie de Bourgogne, Brussels, 1841, p. 110.
121. Hommel, pp. 88-92; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 235; Dupont, Marie,
pp. 133-5.
122. Ibid, p. 419.
123. Vander Linden, Itinéraires, pp. 75-6; Hommel, p. 90.
124. Molinet, i, p. 169; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 409-11.
125. Ibid, pp. 394, 413; Hommel, p. 90.
126. Armstrong, England France and Burgundy, p. 327.
CHAPTER 4: 1477
1. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 392, 429.
2. Molinet, i, pp. 167-8.
3. L. P. Gachard, ‘Note sur le jugement et la condemnation de Guillaume Hugonet’, Brussels, 1839, pp. 10-11; J. Molinet, Les Faietz et dictz, (ed.) N. Dupire, 3 vols., Paris, 1936-9, i, p. 200; Molinet, i, pp. 208-9, 214; G. Tournoy-Thoen, ‘A propos de quelques épitaphes latines pour la mort de Charles le Téméraire’, Lias, v, 1978, pp. 1-11.
4. Quoted in Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 432.
5. Philippe Contamine, La France aux XIVe et XVe siècles, Hommes, Mentalités, Guerre et Paix, London, 1981, p. 77
6. Hommel, p. 93.
7. For movements and dates in this chapter see: H. Vander Linden, Itinéraires de Marie de Bourgogne et de Marguerite d’Autriche, 1477-82, Brussels, 1934; Wellens, pp. 150-8.
8. Commynes/Mandrot, i, p. 122.
9. Wellens, Les États Généraux, pp. 150-5.
10. L. P. Gachard, Études concernant l’histoire des Pays Bas, Brussels, 1890, pp. 8-10; Dumont, Marie, pp. 134-5; Hommel, p. 90.
11. V. Van der Haegen, ‘La Charte donnée aux Gantois par Marie de Bourgogne en 1477’ and H. Pirenne, ‘Le rôle constitutionnel des États Généraux des Pays-Bas en 1477 et en 1488’, both in Mélanges Paul Frédéricq, Ghent, 1904; Wellens, Les Etats Généraux, pp. 156-170; Dumont, Marie, ch. 8.
12. P. M. Kendall, Louis XI, p. 415.
13. Molinet, i, pp. 168, 209; La Marche, iii, p. 241.
14. Rausch, p. 164.
15. Hanham, pp. 10-11, letter of 26 January 1477.
16. Paston/Davis, i, pp. 419-20, 498-9; Hicks, p. 131.
17. Croyland, p. 478; Chronique Scandaleuse, i, p. 176, ii, p. 63; Calmette and Perinelle, pp. 223, 376-7; Scofield, ii, pp. 191-6.
18. Commynes/Calmette, ii, p. 248; Dumont, Marie, pp. 208-9.
19. Chmel, i, letter of 30 July 1477; Münch, pp. 47, 143; Pirenne, iii, p. 19; Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, p. 288, n. 4.
20. Kervyn de Lettenhove, ‘Lettre de Marguerite d’York’ in BARB xxxi, 1854, pp. 104-11; Vander Linden, Itinéraires, p. 2.
21. J. Cuvelier, J. Dhondt and R. Doehaerd, Actes des États Généraux des Anciens Pays-Bas, 1427-77, 5 vols., Brussels, 1948, i, p. 275, n.5; Dumont, Marie, p. 159.
22. Ibid, p. 162; Cuvelier, Dhondt and Doehard, i, pp. 276, 277; Commynes/Mandrot, i, pp. 414-21.
23. Cuvelier, Dhondt and Doehaerd, i, p. 275; Wellens, Les États Généraux.
24. Commynes/Mandrot, i, p. 425.
25. Vaesen and Charavay, vi, p. 138; V. Van der Haeghen, ‘Les députés de Tournai auprès de Louis XI et d’Olivier le Daim en juillet 1477’, Mélanges Godefroid Kurth, Brussels, 1908, 207f.
26. Commynes/Calmette, ii, p. 245.
27. See above note 17; Calmette and Perinelle, pp. 376-8.
28. Dumont, Marie, pp. 179-180.
29. La Marche, iii, p. 242.
30. Haynin, ii, p. 231, who says she left on 10 March.
31. Ibid, ii, p. 232.
32. J. de Saint Genois, ‘Sur la compétence de la juridiction à laquelle furent soumis Hugonet et Humbercourt’, BARB, vi, 2nd part, 1839; L. P.Gachard, ‘Un note sur la Jugement de Hugonet et Humbercourt’, BARB, vi, 2nd part, 1839; J. J. Desmet, ‘Le supplice du chancelier Hugonet et du Comte d’Imbercourt ministres de Marie de Bourgogne, a-t-il été le resultat d’une vengeance populaire?’, BARB, vi, 2nd part, 1839; C. Paillard, ‘Le Procès du chancelier Hugonet et du Seigneur d’Humbercourt’, BARB, vl, 1881.
33. Prevenier and Blockmans, pp. 175-8.
34. Dumont, Marie, pp. 198-200.
35. Widely quoted e.g. ibid, p. 201.
36. MA Lettres Missives, cclxxxi and cclxxvii, Humbercourt himself wrote asking for sanctuary at Malines for his family.
37. Wiesflëcker, i, pp. 124-5.
38. Dumont, Marie, pp. 209-10.
39. Ibid, p. 210.
40. Münch, i, pp. 47, 143; Pirenne, iii, p. 19.
41. Chmel, i, p.145; Münch, i, p. 49, ii, pp. 87-90; Plancher, p. 482; Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, pp. 286-7; Molinet, i, p. 211; La Marche, i, pp. 155, 157, iii, p. 244; the dowager ‘tint fort la main’.
42. For the marriage treaty: ADN, B/430/17.722; Chmel, i, p.145; Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, p. 285.
43. Dumont, Marie, p. 212.
44. Ibid, p. 230; Hommel, p. 109.
45. Wiesflëcker, i, p. 180.
46. Chmel, i, p. 160; Rausch, p. 179; Hare, p. 43.
47. Hommel, pp. 110-111; Dumont, Marie, pp. 228-9 ; Wiesflëcker, i, pp. 132-3.
48. Wiesflëcker, i, pp. 132-3; Münch, i, p. 187 f, 4-11; 190.
49. Vaesen and Charavay, vi, p. 138: ‘qui mayne ceste entreprinse’.
50. Münch, ii, pp. 247-8; Hommel, p. 111.
51. Ibid, p. 113.
52. Pirenne, iii, pp. 4, 24.
53. For Margaret’s dower position see ch.1, n.28; ADN, B/429/16.281 and 16.263, B/430/16.284; Chancery Diplomatic Documents Foreign no. 520; F. Leonard, ‘Recueil des traitez de paix, de trêve, de neutralité, de confédération, d’allianceet de commerce, faits par les rois de France avec tous les princes et potentats de l’Europe, depuis pres de trois siècles’ 6 vols., Paris, 1963, i, pp. 76-82; Armstrong, La Politique Matrimoniale des ducs de Bourgogne, pp. 5-58, 89-139, England, France and Burgundy, pp. 316-323; Robins, ch. 2, 4 and 7.
54. Reservation of sovereign rights; ADN, B/430/16.282 and 16.293; letters concerning the dower settlement: ADN, Lettres reçues et dépêchées, B/17725 which includes three signed by Margaret and four by Mary who added a note in her own hand, ADN B/429/16.281, B/430/16.291, B/429/16.295, 16.301 and 16283, B/430/16.282, 16.293 and 16294; Margaret renounces her inheritance from Charles apart from her dower: B/430/16294; AGR, Chambre des Comptes de Flandres et de Brabant, carton 281, piece no 41, annexes 13-14; for the calculation of her dower as a percentage return of the dowry: Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, pp. 275, 280.
55. ADN, B/430/16.282, i.e. letter from Ghent on 28 January: ‘nostre personne et noz pays et seignouries en si entiere et parfaicte amour et bienveillance que jamais ne les pourrions remerir ne recongnoistre a souffisance’ and ‘liberallement et cordiallement offerte et de clairie de nous aidier parter et favorisier en tous noz affaires de toute sa puissance’, also B/429/16.285, B/430/16.293 or AGR, Chambre des Comptes, p. 103, for letter from Ghent on 30 January.
56. ADN, B/429/16.285; AGR, Chambre des 157, Comptes, p. 103.
57. Registration of Margaret’s dower on 31 January: AGR Chambre des Comptes p. 103; 3 February from Ghent with Margaret’s seal renouncing Charles’ goods and naming Margaret as ‘douagière et usufructaire’ of Malines, Termonde, Oudenaarde, Cassel and Motte-aux-Bois: ADN, B/430/16.294; ADN, B/429/16.281; grant of Chaussin and Le Perrière, (south of Dole in Franche Comté), signed with Mary’s equestrian seal on 10 March from Ghent, ADN, B/430/16.284 for full assessment of her dower income; B/430/16.294, 16.301 and 16.302 for Brielle, Voorne, Rupelmonde and Le Quesnoy; Comptes du Domaine de Hainaut: B/9134-38; AGR, Chambre des Comptes p. 103 fos. 24ro to 27ro.; grant of Brielle and Voorne on 28 June: AGR, Chambre des Comptes p.103, fos. 20ro to 27ro and 32ro to 41vo, 62ro to 65vo.
58. For Maximilian’s approval: ADN, B/430/ 16.294 and 16.303; or AGR, Chambre des Comptes 103 fos. 32ro. to 41vo. and 62ro to 65vo.; for the conversation between Maximilian and Margaret on the eve of the wedding: Vander Linden, Itinéraires de Marie de Bourgogne et de Marguerite d’Autriche, 1477-82, p. 122; for calculations of her revenue see Robins, pp. 161-2.
59. Haynin, ii, p. 233.
60. Paston/Davis, pp. 498-9; Chronicles of the White Rose, pp. 245-9.
61. Plancher, iv, preuve cclxxxviii, col. cdi, letter dated February 1478. Margaret must have written in a similar vein before this since Edward and Louis were in negotiation over Margaret’s dower lands even earlier. She probably wrote in March 1477 when she was forced away from Ghent. See also Legeay, ii, p. 319; Munch, ii, pp. 71-2.
62. For this and the diplomatic exchanges in the next two paragraphs see: Calmette and Perinelle, pp. 222-223 n.2, pp. 171-2, 376-7, 231-3, 382-3, 385-6, 391-2; Plancher, iv, preuves cclxxxix col. cdi, ccxci cols. cdiii-cdiv, cclxxxiii col. cclxc, cccxcv-cccxcvi; Chronique Scandaleuse, ii, p. 63; Vaesen and Charavay, vi, p. 138, vii, pp. 65-6, 97-9, 100-2, 194, 252-3, 301; Foedera, xii, p. 68; La Marche, iii, p. 243; Scofield, ii, pp. 184-5, 192, 196-7, appendix xii.
63. See above n.49.
64. Scofield, ii, pp. 232-3; Plancher, iv, preuve cclxxxix col. cdi; Calmette and Perinelle, pp. 231-2.
65. See above n.49; Plancher, iv, preuve cccxcv-cccxcvi; Scofield, ii, pp. 244-5.
66. CCR 1476-85, pp. 104-5; PRO, Signed Bills, C/81/1518/37 and 17 and 18; MA, Rood Boek, i, p. 74.
67. L. Hommel, ‘Marguerite d’York, la douairière malinoise’, Revue Générale Belge, January, 1954.
68. Galesloot, pp. 207-11; Tambuyser, pp. 212-7
69. Ibid; L. Godenne, ‘Malines jadis & Aujourd’hui’, Malines, 1908, pp. 245-50.
70. F. O. van Hamme, Mechelen, Amsterdam, 1949; MA, Lettres Missives: cccxxxii, cccxxxiv, ccclvii, ccccxxxv.
71. L. Hommel, ‘Marguerite d’York, la douairière malinoise’.
72. R. S. Gottfried, Epidemic Disease in Fifteenth Century England, 1978, pp. 74-5; for her doctors: MA, Lettres Missives, ccccxxxv. For the following reference to her jam-maker I am indebted to Mark Ballard who drew my attention to ADN B/2128/ 69060.
73. CPR 1476-85, p. 236; CCR 1476-85, p. 104; Doren and Hermans, ii, p. 166; MA, Rood Boek iii, 126, 130; M. Gachard, Additions et Corrections à la Notice sur les Archives de la Ville de Malines, 3 vols., 1834-6, iii, 2nd part, p. 57.
74. Hommel, pp. 130-1; for her establishment at Malines: Hommel, pp. 159-64.
CHAPTER 5: MADAME LA GRANDE
1. Croyland, p. 478.
2. Hicks, p. 20.
3. Ibid, pp. 113-7.
4. W. H. Courthope, (ed.) Rous Roll, 1974, no. 59.
5. See ch. 4.
6. See ch. 7.
7. Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, viii, lxi; Conway, pp. 2-3.
8. Halliwell, i, pp. 147-8.
9. Hicks, p. 133.
10. Croyland, pp. 478-9, for this and for the following.
11. Hicks, p. 140; Ross, p. 243 and n.3.
12. Hicks, p. 151.
13. Ibid.
14. Doren and Hermans, ii, p.82; A. Kampeneer, ‘Une résidence de Charles V’, Mélanges d’Histoire offerts à Charles Moeller, Paris, Louvain, 1914, p. 43.
15. Dumont, Marie, pp. 247-8; Hommel, p. 135.
16. Molinet, i, pp. 273-6; La Marche, iii, p. 252.
17. For baptism of Margaret of Austria: Molinet, i, p. 320; La Marche, iii, p. 257; for her life: H. Carton de Wiart, Marguerite d’Autriche, une princesse belge de la Renaissance, Paris, 1935; C. Hare, The High and Puissant Princess Marguerite of Austria, 1967; and J. de Jongh, Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands, 1954; for Guillaume de Baume: Molinet, i, pp. 140, 275, 394, ii, pp. 323, 480.
18. Wiesflëcker, i, p. 139; Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, p. 201 n.5; König Maximilian’s Weisskünig, trans. and ed. H. T. Musper, R. Büchner and E. Petermann, Stuttgart, 1956, i, p. 245.
19. C. Weightman and A. Barnes, Brussels, GroteMarkt to Common Market, Brussels, 1976, pp. 34-5.
20. MA, Lettres Missives cccxlii, cccli.
21. Ibid, ccclxxii, ccclxxx, cccxlii, cccli and ccxci, ccxcii. On 2 July 1477, Margaret was writing from Dendermonde to Malines ordering troops to be sent to Oudenaarde to assist Lord Ravenstein who was defending the city.
22. For this embassy: Robins, p.195; L. Gilliodts-van-Severen, Inventaire des archives de la ville de Bruges, 7 vols., Bruges, 1861-78, vi, pp. 202-3; Scofield, ii, pp. 283-97; Münch, ii, p. 16; Hommel pp. 124-131.
23. Commynesl/Godefroy, iii, pp. 587-9.
24. Adrien de But, p. 546.
25. For ‘The Falcon’ and her escort: Scofield, ii, p. 284; PRO, Exchequer Warrants and Issues 1399-1485, E404, 77/2/49, 77/1/33, 77/2/33; for her reception by Sir John Weston: Hanham, p. 86.
26. Scofield, ii, p.285; Nicolas, xii, pp. 159, 160-6.
27. Scofield, ii, pp. 284, 295; Nicolas, pp. 126, 141-2, 144-5, 153, 160.
28. A.G. Little, ‘The Introduction of Observant Friars in England’, Proceedings of the British Academy, x, 1921-3, pp. 455-71.
29. Scofield, ii, p. 287; PRO, Exchequer Accounts Butlerage bundle pp. 82, 18; Ross, p. 273; for the Holy Cross see above ch. 2.
30. Ross, pp. 283-285; Scofield, ii, pp. 285-301; Commynes/Lenglet, iii, pp. 577-589, 595, 603-10, iv, pp. 10-11; Vaesen and Charavay, viii, pp. 229-31; PRO, Signed Bills C/81/ 1518/26.
31. Foedera, xii, pp. 123-139.
32. Scofield, ii, pp. 290-1; CPR 1476-85, F. 74; Commynes/Lenglet, iii, pp. 587-9; PRO, Signed Bills file 1518 no 5170; ADN, B/431/ 17.737 for copies of five letters from Edward IV dealing with the Alliance, the Marriage Treaty and his French Pension and B/431/ 17.738 concerning the payment to the troops; Robins pp. 193-5.
33. Scofield, ii, pp. 289-90; Ross, pp. 283-4; Commynes/Lenglet, iii, pp. 576-7.
34. Scofield, ii, pp. 290, 295; Commynes/Lenglet, iii, pp. 603-8; Foedera, xii, p. 135.
35. Commynes/Lenglet, iii pp. 577-83; Scofield p. 287.
36. CPR 1476-85, p. 236; PRO, Signed Bills C/81/1518/37 and 17 and 18; PRO, French Roll C/76/163; Margaret fattened up her imported beef at Termonde: AGR, Chambre des Comptes, Recette de Termonde 7563 (1480-1) fo. 21vo and 7565 (1482-3) fo. 30ro.
37. Scofield, ii, pp. 291-4.
38. Commynes/Lenglet, iii, pp. 609-10, 614, iv, p. 11.
39. Scofield, ii, p. 296.
40. Commynes/Lenglet, iii, p. 609; Scofield, ii, pp. 296-7.
41. Scofield, ii, p. 299; Vaesen and Charavay, viii, pp. 301, 308; Commynes/Lenglet, iv, pp. 9-10.
42. Münch, ii, pp. 52-3.
43. Münch, ii, pp. 16-7; Commynes/Lenglet, iv, pp. 6-10; Scofield, ii, p. 284; Robins, p. 192.
44. Galesloot, pp. 211-2; M. R. Wellens, ‘Travaux de restauration au château de la Salle à Binche sous Philippe le Bon et Marguerite d’York’, Annales du Cercle Archéologigue de Mons, vol. 63, 1958, pp. 131-6.
45. Molinet, i, p. 368.
46. For falcons; C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘The Golden Age of Burgundy’ in The Courts of Europe, (ed.) A. G. Dickens, 1977, p. 72; for Mary’s seal: MA, Inventaire i, p. 166, also in Privilege Book; illustrated in Prevenier and Blockmans, p. 232.
47. Molinet, i, pp. 368-70; Dumont, Marie, ch. 15.
48. M-R. Thielemans, ‘Introduction Historique’, in Marguerite d’York et son temps, Exhibition Brussels, 1947, p.9.
49. La Marche, iii, pp. 265-6.
50. Hommel, pp. 138-143.
51. ADN, 431/17.750 and 17.774; Molinet, i, pp. 389-90; Commynes/Lenglet, iv, p. 32.
52. Laporte, p. 93.
53. Molinet, i, p. 419.
54. Galesloot, pp. 280-1, 274-6, 302-3; Wiesflëcker, i, p. 157.
55. Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, pp. 286-9; Robins, pp. 135-8.
56. Gairdner, Letters and Papers, ii, pp. 3-51.
57. Hommel, pp. 151-3.
58. La Marche, iii, pp. 278-88.
59. La Marche, iii, pp. 281-4; MA, ‘Inventaire’, i, no. p. 276, 175; MA, Rood Boek, iii, p. 101.
60. Hommel, p. 175.
61. Ibid, pp. 175-7.
62. D. Mancini, The Usurpation of Richard III, ed. and trans. C. A. J. Armstrong, 1969, p. 59; Scofield, ii, pp. 365-6; Ross, pp. 415-6.
63. Croyland, p. 482.
64. Gairdner, Letters and Papers, ii, pp. 3-51; Molinet, i, p. 423 for the English in action at Utrecht.
65. Croyland, p. 568.
66. Chronicles of the White Rose, p. 209.
67. Gairdner, Letters and Papers, i, xxv.
68. Molinet, i, pp. 430-3.
69. Horrox and Hammond, ii, pp. 129, 178.
70. Commynes/Calmette, ii, p. 306.
CHAPTER 6: ‘THIS DIABOLICALL DUCHES’
1. Molinet, i, p. 562.
2. MA, ‘Inventaire’ i, p. 175; MA, Rood Boek (1486), iii, pp. 101-3.
3. CCR 1485-1500, p. 39, 27 October 1486, order for payment of arrears owing to Cecily and p. 40, 20 June 1486, renewal of licences to ship 250 and a half sacks of wool; Campbell, i, p. 288.
4. CPR, 1467-77, p.306; 1476-85, p.236; Foedera, xii, pp. 137, 185; Horrox and Hammond, iii, p. 6.
5. Genard, pp. 9-22.
6. Ibid.
7. Nicholas Knyfton was made constable of Scarborough Castle on 21 September 1485: Gairdner, Letters and Papers, i, pp. 326-8; Campbell, i, p. 26; Hunsdon in the possession of William Stanley: Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, i, Henry VII, p. 204; Campbell, i, pp. 7, 26, 414. Henry’s suspicions: Archbold, pp. 529-34; Chrimes, Henry,VII,p. 85.
Had Margaret ever owned Hunsdon and why should she have an interest in Scarborough? I have been unable to discover anything further on Scarborough apart from the fact that it was specially favoured by her brother Richard. Her family had an historic interest in Hunsdon: see ch. 2, n. 13. In 1481 Hunsdon was audited as a royal manor:CPR1476-85, 247. For later ownership of Hunsdon: C. H. Cooper, Margaret Beaufort, 1874, p. 58, states that in the l1th year of King Henry’s reign, Hunsdon was given to Margaret Beaufort and her husband the Earl of Derby, i.e. after the execution of Sir William Stanley in 1496. After the death of Margaret Beaufort, Hunsdon then went into the possession of Thomas, Earl of Norfolk but was later returned to the crown. It was rebuilt by Henry VIII and used by Mary Tudor who was proclaimed Queen at Hunsdon. Elizabeth granted Hunsdon to her cousin, Sir Henry Carey, son of Mary Bullen and William Carey, a descendant of the Beaufort Dukes of Somerset.
8. Bacon, p. 32.
9. Gairdner, Letters and Papers, ii, pp. 3-51.
10. Benecke, x.
11. ADN, B/431/17.785; Laporte, pp. 121-2; Hare, p. 249, suggests that Maximilian was easily led: ‘Machiavelli said anyone could cheat Maximilian’.
12. See genealogy Table 3.
13. For Charles’ registration of his claim see above ch. 3, n.112; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 72; for Maximilian and Elizabeth of York: Wiesflëcker, i, pp. 180, 471 n.14; for the transfer of Yorkist claims to Maximilian and Philip: P. Genard, ‘Document No.75’, Compte Rendu des Séances de la Commission Royale d’Histoire de Belgique, 4th series, Brussels, 1875, ii; Gairdner, Letters and Papers, ii, p. 355.
14. Polydore Vergil, pp. 16-17.
15. For these and the following paragraph: Hall, p. 430.
16. Madden, p. 192; Gairdner, Memorials, pp. 315-16, 319.
17. Bacon, p. 32.
18. Hommel.
19. Hume, iii, p.328; Mackie, p. 67; R. H. Wilenski, Flemish Painters, 1906, p. 50.
20. Halliwell-Phillipps, i, pp. 172-3; to the ambassador: Madden, appendix iii, pp. 200-4.
21. Rumours that he was Margaret’s bastard son by the Bishop of Cambrai: CSPM, i, pp. 292, 329; Pollard, i, xxii, pp. 102-3. In the 1490s Henri de Berghes, the Bishop of Cambrai was a man of spotless virtue. Margaret had purchased her house in Malines from an earlier Bishop of Cambrai, John of Burgundy, who had a large number of illegitimate offspring, hence the confusion and rumours.
22. For Lovel: Ross, pp. 115, 186n, 438; for the Stafford rising: C. R. Williams, ‘The rebellion of Humphrey Stafford in 1486’, EHR, 43, 1928, pp. 181-9; for Sant: PRO, French Roll, C/76/153; MA, Lettres Missives, ccxlvii; for movements between England and the Low Countries in 1485-6 see C. S. L. Davies, ‘Bishop John Morton, the Holy See and the Accession of Henry VII’, EHR, cii, p. 402, January 1987, pp. 10-12; Molinet, ii, pp. 419-20 for ‘trois grans personages d’Engleterre’, refers to Clifford, Barley etc.
23. CSPM, i, p. 27.
24. Bacon, p. 30; Chrimes, Henry VII, pp. 59, 72; for the Simnel rising see Molinet, i, pp. 562-7 and Bennett; for Warwick in the Channel Islands: ibid, pp. 49-50, 64.
25. Ibid, pp. 40, 51; however, K. Staniland, ‘Royal Entry into the World’ in Williams, Harlaxton Symposium, p.306, notes that Elizabeth had no place in the processions.
26. Chrimes, Henry VII, p. 72; the convocation: Bennett, pp. 42-3; the flight of Lincoln: Ibid, p. 63; Chrimes, Henry VII, p. 76.
27. RP, vi, pp. 436-7.
28. Wiesflëcker, i, pp. 62, 431 n.33.
29. Great Chronicle, p. 241; Polydore Vergil, p. 21; Pollard, i, p. 51, iii, p. 263; Molinet, i, pp. 444-5, 450-1, 528, ii, pp. 562-5; Cronijcke van den Lande Ende Greafscape van Vlaenderen, gemaect door Jor Nicolaes Despars, (ed.) J. de Jonghe, 4 vols., Brugge, 1840, iv, pp. 280-282; Adrien de But, pp. 674-5.
30. MA, Comptes Communaux, SI 162 1486-7, cliii; I. J. M. Philippen, ‘Saint Rombaut. Sa Patrie. Son épiscopat’, Revue d’ Histoire écclésiastique, p. 29, Louvain, 1933, pp. 365-7; I. I. de Münck, ‘Gedenk-schriften dienende tot ophelderinge van het Leven Lyden, Wonderheden ende Duysent larige Eerbewysinge van den Heyligen bisschop ende martelaer Rumoldus apostel ende patroon van Mechelen’, Mechelen, 1777, pp. 140-3, 146, 150-1. St Rombout, of British origin, was a missionary and martyr at Malines in the eighth century. His feast day was celebrated on 1 July ‘from time immemorial’; BN, xix, pp. 895-9.
31. Halliwell-Phillipps, i, p.172; Bernard André, ‘Vita Henrici Septimi’ in Gairdner, Memorials, p. 50.
32. C. Roth, ‘Perkin Warbeck and his Jewish Master’, Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England, ix, 1918-20, pp. 155-6 and ibid, xvi, 1945-51, for ‘Sir Edward Brampton an Anglo-Jewish adventurer during the Wars of the Roses’, pp. 121-7; also C. Roth, ‘Sir Edward Brampton alias Duarte Brandao’, La société guernesaise, 1957, p. 163; E. F. Jacob, The Fifteenth Century, 1961, p. 592; Gairdner, Letters and Papers, ii, 1-lii.
33. MA, Comptes Communaux, SI 162 1486-7, 164vo. under Miscellaneous Gifts to ‘gemalde vrouw van bourg’.
34. Bennett, pp. 60, 66-7; Molinet, i, p. 563; Gairdner, Letters and Papers, i, pp. 95-6; CSPV, i, pp. 164-5; Foedera, xii, p. 332; for Simnel and Warbeck in Ireland: E. Curtis, History of Medieval Ireland from 1110 to 1513, 1923.
35. Genard, p. 10.
36. Great Chronicle, p. 241.
37. Bennett, p. 105, for a discussion of his identity: ibid, ch. 4.
38. Henry’s letter: Halliwell-Phillipps, i, pp. 172-3; cooperation between the two rulers: Paston/Davis, i, pp. 660-1; Foedera, xii, pp. 318-21, 334-5, 350-3, 359-63, 397f.
39. Huizinga, p. 153.
40. MA, Lettres Missives cccvii, cccviii, cccix, cccxi; L. P. Gachard, ‘Additions et Corrections à la Notice sur les Archives de la Ville de Malines’ (1834), iii, part 2, pp. 7-8.
41. Pirenne, iii, pp. 46-7; Molinet, i, pp. 589-604, ii, p.166; Prevenier and Blockmans, pp. 238-9; Galesloot, pp. 269-70; Hommel pp. 184-5.
42. V. von Kraus, (ed.) Maximilan I vertraulicher Briefwechsel mit Sigmund Prüchenk, Innsbruck, 1875, pp. 62-3; for David painting the shutters of Maximilian’s prison: Huizinga, p. 236; Max J. Friedlander, From Van Eyck to Bruegel, (ed.) F. Grossmann, 2 vols., 1956, i, pp. 48-9.
43. Imperial and papal protests at Maximilian’s imprisonment: Pirenne, iii, pp. 46-9; Molinet, i, pp. 589-604; action by Margaret: Hommel, pp. 187-190.
44. Pirenne, iii, pp. 50, 53, 60-5; van Praet, p. 104; Hommel, pp. 190, 192, 194, 196.
45. Molinet, ii, pp. 133-7; Mackie, pp. 99-100.
46. For these treaties: ibid, p.99; Hommel, pp. 193-4; Molinet, ii, pp. 156-173; Pirenne, iii, p. 52; Money to Brielle: Adrien de But, p. 560.
47. Mackie, pp. 103-4.
48. Treaty of Senlis: Pirenne, iii, pp. 56-7; Molinet, ii, pp. 354-71.
49. Hommel, pp. 220-3; Molinet, ii, pp. 397-521.
50. Hommel, pp. 217-8; Molinet ii, pp. 396, 398-9.
51. Bacon, p. 66; Arrivall, p. 10; Horrox and Hammond, ii, pp. 129, 178.
52. Hall, p. 472.
53. Nichols and Bruce, pp. 1-8; Chronicles of London, p. 204; Great Chronicle, p. 257.
54. CPR 1476-1485, p. 217; ADN, Comptes de l’Argenterie, B/2068/1468, p. 159.
55. For this and the following see RP, vi, pp. 436-7; Madden, appendix IV; Pollard, i, pp. 84-7, 98-9, 100-2; Chronicles of London, pp. 165-6.
56. Lander, Government and Continuity, p. 108.
57. Madden, appendix IV; Pollard, i, pp. 44, 52-3; C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘An Italian Astrologer at the court of King Henry VII’, in Italian Renaissance Studies, a Tribute to the late Cecilia M. Ady, (ed.) E. F. Jacob, 1960, pp. 443-454.
58. Archbold, pp. 529-34; CSPM, i, pp. 328, 331.
59. Archbold, pp. 533-5; Nicolas, pp. 163-5; CPR 1494-1509, p.129; Pollard, i, pp. 100-5, 109; Chronicles of London, pp. 203-5.
60. Chrimes, Henry VII, p. 88; Conway, pp. 31, 32, 35-6, 48-9; contacts 1488-1495 between Margaret and James IV: I. Arthurson, ‘The King’s Voyage into Scotland’, Williams, Harlaxton Symposium, p. 4.
61. Gairdner, Memorials, pp. 393-9; Madden, appendix II; Morel-Fatio, pp. 411-16; Conway, p. 31.
62. Mackie, p. 121, Gairdner, Richard III, p. 344; Bacon pp. 107-11 considers Margaret was involved in Warbeck’s activities in Portugal, Ireland and France; he may be right if the reference at Malines in n.30 above applies to Warbeck.
63. Mackie, p. 138.
64. Morel-Fatio, pp. 414-16; Madden, appendix II.
65. CSPV, i, pp. 266, 497, 740; CSPM, i, p. 329 and see Warbeck’s elegant letter to Catherine Gordon: CSPS, i, p. 78.
66. Polydore Vergil, pp. 56-7.
67. Hall, p. 462.
68. Molinet, ii, pp. 419, 439.
69. See above n. 64 and Gairdner, Memorials, pp. 393-9.
70. Madden, pp. 156-7; Pollard, i, pp. 95-7; CSPS, i, p. 50, letter of 8 September 1493 from ‘Andermund’ (Dendermonde). Here there is no mention of age only of wandering for eight years in the care of two men.
71. CSPS, i, p. 61, letter of 20 July 1495.
72. Laporte, ch. 6; Hommel, p. 257.
73. Huizinga, p. 300; Molinet, ii, pp. 398-9.
74. Polydore Vergil, p. 65; the medal: Laporte, ch. 6; J. Calmette and E. Deprez, L’Europe Occidentale de fin du XIVe siècle aux guerres d’Italie, 2 vols., Paris, 1937-39, ii, pp. 247-9; the Emperor’s funeral: Wiesflëcker, ii, p. 60; Molinet, ii, pp. 379, 384.
75. Genard, ‘Document No. 75’; Gairdner, Memorials, pp. 393-9.
76. Mackie, pp. 122-3; G. R. Elton, England under the Tudors, 1974, p. 27; Molinet ii, pp. 419-20.
77. Molinet, ii, p. 420.
78. For this embassy: Molinet, ii, pp. 420-21; Hall, p. 466; Poly,dore Vergil, pp. 70-1; Bacon, p. 118; Kervyn de Lettenhove, Histoire de Flandre, 7 vols., Brussels, 1847-1855, v, pp. 498-9.
79. ADN, B/430/16282 and B/430/16293; B/432/17.816 and AGR, Chambre des Comptes 136 fos 17f; Margaret’s dower position from 1477 onwards is thoroughly examined by Robins in ch. 7 of her memoire de licence.
80. Jacques de Lalaing had taken troops to Scotland in 1449: La Marche, ii, pp. 104-111; Josse de Lalaing had acted as Margaret’s regent: Robins, p. 5; and Roderigue had distinguished himself fighting for Maximilian: Molinet, i, p. 419, ii, pp. 227, 421-2, 459.
81. Molinet, ii, pp. 158-9; Pirenne, iii, pp. 43-7; Robins, p. 230.
82. Genard, Marguerite d’Yorck.
83. CSPV, i, pp. 221, 232.
84. Halliwell-Phillipps, i, pp. 172-3.
85. Mackie pp. 122-3; Archbold, pp. 529-34.
86. Molinet, ii, pp. 421-2; Hommel, p.272; landing in England: Chronicles of London, p. 205; CSPS, p. 59; Pollard, i, pp. 103-111; Gairdner, Richard III,
pp. 359-63.
87. Ibid, pp. 364-379; Exchequer Rolls of Scotland 1488-96, pp. 555, 576, 614; Conway, pp. 99-117. Pollard, ii, p. 142. .
88. Mackie, pp. 121, 138; Pollard, ii, p. 140.
89. CSPS, p. 92; Gairdner, Richard III, p. 377.
90. Madden, pp. 182-3; Ellis, i, pp. 23-5.
91. Hall, pp. 473-4.
92. Foedera, xii, pp. 576-91, 580; Pollard, i, p. 127, ii. p. 149.
93. Ellis, i, p. 22; Madden, pp. 183-4.
94. Gairdner, Richard III, pp. 372-4. Sir George Neville survived the Warbeck conspiracy and eventually became an adviser to Edmund, Duke of Suffolk during his exile: Gairdner, Letters and Papers, i, pp. 212-230, 263-4.
95. Gairdner, Richard III, pp. 369-71.
96. Mackie, p. 140; Pollard, i, pp. 143, 150-5; Ellis, i, p. 23.
97. Not alas the ‘Cuckoo’ as Mackie, p. 144 suggests; Conway, p. 84; Gairdner, Richard III, pp. 363, 379. CSPV, i, p. 265.
98. For his later career: Molinet, ii, p. 459.
99. CSPV, i, p. 265.
100. Gairdner, Richard III, p. 379; CSPM, pp. 327-8.
101. CSPM, i, p. 325; Chronicles of London, p. 217.
102. Mackie, p. 146.
103. Hall, p. 486.
104. Pollard, i, pp. 172-3, 183-6; Gairdner, Richard III, pp. 329, 336-42, 384-6; Chronicles of London, p. 219; Molinet, ii, pp. 439-41.
105. Gairdner, Letters and Papers, ii, p. 375; see above n.32.
106. C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘An Italian Astrologer at the court of King Henry VII’, in Italian Renaissance Studies, a Tribute to the late Cecilia M. Ady, (ed.) Jacob E. F. ‘An Italian Astrologer’, pp. 443-454.
107. CSPV, i, pp. 266-7, 269; Mackie, p. 147.
108. CSPS, i, pp. 185-6, 196-7;
109. CSPS, i, p. 249; Chronicles of London, p. 225; New Chronicles, pp. 685-6; Mackie, p. 164.
110. Pollard, i, pp. 211-213; Madden, p. 190; Mackie, pp. 164-5; Molinet, pp. 465-7.
111. H. d’Hulst, Le Mariage de Philippe le Beau avec Jeanne de Castille à Lierre le 20 octobre 1496, Antwerp, 1958, pp. 318-20; Kampeneer, p. 45; Molinet, ii, pp. 428-32. Flight of Edmund: Pollard, i, p. 209
112. Chrimes, Henry VII, p.92; Hall, p.495; Polydore Vergil, p. 123; but Bacon, pp. 186, 194, judged that Margaret was of no help to Suffolk.
113. Pollard, i, p. 223
114. Pollard, i, pp. 258, 262, 278-80; Gairdner, Letters and Papers, i, 134f, pp. 189-219, 230-40, 253, 277; Hommel, pp. 285-8.
115. Pollard, i, pp. 252-6; Gairdner, Memorials, pp. 282-303; CSPV, i, pp. 868-9; CSPS, i, pp. 249, 456.
116. Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, p.321.
117. Molinet, ii, pp. 469-72; Hommel, p. 295.
118. For examples of Margaret’s autograph see Vie de Sainte Colette, by Pierre de Vaux, ms. 8 in the Convent of the Poor Clares, Ghent, Belgium; Miroir d’Humilité, by David Aubert, ms. 240 in the Bibliothèque de Valenciennes, France; MA, Lettres Missives, ccxix; Gairdner, Memorials, pp. 393-9; La Marche, i, p. 146.
119. Bacon, p. 112; CSPM, i, p. 299.
120. See above ch. 3, n.28; Burton B. Fredricksen, ‘A Flemish Deposition of ca. 1500 and its Relation to Rogier’s Lost Composition’, The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal, vol. 9, 1981, pp. 133-156.
121. See below ch. 7, n.49.
CHAPTER 7: BIBLIOPHILE AND REFORMER
1. AGR, Chambre des Comptes 136 fos 17 and following, or ADN, B/432/17.816 for 28 December 1494.
2. ADN, B/432/16.477 with Margaret’s seal and autograph, W432/16485, concerning Chaussin etc; B/432/17.800.
3. For administration of the Dowry lands see Robins ch. 8; Hommel, pp.313-333; Galesloot, pp. 202-6; 225-229, 246-254; for her argument with Malines: Galesloot, pp. 189-193.
4. Ibid, pp. 223-5; Hommel, p. 327.
5. ADN, B/434/17.893.
6. Robins p. 246; Lejeune, pp. 83-7; C. Weightman and A. Barnes, Brussels, Grote Markt to Common Market, Brussels, 1976, p. 76; C. Weightman, A Short History of The Hague, The Hague, 1974, p. 55.
7. Galesloot, pp. 225-229; Hommel, p. 325; Robins, p. 278.
8. AGR, Acquits de Lille 1044-8 especially 1045-157; Robins, pp. 276-85; Lejeune; pp. 83-4; Hommel, p. 325.
9. Robins, p. 286; Lejeune, pp. 83-5
10. AGR, Acquits de Lille 1045-23; Robins, pp. 273, 279-81; Galesloot, pp. 268-70; Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, p. 321 n. 1.
11. In April 1489 Maximilian and J. Taxis, the Postmaster, established a postal service between Innsbruck and Malines; Max Piendl, Das Fürstliche Haus Thurn and Taxis, Regensberg, 1980, p. 8.
12. Lejeune, pp. 85-90; M. R. Wellens, ‘Travaux de restauration an château de la Salle à Binche sous Philippe le Beau et Marguerite d’York’, Annales du cercle archéologique de Mons, 63, 1958, pp. 131f; Galesloot, pp. 211-2.
13. Ibid, p. 217.
14. MA, Lettres Missives, ccccxxxv.
15. Robins, appendix: ‘Une Equisse d’Itinéraire de Marguerite d’York’.
16. Hommel, pp. 217-220.
17. Wiesflëcker, ii, pp. 61-130.
18. See above ch. 4 n.30; Hommel, pp. 221-223.
19. Hommel, pp. 220-5; Kampeneer, p. 46.
20. ADN B/432/17.820 and 17.826; Pirenne, iii, p. 62; Hommel, pp. 227-243.
21. H. d’Hulst, Le Mariage de Philippe le Beau avec.Jeanne de Castille à Lierre le 20 octobre 1496, Antwerp, 1958, pp. 318-20; Hommel pp. 235-6; Galesloot, pp. 249-5.
22. J. de Jongh, Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands, 1954; C. Hare, The High and Puissant Princess Margaret of Austria, 1907, p. 25; Hommel, p. 299.
23. Mackie, pp. 184-7; Pirenne, iii, p.73; Hommel, p. 300.
24. E. W. Ives, Anne Boleyn, 1986, pp. 22-35.
25. Hommel, pp. 238-239.
26. Molinet, ii, pp. 450-2; Hommel, pp. 291-2; C. Moeller, Eleonore d’Autriche et de Bourgogne, Reine de France, 1895. The Croy baptism: Molinet, ii, pp. 472-3.
27. Molinet, ii, pp. 479-82; Hommel p. 293.
28. Prevenier and Blockmans, p. 249.
29. Huizinga, pp. 172, 185-6, 248; Pirenne, ii, pp. 484-8.
30. Huizinga, pp. 182-5; for Blijdenberg, Galesloot, pp. 231-2; for Elisabeth de Berghes, Galesloot, p. 271.
31. S. B. J. Zilverberg, ‘David van Bourgondie, bischop van Terwan en van Utrecht’, Bijdragen van her Instituut voor Middeleeuwse Geschiedenis der Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht, xxiv, 1951.
32. C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘The Piety of Cecily Neville’ in For Hilaire Belloc: Essays in Honour of his 72nd Birthday, (ed.) D. Woodruff, 1942, pp. 73-94.
33. Huizinga, p. 256.
34. Song by Dufay translated in the programme for concert of Gothic Voices Sunday 16 February 1986 at Tatton Park Knutsford.
35. M. J. Haeren, (ed.) Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland, 1484-92, xv, 1978, p. 28; Galesloot, pp. 222-3.
36. Lejeune, pp. 85-9; Galesloot, pp. 233-4; Hommel, p. 323.
37. MA, Lettres Missives ccliv; Galesloot, p. 231; Hommel, p. 322.
38. Ibid, pp. 316-8; Galesloot p. 230.
39. P. Bergmans, ‘Marguerite d’York et les pauvres Claires de Gand’, Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire et d’Archéologie de Gand, xviii, 1910, pp. 271-84; Huizinga, p. 182.
40. ADN, États Journaliers 3438: Margaret went by boat to visit the Poor Clares at Ghent in April and May 1473, perhaps this was when she gave them the book; Bergmans; Hommel, p. 322. A reproduction of this manuscript with an historical commentary has been produced by Corstanje and Derolez.
41. ADN, États Journaliers 3438: in August 1473 Margaret visited the Observant Friars near Brussels; Tambuyser, pp. 216-7; Hommel, pp. 320-4; Galesloot, pp. 322-330.
42. Ibid, pp. 229-30; Hommel, pp. 323-4.
43. Carla Marlion, ‘De Vroegste geschiedenis van het Gents St Agneete convent, (1434-54)’, Bulletin van Handelingen der Maatschappij voor Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde te Gent, xxxviii 1984, pp. 31-3.
44. Robins, p.285; L. Galesloot, ‘Encore un mot sur Martguerite d’York’ Annales de la Société d’Emulation pour l’étude de l’histoire et des antiquités de la Flandre, xxxiv, Bruges, 1884.
45. Lejeune, pp. 85-8; MA, Lettres Missives, CCCV, requesting permission for nun to retire to hermitage near Malines to pray for the soul of Charles in 1477. St Ursmer’s: Galesloot, p. 243.
46. MA, Lettres Missives, ccxix.
47. Tambuyser, p. 215.
48. Hommel, p. 169; Galesloot, pp. 237-9.
49. Ibid, p. 212; Lejeune, pp. 84-9.
50. Hommel, pp. 331-3.
51. Robins, p. 294; Hommel, p. 331.
52. J. A. Twemlow, (ed.) Calendar of Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland, 1909, xiii, pt. l, p. 384.
53. Two examples of Margaret at prayer are Traites de Morale, made at Ghent, 307 leaves, 38 x 27 cm, 5 miniatures, decorated margins, now in Brussels, Royal Library, ms 9272-6, most of the miniatures are by the same unknown artist but one of them is by the ‘Master of Mary of Burgundy’, this shows Margaret kneeling before the Trinity. AlsoTraités moraux et religieux, 267 leaves, 36 x 28cm, 4 miniatures, decorated margins, now in the Bodleian Library, Oxford ms Douce 365; copied by David Auber at Ghent in 1475; one of the miniatures shows the Duchess at prayer among her ladies. See n.68 below; Delaisse, no. 192, p. 196; Dogaer, p. 109, Marguerite d’York, pp. 30, 32; Hughes, pp. 2, 68-9.
54. Benois seront les Miséricordieux, translation from Latin to French by Nicolas Finet, made in Hainault illustrated by Jean Dreux in Brussels; 312 leaves, 37 x 26cm, 2 miniatures, decorated margins. Brussels, Royal Library ms. 9296. The translation was made ‘at the request of Margaret of York, sister of King Edward of England and wife of Duke Charles of Burgundy.’ In the manuscript there are examples of Margaret’s arms, her device ‘Bien en aviengne’ and the entwined initials ‘C’ and ‘M’. Margaret’s signature on the book. Marguerite d’York, pp. 31-2; Hughes, pp. 2, 60-2; Dogaer, p. 107.
55. Dogaer, pp. 99-111; Marguerite d’York, pp. 13-14, 30-34; Hughes, pp. 1, 14.
56. Cokayne, xii, ii; W. A. and F. Baillie Grohman (ed.) The Master of the Game, 1904; C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘The Piety of Cecily Neville’ in For Hilaire Belloc: Essays in Honour of his 72nd Birthday, (ed.) D. Woodruff, 1942, pp. 73-94.
57. The Burgundian library; Delaisse; G. Dogaer and M. Debase, ‘De Librije van Filips de Goode’, Catalogue for Exhibition for 500th anniversary of Duke Philip’s death held at Brussels in 1967.
58. Works copied from books in the ducal library include: Miroir d’Humilité, Valenciennes Bibliothèque Municipal, ms 240/231, 234 leaves, 10 miniatures. Sermons by Jean Gerson made in 1462 copied by Auber and illustrated by Guillaume Vrelant, who worked first at Utrecht. It is signed ‘Margareta d’Engleterre’. La Fleur des Histoires, by Jean Mansel, now in Brussels, Royal Library, ms 9283, 230 leaves, 3 miniatures. Her signature is on the last page. Des Fail du Grant Alexandre, by Quintus Curtis translated into French by Vasco de Lucian, in British Library London. Royal ms 15 D iv. 219 leaves, 49 miniatures. Dogaer, pp. 110-1; Galesloot, pp. 264-5; Hughes, pp. 2, 64, 76;Marguerite d’York, p. 31.
59. Books made before 1477 include Breviary, 263 leaves, 7 miniatures, now in St John’s College Cambridge, ms 215./H 13. Dogaer, p. 109; Boethius’ Consolationes, in Jena Universitàtsbibliotek, 135 leaves, 1 miniature, made in 1476, Delaisse, no. 194, Dogaer, p. 110, Hughes, pp. 2, 60.
60. Margaret also had her initials added to a copy of Georges Chastellain’s, L’Instruction d’un jejune prince, which had been made for Charles and carried his arms and device. Dogaer, p. 105. Les Chroniques de Flandre, 293 leaves, 20 miniatures, was in the collection of the Earl of Leicester, ms 659, Holkham Hall, copied at Ghent in about 1477 and given ‘par le commandment … de ... Marie … après le trépas de feu monseigneur le due Charles’ Delaisse, no. 195; Dogaer, pp. 109-10; Hughes, pp. 2, 73.
61. De la consolation de la philosophie, by Boethius, translated into French by Jean de Meung, made by David Auber between 1474-6 in the University Library at Jena, ms. Gall. F 85. A miniature by the ‘Master of Mary of Burgundy’ depicts the presentation of this book to Margaret: Dogaer p. 110; Delaisse, no. 194; Hughes, pp. 2, 60. Des Faiz du Grant Alexandre see below n.77, 78.
62. La Fleur des Histories by Jean Mansel, Brussels, Royal Library, ms. 9233, 220 leaves, 3 miniatures, copied from an edition in the ducal library, contains Margaret’s signature and arms. Delaisse, no. 66; Dogaer, p. 109, Hughes, pp. 2, 74.
63. St Augustine’s Contemplations translated by Vasco de Lucian, was in Leningrad but has now disappeared, Hughes, pp. 2, 56; for Tondal see n.67 below; L’Apocalypse is now in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, ms. 484, 124 leaves, 78 miniatures; a very fine book probably copied by Auber but the artists are unknown: Delaisse, no. 199; Hughes, pp. 2, 56; the Bible moralize de Charles le Téméraire is in Brussels, Royal Library, 269 leaves and 4 miniatures, written by Auber with miniatures by Vrelant and Lieder: Delaisse no. 197; Hughes, pp. 2, 57; for religious books belonging to Margaret see Marguerite d’York, pp. 30-33; Hughes, pp. 2, 57-65, 68-72; Delaisse, nos. 134, 177, 186, 192, 193, 196, 198; Dogaer, pp. 107-111; Galesloot, pp. 264-6.
64. Harthan, pp. 106-9.
65. Prevenier and Blockmans, pp. 308, 312, 315; La Somme le Roi by Laurent du Bois, made by David Auber in 1475 at Ghent, Brussels Royal Library, ms 9106, 256 leaves, 1 miniature, with Margaret’s signature, her arms and device: Dogaer, p. 109, Delaisse, no. 193, Hughes, pp. 2, 68; David Auber also copied and translated Vita Christi for her in 1479: Dogaer, p. 105; also thought to be by Auber: L’Apocalypse and Bible moralize de Charles le Téméraire: see above n.63; the Boethius: see above n.61; Miroir d’Humilité see above n.58; both the books on the Tondal visions, see n.67 below; and the Traités moraux et religieux made at Ghent in 1475, now in Brussels, Royal Library, ms. 9272-6, 307 leaves, 5 miniatures: Delaisse, no. 196; Marguerite d’York, p. 30; Hughes, pp. 2, 68.
66. Prevenier and Blockmans, p. 337. Auber worked at first at Brussels and later at Ghent; for presentation see above n.61.
67. Les visions du Chevalier Tondal, Ghent 1474, by David Auber, 45 leaves, 15 miniatures, formerly on loan to Harvard Library, Cambridge, Massachussetts, Typ. 234 H, from the collection of Philip Hofer. Sold 1987 through Sotheby’s for a price in the region of £3 million. The book describes a debauched Irish nobleman’s trip through Hell and is thought to have been illustrated by Simon Marmion. The initial ‘M’ frequently appears decorated with a marguerite, which also appears in the Louvre portrait. It was copied by Auber signed as ‘son tres petit indigene escripvain’. La vision de l’Ame de Guy de Thurn, Ghent 1474, by David Auber, 35 leaves and one miniature, was also on loan to Harvard Library, Typ. 235H, from the collection of Philip Hofer and was at one time bound together with the Tondal and the two were sold together in 1987. This is also illustrated by Simon Marmion and bears the arms, the initials of ‘C’ and ‘M’ and Margaret’s device. For this information I am grateful to Charlotte Brown and Christopher de Hamel of Sotheby’s, London; see also Hughes, pp. 2, 65-6; Delaisse, no. 191.
68. This artist seems to have at least worked in the same workshop as Alexander Bening of Bruges and may have been a member of the Bening family or the brother of Hugo van der Goes: Margaret d’York, p. 32; Delaisse, nos. 192, 265; Harthan, p. 113; Hughes, pp. 2, 59, 69, 72-3; O. Pact, The Master of Mary of Burgundy, 1948, 69, no. 20; Prevenier and Blockmans, pp. 308-9.
69. Harthan, pp. 110-113.
70. Vie de Sainte Colette, by Pierre de Vaux, 166 leaves, 25 miniatures, in the Convent of Poor Clares at Ghent ms 8. Pierre de Vaux was St Colette’s confesser. It was a gift from Margaret to the convent during her husband’s lifetime and it shows the arms of Burgundy and of England and Margaret’s device: Dogaer, p. 110; Hughes, pp. 2, 71; see also Constanje and Derolez. Margaret also gave books to St Ursmer’s at Binche. Nicolas Fine’s Le dialogue de la Duchesse de Bourgogne à Jesu Christ was made about 1470, now in British Library ms. Add.7970, 140 leaves, 1 miniature; at the end there is a note of the presentation of the book by Margaret to the Lady de Hallewijn: Hughes, pp. 2, 63-4. See also below n.77.
71. Her signature appears on: Benois seront les Miséricordieux, Miroir d’humilité and Oeuvres, both by Jean Gerson, Vie de St Colette, La Fleur des Histoires and Des Faiz du Grant Alexandre.
72. Benecke, pp. 16-24.
73. J. Backhouse, ‘Founders of the Royal Library: Edward IV and Henry VII as Collectors of Illuminated Manuscripts’, in Williams, Harlaxton Symposium, pp. 25-6, 28-31, 37-8; M. Kekewich, ‘Edward IV, William Caxton and Literary Patronage in Yorkist England’, Modern Language Review, 66, 1971, p. 484; Ross, pp. 264-8; Scofield, ii, pp. 451-5.
74. Myers, p. 4.
75. See Backhouse, above n.73, p. 29.
76. Ibid, pp. 39-41; Ross, p. 265.
77. Des Faiz du Grant Alexandre, translation from Latin to French, in British Library, ms. Royal 15 D IV, 219 leaves, 49 miniatures, begun for Charles, completed for Margaret at Nieppe. One of the miniatures shows the presentation of the book by Lucena to Charles, the last page carries the dedication by Mary and Margaret: Hughes, pp. 2, 76; Dogaer, p. 110. For translations made by Vasco de Lucena for Margaret: La Marche, i, p. 14; Dogaer, p. 106. For miniature of Lucena presenting the book to Charles: Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, ms. fr. nr. 22.457, fo. 1 reproduced in Prevenir and Blockmans, p. 313.
78. Hughes, pp. 2, 76; Backhouse, above n.73, pp. 30-1, where she draws attention to the apparent erasure of the Donne arms from the end page of manuscript, when they were replaced by the Tudor arms with the pomegranate of Catherine of Aragon, and suggests that the book was originally given to Sir John Donne, Edward’s ambassador to Burgundy in 1477. It is difficult to understand why Mary and Margaret should have written such an ardent inscription to an ambassador, albeit a very well-known one. He may of course have been given the book by someone at the English court later.
79. P. Tudor-Craig, ‘The Hours of Edward V and William Lord Hastings’, in Williams, Harlaxton Symposium, 356, 358 n.37, pp. 362-3.
80. For Caxton see: Blades, pp. 18-20; Ross, p.266, N. F. Blake, ‘Caxton and the Courtly Style’ Essays and Studies, 1968, pp. 29-45; M. Kekewich, ‘Edward IV, William Caxton and Literary Patronage in Yorkist England’, Modern Language Review, 66, 1971, pp. 481-7.
81. Blades, p. 20.
82. Crotch, p. 4; in the ducal library: Recueil des histoires de Troie by Raoul Lefevre, chaplain to Philip the Good.
83. Ibid
84. Ibid, p. 5.
85. Ibid, p. 6.
86. van Praet, p. 12.
87. P. Tudor-Craig, ‘The Hours of Edward V and William Lord Hastings’, in Williams, Harlaxton Symposium, p. 365; Sotheby’s Catalogue for the American Sale of October 1987. see also: Guide to the Pilgrim Churches of Rome, 43 pages, 12 x 8cm, 7 miniatures decorated margins, named as Lot 59 in the Sotheby Catalogue of Western manuscripts for 22 June 1982, probably made at Brussels. The text describes pilgrim churches and indulgences granted at them. Margaret’s arms are at the foot of the first page. Was it hers or are her arms a later addition to make the book more valuable? Not mentioned by Dr Dogaer.
88. Crotch, cxii; Hughes, pp. 1, 11-12.
89. Hommel, pp. 296-303; Mackie, p. 183.
90. Molinet, ii, p. 474; Mackie, p. 182.
91. Hommel, p. 298.
92. Ibid, p. 302.
93. Robins, itinéraire.
94. Hommel, pp. 306-7.
95. Ibid, pp. 331-3.
96. ADN, Chambre des Comptes, B/458/ 17.919.
97. Galesloot, p. 323; Hommel, pp. 337-8.
98. Lejeune, pp. 84-6.
99. J. J. Tricot-Royer, ‘Les restes de Marguerite d’York et de Charles le Téméraire’, Annales de Bourgogne, ix, 1937, 259f; J. J. Tricot-Royer, ‘A la recherche de Marguerite d’York’, Science, Medicine and History, Essays in honour of Charles Singer, (ed.) E. Ashworth-Underwood, 1953, i, pp. 220-223, 109, plate vii; Galesloot, pp. 317-324; Hommel, pp. 339-40.
100. Galesloot, pp. 322-3.
101. Molinet, ii, p. 526.
102. ADN, B/458/17.919: part of her will dated 21 October 1503 and registered by the Malines magistrates in February 1504. It concerns her dower lands in Franche Comté and various bequests. ADN, B/432/16.530, B/435/17.923; for an undated document which appears to be part of a final settlement of her estates see: ADN B/433/17.466.
EPILOGUE
1. Kirk, iii, p. 28.
2. G. de Marez, Guide Illustré de Bruxelles Monuments Civils et Religieux, Brussels, 1979, p. 236.
3. J. J. Tricot-Royer, ‘A la recherche de Marguerite d’York’, Science, Medicine and History, Essays in honour of Charles Singer, (ed.) E. Ashworth-Underwood, 1953, i, pp. 220-3; MA, ‘Ontdekking graffstede van Margareta van York’, Dossiers 1 and 2.
4. Huizinga, p. 33.