ABBREVIATIONS
|
L. & P. |
Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII. |
|
S. C. |
Spanish Calendar: Calendar of Letters, Despatches and State Papers relating to Negotiations between England and Spain, preserved in the Archives at Simancas and Elsewhere. |
|
V. C. |
Venetian Calendar: Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts relating to English Affairs preserved in the Archives of Venice and in the other Libraries of Northern Italy. |
|
V. C. H. |
Victoria County Histories. |
INTRODUCTION
1. Tallis.
1: THE ELDEST DAUGHTER
1. Loades: Henry VIII: Court, Church and Conflict.
2. Blomefield.
3. The Complete Peerage.
4. Griffiths.
5. For Blickling Hall, to which there are many references in this chapter, I am indebted in several instances to the paper of Elizabeth Griffiths, who discovered that Sir Geoffrey Boleyn built a house on the site. The date 1452 is inferred from internal evidence inThe Paston Letters; Blomefield gives it as 1450.
6. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
7. Ibid.; Griffiths; Leland.
8. The Paston Letters; National Archives: Ancient Deeds: C.137,862,5972.
9. The Paston Letters.
10. The Complete Peerage; his will was proved on July 2 that year.
11. Stow.
12. Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem: Henry VII.
13. Ibid.; her age is given as twenty or more in the inquisition postmortem on her mother, taken in November 1485.
14. The Complete Peerage.
15. The Oxford Companion to Irish History.
16. Michael Clark.
17. Harleian mss.
18. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII: 1485–1509; Blomefield.
19. L. & P.; in 1529, at the legatine court convened at Blackfriars to try Henry VIII’s nullity suit against Katherine of Aragon, Boleyn gave his age as fifty-two.
20. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII: 1485–1509; Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn; Griffiths; The Crown and Local Communities in England and France in the Fifteenth Century.
21. Meyer.
22. L. & P.
23. Cited by Ives.
24. Brewer.
25. L. & P.
26. Surrey is known to have been resident at Sheriff Hutton Castle only between 1489 and 1499, when he was serving as Lieutenant of the North. Anne Bourchier had married Lord Dacre probably in 1492; Elizabeth Tylney died in 1497. Her daughters Elizabeth and Muriel are given their maiden name and style, so were not yet married when the poem was written (Muriel married before 1504). For Skelton and this poem, see Rollins; Tucker; Morley and Griffin; Brownlow in Skelton, John: The Book of the Laurel; The Complete Peerage.
27. L. & P.
28. For example, Anne Boleyn; Jones.
29. For example, Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn; Claremont.
30. For example, Loades: The Six Wives of Henry VIII; Plowden: The Other Boleyn Girl.
31. Not her son, Henry, as Hart states.
32. Round is incorrect in asserting that Hunsdon was mistaken here, and that Boleyn was created Lord Rochford to him and his heirs male, and Earl of Wiltshire and Ormond to him and his heirs general; the earldom of Wiltshire was granted to him in tail male, the others in tail general; see The Complete Peerage.
33. Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth.
34. Round.
35. The Complete Peerage; Broadway. On the death of Queen Elizabeth in March 1603, George Carey became sole heir to Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire and Ormond, and when he died without male issue six months later, his daughter Katherine Carey inherited his claim to the earldom. When she died in 1635, her son, George Berkeley, born in 1613, succeeded her in her apparent right to the earldom of Ormond, even though that earldom was in fact still held by the Butlers.
36. Ms. in the Chapter House, Westminster Abbey.
37. Tallis; Bernard: Anne Boleyn; Sergeant.
38. Sergeant.
39. The Complete Peerage; Starkey: Six Wives.
40. Ives; Calendar of the Close Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office: Henry VII. I am indebted to Douglas Richardson for kindly drawing my attention to this reference.
41. Barbara Harris.
42. Ibid.
43. As before, I am grateful to Douglas Richardson for this information.
44. Ives.
45. Warnicke: “Anne Boleyn’s Childhood.”
46. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn; Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
47. Bell. For a fuller discussion of the examination of the bones, see Weir: The Lady in the Tower.
48. For example, Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn; Jones.
49. The best source is The Complete Peerage.
50. Paget: “The Youth of Anne Boleyn”; Warnicke: “Anne Boleyn’s Childhood.” For the full text of the letter, in context, see pp. 54–55.
51. Ives; Bernard: Fatal Attractions.
52. S. C.
53. Round.
54. Plowden: The Other Boleyn Girl.
55. Powell.
56. Hughes.
57. Powell.
58. Ibid.; Mongello.
59. Powell states that Mary Boleyn was born around March 25, 1498, “at the same time as the Princess Mary,” but the latter had been born two years earlier.
60. Powell.
61. Brewer, in L. & P.; The Complete Peerage.
62. Somerset: Ladies in Waiting; Hoskins; Hackett; Williams: Henry VIII and His Court. Tunis has Mary born in 1504 at “Hever Castle in Chilton Foliat,” but Hever is in Kent, not Wiltshire, while Chilton Foliat was possibly the birthplace of Mary’s first husband, William Carey.
63. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
64. Bernard: Anne Boleyn.
65. Metrical Visions.
66. Ambassades en Angleterre de Jean du Bellay.
67. Powell.
68. Blomefield.
69. Ibid.; Griffiths; Shelley.
70. L. & P.
71. The Rutland Papers.
72. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII: 1485–1509.
73. Calendar of the Close Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office: Henry VII; Griffiths; Norwich Cathedral: Church, City and Diocese, 1096–1996.
74. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII: 1485–1509; Calendar of the Close Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office: Henry VII; L. & P.; Blomefield. Sir William’s will is given in Testimenta Vetusta.
75. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII: 1485–1509.
76. Calendar of the Close Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office: Henry VII, where he is described as “late of Blickling, Co. Norfolk.”
77. Blomefield.
78. L. & P. This overturns John Newman’s assertion that Hever was never the Boleyns’ chief residence, as they did nothing to “transform their house into a worthy expression of their ambitions.” But the works at Hever carried out by Sir Geoffrey Boleyn, and, more importantly, by Sir Thomas, prove rather the contrary. Moreover, there are very few references to Thomas Boleyn being in Norfolk during the reign of Henry VIII.
79. Norton: Anne Boleyn.
80. Cited by Norris.
2: THE BEST OF HUSBANDS
1. L. & P.
2. Ibid.; Starkey: Six Wives.
3. L. & P.
4. Rymer; Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
5. L. & P.
6. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
7. Stow; Panton. Sir Thomas More had studied at New Inn from 1494 to 1496 before going on to do law at Lincoln’s Inn. New Inn survived to be acquired by the London County Council in 1899 and was demolished in 1902 to make way for a road linking Holborn and the Strand.
8. The word means a setting of precious stones so closely set that no metal shows.
9. S. C.
10. Hart.
11. For further information on Henry VIII’s obsession with hygiene, see Weir: Henry VIII, The King and His Court.
12. V. C.
13. S. C.
14. L. & P.
15. S. C.
16. L. & P.
17. Sloane mss.
18. V. C.
19. S. C.
20. Mathew.
21. Hart gives his name as Chapuys, but Eustache Chapuys did not take up his post until 1529. The ambassador at this time was Luis Caroz.
22. S. C.
23. For example, Norton: Anne Boleyn; Jones; Hart; Williams: Henry VIII and His Court; Powell; Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
24. L. & P.
25. Powell.
26. Walder.
27. Lewis, in Sander.
28. L. & P.
29. Pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione, published in 1538 and based on an open letter sent to Henry in 1536.
30. L. & P.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Camden: Annales rerum Anglicarum et Hibernicarum regnante Elizabetha.
35. Further evidence for the existence of Rastell’s life of More is in Arundel ms. 152 in the British Library, in which a reference is made to “certain brief notes appertaining to Bishop Fisher, collected out of Sir Thomas More’s Life, written by Mr. Justice Rastell.”
36. Camden: Annales rerum Anglicarum et Hibernicarum regnante Elizabetha.
37. For a general discussion of “The Garland of the Laurel,” see Tucker; Rollins; Brownlow, in Skelton.
38. S. C.
39. Jones.
40. Ibid.
41. Van Duyn Southworth.
42. Luke.
43. Rival.
44. Glenne.
45. Walder.
46. Luke.
47. Thornton-Cook.
48. Ives; Hart.
49. Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts existing in the Archives and Collections of Milan.
50. L. & P.
51. Ibid.; Anselme; www.gilles.maillet.free.fr.
52. Jones; The World Roots Genealogy Archive: European Royalty and Nobility (www.worldroots.com).
53. www.chateau.medieval.fr; Online Family Trees (www.gw1.geneanet.org).
54. S. C.
55. Cotton mss. Caligula.
56. S. C.
57. Inventories of the Wardrobe, Plate, Chapel Stuff etc. of Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset; Fraser.
58. National Archives: The King’s Book of Payments, E36/215.
59. Childe-Pemberton.
60. Hall.
61. Ibid.; Inventories of the Wardrobe, Plate, Chapel Stuff etc. of Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset.
62. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
63. Hall. For Jane Popincourt, see Chapter 3.
64. L. & P.
65. Jones.
66. Jones states that, on this occasion, Elizabeth sang a song she had composed herself, but does not cite the source.
67. Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII; Hall.
68. Jones.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. Childe-Pemberton.
73. From the Eltham Ordinances in The Antiquarian Repertory.
74. Ibid.
75. Childe-Pemberton. It was largely demolished in the 1540s and only the nave of the former priory survives today as the nave of the parish church. The present house, called Jericho Priory, is eighteenth century, and incorporates a range from the seventeenth century or perhaps earlier; the building known as Jericho Cottage dates from the seventeenth century (data from English Heritage, at www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk). I should like to thank Karen Gardner for sending me information about Jericho Cottage.
76. Beauclerk-Dewar and Powell.
77. Hall.
78. Jones, without citing a source, claims that, after the birth, the Queen visited Elizabeth to congratulate her. Given Katherine’s anger at the ennobling of Elizabeth’s child, this is highly unlikely.
79. National Archives: Inquisitions Post Mortem, C142; Map Room.
80. Beauclerk-Dewar and Powell.
81. L. & P.; The Complete Peerage.
82. L. & P.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid.
85. Somerset: Ladies in Waiting.
86. L. & P.
87. Ibid.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid.
90. Ibid.; The Complete Peerage.
91. The Complete Peerage.
92. Ibid.
93. L. & P.
94. Ibid.
95. Ibid.; The Complete Peerage.
96. Cited by Beauclerk-Dewar and Powell.
3: INTO THE REALM OF FRANCE
1. L. & P.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.; Rymer.
5. L. & P.
6. Loades: The Tudor Queens of England.
7. Martienssen.
8. Rival.
9. Erickson: Anne Boleyn.
10. Fraser.
11. Loades: The Tudor Queens of England.
12. Claremont.
13. Erickson: Bloody Mary.
14. Norton: Anne Boleyn.
15. Martienssen.
16. Barbara Harris.
17. Loades: The Tudor Queens of England.
18. Herbert.
19. Grattan Flood.
20. Hobden.
21. It was suggested to me by a correspondent that “My Lady Carey’s Dompe,” a mournful dance of a type peculiar to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which comes from the earliest collection of English music for the virginals, was composed for Mary Boleyn when she was married to William Carey, and that it might be associated with her affair with Henry VIII. This composition has been dated to c. 1524/5, which would place it in the right period, yet it could also have been written at any time between 1500 and 1540 or later; and it could not have been named after Mary, because she was not styled Lady Carey—William Carey was never knighted. The Lady Carey in the title must have belonged to one of the senior lines of the Carey family. Certainly this music has never been associated with Mary Boleyn. Some say this dompe was a traditional Irish melody composed by Turlough O’Carolan. The name is associated with the saying “down in the dumps,” and there is evidence that dompes were played at funerals.
22. L. & P.
23. Hart. For the full texts of Mary’s two letters, see pp. 216 and 219–222.
24. Barbara Harris.
25. Martienssen.
26. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
27. Plowden: The Other Boleyn Girl.
28. Wilkinson states that Mary was launched at court before Anne (Mary Boleyn).
29. Ibid.
30. Denny: Anne Boleyn.
31. Manuscripts of J. Eliot Hodgkin.
32. Perry: Sisters to the King.
33. Paget: “The Youth of Anne Boleyn.”
34. Brewer, in L. & P.; Gairdner: “The Age of Anne Boleyn” and “Mary and Anne Boleyn.”
35. Hackett; Plowden: Tudor Women, corrected in The Other Boleyn Girl; Somerset: Ladies in Waiting; Lofts; Bruce; Erickson: Anne Boleyn; Chapman; Sergeant; Smith: A Tudor Tragedy.
36. L. & P.; Paget: “The Youth of Anne Boleyn.”
37. Original Letters Illustrative of English History.
38. L. & P.
39. Correspondence de l’Empereur Maximilien Ier et de Marguerite d’Autriche.
40. Ibid.
41. Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts existing in the Archives and Collections of Milan.
42. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
43. Ibid.
44. Norton: Anne Boleyn.
45. Carlton.
46. Erickson: Anne Boleyn.
47. Brysson Morrison.
48. Glenne.
49. Luke.
50. Martienssen.
51. Erickson: Bloody Mary.
52. For a discussion of the portraits said to be of Mary Boleyn, and those of her first husband, William Carey, see Appendix II.
53. Paget: “The Youth of Anne Boleyn”; Ives; Perry: Sisters to the King.
54. Paget: “The Youth of Anne Boleyn”; Ives.
55. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn, “Anne Boleyn’s Childhood.”
56. Letter recently acquired by Lincoln Cathedral Library. I am grateful to Dr. Nicholas Bennett, Vice Chancellor and Librarian at Lincoln Cathedral, for kindly sending me a transcript.
57. For example, Brewer, in L. & P.; Meyer; Hackett; Brysson Morrison; Lindsey; Sergeant. Warnicke incorrectly asserts that it was Anne (The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn, “Anne Boleyn’s Childhood”).
58. L. & P.
59. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris ms. fr.7853, f.305b; Ives.
60. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris ms. fr.7853, f.305b; Bernard: Anne Boleyn; Lindsey.
61. Ives.
62. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris ms. fr.7853, f.305b; cf. Denny: Anne Boleyn.
63. Ives.
64. Hall.
65. Ibid.
66. Perry: Sisters to the King.
67. Jones.
68. Hart.
69. L. & P.; Perry: Sisters to the King.
70. Erickson: Anne Boleyn; Hart; Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
71. Jones.
72. Ibid.
73. L. & P.
74. Ibid.
75. V. C.
76. Ibid.
77. Ibid.; Hall.
78. Hall.
79. For Mary Tudor’s sojourn in France, see chiefly Perry: Sisters to the King; Walter C. Richardson; Gainey.
80. V. C.
81. L. & P.
82. Cited by Seward.
83. L. & P.
84. Cotton ms. Vitellius; L. & P.
85. L. & P.
86. Ibid.
87. Denny: Anne Boleyn.
88. Perry: Sisters to the King.
89. L. & P.
90. Ibid.
91. Ibid.
92. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
4: A VERY GREAT WHORE?
1. Plowden: Tudor Women.
2. V. C.
3. Carlton; V. C.
4. L. & P.
5. Cited by Seward.
6. Brantôme.
7. Carlton.
8. L. & P.; this statement was not written by King François himself, as Jones states.
9. Denny: Anne Boleyn.
10. Powell.
11. Porter.
12. L. & P.
13. For example, Wilkinson, in Mary Boleyn.
14. Ridley, in The Love Letters of Henry VIII.
15. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
16. Jones.
17. Ridley, in The Love Letters of Henry VIII.
18. Luke.
19. Erickson: Anne Boleyn.
20. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
21. Denny: Anne Boleyn.
22. Rival.
23. Ibid.
24. Luke.
25. Ibid.
26. Bruce. She dates Mary’s liaison with François to the period when she was supposedly serving Queen Claude.
27. Hart.
28. Bruce.
29. Plowden: The Other Boleyn Girl.
30. Jollet; Seward.
31. Cf. Norton: Anne Boleyn; Lindsey; Losing Your Head Over Henry: Mary Boleyn.
32. Including myself in previous books.
33. Carroll.
34. Varlow: The Lady Penelope.
35. Jones.
36. Denny: Anne Boleyn.
37. Ibid.
38. Norton: Anne Boleyn.
39. Denny: Anne Boleyn.
40. Ibid.; Norton: Anne Boleyn; Wilkinson: The Early Loves of Anne Boleyn.
41. Wilkinson: The Early Loves of Anne Boleyn.
42. Ibid.
43. S. C.
44. Cf. Lofts.
45. Bruce.
46. Fraser.
47. For example, Savage, in The Love Letters of Henry VIII.
48. Erickson: Bloody Mary.
49. Hackett.
50. Sergeant.
51. Jenner.
52. Norton: Anne Boleyn.
53. Jones.
54. Loades: Henry VIII: King and Court.
55. Fraser.
56. Rivals in Power.
57. Luke.
58. Martienssen.
59. Rival.
60. Hackett.
61. Hart.
62. Varlow: The Lady Penelope.
63. Hart.
64. For Mary’s letter, see Chapter 11.
65. Glenne.
66. Denny: Anne Boleyn.
67. Ibid.
68. Norton: Anne Boleyn.
69. L. & P.
70. S. C.
71. L. & P.
72. Erickson: Anne Boleyn.
73. Seward.
74. Ibid.
75. Knecht.
76. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
77. Ibid.
78. MacNalty.
79. Ridley: Henry VIII; Denny: Anne Boleyn.
80. Ridley: Henry VIII.
81. V. C.
82. Plowden: Tudor Women; Erickson: Great Harry, Anne Boleyn; Walder; Luke; Norton: Anne Boleyn; Hart; Hughes.
83. Bruce; Hackett.
84. Hackett.
85. Ibid.
86. Round, although Martienssen for one repeats this as fact.
87. Denny: Anne Boleyn; Norton: Anne Boleyn.
88. Martienssen.
89. Chapman, who states that Mary, and not Anne, had been sent to the court of the Archduchess Margaret.
90. Powell. John Walder states that Mary came home in the early 1520s, but she was married in England in February 1520.
91. Ives; Norton: She Wolves; Michael Clark; Denny: Anne Boleyn; Fraser; Loades: The Six Wives of Henry VIII; Bernard: Anne Boleyn; Jones.
92. Denny: Anne Boleyn.
93. The Chronicle of King Henry VIII of England.
94. L. & P.
95. Loades: The Tudor Queens.
96. Ridley: Henry VIII; Brysson Morrison; Fraser; Loades: The Six Wives of Henry VIII; Plowden: The Other Boleyn Girl; Luke; Powell, who states that Mary filled Elizabeth Blount’s place; and Jones, who asserts that this was how she came to Henry’s attention.
97. Luke.
98. Perry: Sisters to the King.
99. Loades: The Six Wives of Henry VIII.
100. Not Elizabeth Howard, Lady Boleyn, as Warnicke states in The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
101. Cited by Erickson in The First Elizabeth.
102. Jones.
103. Ibid.; Norton: Anne Boleyn; Wilkinson: The Early Loves of Anne Boleyn.
104. For example, Erickson in The First Elizabeth, and your author in earlier books. I can trace no contemporary source for the French King saying that Mary was “always good for a ride” (Hobden) or the claim that, “according to François, Mary ‘did service’ to male members of the court too” (Fox).
105. Jones.
106. Prévost.
107. The relation is identified elsewhere, less credibly, as William du Moulin de l’Hospital, seigneur of Fontenay-sous-Briis, a descendant of “Louis Boulen,” who is mentioned in a notarial contract of 1460; Moulin’s wife was called Catherine, and they had married in 1510; he too died in 1548.
108. www.mairie-de-briis-sous-forges.fr.
109. That of M. Marcel Mouton, a romantic poet who lived in the tower in the nineteenth century and claimed to have documents relating to Anne’s sojourn there. According to him, the facts were beyond doubt, although certain authors had contested them (Prévost).
110. Warnicke: “Anne Boleyn’s Childhood.”
111. See, for example, Bruce.
112. Prévost.
113. Norton: Anne Boleyn.
114. Denny: Anne Boleyn.
115. Sergeant.
116. Andrew Clark; Tottel’s Miscellany.
117. Stone.
118. L. & P.
119. Ives.
120. Erickson: Anne Boleyn.
121. Chapman.
122. Michael Clark.
123. L. & P.
124. Cited by Michael Clark.
125. L. & P.
5: WILLIAM CAREY, OF THE PRIVY CHAMBER
1. Denny: Katherine Howard; Powell; Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
2. Hart.
3. Foster; www.teachergenealogist.com.
4. Hart.
5. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
6. Not a week before the wedding, as Hart states.
7. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
8. Starkey says he was a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber in 1519, but he is not referred to as such until 1526 (the Eltham Ordinances, in The Antiquarian Repertory); he was Esquire of the Body in June 1524 (L. & P.). A grant to him as “esquire” in 1526, and a description of him as an esquire at the time of his death, refer to his status, not his office.
9. The Rutland Papers.
10. Jones.
11. Powell.
12. Plowden: Tudor Women, The House of Tudor.
13. Denny: Anne Boleyn.
14. Lofts.
15. Luke.
16. Hackett.
17. The Reign of Henry VIII.
18. Hall.
19. Powell.
20. Denny: Anne Boleyn; Plowden: The Other Boleyn Girl.
21. Denny: Katherine Howard.
22. Bruce.
23. Hart.
24. Jones.
25. Warnicke: “Anne Boleyn’s Childhood.”
26. Ibid.
27. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
28. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
29. Varlow: The Lady Penelope.
30. Hart; Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
31. Cf. Hart.
32. Bruce.
33. For example, Luke.
34. L. & P. Some sources incorrectly give the date as 1521, e.g., Friedmann; J. J. Scarisbrick; Fraser; Martin Hume; Erickson: Anne Boleyn; Norton: Anne Boleyn; Williams: Henry VIII and His Court; Plowden: The Other Boleyn Girl.
35. L. & P.
36. Thurley; Carroll.
37. L. & P.
38. For example, Hart.
39. By her second husband, Sir Robert Spencer.
40. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn. Erickson incorrectly assumes that, on marriage, Mary became known as “Mary Boleyn Carey,” but that is a later American form of name unknown in Tudor En gland.
41. It is also given as Karry or Cary in early documents, and variously as Carey, Cary, Care, Caree, Carre, or Karre in Tudor sources.
42. Some genealogies give the date 1479, eight years after his father’s death!
43. Chilton had been owned by the Saxon King Harold before the Norman Conquest of 1066, and soon after that the manor became part of the Honor of Wallingford. From 1156 it was held by the Foliots, who gave it its later name (which is now spelled Foliat). The manor passed to their descendants, the Teys family, in 1289, and then, in 1367, to the Lords Lisle. In 1439 it came into the possession of Eleanor, the wife of Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, and from 1467 to her death in 1505, Chilton Foliat and the surrounding manors were held jointly by her seven daughters—among whom was William Carey’s grandmother, Eleanor Beaufort—and their husbands, and by her grandson, Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, whose lands were declared forfeit after he was attaindered and executed in 1483. In 1505, Chilton Foliat and the other manors reverted to the Crown, and from 1519 they were held by the successive queens of Henry VIII. William’s father was probably allowed to remain there as a tenant of the Crown.
44. For example, Wilkinson in Mary Boleyn.
45. Foster; www.teachergenealogist.com.
46. He is sometimes styled “of Pleshey Castle”—then also spelled Plashy—but this castle was in the hands of the Crown from 1397 to the reign of Edward VI (1547–53) and, according to L. & P., John Carey was merely its constable. (Unlocking Essex’s Past).
47. L. & P.
48. Starkey, in The Renaissance at Sutton Place, gives his date of birth as c.1500 but cites no source, while Wilkinson states in Mary Boleyn that William’s date of birth is not known.
49. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn. She also suggests that William had become Courtenay’s ward on the death of Sir Thomas Carey in 1500, but—as has been shown—Thomas Carey did not die until 1536.
50. L. & P.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. The Rutland Papers.
59. L. & P.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. Starkey, in The Renaissance at Sutton Place.
63. Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII.
64. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
65. Cited by Loades: The Tudor Queens.
66. Starkey, in The Renaissance at Sutton Place.
67. Fox says that Carey played tennis; while this is likely, for it was one of the King’s favorite sports, I can find no contemporary source to support this statement.
68. The words are quoted from his song, “Pastime with Good Company.”
69. The Eltham Ordinances, in The Antiquarian Repertory.
70. Hall.
71. Henry VIII: A European Court in England. For a discussion of William Carey’s portraits, see Appendix II.
72. The Careys’ house stood in a field southeast of the parish church, where a few mounds are all that remain to indicate its site. It was William Carey’s nephew, Sir Edward Carey of Aldenham (the son of his older brother, Sir John Carey), the Master and Treasurer of Elizabeth I’s jewels and plate, who bought the manor and the Elizabethan house from Paul Stepneth in 1589, and was buried in the parish church in 1618. His son, the colonist and politician Lucius Carey, 1st Viscount Falkland, was born at Aldenham in 1576. The house was remodeled around 1632, and ten years later it was sold by the 2nd Viscount to Sir John Harby, a staunch Royalist; in 1664 it was bought by Denzil Holles, the statesman and author who had been one of the five M.P.s whom Charles I famously had tried to arrest in 1642. The Careys’ former home was finally pulled down in 1711.
Investigating the possibility that William and Mary Carey had lived in another property in Aldenham, I discovered that three other substantial houses had once stood there. Pennes Place, named after a local family who had held lands in the village since the thirteenth century, was demolished sometime after 1559. Later called Aldenham Hall, it had been built before 1485, when it was purchased from Ralph Penne by Humphrey Coningsby, who owned it until his death in 1535. A “fair house of brick,” orginally called Wigbournes, was owned in the sixteenth century by the Wigbourne and Wrence families. It was rebuilt in 1632, and forms the core of the present Aldenham House—the name was changed around 1769—which was remodeled in the early eighteenth century, and practically rebuilt in the nineteenth, when the magnificent gardens were laid out; its garden is on the site of the double moat of Pennes Place. Today, Aldenham House is home to Haberdashers’ Aske’s public school. Neither of these properties can have been the residence of William Carey and Mary Boleyn, nor are the couple linked to any lesser properties in the area, while their names appear nowhere in the records of the village.
The manor of Titburst and Kendals to the southeast of the parish had been left to Henry VIII in 1509 by his grandmother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, William Carey’s kinswoman; in 1530, it was granted to Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond. (V. C. H.: Hertfordshire, www.british-history.ac.uk).
73. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
74. Warnicke also claims that Mary was never a maid of honor to Katherine of Aragon because she was too young, having been born in 1508 (sic.).
75. Warnicke: “Anne Boleyn’s Childhood”; Barbara Harris.
76. Barbara Harris.
77. Starkey: The Reign of Henry VIII.
78. Cavendish: The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey.
79. The Rutland Papers.
80. L. & P.
81. The Chronicle of Calais; The Rutland Papers.
82. The Rutland Papers. For general references to the Field of Cloth of Gold quoted in the text, see this source and, principally, The Chronicle of Calais; V. C.; S. C.; L. & P., and Hall.
83. L. & P.; The Rutland Papers.
84. The Chronicle of Calais; L. & P.
85. Hall.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid.
90. V. C.
91. Ibid.
92. L. & P.
93. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn. He is incorrectly listed in this contemporary source as “Sir William Carey,” although he was never knighted.
94. L. & P.
95. Hall.
96. Ibid.
97. V. C.
98. Luke.
99. Denny: Anne Boleyn.
100. L. & P.
101. Ibid.; The Complete Peerage.
102. Ibid.
103. Ibid.
6: THE ASSAULT ON THE CASTLE OF VIRTUE
1. Burke.
2. Murphy.
3. Ridley: Henry VIII; Sergeant.
4. The Book of Beauty.
5. Ridley: Henry VIII.
6. Denny: Anne Boleyn.
7. L. & P.; Elton: Studies in Tudor and Stuart Politics and Government; Warnicke: “Anne Boleyn’s Childhood.”
8. L. & P.
9. Luke.
10. Hackett.
11. Fox; Erickson: Anne Boleyn.
12. Denny: Anne Boleyn, Katherine Howard.
13. Erickson: Bloody Mary.
14. Loades: The Tudor Queens, Henry VIII: Court, Church and Conflict.
15. Norton: Anne Boleyn.
16. Ibid.
17. Ives speculates that the liaison might just be dated to the 1510s; Ridley says that it was going on in February 1516, at the time of the Princess Mary’s christening (The Life and Times of Mary Tudor), and Loades states that Mary was sharing Henry VIII’s bed during the years when Anne Boleyn was at the French court (i.e., between the spring of 1515 and the spring of 1522). Plowden thinks that the affair probably began in 1519 (The Other Boleyn Girl). It has been suggested that Henry probably became interested in Mary during Elizabeth Blount’s pregnancy in 1519, and that she supplanted Elizabeth in 1519 or 1520 (Loades: The Tudor Queens; Henry VIII; Court, Church and Conflict; Cannon and Hargreaves). Denny assumes that their liaison began early in 1520: “By April 1522 … Mary had been Henry’s mistress for two years.”
It has been claimed that Reginald Pole referred to Henry being the first to spoil Mary, and some have inferred from this that the affair took place before her marriage, as Pole does not refer to her as a married woman (Beauclerk-Dewar and Powell); but Pole actually wrote that the King had “first violated and for a long time after kept [Mary] as [his] concubine,” meaning the violation came first, not that the King was the first man to sleep with her.
Several writers state that Mary was married to William Carey during her affair with the King (Lindsey; Luke; Hamer; Denny: Anne Boleyn; Jones), or that she was perhaps given Carey as a reward when Henry had finished with her (Lindsey). Jones states, as if it were an established fact, that “as soon as Henry declared his interest in her, she was found a husband,” and that the affair began either before or “shortly after” the wedding. Powell writes that she became the King’s mistress after her marriage, suggesting that the affair “almost certainly” began in 1520, either during the visit of the Emperor Charles V to England in May, or at the Field of Cloth of Gold. Van Duyn Southworth, Johnson, and Hackett suggest a date of 1520–21, Hackett romantically imagining Henry noticing Mary’s “warm consoling gaze” at the Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520.
Nicholas Sander stated in 1585 that Henry brought Mary to court and “ruined her” after her father returned from France in March 1520; of course, she was already at court by then. Friedmann states that “the affair between the King and Mary Boleyn began almost immediately after she married William Carey.” Ashdown firmly states that Mary became the King’s mistress in 1521, “the same year in which she married William Carey (sic.)” (Ladies in Waiting). Ridley thinks that “she was probably Henry’s mistress both before and after the marriage” (Henry VIII). Norton states that, by the time of Anne Boleyn’s return to England early in 1522, Mary was “well-established as Henry VIII’s mistress” (Anne Boleyn). Murphy and Mathew wisely state only that the affair began after her marriage to Carey, Rex that it flourished in the early 1520s (The Tudors). Wilson writes that it started in 1524–25 (In the Lion’s Court). Warnicke dates it as late as 1525, purely on the grounds that, in that year, the King became “increasingly alienated” from Queen Katherine after her nephew, the Emperor Charles V, jilted Princess Mary in order to marry the fabulously wealthy Isabella of Portugal (“Anne Boleyn’s Childhood”). Round also suggests that the affair “may not improbably be placed as late as 1525,” the year in which Thomas Boleyn was ennobled and there was “a change in Henry for the worse” after he ceased having sexual relations with Queen Katherine. According to Round, “there is nothing to prove that [the affair] belongs to an earlier date.”
All this is speculation.
18. Ives; Haigh; Murphy.
19. Cf. Parmiter; Starkey: Six Wives; Hart; Fox; Stella Fletcher; Wilkinson: The Early Loves of Anne Boleyn.
20. Fraser.
21. Norton: Anne Boleyn. She states elsewhere that there is no evidence that Elizabeth Howard was Henry’s mistress.
22. Rex: Henry VIII.
23. Thornton-Cook.
24. Jones.
25. Hackett.
26. Hackett; Hart; Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn. Wilkinson may be correct in suggesting that Sir William Compton probably approached Mary on the King’s behalf.
27. Hobden.
28. Jones.
29. Hart.
30. Loades: The Tudor Queens.
31. L. & P.
32. Luke.
33. Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII.
34. English Historical Documents, 5, 1485–1558.
35. L. & P.
36. Ibid.; Herbert.
37. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
38. L. & P.
39. Cavendish: The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey.
40. Wyatt.
41. For this pageant, see Hall and L. & P.
42. Wilkinson: The Early Loves of Anne Boleyn. Although it has long been assumed that the Countess of Devon was Katherine of York, Wilkinson is correct in identifying her as Gertrude Blount, whose mother-in-law, Katherine of York, daughter of Edward IV and aunt of Henry VIII, would surely have been referred to as the Dowager Countess. Besides, Katherine of York was then forty-three, and rather old to be dancing in a court pageant.
43. Tallis.
44. Luke.
45. Bruce.
46. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
47. L. & P.
48. Murphy.
49. Fox.
50. For example, Friedmann; Michael Clark; Erickson: Anne Boleyn; Hackett; Starkey: Six Wives; Martin Hume; Albert; Norton: Anne Boleyn; Sergeant; Murphy; Powell; Varlow: The Lady Penelope.
51. Hackett.
52. Varlow: The Lady Penelope.
53. Ibid.; Bagley; Bruce; Jones.
54. Chapman.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid.; The Complete Peerage.
60. State Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII.
61. L. & P.
62. Ibid.
63. Ball.
64. L. & P.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid.
67. Powell.
68. L. & P.
69. Childe-Pemberton.
70. Ibid.; Murphy.
71. Murphy.
72. Norton: Anne Boleyn.
73. Six Wives.
74. L. & P.
75. Erickson: Anne Boleyn.
76. Norton: Anne Boleyn.
77. L. & P.
78. Lofts.
79. L. & P.
80. Ibid.
81. Ibid.
82. Ives; Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn; Friedmann; Hoskins; Loades: The Six Wives of Henry VIII; Jones; Fox; Stella Fletcher; Hutchinson; Varlow: The Lady Penelope.
83. Plowden: The Other Boleyn Girl.
84. L. & P.; Ives.
85. L. & P.
86. Which I have not been able to trace; it is not to be identified with Wickford, as that name derives from the Saxon word wic, meaning a dwelling place, fort, or spring, and all early versions of the name Wickford are spelled with an i.
87. L. & P.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid.
90. Ibid. The annuity of £100 came “out of the Earl of Derby’s land.”
91. Ibid. Herbage was the right to graze cattle, and pannage the right to allow pigs to go into woodland to root for masts and nuts.
92. Robinson; V. C. H.: Wiltshire.
93. L. & P.
94. Ibid.
95. V. C. H.: Essex.
96. L. & P.
97. Ibid.
98. Hoskins says 1527, but in L. & P. this grant is correctly listed in the early months of 1526, as Warnicke (The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn) and others have rightly accepted.
99. L. & P.; these lands would be sold off in 1552 and 1553 by William’s son, Henry Carey.
100. Hall.
101. For example, Bowle; Ridley: Henry VIII; Chapman; James.
102. S. C.
103. Hall.
104. L. & P.; Cotton mss. Vespasian; The Antiquarian Repertory.
105. L. & P.
106. Erickson: Anne Boleyn.
107. L. & P.
108. Erickson: Anne Boleyn; Jones.
109. Carlton.
110. Luke.
111. Friedmann.
112. Wyatt.
113. Powell.
7: LIVING IN AVOUTRY
1. For a broader discussion, see Given-Wilson and Rickman.
2. S. C.
3. L. & P.
4. Barbara Harris.
5. V. C.
6. Wilkinson: The Early Loves of Anne Boleyn.
7. Brysson Morrison.
8. Ridley: Henry VIII; Wilkinson: The Early Loves of Anne Boleyn.
9. Wilson: In the Lion’s Court.
10. Murphy.
11. Luke; Denny: Katherine Howard.
12. Erickson: Anne Boleyn.
13. Lindsey.
14. Varlow: The Lady Penelope.
15. Claremont.
16. Bruce.
17. Luke.
18. Chapman.
19. Erickson: Bloody Mary.
20. Fraser.
21. Brysson Morrison.
22. Martin Hume.
23. Chapman.
24. Ibid.
25. Wilkinson: The Early Loves of Anne Boleyn.
26. Denny: Anne Boleyn; Wilkinson: The Early Loves of Anne Boleyn.
27. Hart.
28. Benton Fletcher.
29. L. & P.; Hoskins; Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn. Wilkinson sees this grant as marking the end of Henry VIII’s affair with Mary Boleyn.
30. Powell.
31. Hoskins.
32. Colvin.
33. Ibid.
34. Dixon.
35. L. & P.
36. Not Cardinal Wolsey, as Hart suggests.
37. Hart.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Tallis.
41. Friedmann.
42. Denny: Anne Boleyn.
43. Norton: Anne Boleyn; Mathew.
44. Sergeant.
45. Luke.
46. Ibid.
47. Bruce.
48. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
49. Denny: Anne Boleyn.
50. Luke.
51. Contrary to Hart’s claim that “we have no evidence of her ever exercising patronage.”
52. Hostillers’ Books, Durham Cathedral Muniments.
53. L. & P.; Dugdale; Ives; Douglas Richardson; Craster. Thomas Gardiner was the son of William Gardiner of London by Helen (or Ellen), a bastard daughter of Henry VIII’s great-uncle, Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke, and thus cousin to the King.
54. Hutchinson.
55. Lacey.
56. Jones.
57. Bruce.
58. Erickson: Bloody Mary.
59. Hart.
60. Bagley.
61. L. & P.
62. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
63. Starkey: Six Wives; Luke.
64. Beckingsale.
65. Loades: The Tudor Queens; Hoskins; Hart.
66. Flügel.
67. Warnicke: “Anne Boleyn’s Childhood.”
68. Hoskins.
69. Loades: The Tudor Queens, The Six Wives of Henry VIII.
70. Murphy.
71. Ibid.
72. Loades: Mary Tudor.
73. L. & P.
74. S. C.
75. Hackett.
76. Smith: Henry VIII: The Mask of Royalty.
77. S. C.
78. Ibid.; L. & P.
79. Puttenham. A varlet was an attendant or page, but the word could also mean a rascal or knave.
80. Hoskins.
81. L. & P.
82. State Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII.
83. L. & P.
84. Ibid.
85. Erickson: Anne Boleyn.
8: HIDING ROYAL BLOOD
1. Not 1529–30, as was once claimed, or 1526, as claimed by Bernard (Anne Boleyn), or 1525, the date sometimes given, since her brother was almost certainly born that year, while Jones is incorrect in saying that Mary “finally became pregnant in June1525,”and in claiming that there is still “some dispute” as to which of her children was born first.
2. There is no evidence that the child was christened Katherine Mary Carey, as Tunis calls her; middle names were virtually unknown in early Tudor England.
3. Bruce.
4. Hoskins and Wilkinson (Mary Boleyn) give the year as 1526. Hoskins has argued that the grant of February 1527 (sic.)—which in fact belongs to 1526—marks the first birthday of Mary’s son, yet it is far more likely that Henry Carey was born in 1525. Murphy has muddled the dates, saying that Henry was born in 1524 and Katherine in 1526. Rootsweb and other websites claim that Henry was born—and later married—at Hengrave Hall in Suffolk, but I can find no contemporary evidence for this, and no link between the Careys and Thomas Kytson, the wealthy cloth merchant who built Hengrave between 1525 and 1538. Nor can I find any evidence to support Claremont’s claim that there was a second daughter from the marriage called Mary.
5. L. & P.
6. Starkey: Six Wives; Bernard: Anne Boleyn; Fox. Bruce gives the date incorrectly as 1524, Erickson (Anne Boleyn) as 1522 or thereabouts, Loades (The Six Wives of Henry VIII) as 1527, while Beauclerk-Dewar and Powell assert that “the uncertain date of [Henry Carey’s] birth makes it possible, though not probable, that he had been conceived when Mary Boleyn was Henry VIII’s mistress.”
7. Hoskins; Hilliam; Waldherr; Carlton; Erickson: Anne Boleyn, The First Elizabeth; Denny: Anne Boleyn, Katherine Howard; Tunis; Jones; Hart; Fox; Stella Fletcher; Bernard: The King’s Reformation. Warnicke (The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn) claims the son was the King’s child, on the grounds that Mary had been Henry’s mistress in 1525.
8. Hackett.
9. Rex: Henry VIII.
10. Starkey: Six Wives; Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
11. Jones.
12. Powell.
13. Hoskins.
14. Doran.
15. Martienssen.
16. L. & P.; Douglas Richardson, in a letter to the author; Levin.
17. Michael Clark; Sergeant.
18. Warnicke: “Anne Boleyn’s Childhood.”
19. V. C.
20. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
21. Cf. Plowden: The Other Boleyn Girl.
22. L. & P.; Aungier.
23. It is clear that Hale was not referring to Henry Carey being banished from the court because the boy was “an idiot,” as Erickson claims (Anne Boleyn); there is no evidence whatsoever for this.
24. L. & P.
25. Bernard: Anne Boleyn.
26. Mattingly.
27. L. & P.
28. Hoskins; Varlow: The Lady Penelope.
29. Hoskins: Lady Antonia Fraser’s views regarding the Careys’ paternity and Anthony Hoskins’s paper.
30. Rex: Henry VIII; Starkey: The Reign of Henry VIII.
31. Bagley.
32. L. & P.
33. If the landowner had no son, his property went to his legitimate brothers or nephews (Barbara Harris).
34. Barbara Harris.
35. For example, Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn; Hoskins.
36. Murphy; Harleian mss. Hart gives the date incorrectly as 1532.
37. Hoskins; L’Estrange.
38. Hoskins.
39. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
40. See Weir, The Lady in the Tower, for a fuller discussion.
41. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
42. For a fuller discussion of the subject of Henry’s alleged impotence in 1536, see Weir: The Lady in the Tower.
43. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
44. Hoskins.
45. Murphy.
46. Hoskins.
47. Murphy.
48. V. C.
49. Denny: Katherine Howard.
50. Ibid.; Hoskins; Hart.
51. Hoskins: Lady Antonia Fraser’s views regarding the Careys’ paternity and Anthony Hoskins’s paper.
52. For example, Loades: Henry VIII: Court, Church and Conflict; Fraser.
53. For this dictionary, see Varlow: “Sir Francis Knollys’s Latin Dictionary: New Evidence for Katherine Carey,” The Lady Penelope.
54. Ibid.; Croft and Hearn.
55. Croft and Hearn.
56. Diana Scarisbrick.
57. Varlow: The Lady Penelope.
58. Varlow: “Sir Francis Knollys’s Latin Dictionary: New Evidence for Katherine Carey.”
59. Private collection, on loan to Shakespeare’s Globe, London.
60. Varlow: The Lady Penelope.
61. Ives; he asserts that the affair ended in or before 1526 and that Henry Carey was Mary’s first child.
62. Varlow: The Lady Penelope.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid.
65. Hughes.
66. Hoskins: Lady Antonia Fraser’s views regarding the Careys’ paternity and Anthony Hoskins’s paper.
67. Wilkinson (Mary Boleyn) has suggested that a miniature attributed to Levina Teerlinc of Lady Katherine Grey with her son, Edward Seymour, at Belvoir Castle, Rutland, is in fact a likeness of Katherine Carey, but the sitter in that portrait is clearly the same lady as depicted in another Teerlinc miniature in the Victoria and Albert Museum, whose identification as Katherine Grey is based on a very early inscription on the back. Moreover, she has a circular miniature of her husband, Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, attached by a ribbon to her bodice.
68. By, for example, Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
69. Varlow: “Sir Francis Knollys’s Latin Dictionary: New Evidence for Katherine Carey”; Jones.
70. The Lady Penelope.
71. The Complete Peerage; Dictionary of National Biography; Gerald Paget; Hoskins; Jones.
72. Cited by Beauclerk-Dewar and Powell; see their book for Perrot, also Turvey; Barnwell.
73. L. & P.
74. Beauclerk-Dewar and Powell.
75. Jones.
76. For example, Jones, who tells an unfounded tale about Henry visiting the Perrots in Pembrokeshire and enjoying the hunting there, as well as the lady of the house.
77. Turvey.
78. Calendar of State Papers: Ireland: Elizabeth I, 1588–92.
79. Cited by Simpson.
80. Wright: The History of Ireland.
81. Notably by Jones, who accepts that he was Henry’s son.
82. Cited by Simpson.
83. Edwards.
84. Murphy says March 1525.
85. Edwards; Murphy; Hart.
86. See McClure; Hughey.
87. According to a recent theory, Joan Dingley was not so lowly born, but is to be identified with Joan, the daughter of a Gloucestershire gentleman, John Moore, who married one James Dingley (Jones); but in his will of 1547, Malte referred to Etheldreda’s mother as “Joan Dingley, now the wife of one Dobson,” and since Joan Moore subsequently married Michael Ashfield and Thomas Parker, that theory must fall.
88. Jones.
89. L. & P.
90. Cited by Poynton.
91. Harington et al.
92. Ibid.
93. L. & P.
94. Ibid.
95. Hughey.
96. Cited by Hughey.
97. Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office, Mary and Philip and Mary.
98. Hughey.
99. Ibid.; Levin.
100. Hughey.
101. Levin.
102. L. & P.; The Complete Peerage.
103. Ridley, in The Love Letters of Henry VIII; Norton: Anne Boleyn; Murphy; Ives.
104. The Complete Peerage.
105. L. & P.
106. Given-Wilson.
107. Fraser.
108. V.C.
9: THE SISTER OF YOUR FORMER CONCUBINE
1. Hart; Jones; Williams: Henry VIII and His Court.
2. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
3. Friedmann.
4. L. & P.; Rex: Henry VIII; Carlton; Erickson: Anne Boleyn; Hamer; Jones.
5. Jones.
6. L. & P.
7. Wilkinson (Mary Boleyn) claims that the King paid £521.8s.6½d (£168,000) for the Mary Boleyn, but what L. & P. III 3358 (the source she cites) actually records is that wages, rewards, and victualing for its seventy-nine-strong crew came to £352.8s.6½d. (£113,500).
8. Antonia Fraser believes that the liaison was over by 1524; Hoskins (also in Lady Antonia Fraser’s views regarding the Careys’ paternity) is incorrect in claiming that she is the only historian who believes the affair ended prior to 1526. David Starkey suggests that it ceased around Christmas 1524, after Mary became pregnant with her husband’s child (Six Wives), a view echoed by Jones; Loades (The Six Wives of Henry VIII) and Norton say it was over by 1525 (although Norton opts for 1526 elsewhere), Loades (Mary Tudor) and Wilkinson (Mary Boleyn) stating that it had lasted three years; Erickson cautiously opts for the mid-1520s (Great Harry) or by the summer of 1525 (Anne Boleyn), Parmiter, Doran, Ashdown (Ladies in Waiting), Hart, Stella, Fletcher, and Wilkinson (The Early Loves of Anne Boleyn) for 1525, Wilkinson (Mary Boleyn) for the autumn of 1525, Varlow (The Lady Penelope) for when Henry “transferred his affections to Anne sometime near the end of 1525,” while Ives, Scarisbrick, Plowden (The Other Boleyn Girl) and Denny (Anne Boleyn) think it ended in or before 1526.
9. Hoskins.
10. Cf. Fraser.
11. Powell.
12. Lindsey; Jenner.
13. Bruce.
14. Denny: Anne Boleyn.
15. Ibid.; Carroll.
16. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
17. As Jones claims.
18. Carroll.
19. Fox.
20. Beauclerk-Dewar and Powell.
21. Denny: Katherine Howard.
22. Beauclerk-Dewar and Powell.
23. Walder.
24. Thornton-Cook.
25. Porter.
26. Ridley, in The Love Letters of Henry VIII; Savage, in The Love Letters of Henry VIII; Thornton-Cook; Jones.
27. Scarisbrick, for example.
28. Jones is incorrect in stating that the first evidence of Henry’s interest in Anne dates from 1528.
29. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
30. L. & P.
31. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
32. Cavendish: The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey; L. & P.
33. L. & P.
34. Cavendish: The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey.
35. L. & P.; Bernard: “The Rise of Sir William Compton, Tudor Courtier.”
36. L. & P. It has been suggested (Jansen) that the Mrs. Amadas who was arrested in 1533, and who had been courted by Henry VIII, was not the wife of Robert, Master of the Jewel House, but of John Amadas (before 1489–1554/5), one of the King’s Sergeants-at-Arms (L. & P.), who owned properties in Kent, Devon, and Cornwall. He had married by 1519, but his wife’s name is unknown; she was dead by 1542, when he remarried. However, the entry relating to monies owed by Robert Amadas appears immediately after that relating to “Mrs. Amadas’s treason” in L. & P., July 1533, and refers to information laid by her, so it seems incontestable that the two are connected.
Robert Amadas was dead before August 1533, when Elizabeth, who seems to have been released from custody without punishment, married Sir Thomas Neville.
37. Loades: Henry VIII: Court, Church and Conflict.
38. Hall.
39. Now in the Vatican Library.
40. L. & P.
41. Norton: She Wolves.
42. Fox.
43. Bruce.
44. Luke.
45. Hackett.
46. Lacey.
47. Flügel; Smith: Henry VIII: The Mask of Royalty.
48. Erickson: Anne Boleyn.
49. Ibid.
50. Lacey.
51. Norton: Anne Boleyn.
52. Luke.
53. Round, who thought that Thomas Boleyn owed his ennoblement to Mary becoming the King’s mistress; Friedmann concurs, stating that it was Boleyn who “reaped the golden harvest,” not Mary or her husband.
54. Cf. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
55. Fox.
56. The Rutland Papers.
57. L. & P.; Cotton mss. Vespasian; The Antiquarian Repertory.
58. Starkey, in The Renaissance at Sutton Place.
59. L. & P.
60. Ibid.
61. See, for example, Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
62. L. & P.
63. Hall; Henry VIII: A European Court in England. For Holbein’s possible portrait of William Carey, see Appendix II.
64. Kelly.
65. S. C.; Sander.
66. Gwyn.
67. S. C.
68. Kelly.
69. The Complete Peerage.
70. S. C.
71. Wilson: Henry VIII: Reformer and Tyrant.
72. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
73. Ives; Fraser; Bernard: Anne Boleyn. The late Abbess’s name is sometimes incorrectly given as Elizabeth Shelford.
74. Starkey: Six Wives.
75. L. & P.
76. As Bowle claims.
77. L. & P.; Knowles.
78. Denny: Anne Boleyn.
79. See Chapter 10.
80. L. & P.
81. Ambassades en Angleterre de Jean du Bellay, 1527–29.
82. Hall.
83. L. & P.
84. V. C; Flood.
85. Starkey, in The Renaissance at Sutton Place.
86. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn; Flood.
87. Ambassades en Angleterre de Jean du Bellay, 1527–29.
88. Gardiner.
89. Ambassades en Angleterre de Jean du Bellay, 1527–29.
90. L. & P.
91. Ibid.; Hall.
92. Ambassades en Angleterre de Jean du Bellay, 1527–29.
93. L. & P.
94. Starkey, in The Renaissance at Sutton Place.
95. Mattingly.
96. L. & P.
97. Hall.
98. Ambassades en Angleterre de Jean du Bellay, 1527–29.
99. L. & P.
100. Ibid.
101. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
10: IN BONDAGE
1. William Carey’s inquisition postmortem is in L. & P.; Benton; V. C. H.: Buckinghamshire and Cambridgeshire.
2. L. & P.
3. Ibid.
4. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn. These were the manors of “Tracies [Traceys], Stansford [Stanford] Rivers, and Suttons, and appurtenances there and in High Ongar, Essex.” Formerly owned by the Duke of Buckingham, they had been granted to William Carey and Mary his wife on June 18, 1524 (L. & P.). I am indebted to Josephine Wilkinson for this reference.
The three manors all lay southwest of Chipping Ongar. There is no evidence that their lords were ever in residence in the early sixteenth century. There is a record of Mary holding a manorial court at Stanford Rivers in 1534, but that manor—and probably the others—had reverted to the Crown by 1544 (V. C. H.: Essex).
5. Walder.
6. Hackett.
7. Bruce.
8. Albert.
9. Lofts.
10. Ibid.
11. L. & P.
12. Fox.
13. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
14. L. & P.
15. Lindsey; Denny: Anne Boleyn.
16. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
17. Erickson: Bloody Mary.
18. Cf. Brewer, in L. & P. Wilkinson suggests that Henry referred the matter to Boleyn in case Mary was trying to tempt her father “to act inappropriately” (Mary Boleyn); this seems unlikely, given Henry’s comments.
19. Lindsey.
20. L. & P. Carroll, without citing a scource, says the King also gave her an elaborately wrought golden cup.
21. Tunis’s statement that Mary remarried in 1528, six years before she actually did so, is unfounded.
22. L. & P.
23. Ives.
24. Friedmann.
25. L. & P.
26. Denny: Anne Boleyn.
27. L. & P.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Now in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
31. L. & P.
32. Brewer, in L. & P.
33. S. C.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. The Complete Peerage; L. & P.
37. The Privy Purse Expenses of King Henry the Eighth from November MDXIX to December MDXXXII; Wilkinson (Mary Boleyn) states that Mary was styled “Lady Rochford” from June 1525, when her father was created Viscount Rochford, but that title rightly belonged to her mother.
38. L. & P.; Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
39. The Privy Purse Expenses of King Henry the Eighth from November MDXIX to December MDXXXII.
40. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
41. Hall.
42. L. & P. It is sometimes claimed, incorrectly—for example, by Sergeant—that Mary was given the shirt by Henry, but the entry in L. & P. is clear, while women did not wear shirts anyway.
43. L. & P.
44. V. C.; L. & P. gives just ten or twelve.
45. S. C.
46. L. & P.
47. S. C.
48. Ibid.
49. For the Calais trip, see chiefly Hall; du Bellay; Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts existing in the Archives and Collections of Milan; V. C.; Worde; L. & P.; S. C.; The Chronicle of Calais; An English Garner; Hamy.
50. Hall.
51. Colvin.
52. Ibid.
53. S. C.
54. V. C.
55. Worde. Ives suggests that the name “my Lady Mary” does not refer to Mary Boleyn, and that Wynkyn de Worde was deliberately fed false information that the King’s daughter Mary—“my Lady Mary”—was present and willing to give place to Anne Boleyn. Ives says that Mary Boleyn would not have taken precedence over the Countess of Derby and Lady FitzWalter; yet Anne Boleyn—until recently only the Lady Anne Boleyn—had taken precedence over all other ladies of rank, at the King’s instance, and Mary was her sister. Furthermore, as Lady Mary Rochford, Mary was entitled to be called “my Lady Mary.”
56. Hall.
57. L. & P.; Losing Your Head Over Henry: Mary Boleyn; Lindsey; Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn; Bindoff.
58. The Lisle Letters; L. & P.
59. Hall.
60. S. C.
61. Ibid.
62. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
63. L. & P.
64. Somerset: Ladies in Waiting; Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
65. Latymer.
66. Foxe.
67. L. & P.
68. Ibid.
69. Statutes of the Realm.
70. L. & P.
71. Hall.
72. Not her mother, as Wilkinson (Mary Boleyn) states; her mother would have been styled Countess of/Lady Wiltshire, not Lady Boleyn.
73. L. & P.
74. The Chronicle of King Henry VIII of England.
75. Hall.
76. Cranmer.
77. State Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII.
78. Varlow: The Lady Penelope.
79. Ibid.
80. S. C.
81. Ibid.
11: HIGH DISPLEASURE
1. S. C.
2. Ibid.
3. Smith: A Tudor Tragedy.
4. Fraser.
5. Sergeant.
6. L. & P.
7. Bindoff.
8. L. & P.
9. This is inferred from the fact that William became a Gentleman Pensioner around 1540, and they were required to handle a wide range of weapons and cut a fine figure on horseback.
10. Savage, in The Love Letters of Henry VIII.
11. L. & P.
12. Ibid. He was not a hanger-on at court, as Hughes claims.
13. Those of William Stafford (c.1259–1315?), who married Isabella, daughter of Robert de Stafford, and Sir John Stafford (c. 1315–c.1370), who married Margaret, daughter of Ralph, 1st Earl of Stafford.
14. Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem: Henry VII, although in 1517 his age is given as forty-two, thus placing his birth in 1475, not 1478.
15. L. & P.
16. V. C. H.: Staffordshire.
17. Contrary to what Jones states.
18. V C. H.: Hertfordshire.
19. L. & P.
20. Ibid. It is unlikely that this was the King’s fool, William Somer(s), who is said to have been brought to court and immediately appointed to that post by an impressed Henry VIII in 1525; although he may have been under twenty-one, the upper age for wardship in 1529, he was not the heir to an estate.
21. L. & P.
22. The Chronicle of Calais.
23. L. & P.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Chapman.
28. Ives.
29. S. C.
30. L. & P.
31. S. C.
32. L. & P.
33. S. C.
34. L. & P.
35. Ibid.
36. L. & P.
37. Hackett.
38. Hart.
39. Lindsey.
40. Ibid.
41. L. & P.
42. I can find no source for Jones’s statement that Henry wrote to Lord Rochford, asking him to contact his father about helping Mary, and that the couple were given Rochford Hall; Fox states that Mary lived there with her father’s blessing prior to his death, but does not cite any source, and in fact Mary inherited that house from her grandmother in 1540 (although livery of her lands was not granted until 1543). It has been claimed elsewhere that Cromwell insisted that Wiltshire help his daughter, and that an angry Wiltshire flatly refused to do so; again, I can find no contemporary evidence for this, and it would appear that this episode has been confused with the events following William Carey’s death, when Henry VIII stepped in to insist that Boleyn succor Mary.
43. Lindsey.
44. Hart.
45. Denny: Katherine Howard; Hart. Neither cites a source for the gift of the cup.
46. Denny: Anne Boleyn.
47. Porter.
48. Ibid.
49. Walder.
50. Friedmann. As Wilkinson (Mary Boleyn) points out, sources naming him Edward have probably confused him with Stafford’s eldest son by his second wife. His date of death is sometimes given as 1545, without any source being cited.
51. Erickson: Anne Boleyn.
52. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
53. Latymer; Bourbon; L. & P.; Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
54. Bourbon.
55. Denny: Anne Boleyn.
56. S. C.
57. Hughes.
58. Varlow: “Sir Francis Knollys’s Latin Dictionary: New Evidence for Katherine Carey.”
59. L. & P.
60. The Chronicle of Calais.
61. V C.
62. The Chronicle of Calais.
63. Ibid.; V. C.
64. The Chronicle of Calais.
65. Ibid.
66. L. & P. The same source also records that, at some point during her widowhood, Mary, “lately wife to William Carey, deceased,” was granted the wardship of one William Bailey, with his lands in Wiltshire, Kent, and Hertfordshire. This is mentioned in an undated grant of 1546. It may also have been for Katherine Carey’s maintenance.
12: A POOR HONEST LIFE
1. L. & P. Josephine Wilkinson, in conversation with the author, has raised the possibility that the “sister” referred to by Pio was not Mary but Jane Parker, Lady Rochford, with either the term “sister” being used interchangeably with “sister-in-law,” or Pio being in error: after all, he got it wrong about Anne’s miscarriage. Pio obviously had heard of Mary, and he might have assumed she was the one attending Anne. But Mary had been banished from court, and it seems curious that she would be allowed back to comfort Anne only to vanish again afterward. I am most grateful to Dr. Wilkinson for kindly agreeing to my publishing her theory in this book.
2. Wriothesley; Hall.
3. Van Duyn Southworth; Sergeant.
4. Wilkinson: Mary Boleyn.
5. For a full account of Anne’s fall, see Weir: The Lady in the Tower; also Ives; Bernard: Anne Boleyn.
6. Weir: The Lady in the Tower.
7. S. C. It was Froude who first deduced that these were the grounds on which the marriage was annulled.
8. Ridley: Henry VIII.
9. Statutes of the Realm.
10. Ibid.
11. Ridley: Henry VIII; Kelly.
12. Bagley.
13. Brigden.
14. The Complete Peerage.
15. Tallis.
16. Hare; Westminster Abbey: Official Guides.
17. Cotton mss. Cleopatra.
18. Cited by Beauclerk-Dewar and Powell.
19. Naunton.
20. Dating from 1513 and now in the British Library.
21. Cited by Sitwell.
22. Cited by Rowse.
23. L. & P.
24. Brigden and Wilson.
25. Tighe.
26. L. & P.
27. Brigden and Wilson.
28. Walder.
29. L. & P.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid. Denny (Anne Boleyn) is incorrect in following Strickland’s long discredited theory that the countess died in 1512, whereupon Thomas Boleyn supposedly took a second wife who came from “inferior gentry” stock.
33. L. & P.
34. Ibid.; The Lisle Letters; Ives.
35. National Archives: Exchequer Inquisition Post Mortem, 639/4,493/4. Wiltshire did not end his life in disgrace, as Griffith states.
36. L. & P.
37. Ibid.
38. The Complete Peerage.
39. L. & P.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.; The Chronicle of Calais; Weir: The Six Wives of Henry VIII.
43. L. & P.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. The post cannot have been secured for Katherine by Mary Boleyn, as Jones claims, for Mary was probably still in Calais at that time, and had no influence at the English court, which she probably never visited after 1534.
49. L. & P.
50. Ibid.
51. For Rochford Hall, see Michael Clark; Wright: The County of Essex; Benton; Barnes and Newman; Tompkins; Cryer; Barrett; Stogdon; Royal Commission on Historical Monuments in Essex. From the eleventh century to the fourteenth, the manor had been the property of the de Essex and de Rochford families. In 1342, after the de Rochford line had died out, Edward III granted the manor to William de Bohun, Earl of Northampton, and thence it had come into the possession of the Crown through the marriage of Bohun’s granddaughter Mary to the future Henry IV. Henry IV restored the manor to another granddaughter of William de Bohun, Joan FitzAlan, Lady Bergavenny, who bequeathed it on her death in 1435 to James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond (the “White Earl”), Mary Boleyn’s great-uncle, who was created Earl of Wiltshire in 1449. It was this James Butler who, in the 1450s, dismantled the old manor house and built in its place the mansion that would become Rochford Hall. The fifth Earl, a stout Lancastrian, was attaindered and executed in 1461 for supporting the wrong side in the Wars of the Roses, and the manor again reverted to the Crown. It remained in the royal gift throughout the Yorkist period, but was restored, with all the other family estates, to Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond, by the first Tudor King, Henry VII, soon after his accession in 1485.
52. Rochford Hall was solidly constructed of red brick and Kentish ragstone, with walls up to three feet thick, and was moated on at least three sides. The bricks were similar to those used for Hampton Court in the 1530s, and the woodwork was of the same style as that used in the 1540s for the Lieutenant’s Lodging—the present Queen’s House—in the Tower of London. Rochford Hall was a gabled house, built around three or four courtyards, and boasted at least three octagonal towers (of the twelfth or thirteenth century), perpendicular door arches, and high, twisting Tudor chimneys. There were east, west, and middle wings, leading southward from the north wing, and a great hall and chapel, testifying to the high status of the hall’s occupants. Tradition has it that the original chapel was largely destroyed by a great fire before 1461.
53. Michael Clark. This suggests that Stafford retained his association with or stayed on at Rochford Hall after his stepson, Henry Carey, inherited it.
54. Barrett.
55. Wilkinson (Mary Boleyn) gives this as Hendon.
56. Wilkinson (Mary Boleyn) gives this as Bransted.
57. L. & P.
58. Fox.
59. L. & P.; Ball.
60. The date is recorded by Sir Francis Knollys in his Latin dictionary.
61. L. & P.
62. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn; Hasler.
63. There is no evidence to support claims that Katherine was appointed a companion to Anne of Cleves and went to live with her at Hever, one of the properties the former Queen had been given as part of her nullity settlement.
64. L. & P.
65. Wilkinson (Mary Boleyn) gives this as Leith.
66. L. & P. Within three years Henry VIII had sold Henden to Sir Thomas Gresham (L. & P.).
67. Ibid.; Bindoff.
68. L. & P.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid. Letters Patent are legal instruments in the form of an open letter from a monarch to a subject, granting lands, offices, rights, or titles.
72. Bindoff. They did not, as Denny (Anne Boleyn) states, live there as newlyweds.
73. L. & P.
74. Ibid.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid.
77. Ibid.
78. Ibid.
79. Blomefield; Round.
80. For a fuller discussion, see Weir: The Lady in the Tower; Borman.
81. L. & P.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid.
84. According to her inquisition postmortem in the National Archives, cited by Round.
85. Beauclerk-Dewar and Powell.
86. L. & P.
87. Michael Clark.
88. Cited by Tallis.
89. Also cited by Tallis.
90. It has been established that the diapered bricks used for the present church tower are the same as those used for Rochford Hall, and that they are similar to those used at Hampton Court in the 1530s.
91. Savage, in The Love Letters of Henry VIII.
APPENDIX I: OF HER GRACE’S KIN
1. For his later career, see Bindoff.
2. L. & P.
3. Ibid.
4. Ruth Richardson.
5. Hoskins.
6. For details of the Carey children’s lives, see, for example: Michael Clark; Beauclerk-Dewar and Powell; The Complete Peerage; The Dictionary of National Biography; Varlow (both titles).
7. Michael Clark; Hughes.
8. Bindoff. Again, there is no evidence that they married at Hengrave Hall, Suffolk, as asserted in Rootsweb.
9. Beauclerk-Dewar and Powell.
10. Varlow: “Sir Francis Knollys’s Latin Dictionary: New Evidence for Katherine Carey”; Carey.
11. Naunton.
12. Varlow: The Lady Penelope.
13. Ibid.
14. Michael Clark.
15. Ibid.
16. “Household Expenses of the Princess Elizabeth during her Residence at Hatfield October 1, 1551 to September 30, 1552.”
17. I am indebted to Peter Steward for information about Philadelphia Carey; he lives in a property she once owned at Hambleden, near Henley-on-Thames.
18. For example, Fox.
19. Hughes.
20. Hoskins.
21. Varlow: The Lady Penelope.
22. Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary, Queen of Scots, 1547–1603.
23. Lansdowne mss.
24. Letters of Mary, Queen of Scots.
25. The Love Letters of Mary, Queen of Scots, to James, Earl of Bothwell.
26. I am indebted to Douglas Richardson, the author of Plantagenet Ancestry, for drawing my attention to these letters and laying out these arguments.
27. Jones says £400.
28. The Complete Peerage.
29. Hoskins; Bindoff; Clutterbuck.
30. L. & P.
31. Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas, Vols.1–4, Elizabeth I, 1558–1603.
32. Rowse.
33. Cited by Somerset: Elizabeth I.
34. Aikin.
35. Naunton.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Hoskins.
40. Cited by Johnson.
41. National Archives: SP 15/17/113.
42. Cited by Rowse.
43. Brewer.
44. Naunton.
45. Cited by Neale.
46. Black.
47. Collection of the late Lord Berkeley, Hunsdon’s descendant.
48. Strong: Gloriana: The Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I.
49. Asquith.
50. Ibid.
51. Doran.
52. Of course, there are other theories as to her identity; I am grateful to Dr. Katharine Craik of Oxford Brookes University for kindly sending me a reading list on the “Dark Lady.”
53. Beauclerk-Dewar and Powell.
54. There are several studies of Emilia Lanier; see, for example, McBride; Woods.
55. Naunton; Fuller.
56. Not the Sanctuary, as Fox states.
57. Stow.
58. Michael Clark; The Complete Peerage; Jones.
59. Varlow: The Lady Penelope.
60. Westminster Abbey: Official Guide; Jenkyns; Trowles.
61. Hoskins.
62. Baker.
63. Jenkyns.
64. Birch; David Hume; Strickland.
65. Carey.
66. Varlow: “Sir Francis Knollys’s Latin Dictionary: New Evidence for Katherine Carey.”
67. Ibid.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid.
70. Lansdowne mss.; Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies of Great Britain; Garrett.
71. Varlow: The Lady Penelope.
72. Fenelon.
73. Newton. Jones is incorrect in stating that Elizabeth affectionately called Katherine her “Crow”: that was the nickname she gave to another close friend, Lady Norris.
74. Varlow: The Lady Penelope.
75. Ruth Richardson.
76. Borman.
77. “Papers relating to Mary, Queen of Scots, communicated by General Sir William Knollys.”
78. Fenelon, citing Nicholas White, confidant of William Cecil and future Master of the Rolls in Ireland.
79. “Papers relating to Mary, Queen of Scots, communicated by General Sir William Knollys”; Varlow: The Lady Penelope.
80. “Papers relating to Mary, Queen of Scots, communicated by General Sir William Knollys.” Jones incorrectly says that it was Elizabeth who blamed Queen Mary for causing Sir Francis to be away from home.
81. Wright: Queen Elizabeth and her Times.
82. “Papers relating to Mary, Queen of Scots, communicated by General Sir William Knollys.”
83. Hatfield mss.; Varlow: “Sir Francis Knollys’s Latin Dictionary: New Evidence for Katherine Carey.”
84. Ibid.; Dictionary of National Biography.
85. Hatfield mss.; Westminster Abbey: Official Guide; Trowles.
86. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, for the Reigns of Edward VI, Mary, Elizabeth I, 1547–1625.
87. Carroll; Tallis; Hoskins; Hart.
APPENDIX II: PORTRAITS OF MARY BOLEYN AND WILLIAM CAREY
1. In the Royal Collection, showing her mourning her murdered son, Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley.
2. Now in Leeds City Art Galleries.
3. Strong: Tudor and Jacobean Portraits.
4. Henry VIII: A European Court in England; Starkey, in The Renaissance at Sutton Place.
5. Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.; Paget: “Gerard and Lucas Hornebolte in England.”
8. Ibid.
9. John Fletcher. Brooke House was badly damaged by a bomb during the Blitz of 1940, and demolished in 1954/5, the cost of repairing it having been deemed prohibitive.
10. John Fletcher.
11. Norris.
12. John Fletcher.
13. Mander.
14. Hui.
15. Murrell.
16. Hui; John Fletcher; Ives; Hart.
17. Jones; Hart.
18. Jones.
19. Hui.
20. Strong: The English Renaissance Miniature.