1: PARIS, 1840
1. Jean Tulard, ‘Le Retour des Cendres’, in Pierre Nora (ed.), Les lieux de mémoire, part II: La Nation, vol. 3 (Paris, 1986), p. 103.
2. Jean Boisson, Le Retour des Cendres (Paris, 1973), pp. 11–13.
3. André Desfeuilles, Autour d’un centenaire manqué (Paris, 1950), p. 3.
4. Charles de Rémusat, quoted in Michael Paul Driskel, As Befits a Legend. Building a Tomb for Napoleon, 1840–61 (Kent, Ohio, 1993), p. 56.
5. Jean-Marcel Humbert (ed.), Napoléon aux Invalides. 1840, Le Retour des Cendres (Paris, 1990), pp. 11–12.
6. Driskel, As Befits a Legend, pp. 1–2.
7. Todd Porterfield, ‘Staging the future’, in Todd Porterfield and Susan L. Siegfried, Staging Empire. Napoleon, Ingres and David (University Park, Pennsylvania, 2006), p. 185.
8. Decree of Louis-Philippe, 10 June 1840.
9. Adolphe Thiers, quoted in Gilbert Martineau, Le Retour des Cendres (Paris 1990), p. 88.
10. François Guizot, quoted in Martineau, Retour, p. 88.
11. Lord Palmerston, quoted in Martineau, Retour, p. 89.
12. Fernand Beaucour, Le Retour des Cendres de Napoléon: ses causes et sa portée politique (Paris, 1991), p. 9.
13. Martineau, Retour, p. 107.
14. Marie-Françoise Huyghues des Etages, ‘L’expédition maritime et fluviale’, in Humbert (ed.), Napoléon aux Invalides, p. 33.
15. Boisson, Retour des Cendres, p. 14.
16. Rémi-Julien Guillard, Retour des Cendres de Napoléon. Procès-verbal d’exhumation des restes de l’empereur Napoléon (Paris, 1841), pp. 1–2.
17. Ibid., p. 3.
18. Martineau, Retour, p. 125.
19. Boisson, Retour des Cendres, p. 326.
20. Georges Poisson, L’aventure du Retour des Cendres (Paris, 2004), p. 231.
21. Boisson, Retour des Cendres, p. 397.
22. André-Jean Tudesq, ‘Le reflet donné par la presse’, in Humbert (ed.), Napoléon aux Invalides, p. 88.
23. Françoise Waquet, Les fêtes royales sous la Restauration (Paris, 1981), p. 78.
24. I owe this description, and much of the detail of the procession that follows, to Jean-Marcel Humbert, ‘Le parcours parisien et son décor’, in Humbert (ed.), Napoléon aux Invalides, pp. 49–70.
25. Ibid., pp. 52–53.
26. Ibid., p. 71.
27. Boisson, Retour des Cendres, p. 430.
28. Ibid., pp. 448–49.
29. Jérémie Benoît, Agnès Delannoy and Alain Pougetoux, Napoléon. Le Retour des Cendres, 1840–1990 (Courbevoie, 1990), p. 143.
30. Ibid., pp. 144–48.
31. Ibid., pp. 132–34.
2: CORSICAN BEGINNINGS
1. Stephen Wilson, Feuding, Conflict and Banditry in Nineteenth-Century Corsica (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 14–15.
2. Ibid., p. 91.
3. Ibid., p. 16.
4. Thadd E. Hall, France and the Eighteenth-century Corsican Question (New York, 1971), passim.
5. Ibid., p. 102.
6. Antoine-Marie Graziani, Pascal Paoli (Paris, 2004), pp. 103–11.
7. Michel Vergé-Franceschi, Napoléon, une enfance corse (Paris, 2009), p. 87.
8. William Doyle, Aristocracy and its Enemies in the Age of Revolution (Oxford, 2009), pp. 56–57.
9. Luigi Mascilli Migliorini, Napoléon (Paris, 2004), pp. 21–22
10. Doyle, Aristocracy, p. 224.
11. Jean Defranceschi, ‘Charles Bonaparte’, in Jean Tulard (ed.). Dictionnaire Napoléon (2 vols, Paris, 1999), vol. 1, p. 273.
12. Louis Madelin, La jeunesse de Bonaparte (Paris, 1937), p. 36.
13. Steven Englund, Napoleon. A Political Life (New York, 2004), pp. 24–25.
14. Arthur Chuquet, La jeunesse de Napoléon (Paris, 1897), p. 45.
15. Pierre Branda, Le prix de la gloire. Napoléon et l’argent (Paris, 2007), p. 18.
16. Joseph Valynseele, ‘Bonaparte, généalogie’, in Tulard (ed.), Dictionnaire Napoléon, vol. 1, p. 258.
17. Eric Le Nabour, Letizia Bonaparte. La mère exemplaire de Napoléon Ier (Paris, 2003), pp. 36–37.
18. Jean and Nicole Dhombres, Lazare Carnot (Paris, 1997), pp. 225–28.
19. James Marshall-Cornwall, Napoleon as Military Commander (London, 1967), p. 15.
20. Christian Amalvi, Les héros de l’histoire de France (Toulouse, 2001), p. 69.
21. Christian Amalvi, Les héros de l’histoire de France (Toulouse, 2001), p. 69.
22. James Boswell, État de la Corse (Paris, 1769), reprinted Marseille, 1977.
23. Bonaparte, Correspondance générale, vol. 1, p. 51.
24. Napoléon Bonaparte, ‘Sur la Corse’, in Oeuvres littéraires et écrits militaires, ed. Jean Tulard (3 vols, Paris, 2001), vol. 1, p. 42.
25. Madelin, La jeunesse de Napoléon, pp. 49–50.
26. Marshall-Cornwall, Napoleon as Military Commander, p. 16.
27. Napoléon Bonaparte, Correspondance générale, edited by Thierry Lentz, vol. 1: Les apprentissages, 1784–97 (Paris, 2004), pp. 1339–45.
28. Antoine Casanova, Napoléon et la pensée de son temps: une histoire intellectuelle singulière (Paris, 2000), p. 28.
29. Philip Dwyer, Napoleon. The Path to Power, 1769–1799 (London, 2007), p. 46.
30. Napoléon Bonaparte, ‘Défense de Rousseau’, in Oeuvres littéraires et écrits militaires, ed. Jean Tulard (3 vols, Paris, 2001), vol. 1, p. 52.
31. Cited in Englund, Napoleon, p. 30.
32. Nada Tomiche, Napoléon écrivain (Paris, 1952), p. 209.
33. Napoléon Bonaparte, Souper de Beaucaire, texte présenté par Jacques Bainville (Paris, 1930).
34. Annie Jourdan, Napoléon, héros, imperator, mécène (Paris, 1998), p. 59.
3: SON OF THE REVOLUTION
1. James Marshall-Cornwall, Napoleon as Military Commander, p. 18.
2. Ibid., p. 19.
3. Napoléon Bonaparte, letter to Joseph Bonaparte, 22 July 1789, Correspondance générale, vol. 1, pp. 78–79.
4. Napoléon Bonaparte, letter to Joseph Bonaparte, 9 August 1789, Correspondance générale, vol. 1, p. 81.
5. Napoléon Bonaparte, letter to Pascal Paoli, 12 June 1789, Correspondance générale, vol. 1, p. 76.
6. Antoine Casanova et Ange Rovere, La Révolution française en Corse (Toulouse, 1989), pp. 118–22.
7. Steven Englund, Napoleon, pp. 43–44.
8. Napoléon Bonaparte, ‘Lettre à Matteo Buttafuoco’, in Oeuvres littéraires (3 vols, Paris, 1888), vol. 1, p. 154.
9. Luigi Mascilli Migliorini, Napoléon (Paris, 2006), p. 49.
10. Archives Nationales, D-IVbis 6, Comité de Division, Corsica; decree of National Assembly on the division of France into departments, 9 December 1789.
11. Philip Dwyer, Napoleon. The Path to Power, 1769–1799 (London, 2007), p. 128.
12.Jean Tulard, Napoléon et la noblesse d’Empire (Paris, 1979), pp. 17–18.
13. Napoléon Bonaparte, letter to Joseph Bonaparte, 22 June 1792, Correspondance générale, vol. 1, p. 113.
14. Migliorini, Napoléon, p. 58.
15. Samuel F. Scott, The Response of the Royal Army to the French Revolution (Oxford, 1978), p. 109.
16. Alan Forrest, The Soldiers of the French Revolution (Durham, North Carolina, 1990), pp. 15–25.
17. David A. Bell, The First Total War. Napoleon’s Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It (London, 2007).
18. Pascal Dupuy and Claude Mazauric, La Révolution française. Regards d’auteurs (Paris, 2005), pp. 173–81.
19. John A. Lynn, ‘Towards an Army of Honor: The Moral Evolution of the French Army, 1789–1815’, French Historical Studies 16 (1989), pp. 152–73.
20. J. David Markham, ‘The Early Years and First Commands’, in Philip Haythornthwaite et al., Napoleon: The Final Verdict (London, 1996), p. 22.
21. Jean-Pierre Bois, Dumouriez, héros et proscrit (Paris, 2005), pp. 324–29.
22. Napoléon Bonaparte, Souper de Beaucaire (Paris, 1930), p. 44.
23. Bernard Ireland, The Fall of Toulon. The Last Opportunity to Defeat the French Revolution (London, 2005), pp. 301–02.
24. Spenser Wilkinson, The Rise of General Bonaparte (Oxford, 1930), pp. 19–26.
25. Dwyer, Napoleon. The Path to Power, p. 144.
26. Napoléon Bonaparte, letter to deputies Albitte, Ricord and Saliceti, 12 August 1794, Correspondance générale, vol. 1, p. 198.
27. Markham, ‘The Early Years and First Commands’, pp. 27–28.
28. Bronislaw Baczko, Comment sortir de la Terreur. Thermidor et la Révolution (Paris, 1989), chapter 2, ‘La fin de l’an II’.
29. ‘Paul-François-Jean-Nicolas Barras’, in Alfred Fierro, André Palluel-Guillard and Jean Tulard (eds), Histoire et Dictionnaire du Consulat et de l’Empire (Paris, 1995), p. 522.
30. ‘Chronologie, 1795’, in Napoléon Bonaparte, Correspondance générale, vol. 1, p. 1352.
31. Englund, Napoleon, pp. 74–77.
32. Matthew Shaw, ‘Reactions to the French Republican Calendar’, French History 15 (2001), pp. 4–25; James Friguglietti, ‘Gilbert Romme and the making of the French Republican Calendar’, in D.G. Troy-ansky, A. Cismaru and N. Andrews jnr (eds), The French Revolution in Culture and Society (Westport, Connecticut, 1991), pp. 13–22.
33. George Rudé, The Crowd in the French Revolution (Oxford, 1959), pp. 176–77.
34. Englund, Napoleon, pp. 83–87.
35. ‘Joséphine (Marie-Joseph-Rose de Tascher de la Pagerie)’, in Jean Tulard (ed.), Dictionnaire Napoléon, vol. 2, p. 86.
36. Christopher Hibbert, Napoleon. His Wives and Women (New York, 2002), pp. 10–14
37. Several editions have appeared of Napoleon’s love letters to Josephine. Among the more recent is Jean Tulard (ed.), Napoléon. Lettres d’amour à Joséphine (Paris, 1981).
38. Frank McLynn, Napoleon. A Biography (New York, 1997),
39. Geoffrey Ellis, Napoleon (London, 1997), pp. 26–27.
4: BONAPARTE IN ITALY
1.Emmanuel de Las Cases, Le Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène, Marcel Dunan, ed. (Paris, 1951), pp. 117–18.
2. Geoffrey Ellis, Napoleon, pp. 22–23.
3. Napoléon Bonaparte, letter to Joseph Bonaparte, 20 October 1795, Correspondance générale, vol. 1, p. 271.
4. Napoléon Bonaparte, letter to Joseph Bonaparte, 1 November 1795, Correspondance générale, vol. 1, p. 273.
5. Steven Englund, Napoleon, p. 198.
6. Luigi Mascilli Migliorini, Napoléon, p. 86.
7. Jean-Paul Bertaud, La Révolution armée. Les soldats-citoyens de la Révolution Française (Paris, 1979), pp. 174–76.
8. Englund, Napoleon, pp. 99–100.
9. Alan Forrest, The Soldiers of the French Revolution, pp. 126–44.
10. Martin Boycott-Brown, The Road to Rivoli. Napoleon’s First Campaign (London, 2001), p. 44.
11. Napoléon Bonaparte, letter to Chauvet, commissaire ordonnateur en chef, in Genoa, 27 March 1796, Correspondance générale, vol. 1, p. 301.
12. Philip Dwyer, Napoleon: The Path to Power, 1769–1799 (London, 2007), pp. 200–01.
13. Jean Thiry, Bonaparte en Italie, 1796–1797 (Paris, 1973), p. 351.
14. Spenser Wilkinson, The Rise of General Bonaparte (Oxford, 1930), p. 80.
15. Englund, Napoleon, p. 100.
16. Napoléon Bonaparte, Oeuvres littéraires et écrits militaires, ed. Jean Tulard (Paris, 2001), vol. 3, p. 109.
17. A full account of Napoleon’s military campaign in Italy can be found in Alan Schom, Napoleon Bonaparte (New York, 1997), pp. 43–60.
18. Jean Tulard, Napoléon. Les grands moments d’un destin (Paris, 2006), p. 97.
19. Wilkinson, The Rise of General Bonaparte, p. 142.
20. Robert B. Holtman, Napoleonic Propaganda (Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1950), pp. 244–45.
21. Marc Martin, ‘Journaux d’armées au temps de la Convention’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française 44 (1972), pp. 567–605.
22. Dwyer, Napoleon: The Path to Power, pp. 306–08.
23. Philip G. Dwyer, ‘Napoleon Bonaparte as Hero and Saviour. Image, Rhetoric and Behaviour in the Construction of a Legend’, French History 18 (2004), p. 386.
24. Jean-Paul Bertaud, Guerre et société en France de Louis XIV à Napoléon Ier (Paris, 1998), p. 147.
25. Nada Tomiche, Napoléon écrivain (Paris, 1952), p. 206.
26. Alan Forrest, ‘Propaganda and the Legitimation of Power in Napoleonic France’, French History 18 (2004), p. 433.
27. Jeremy D. Popkin, The Right-Wing Press in France, 1792–1800 (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1980), p. 22.
28. Wayne Hanley, The Genesis of Napoleonic Propaganda, 1796 to 1799 (New York, 2005), pp. 48–49.
29. Journal de Bonaparte et des hommes vertueux, issue 1, 18 February 1797.
30. Ibid., issue 8, 27 February 1797.
31. Jean-Yves Leclercq, ‘Le mythe de Bonaparte sous le Directoire, 1796–1799’ (mémoire de maîtrise, Université de Paris-I, 1991), p. 162.
32. Dwyer, Napoleon: The Path to Power, p. 319.
33. David O’Brien, After the Revolution: Antoine-Jean Gros, Painting and Propaganda under Napoleon (University Park, Pennsylvania, 2006), p. 39.
34. Hanley, The Genesis of Napoleonic Propaganda, p. 132.
35. Dwyer, Napoleon: The Path to Power, pp. 471–72.
5: LURE OF THE ORIENT
1. Napoléon Bonaparte, Correspondance générale, vol. 2 – La campagne d’Egypte et l’Avènement (Paris, 2005), p. 38.
2. Yves Laissus, Description de l’Egypte. Une aventure humaine et éditoriale (Paris, 2009), p. 7.
3. Philip G. Dwyer, Napoleon. The Path to Power, 1769–99 p. 30.
4. Louis-Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne, Mémoires de M. de Bourrienne, ministre d’état, sur Napoléon, vol. 2 (Paris, 1831), p. 226.
5. Robin Harris, Talleyrand. Betrayer and Saviour of France (London, 2007), p. 99.
6. Emmanuel de Waresquiel, Talleyrand, le prince immobile (Paris, 2003), p. 243.
7. Vivant Denon, Voyage dans la Basse et la Haute Egypte pendant les campagnes du général Bonaparte, with introduction by Raoul Brunon (Paris, 1990), p. 57.
8. Jean-Marcel Humbert, ‘Introduction’, in Bonaparte et l’Egypte: feu et lumières, exhibition catalogue (Paris, 2008), pp. 40–43.
9. Steven Englund, Napoleon. A Political Life, p. 127.
10. A full list of the books Napoleon took with him to Egypt can be found in Luigi Mascilli Migliorini, Napoléon (Paris, 2006), p. 149.
11. Jean-Paul Bertaud, Choderlos de Laclos (Paris, 2003), pp. 512–13.
12. Frank McLynn, Napoleon: A Biography (New York, 1997), p. 161.
13. Englund, Napoleon, p. 127.
14. Luigi Mascilli Migliorini, Napoléon, p. 150.
15. Bonaparte, Correspondance générale, vol. 2, p. 311.
16. Henry Laurens (ed.), L’Expédition d’Egypte, 1798–1801 (Paris, 1989), pp. 30–32.
17. Dwyer, Napoleon. The Path to Power, 1769–99, p. 343.
18. Timothy Wilson-Smith, Napoleon and his Artists (London, 1996), p. 75.
19. Englund, Napoleon, pp. 127–28.
20. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York, 1978); see Juan Cole, Napoleon’s Egypt. Invading the Middle East (New York, 2007), p. 246.
21. Robert Asprey, The Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte (2 vols, New York, 2000), vol. 1, The Rise, pp. 310–12.
22. Jean-Yves Leclercq, ‘Le mythe de Bonaparte sous le Directoire, 1796–99’ (mémoire de maîtrise, Université de Paris-I, 1991), pp. 82–85.
23. Alan Forrest, ‘Propaganda and the Legitimation of Power in Napoleonic France’, French History 18 (2004), p. 433.
24. Frédéric Régent, ‘L’expédition d’Egypte de Bonaparte vue par la presse parisienne, 1798–99’ (mémoire de maîtrise, Université de Paris-I, 1992), p. 40. The quotation is from La Décade philosophique.
25. Wilson-Smith, Napoleon and his Artists, p. 79.
26. David O’Brien, After the Revolution: Antoine-Jean Gros, Painting and Propaganda under Napoleon (University Park, Pennsylvania, 2006), pp. 131, 136.
27. Ibid., pp. 90–91.
28. Laissus, Description de l’Egypte. Une aventure humaine et éditoriale, pp. 25–27.
29. Régent, ‘L’expédition d’Egypte de Bonaparte’, p. 42.
30. Nelly Hanna, ‘Ottoman Egypt and the French Expedition: Some Long-term Trends’, in Irene A. Bierman (ed.), Napoleon in Egypt (Reading, 2003), p. 11.
31. Jean-Paul Bertaud, ‘Kléber, Jean-Baptiste’, in Tulard (ed.), Dictionnaire Napoléon, vol. 2, pp. 116–17.
32. Jean-Edouard Goby, ‘Menou, Jacques-François de Boussay, baron de’, in Tulard (ed.), Dictionnaire Napoléon, vol. 2, pp. 301–03.
33. Englund, Napoleon, pp. 139–40.
34. Cole, Napoleon’s Egypt, p. 245.
6: FIRST CONSUL
1. Napoléon Bonaparte, Correspondance générale, vol. 2 – La campagne d’Egypte et l’Avènement, p. 1088.
2. Philip Dwyer, Napoleon: The Path to Power, 1769–1799 p. 444.
3. Juan Cole, Napoleon’s Egypt. Invading the Middle East p. 244.
4. Jacques Bainville, Napoléon (Paris, 1931; nouvelle édition avec préface de Patrice Gueniffey, Paris, 2005), p. 129.
5. Bonaparte, Correspondance générale, vol. 2, p. 1089.
6. Steven Englund, Napoleon. A Political Life, p. 153.
7. Jean Tulard, Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour (London, 1984).
8. Ibid., p. 70–71.
9. Bonaparte, Correspondance générale, vol. 2, pp. 1089–90.
10. Patrice Gueniffey, Le dix-huit Brumaire : l’épilogue de la Révolution française (Paris, 2008), pp. 160–61.
11. Bronislaw Baczko, ‘Une passion thermidorienne: la revanche’, in Politiques de la Révolution Française (Paris, 2008), pp. 165–338.
12. Bernard Gainot, 1799, un nouveau jacobinisme? (Paris, 2001), p. 268.
13. Isser Woloch, Jacobin Legacy: The Democratic Movement under the Directory (Princeton, New Jersey, 1970), pp. 134–36.
14. Joseph Fouché, Mémoires, ed. Michel Vovelle (Paris, 1992), p. 93.
15.Germaine de Staël, Considérations sur la Révolution française (2 vols, Paris, 1818), vol. 2, p. 4 ; the translation is taken from Malcolm Crook, Napoleon Comes to Power. Democracy and Dictatorship in Revolutionary France, 1795–1804 (Cardiff, 1998), pp. 100–01.
16. Jean Tulard, Le 18 Brumaire. Comment terminer une révolution (Paris, 1999), pp. 9–10, 13–29.
17. D.J. Goodspeed, Bayonets at Saint-Cloud: The Story of the 18th Brumaire (London, 1965), p. 107.
18. Crook, Napoleon Comes to Power, pp. 1–3.
19. Jean-Luc Suissa, ‘Lucien Bonaparte’, in Jean Tulard (ed.), Dictionnaire Napoléon, vol. 2, p. 227.
20. Jacques-Olivier Boudon, Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire (Paris, 2000), p. 457.
21. Ibid., p. 46.
22. Gueniffey, Le dix-huit Brumaire, p. 308.
23. Albert Vandal, L’Avènement de Bonaparte, vol. 1 – La genèse du Consulat, Brumaire et la Constitution de l’an VIII (Paris, 1902), pp. 408–09.
24. Thierry Lentz, Le Grand Consulat, 1799–1804 (Paris, 1999), p. 151.
25. Jeffrey Kaplow, Elbeuf during the Revolutionary Period: History and Social Structure (Baltimore, Maryland, 1964), pp. 254–55.
26. François Furet, La Révolution, 1 – 1770–1814 (Paris, 1988), p. 383.
27. Lentz, Le Grand Consulat, p. 74.
28. Quoted in Martyn Lyons, France under the Directory (Cambridge, 1975), p. 233.
29. Quoted in Crook, Napoleon Comes to Power, p. 117.
30. Jean Tulard, Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour, pp. 86–87.
31. Irene Collins, Napoleon and his Parliaments, 1800–1815 (London, 1979), p. 11.
32. Crook, Napoleon Comes to Power, p. 66.
33. Jean-Paul Bertaud, La France de Napoléon, 1799–1815 (Paris, 1987), pp. 32–33.
34. Lentz, Le Grand Consulat, pp. 118–19.
35. Jacques-Olivier Boudon, ‘L’incarnation de l’Etat de Brumaire à Floréal’, in Jean-Pierre Jessenne (ed.), Du Directoire au Consulat. 3 : Brumaire dans l’histoire du lien politique et de l’Etat-Nation (Rouen, 2001), pp. 333–34.
36. Malcolm Crook, Elections in the French Revolution (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 190–91.
37. Claude Langlois, ‘Le plébiscite de l’an VII ou le coup d’état du 18 pluviôse an VIII’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française, 1972.
38. Michael Broers, ‘Internal Conquest, 1799–1804: the Domestic History of the Consulate’, in Vittorio Scotti Douglas (ed.), L’Europa scopre Napoleone, 1793–1804 (2 vols, Alessandria, 1999), vol. 2, p. 1030.
39. Howard Brown, Ending the French Revolution: Violence, Justice and Repression From the Terror to Napoleon (Charlottesville, Virginia, 2006), pp. 308–24.
40. David Chandler, ‘Adjusting the Record: Napoleon and Marengo’, in Scotti Douglas (ed.), L’Europa scopre Napoleone, 1793–1804, vol. 2, p. 864.
41. Clive Church, Revolution and Red Tape: The French Ministerial Bureaucracy, 1770–1850 (Oxford, 1981), esp. pp. 145–74.
42. Nicholas Richardson, The French Prefectoral Corps, 1814–1830 (Cambridge, 1966), p.2.
43. Annie Jourdan, L’empire de Napoléon (Paris, 2000), pp. 233–34.
44. Georges Lefebvre, Napoleon. From 18 Brumaire to Tilsit (London, 1969), p. 152.
45. Jacques-Olivier Boudon, L’épiscopat français à l’époque concordataire, 1802–1905 (Paris, 1996), pp. 11–14
46. Englund, Napoleon, pp. 180–85.
47. Claude Ducourtial, ‘Introduction’, to Napoléon et la Légion d’honneur, exhibition catalogue published as a special issue of La Cohorte (Paris, 1968), p. 3.
48. Pierre Branda and Thierry Lentz, Napoléon, l’esclavage et les colonies (Paris, 2006), p. 236.
49. Carolyn Fick, The Making of Haiti: The Saint-Domingue Revolution from Below (Knoxville, Tennessee, 1990), p. 236.
50. Yves Benot, La démence coloniale sous Napoléon (Paris, 1992), pp. 101–02.
51. Sylvain Pagé, L’Amérique du Nord et Napoléon (Paris, 2003), pp. 76–77.
52. Dwyer, Napoleon, pp. 506–07.
53. Christopher Hibbert, Napoleon. His Wives and Women, p. 106.
7: FROM CONSULATE TO EMPIRE
1. Isser Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators: The Making of a Dictatorship (New York, 2001), pp. 186–87.
2. Stuart Semmel, Napoleon and the British (New Haven, Connecticut, 2004), p. 20.
3. Ibid., p. 33.
4. Jean-Louis Halperin, ‘Tribunat’, in Jean Tulard (ed.), Dictionnaire Napoléon (2 vols, Paris, 1999), vol. 2, p. 873.
5. Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators, pp. 123–24.
6. Duff Cooper, Talleyrand (London, 1958), pp. 82–83.
7. Joseph Fouché, The Memoirs of Joseph Fouché, Duke of Otranto, Minister of the General Police of France (2 vols, London, 1896), vol. 1, p. 1.
8. Jean Tulard, Figures d’Empire (Paris, 2005), p. 631.
9. Martyn Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution (London, 1994), p. 118.
10. Jean Tulard, Joseph Fouché (Paris, 1998), p. 142.
11. Marcel Le Clère, ‘Fouché’, in Tulard (ed.), Dictionnaire Napoléon, vol.. 1, pp. 818–19.
12. Hubert Cole, Fouché, the Unprincipled Patriot (London, 1971), p. 121.
13. Howard G. Brown, Ending the French Revolution: Violence, Justice and Repression from the Terror to Napoleon, pp. 326–29.
14. Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators, pp. 66–79.
15. Thierry Lentz, Le dix-huit Brumaire. Les coups d’état de Napoléon Bonaparte (Paris, 1997), p. 411.
16. Elizabeth Sparrow, Secret Service: British Agents in France, 1792–1815 (Woodbridge, 1999), p. 267.
17. Alan Schom, Napoleon Bonaparte (New York, 1997), pp. 273–81.
18. Thierry Lentz, Le Grand Consulat, 1799–1804, p. 537.
19. Jean-Paul Bertaud, Le duc d’Enghien (Paris, 2001), pp. 11–12.
20. Napoléon Bonaparte, Correspondance générale, vol. 4: Ruptures et fondation, 1803–1804 (Paris, 2007), p. 648.
21. Lentz, Le Grand Consulat, p. 540.
22. Chateaubriand, Mémoires d’outre-tombe, quoted by Luigi Mascilli Migliorini, Napoléon, p. 236.
23. Comte de Las Cases, Le mémorial de Sainte-Hélène, edited by Marcel Dunan (2 vols, Paris, 1951), vol. 2, pp. 622–629.
24.Robert Asprey, The Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte, vol. 1, p. 344.
25. Antoine-Claire Thibaudeau, Mémoires, 1799–1815 (Paris, 1913), pp. 70–71.
26. Jean-Jacques Cambacérès, Mémoires inédits, edited by Laurence Chatel de Brancion (2 vols, Paris, 1999), vol. 1, p. 633.
27. Malcolm Crook, ‘Confiance d’en bas, manipulation d’en haut: la pratique plébiscitaire sous Napoléon, 1799–1815’, in Philippe Bourdin, Jean-Claude Caron and Mathias Bernard (eds), L’incident électoral de la Révolution Française à la Ve République(Clermont-Ferrand, 2002), pp. 77–87.
28. Steven Englund, Napoleon. A Political Life, p. 219.
29. Thibaudeau, Mémoires, p. 69.
30. Napoleon’s message to the Senate, 3 August 1802, in Malcolm Crook, Napoleon Comes to Power, p. 134.
31. Christopher Hibbert, Napoleon, His Wives and Women, p. 75.
32. Philip G. Dwyer, ‘Napoleon Bonaparte as Hero and Saviour. Image, Rhetoric and Behaviour in the Construction of a Legend’, French History 18 (2004), pp. 391–93.
33. Hibbert, Napoleon, His Wives and Women, p. 118.
34. William H.C. Smith, The Bonapartes. The History of a Dynasty (London, 2005), pp. 19–20.
35. Louis de Fontanes, Parallèle entre César, Cromwell, Monk et Bonaparte, fragment traduit de l’anglais (Paris, 1800).
36. Roger Barny, ‘L’image de Cromwell dans la Révolution française’, Dix-huitième siècle 25 (1993), pp. 387–97.
37. Annie Jourdan, ‘La Hollande en tant qu’<objet de désir> et le Roi Louis, fondateur d’une monarchie nationale’, in idem (ed.), Louis Bonaparte, Roi de Hollande (Paris, 2010), pp. 28–29.
38. Vincent Haegele, Napoléon et Joseph Bonaparte. Le pouvoir et l’ambition (Paris, 2010), pp. 73–74.
39. Ibid., p. 171.
40. Luigi Mascilli Migliorini, Napoléon, p. 233.
41. Archives Municipales de Nantes, I1–29, dossiers 18–20, 22.
42. Peter Burke, The Fabrication of Louis XIV (New Haven, Connecticut, 1992), pp. 71–83.
43. Thibaudeau, Mémoires, pp. 121–22.
44. Englund, Napoleon, p. 230.
45. Crook, Napoleon Comes to Power, p. 134.
46. Schom, Napoleon Bonaparte, pp. 336–41.
47. Lentz, Le Grand Consulat, pp. 568–69.
48. Schom, Napoleon Bonaparte, p. 336.
49. Ernest John Knapton, Empress Josephine (Cambridge, Mass., 1964), p. 227.
50. Sylvain Laveissière, Le sacre de Napoléon peint par David (Paris, 2004), p. 48.
51. Jean Tulard (ed.), Napoléon: le Sacre (Paris, 1993), p. xxxix.
52. Timothy Wilson-Smith, Napoleon, Man of War, Man of Peace (London, 2002), pp. 161–62.
53. E.E.Y. Hales, Revolution and Papacy, 1769–1846 (London, 1960), pp. 165–66.
54. Ibid., p.159.
55. Laveissière, Le sacre de Napoléon peint par David, p. 50.
56. Proclamation of the Consuls to the French People of 15 December 1799, in John Hall Stewart, A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution (New York, 1951), p. 780.
57. Jean and Nicole Dhombres, Lazare Carnot (Paris, 1997), pp. 503–08.
8: QUEST FOR GLORY
1. Thierry Lentz, Le Grand Consulat, 1799–1804 (Paris, 1999), p. 298.
2. Christopher D. Hall, British Strategy in the Napoleonic War, 1803–15 (Manchester, 1992), p. 2.
3. See, for instance, Charles Esdaile, The Wars of Napoleon (London, 1995), esp. pp. 29–36.
4. Paul Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 (Oxford, 1994), pp. 235, 243.
5. Georges Lefebvre, Napoleon. From 18 Brumaire to Tilsit (London, 1969), p. 172.
6. Charles Esdaile, The French Wars, 1792–1815 (London, 2001), p. 28.
7. Peter H. Wilson, ‘The Meaning of Empire in Central Europe around 1800’, in Alan Forrest and Peter H. Wilson (eds), The Bee and the Eagle. Napoleonic France and the End of the Holy Roman Empire, 1806 (Basingstoke, 2009), p. 34.
8. See David Bell, The First Total War (New York, 2007); Jean-Yves Guiomar, L’invention de la guerre totale, XVIIIe – XXe siècle (Paris, 2004); Roger Chickering, ‘A Tale of Two Tales: Grand Narratives of War in the Age of Revolution’, in Roger B. Chickering and Stig Förster (eds), War in an Age of Revolution, 1775–1815 (Cambridge, 2010), pp. 1–17.
9. Alan Forrest, Karen Hagemann and Jane Rendall (eds), Soldiers, Citizens and Civilians. Experiences and Perceptions of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1790–1820 (Basingstoke, 2009), p. 2.
10. Robert Asprey, The Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte, vol. 1, pp. 481–87.
11. Jean-Paul Bertaud, Alan Forrest and Annie Jourdan (eds), Napoléon, le monde et les Anglais. Guerre des mots et des images (Paris, 2004), pp. 176–79.
12. Simon Burrows, ‘The Struggle for European Opinion in the Napoleonic Wars: British Francophone Propaganda, 1803–1814’, French History 11 (1997), pp. 41–53.
13. Simon Burrows, ‘The War of Words: French and British propaganda in the Napoleonic Era’, in David Cannadine (ed.), Trafalgar in History: A Battle and its Afterlife (Basingstoke, 2006), p. 51.
14. Louis Bergeron, France under Napoleon (Princeton, New Jersey, 1981), p. 64.
15. Fernand Beaucour, Lettres, Décisions et Actes de Napoléon à Pontde-Briques et au Camp de Boulogne (Levallois, 1979).
16. Michael Duffy, ‘British Diplomacy and the French Wars, 1789–1815’, in H.T. Dickinson (ed.), Britain and the French Revolution, 1789–1815 (London, 1989), pp. 139–41.
17. John D. Grainger, The Amiens Truce: Britain and Bonaparte, 1801–03 (Woodbridge, 2004), pp. 180–81.
18. Roberto Conti, Il Tesoro. Guida alla conoscenza del Tesoro del Duomo di Monza (Monza, 1983), pp. 5–8; Alan Forrest, ‘Napoleon as Monarch: A Political Evolution’, in Alan Forrest and Peter H. Wilson (eds), The Bee and the Eagle: Napoleonic France and the End of the Holy Roman Empire, 1806, pp. 117–18.
19. Peter H. Wilson, ‘The Meaning of Empire in Central Europe around 1800’, ibid., pp. 22–41.
20. Esdaile, The French Wars, p. 33.
21. N.A.M. Rodger, ‘The Significance of Trafalgar: Sea Power and Land Power in the Anglo-French Wars’, in Cannadine (ed.), Trafalgar in History: A Battle and its Afterlife, pp. 86–88.
22. Jay Luvass (ed.), Napoleon on the Art of War (New York, 1999), pp. 89–91.
23. Napoleon Bonaparte, Proclamations, Ordres du Jour, Bulletins de la Grande Armée, ed. Jean Tulard (Paris, 1964), pp. 45–46.
24. Jacques Garnier, Austerlitz, 2 décembre 1805 (Paris, 2005), p. 403; Steven Englund, Napoleon. A Political Life, pp. 272–74.
25. Jacques Garnier, ‘La bataille d’Austerlitz’, in Austerlitz. Napoléon au cæur de l’Europe, ouvrage collectif, Musée de l’Armée (Paris, 2007), pp. 76–79.
26. The fullest recent discussion of the development of the battle is Jacques Garnier’s study of Austerlitz, referred to above. For a succinct summary of the battle, see Charles Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars: An International History, 1803–15, pp. 226–28.
27. Michael Broers, Europe under Napoleon, 1799–1815 (London, 1996), pp. 41–43.
28. Claus Telp, ‘The Prussian Army in the Jena Campaign’, in Forrest and Wilson (eds), The Bee and the Eagle, p. 166.
29. Sixty-fourth Bulletin, 2 March 1807, in J. David Markham, Imperial Glory: The Bulletins of Napoleon’s Grande Armée, 1805–1814 (London, 2003), p. 148.
30. Christopher Prendergast, Napoleon and History Painting: Antoine-Jean Gros’s La Bataille d’Eylau (Oxford, 1997), pp. 1–19.
31. Pierre-François Percy, Journal des campagnes du Baron Percy, chirurgien-en-chef de la Grande Armée (Paris, 1904), p. 165.
32. Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars: An International History, 1803–15, pp. 295–99.
33. Napoleon Bonaparte, Fifteenth Bulletin, 22 October 1806, in Markham, Imperial Glory, p. 148.
34. Clive Emsley, The Longman Companion to Napoleonic Europe (London, 1993), p. 253.
35. Silvia Marzagalli, Les boulevards de la fraude. Le négoce maritime et le Blocus continental, 1806–1813 (Villeneuve d’Ascq, 1999), p. 192.
36. Geoffrey Ellis, Napoleon’s Continental Blockade: The Case of Alsace (Oxford, 1981), pp. 266–67.
37. Ibid., p. 271.
38. François Crouzet, ‘La ruine du grand commerce’, in François-Georges Pariset (ed.), Bordeaux au dix-huitième siècle (Bordeaux, 1968), pp. 500–02.
39. François Crouzet, ‘Les origines du sous-développement économique du Sud-ouest’, Annales du Midi 71 (1959), pp. 71–79.
40. Rory Muir, Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, 1807–1815 (New Haven, Connecticut, 1996), p. 6.
9: A VISION OF CIVIL SOCIETY
1. Louis Bergeron, France under Napoleon (Princeton, New Jersey, 1981), p. 64.
2. Emmanuel de Las Cases, Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène, vol. 1, pp. 1181–82 ; for comment see Robert Morrissey, Napoléon et l’héritage de la gloire (Paris, 2010), p. 172.
3. Louis-Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne, Mémoires de M. de Bourrienne, ministre d’état, sur Napoléon (10 vols, Paris, 1831), vol. 5, p. 32.
4. David P. Jordan, The Revolutionary Career of Maximilien Robespierre (New York, 1985), p. 86.
5. John A. Davis, Conflict and Control. Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Italy (Basingstoke, 1988), p. 23.
6. Stuart Woolf, Napoleon’s Integration of Europe (London, 1991), p. 21.
7. Ibid., p. 27.
8. Alexander Grab, Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe (Basingstoke, 2003), pp. 159–60.
9. Michael Rowe, ‘Napoleon and State Formation in Central Europe’, in Philip G. Dwyer (ed.), Napoleon and Europe (London, 2001), p. 209; Geoffrey Ellis, The Napoleonic Empire (Basingstoke, 2003), pp. 55–6.
10. Annie Jourdan (ed.), Louis Bonaparte, Roi de Hollande (Paris, 2010), pp. 423–24.
11. William Doyle, ‘The Political Culture of the Napoleonic Empire’, in Forrest and Wilson (eds), The Bee and the Eagle, p. 86.
12. Précis de la vie politique de Théophile Berlier écrit par lui-même et adressé à ses enfants et petits-enfants (Dijon, 1838), pp. 92–95, quoted in Isser Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators. The Making of a Dictatorship, p. 103.
13. Olivier Blanc, Regnaud de Saint-Jean d’Angély. L’éminence grise de Napoléon (Paris, 2002), pp. 67–72 ; Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators, p. 101.
14. Jean and Nicole Dhombres, Lazare Carnot (Paris, 1997), pp. 503–08.
15. Joseph Fouché, Memoirs (2 vols, London, 1896), vol. 1, p. 226.
16. Jean Tranié, Napoléon et son entourage (Paris, 2001), p. 83.
17. For the examples that follow, see Bergeron, France under Napoleon, pp. 73–79.
18. Nicole Gotteri, Grands dignitaires, ministres et grands officiers du Premier Empire. Autographes et notices biographiques (Paris, 1990), pp. 106–07.
19. Bergeron, France under Napoleon, p. 72.
20. Laurence Chatel de Brancion (ed.), Cambacérès. Mémoires inédits (2 vols, Paris, 1999), vol. 1, p. 714.
21. Nicholas Richardson, The French Prefectoral Corps, 1814–1830 (Cambridge, 1966), p. 1.
22. Ellis, The Napoleonic Empire, p. 34.
23. Carla Hesse, Publishing and Cultural Politics in Revolutionary Paris, 1789–1810 (Berkeley, California, 1991), pp. 235–36.
24. Steven Englund, Napoleon, pp. 309–11.
25. Martyn Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution (Basingstoke, 1994), pp. 96–102.
26. Annie Jourdan, ‘La destinée tragique du “Bon Roi” Louis’, in idem (ed.), Louis Bonaparte, Roi de Hollande (Paris, 2010), pp. 428–30.
27. Bergeron, France under Napoleon, p. 31.
28. Alan Forrest, Conscripts and Deserters: The Army and French Society during the Revolution and Empire (New York, 1989), pp. 219–37.
29. Michael Broers, Napoleon’s Other War: Bandits, Rebels and their Pursuers in the Age of Revolutions (Oxford, 2010), pp. 81–83.
30. Michael Broers, The Politics of Religion in Napoleonic Italy: The War against God (London, 2002), pp. 188–89.
31. Michael Broers, Napoleonic Imperialism and the Savoyard Monarchy, 1773–1821: State Building in Piedmont (Lampeter, 1997), p. 276.
32. Michael Broers, Europe under Napoleon (London, 1996), pp. 180–82.
33. Grab, Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe, pp. 180–81.
34. John A. Davis, Naples and Napoleon: Southern Italy and the European Revolutions, 1780–1860 (Cambridge, 2006), passim, esp. pp. 161–255, 259.
10: THE REINVENTION OF MONARCHY
1. Irene Collins, Napoleon and his Parliaments, 1800–1815 (London, 1979), pp. 114–20.
2. Malcolm Crook, ‘Confidence from Below? Collaboration and Resistance in the Napoleonic Plebiscites’, in Michael Rowe (ed.), Collaboration and Resistance in Napoleonic Europe: State-Formation in an Age of Upheaval, c. 1800–1815, pp. 19–21.
3. Ibid., p. 34.
4. Jean Tulard (ed.), Napoléon, Le Sacre (Paris, 1993), pp. 59–60.
5. Thierry Lentz, Le sacre de Napoléon (Paris, 2004), p. 9.
6. This argument is more fully developed in Alan Forrest, ‘Napoleon as Monarch: A Political Evolution’, in Alan Forrest and Peter H. Wilson (eds), The Bee and the Eagle: Napoleonic France and the End of the Holy Roman Empire, 1806 (Basingstoke, 2009), pp. 116–20.
7. Thierry Lentz, ‘Napoléon et Charlemagne’, in Thierry Lentz (ed.), Napoléon et l’Europe: regards sur une politique (Paris, 2005), p. 17.
8. Geoffrey Ellis, The Napoleonic Empire (Basingstoke, 2003), p. 54.
9. Roberto Conti, Il Tesoro: Guida alla conoscenza del Tesoro del Duomo di Monza, p. 6.
10. Michael Broers, Europe under Napoleon (London, 1996), p. 62.
11. Michael Kaiser, ‘A matter of survival: Bavaria becomes a Kingdom’, in Forrest and Wilson (eds), The Bee and the Eagle, p. 106.
12. Steven Englund, Napoleon: A Political Life, p. 203.
13. Annie Jourdan, Napoléon: héros, imperator, mécène (Paris, 1998), p. 117.
14. Christopher Hibbert, Napoleon, His Wives and Women, pp. 142–43.
15. Ernest John Knapton, Empress Josephine (Cambridge, Mass., 1964), pp. 233–34.
16. Ibid., p. 236.
17. Ibid., pp. 274–75.
18. Napoléon Bonaparte, letter to Josephine, 31 December 1806, Correspondance générale, vol. 6, pp. 1302–03.
19. Knapton, Empress Josephine, p. 245.
20. Henry Hall (ed.), Napoleon’s Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812 (London, 1901), p. 93.
21. Christine Sutherland, Marie Walewska: Napoleon’s Great Love (London, 1979), pp. 84–87.
22. Ibid., p. 247.
23. Ibid., pp. 219–24.
24. Knapton, Empress Josephine, pp. 284–95.
25. Luigi Mascilli Migliorini, Napoléon (Paris, 2004), p. 357.
26. Englund, Napoleon, p. 360.
27. Knapton, Empress Josephine, p. 296.
28. Christophe Beyeler, Noces impériales: Le mariage de Napoléon et Marie-Louise dessiné par Baltard (Paris, 2010), pp. 7–10.
29. Peter Burke, The Fabrication of Louis XIV (New Haven, Connecticut, 1992), passim.
30. Alan Forrest, ‘Propaganda and the Legitimation of Power in Napoleonic France’, French History 18 (2004), pp. 437–38; for the later history of the festival see Sudhir Hazareesingh, The Saint-Napoleon. Celebrations of Sovereignty in Nineteenth-century France(Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2004).
31. Jourdan, Napoléon, pp. 109–10.
32. David O’Brien, After the Revolution: Antoine-Jean Gros, Painting and Propaganda under Napoleon (University Park, Pennsylvania, 2004), pp. 4–8.
33. David O’Brien, ‘Antonio Canova’s Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker and the Limits of Imperial Portraiture’, French History 18 (2004), p. 377.
34. Todd Porterfield and Susan L. Siegfried, Staging Empire. Napoleon, Ingres and David (University Park, Pennsylvania, 2006), pp. 9–10.
35. Udolpho van de Sandt, ‘Le Salon’, in Jean-Claude Bonnet (ed.), L’Empire des Muses. Napoléon, les arts et les lettres (Paris, 2004), p. 77.
36. Todd Porterfield, The Allure of Empire. Art in the Service of French Imperialism, 1798–1836 (Princeton, New Jersey, 1998), p. 7.
37. Vivant Denon, Voyage dans la Basse et la Haute Egypte pendant les campagnes du Général Bonaparte (revised edition, Paris, 1990).
38. Terence M. Russell, The Discovery of Egypt. Vivant Denon’s Travels with Napoleon’s Army (Stroud, 2005), p. 102.
39. Béatrice Didier, ‘La description de monuments: le Voyage dans la Basse et la Haute Egypte’, in Francis Claudon and Bernard Bailly (eds), Vivant Denon (Chalon-sur-Saône, 2001), p. 218.
40. Russell, The Discovery of Egypt, p. 41.
41. Andrew McClellan, Inventing the Louvre: Art, Politics and the Origins of the Modern Museum in Eighteenth-century Paris (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 91–92.
42. Philippe Bordes, ‘Le Musée Napoléon’, in Jean-Claude Bonnet (ed.), L’Empire des Muses, pp. 79–80.
43. Englund, Napoleon, pp. 303–04.
44. David Chaillou, Napoléon et l’Opéra: la politique sur la scène, 1810–1815 (Paris, 2004), p. 43.
11: FROM THE PENINSULA TO LEIPZIG
1. Tim Blanning, The Pursuit of Glory. Europe, 1648–1815 (London, 2007), p. 658.
2. Luigi Mascilli Migliorini, Napoléon (Paris, 2004), pp. 301–03.
3. Vernon J. Puryear, Napoleon and the Dardanelles (Berkeley, California, 1951), pp. 168–69.
4. Rebecca Earle, ‘The French Revolutionary Wars in the Spanish-American Imagination, 1789–1830’, in Richard Bessel, Nicholas Guyatt and Jane Rendall (eds.), War, Empire and Slavery, 1770–1830 (Basingstoke, 2010), pp. 186–93.
5. Michael Broers, Europe under Napoleon, 1799–1815, p. 144.
6. Charles J. Esdaile, The French Wars, 1792–1815 (London, 2001), p. 39.
7. Steven Englund, Napoleon. A Political Life (New York, 20011), p. 325.
8. Silvia Marzagalli, Les boulevards de la fraude: le négoce maritime et le Blocus continental, 1806–15 (Villeneuve d’Ascq, 1999), pp. 277–78.
9. Katherine B. Aaslestad, ‘War without Battles: Civilian Experiences of Economic Warfare during the Napoleonic Era in Hamburg’, in Alan Forrest, Karen Hagemann and Jane Rendall (eds), Soldiers, Citizens and Civilians: Experiences and Perceptions of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1790–1820 (Basingstoke, 2009), pp. 118–19.
10. For a thorough discussion of the Peninsular campaigns see Charles J. Esdaile, The Peninsular War: A New History (London, 2002).
11. Jean Marnier, Souvenirs de guerre en temps de paix (Paris, 1867), p. 36.
12. Charles J. Esdaile, Fighting Napoleon: Guerrillas, Bandits and Adventurers in Spain, 1808–14 (New Haven, Connecticut, 2004), pp. 111–13.
13. For details of these and other atrocities, see Jean-Marc Lafon, L’Andalousie et Napoléon: contre-insurrection, collaboration et résistances dans le Midi de l’Espagne, 1808–12 (Paris, 2007).
14. John Lawrence Tone, The Fatal Knot: The Guerrilla War in Navarre and the Defeat of Napoleon in Spain (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1994), pp. 147–49.
15. Alan Forrest, ‘The Logistics of Revolutionary War in France’, in Chickering and Förster, War in an Age of Revolution, pp. 187–90.
16. Jonathon Riley, Napoleon as a General (London, 2007), pp. 34–35.
17. Jean-José Ségéric, Napoléon face à la Royal Navy (Rennes, 2008), p. 222.
18. Pierre Branda, Le prix de la gloire. Napoléon et l’argent (Paris, 2007), p. 485.
19. Georges Lefebvre, Napoleon, vol 2, pp. 52–53.
20. Adam Zamoyski, 1812: Napoleon’s Fatal March on Moscow (London, 2005), p. 37.
21. Alan Palmer, Bernadotte: Napoleon’s Marshal, Sweden’s King (London, 1990), pp. 185–90.
22. Clive Emsley, The Longman Companion to Napoleonic Europe (London, 1993), p. 17.
23. François Buttner, ‘Grande Armée’, in Jean Tulard (ed.), Dictionnaire Napoléon (2 vols, Paris, 1999), vol. 1, pp. 893–94.
24. David Gates, The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–1815 (London, 1997), pp. 204–05.
25. Armand de Caulaincourt, At Napoleon’s Side in Russia (New York, 2008), pp. 28–29.
26. Dominic Lieven, Russia against Napoleon. The Battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814 (London, 2009), p. 124.
27. Thierry Lentz, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire (4 vols, Paris, 2002–2010), vol. 2 : L’effondrement du système napoléonien, 1810–14 (2004), p. 268.
28. Alain Fillion, La Bérézina racontée par ceux qui l’ont vécue (Paris, 2005), p. 11.
29. Léon Hennet and Emile Martin, Lettres interceptées par les Russes durant la campagne de 1812 (Paris, 1913), p. 228.
30. Zamoyski, 1812, p. 409.
31. Richard Riehn, 1812: Napoleon’s Russian Campaign (New York, 1991), p. 395; Bates, The Napoleonic Wars, p. 221.
32. Riley, Napoleon as a General, pp. 199–200.
33. Emsley, Longman Companion, p. 16.
34. Englund, Napoleon, p. 378.
35. Gates, The Napoleonic Wars, p. 221.
36. Hezi Shelah, Napoleon 1813 (London, 2000), pp. 78–79.
37. Emmanuel de Las Cases, Le mémorial de Sainte-Hélène (2 vols, Paris, 1951), vol. 2, p. 232.
38. Shelah, Napoleon 1813, pp. 90–91.
39. Emsley, Longman Companion, p. 19.
40. The fullest account of the military campaign is Michael V. Leggiere, The Fall of Napoleon: The Allied Invasion of France, 1813–1814 (Cambridge, 2007).
41. Thierry Lentz, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire, vol. 2, pp. 522–50; see also Jacques Hantraye, Le récit d’un civil dans la campagne de France de 1814: les ‘Lettres historiques’ de Pierre Dardenne, 1768–1857 (Paris, 2008), pp. lxix – lxxiii.
12: THE HUNDRED DAYS
1. F. Loraine Petre, Napoleon at Bay, 1814 (London, 1914), pp. 199–200.
2. Dominique de Villepin, Les Cent Jours ou l’esprit de sacrifice (Paris, 2001), p. 10.
3. Alan Schom, Napoleon Bonaparte, p. 697.
4. Owen Connelly (ed.), Historical Dictionary of Napoleonic France, 1799–1815 (London, 1985), pp. 3–5.
5. The phrase is from Guy Godlewski, Napoléon à l’île d’Elbe: 300 jours d’exil (Paris, 2003)
6. Neil Campbell, Napoleon on Elba: Diary of an Eyewitness to Exile, ed. Jonathan North (Welwyn Garden City, 2004), p. 31.
7. Ibid., p. 46.
8. Ibid., p. 57.
9. Catherine Clerc, La caricature contre Napoléon (Paris, 1985), p. 172.
10. Annie Duprat, ‘Une guerre des images: Louis XVIII, Napoléon et la France’, Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine 47 (2000), p. 500.
11. Schom, Napoleon Bonaparte, p. 697.
12. Henry Houssaye, 1814 (Paris, 1889), pp. 548–49.
13. Isser Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators, p. 222.
14. Henry Houssaye, 1815 (Paris, 1893), pp. 1–2.
15. Connelly, Historical Dictionary, p. 4.
16. Antony Brett-James (ed.), The Hundred Days: Napoleon’s Last Campaign from Eye-witness Accounts (London, 1964), p. 2.
17. Christopher Hibbert, Napoleon, His Wives and Women, pp. 220–22.
18. Steven Englund, Napoleon: A Political Life, p. 420.
19. Campbell, Napoleon on Elba, p. 96.
20. Ibid., p. 130.
21. Quoted in Alan Schom, One Hundred Days: Napoleon’s Road to Waterloo (New York, 1992), p. 1.
22. Thierry Lentz, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire (4 vols, Paris, 2002–10), vol. 4, Les Cent-Jours, 1815, pp. 194–97.
23. Frank McLynn, Napoleon, p. 604.
24. Englund, Napoleon: A Political Life, p. 428.
25. Lentz, Les Cent-Jours, p. 295.
26. McLynn, Napoleon, pp. 608–09.
27. Jean-Paul Bertaud, Quand les enfants parlaient de gloire: L’armée au coeur de la France de Napoléon (Paris, 2006), p. 176.
28. Robert S. Alexander, Bonapartism and Revolutionary Tradition in France: the Fédérés of 1815 (Cambridge, 1991), p. 2.
29. Acte additionnel, in Frédéric Bluche, Le plébiscite des Cent Jours, avril – mai 1815 (Geneva, 1974), pp. 134–35.
30. Bluche, Le plébiscite, p. 123.
31. Malcolm Crook, ‘”Ma volonté est celle du peuple”: Voting in the Plebiscite and Parliamentary Elections during Napoleon’s Hundred Days, April – May 1815’, French Historical Studies 32 (2009), p. 628.
32. Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators, p. 231.
33. Englund, Napoleon: A Political Life, p. 430.
34. Michael Broers, Europe under Napoleon, p. 269.
35. Harold Nicolson, The Congress of Vienna (London, 1961), pp. 227–30.
36. Schom, Napoleon Bonaparte, p. 721.
37. David Gates, The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–15, p. 268.
38. Jacques-Olivier Boudon, Napoléon Ier et son temps (Paris, 2004), p. 93.
39. Hippolyte Taine, Les origines de la France contemporaine (2 vols, Paris, 1986), vol. 2, p. 432.
40. Jean-Paul Bertaud, Guerre et société en France de Louis XIV à Napoléon Ier (Paris, 1998), p. 74.
41. McLynn, Napoleon, p. 610.
42. Andrew Uffindell, The Eagle’s Last Triumph: Napoleon’s Victory at Ligny, June 1815 (London, 1994), p. 23.
43. Ibid., p. 192.
44. The most recent account of the battle is Mike Robinson, The Battle of Quatre Bras, 1815 (Stroud, 2009).
45. Andrew Roberts, Waterloo: Napoleon’s Last Gamble (London, 2006), p. 120.
46. Alessandro Barbero, The Battle: A History of the Battle of Waterloo (London, 2006), pp. 419–20.
47. Charles Péguy, quoted in Actes du colloque Napoléon, Stendhal et les Romantiques: l’armée, la guerre, la gloire (Paris, 2002), p. 9.
48. Michael Thornton, Napoleon after Waterloo: England and the Saint Helena Decision (Stanford, California, 1968), pp. 4–6.
13: YEARS OF EXILE
1. Georges Bordenove, La vie quotidienne de Napoléon en route vers Sainte-Hélène (Paris, 1977), pp. 27–32.
2. A. M. Broadley, Napoleon in Caricature, 1795–1821 (2 vols., London, 1911), vol. 2, p. 5.
3. Jean-Paul Bertaud, Alan Forrest and Annie Jourdan, Napoléon, le monde et les Anglais: Guerre des mots et des images (Paris, 2004), p. 191.
4. Michael J. Thornton, Napoleon after Waterloo, p.222.
5. Brian Unwin, Terrible Exile: The Last Days of Napoleon on Saint Helena (London, 2010), pp. 57–58.
6. Ibid, pp. 59–60.
7. Jean-Paul Kauffmann, The Black Room at Longwood. Napoleon’s Exile on Saint Helena (New York, 1999), p. 8.
8. A range of descriptions and dramatic images of Saint Helena can be found in Bernard Chevallier, Michel Dancoisne-Martineau and Thierry Lentz (eds.), Sainte-Hélène, île de mémoire (Paris, 2005).
9. Frank McLynn, Napoleon, p. 638.
10. A contemporary account of the voyage by the captain of the Northumberland is Buonaparte’s Voyage to Saint Helena: comprising the diary of Rear Admiral Sir G. Cockburn, during his passage from England to Saint Helena in 1815 (Boston, 1833).
11. Gilbert Martineau, Napoléon à Sainte-Hélène, 1815–1821 (Paris, 1981), p. 14.
12. Thornton, Napoleon after Waterloo, pp. 198–99.
13. McLynn, Napoleon, pp. 646–47.
14. Unwin, Terrible Exile, pp. 167–68.
15. Ibid., pp. 64–66.
16. Louis Marchand, Memoirs, translated as In Napoleon’s Shadow, ed. Proctor Jones (San Francisco, California, 1998), pp. 368–69.
17. Unwin, Terrible Exile, p. xix.
18. Bertrand regularly lists the books that Napoleon read or cites the passages that were read to him. See Henri-Gratien Bertrand, Cahiers de Sainte-Hélène, 1816–17 (Paris, 1959), passim.
19. Ibid., p. 118.
20. Ibid., p. 139.
21. Henry Meynell, Memoranda of Conversations with Napoleon. Saint Helena, 1816 (Guildford, 1909), pp. 2–3.
22. Marcel Dunan, ‘Introduction’, in Emmanuel de Las Cases, Le Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène (2 vols, Paris, 1951), vol. 1, pp. x–xi.
23. Broadley, Napoleon in Caricature, vol. 2, p. 12; Alan Forrest, ‘Propaganda and the Legitimation of Power in Napoleonic France’, French History 18 (2004), p. 444.
24. Elizabeth Latimer, Talks of Napoleon at Saint Helena with General Baron Gourgaud (London, 1904), pp. 185–90.
25. Charles de Montholon, vol. 1, p. 469. xxxx
26. David Chandler, ‘Foreword’ to Sten Forshufvud and Ben Weider, Assassination at Saint Helena: The Poisoning of Napoleon Bonaparte (Vancouver, 1978), p. 2.
27. Ibid., p. 4.
28. Francesco Antommarchi went on to publish his account of Napoleon’s final months as Les derniers moments de Napoléon (2 vols, Paris and London, 1825).
29. Martin R. Howard, Poisoned Chalice: The Emperor and his Doctors on Saint Helena (Stroud, 2009), passim.
30. Ibid., p. 53.
31. Jacques-Olivier Boudon, Napoléon et les cultes (Paris, 2002), p. 43 ; Englund, Napoleon, p. 454.
32. Albert Benhamou, L’autre Sainte-Hélène: La captivité, la maladie, la mort, et les médecins autour de Napoléon (London, 2010), p. 350.
33. By far the most moving accounts of Geranium Valley and the site of Napoleon’s tomb are to be found in the work of historians who have visited, and often photographed, Saint Helena. The description of the funeral ceremony is taken from Unwin, Terrible Exile: The Last Days of Napoleon on Saint Helena, pp. 57–58
14: LIFE AFTER DEATH
1. Didier Le Gall, Napoléon et Le Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène: analyse d’un discours (Paris, 2003), p. 15.
2. Marcel Dunan, ‘Introduction’ to Emmanuel de Las Cases, Le Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène (2 vols, Paris, 1951), vol. 1, p. xiii.
3. Steven Englund, Napoleon, p. 453.
4. Peter Hicks and Emilie Barthet, ‘Interpretation of Clisson et Eugénie’, in Napoleon Bonaparte, Clisson et Eugénie – a love story (London, 2008), p. 41.
5. François-René de Chateaubriand, ‘De Buonaparte, des Bourbons et de la nécessité de se rallier à nos princes légitimes pour le bonheur de la France et celui de l’Europe’, in Chateaubriand, Ecrits politiques, 1814–16, ed. Colin Smethurst, p. 72.
6. Las Cases, Le Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène, vol. 1, p. 668.
7. Thierry Lentz, Les Cent-Jours, 1815 (Paris, 2010), p. 313.
8. Angelica Goodden, Madame de Staël: The Dangerous Exile (Oxford, 2008), p. 262.
9. John Claiborne Isbell, The Birth of European Romanticism. Truth and Propaganda in Staël’s De l’Allemagne (Cambridge, 1994), p. 93.
10. Las Cases, Le Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène, vol. 2, p. 190.
11. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 187.
12. Jacques-Olivier Boudon (ed.), Napoléon Ier et son temps (Paris, 2004), p. 227.
13. Englund, Napoleon, p. 531.
14. Henri-Gratien Bertrand, ‘Les derniers jours de l’Empereur à Sainte-Hélène’, Les æuvres libres 39 (1949), pp. 107–08.
15. Mémoires de Marchand, premier valet de chambre et exécuteur testamentaire de l’Empereur Napoléon, ed. Jean Bourguignon and Henry Lachouque (Paris, 1985), pp. 567–613.
16. Natalie Petiteau, Lendemains d’Empire. Les soldats de Napoléon dans la France du dix-neuvième siècle (Paris, 2003), pp. 258–59.
17. Philip Shaw, Waterloo and the Romantic Imagination (Basingstoke, 2002), p. 3.
18. Alan Forrest, The Legacy of the French Revolutionary Wars: The Nation-in-Arms in French Republican Memory (Cambridge, 2009), p. 73.
19. Michael Paul Driskel, As Befits a Legend: Building a Tomb for Napoleon, 1840–61 (Kent, Ohio, 1993), p. 39.
20. Robert Alexander, Rewriting the French Revolutionary Tradition (Cambridge, 2003), p. 95.
21. Sudhir Hazareesingh, The Legend of Napoleon (London, 2004), p. 68.
22. Bernard Ménager, Les Napoléon du peuple (Paris, 1988), p. 32.
23. J. Lucas-Dubreton, Le culte de Napoléon, 1815–1848 (Paris, 1960), p. 21.
24. Munro Price, The Perilous Crown: France between Revolutions, 1815–1848 (Basingstoke, 2007), pp. 106–07.
25. André Zeller, Soldats perdus. Des armées de Napoléon aux garnisons de Louis XVIII (Paris, 1977), pp. 319–41.
26. Pierre Brochon, La chanson sociale de Béranger à Brassens (Paris, 1961), p. 15.
27. Ibid., p. 22.
28. Lambert Sauveur (ed.), Songs of France from Napoleon I to Louis-Philippe, by Pierre-Jean de Béranger (Philadelphia, 1894), p. 100.
29. Henri George, La belle histoire des images d’Epinal (Paris, 1996), pp. 16–17.
30. Christian Amalvi, Les héros de l’histoire de France (Toulouse, 2001), pp. 68–71.
31. Christian Amalvi, ‘Penser la défaite, le recours à une histoire analogique: de la chute de Napoléon à la chute de la Troisième République’, in Patrick Cabanel and Pierre Laborie (eds), Penser la défaite (Toulouse, 2002), p. 10.
32. Munro Price, The Perilous Crown: France Between Revolutions, 1814–1848, p. 189.
33. Jean-Marcel Humbert, Napoléon aux Invalides. 1840, Le Retour des Cendres (Paris, 1990), p. 13.
34. Ecole Spéciale Militaire, Saint-Cyr, Programme des cours des élèves, premère année d’études, 1913–14, histoire militaire (Archives de la Guerre, Vincennes, Xo.16).
35. Yveline Cantarel-Besson, ‘Les campagnes’, in Yveline CantarelBesson, Claire Constans and Bruno Foucart (eds), Napoléon, images et histoire: Peintures du Château de Versailles, 1789–1815 (Paris, 2001), pp. 110–213.
36. Philippe Raxhon, ‘Le lion de Waterloo, un monument controversé’, in Marcel Watelet and Pierre Couvreur (eds), Waterloo, lieu de mémoire européenne, 1815–2000 (Louvain-la-Neuve, 2000), p. 159.
37. Wolfgang Koller, ‘Heroic Memories: Gendered Images of the Napoleonic Wars in German Feature Films of the Interwar Period’, in Alan Forrest, Etienne François and Karen Hagemann (eds.), War Memories: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Modern European Culture (Basingstoke, 2012).
38. Robert Gildea, ‘Bonapartism’, in The Past in French History (New Haven, Connecticut, 1994), pp. 62–111.
39. Ted W. Margadant, French Peasants in Revolt: The Insurrection of 1851 (Princeton, New Jersey, 1979), p. xvii.
40. Karl Marx, Le 18 Brumaire de Louis Bonaparte (Paris, 1969), p. 15.