Preface
1 ZA, 115.
1 Anthony Cross, ‘Petrus Britannicus: the Image of Peter the Great in 18th-century Britain’, WOR, 8.
I Growing Up 1672–89
1 P. Krekshin, ‘Kratkoe opisanie blazhenykh del velikogo gosudaria, imperatora Petra Velikogo, Samoderzhtsa Vserossiiskogo’, in Zapiski russkikh liudei. ed. N. Sakharov (SPb., 1841), 8–9.
2 PiB, XI, 281.
3 PSZ, I, no. 607.
4 ‘Stoglav’, in Russkoe zakonodatel'stvo X–XX vekov, vol. II (M., 1985), ch. 20.
5 Stählin, no. 92, 141–3.
6 Philip Longworth, Alexis. Tsar of All the Russias (London, 1984), 229.
7 Neuville, 15.
8 S. Medvedev, ‘Sozertanie let kratkoe 7190, 91 i 92’, Chteniia v Imperatorskom Obshchestve Istorii i Drevnostei Rossiiskikh, 1894, book 4, 65–6.
9 ‘Istoriia o vere i chelobytnaia o strel'tsakh Savvy Romanova’, Letopisi russkoi literatury i drevnosti, ed. N. Tikhomirov, 5 (1863), part II, 111–48.
10 Vosstanie v Moskve 1682 g. Sbornik dokumentov, ed. V. I. Buganov and N. G. Savich (M., 1976), 113–17.
11 Ibid., 104–6.
12 Lindsey Hughes, Sophia, Regent of Russia (New Haven, 1990), 140–1.
13 E. Kämpfer, ‘Diarium itineris ad aulam Moscoviticam indeque Astracanum suscepti anno MDCLXXIII’, in K. Meier-Lemgo, Englebert Kämpfer, der erste deutsche Forschungsreisende 1651–1716 (Stuttgart, 1937), 13.
14 Relation du voyage en Russie fait en 1684 par Laurent Rinhuber (Berlin, 1883), 230.
15 Quoted in F. Adelung, Kritish-literärische Übersicht der Reisenden in Russland bis 1700, vol. II (SPb and Leipzig), 270–1.
16 Neuville, 59.
17 A. Babkin, ‘Pis'ma Frantsa i Petra Lefortov o “Velikom posol'stve”’, VI, 1976, no. 4, 122–3.
18 Kurakin, 386.
19 J. Banks, A New History of the Life and Reign of Czar Peter the Great, Emperor of All Russia, and Father of his Country (London, 1740), 48.
20 Ustrialov, I, 99; Kurakin, 364–5.
21 PSZ, II, no. 1186, 770–86.
22 Whitworth, 60.
23 ‘The Story of the Ship's Boat which gave his Majesty the Thought of Building Ships of War’, in Consett, 210.
24 Kurakin, 369.
25 PRG, III (M., 1861), 68–9.
26 PSZ, II, no. 1258, 889.
27 Ustrialov, I, 370.
28 Rozysknoe delo o Fedore Shaklovitom i ego soobshchnikakh, III (SPb, 1893), 1–2.
29 Gordon, V (unpaginated).
30 Solov'ev, 173–4.
31 Nartov, 100–1.
32 PiB, I, 13–14.
II Prelude to Greatness 1689–97
1 PiB, I, 36.
2 Kurakin, 375.
3 PSZ, III, no. 1358, 46–7 (29 Oct., 1689).
4 Testament of Patriarch Joachim, 17 March 1690, in G. Vernadsky, A Source Book for Russian History, vol. II (New Haven, 1972), 361–3.
5 DR, IV, 527–30.
6 Kurakin, 379.
7 Russkii Biograficheskii Slovar', 25 vols (SPb, 1896–1918), 352.
8 Kurakin, 379.
9 DR, IV, 552–4.
10 Kurakin, 381–2.
11 Sbornik, I, 116–17.
12 Ibid., I, 133–5.
13 DR, IV, 577–9, 590. PSZ, III, no. 1381, 71 ff.
14 Kurakin, 384.
15 I. A. Zheliabuzhsky, ‘Zapiski’, Rossiia pri tsarevne Sof'e i Petre I, ed. A. B. Bogdanov (M., 1990), 221.
16 DR, IV, 821–2.
17 M. M. Bogoslovsky, Petr I. Materialy dlia biografii, vol. I (M., 1940), 161–3.
18 DR, IV, 840–51.
19 Ibid., IV, 853–6.
20 PiB, I, 21.
21 Ibid., IV, 379.
22 Kurakin. 389.
23 Consett, xxxiii.
24 Nartov, 138; Stählin, no. 97, 150.
25 Whitworth, 64–5.
26 G. V. Esipov, ‘Zhizneopisanie kniazia A. D. Menshikova’, Russkii arkhiv, 1875, no. 7, 236; D. Serov, ‘Pervonachal'noe nakoplenie kapitala: tainy imperii kniazia Menshikova’, Russkaia Aziia, 41, no. 11, 1994, 3.
27 PiB, I, 331; II (1703), 126; III (1704), 94, 159, 321.
28 Ibid., III, 700.
29 Ibid., II, 220–1.
30 Ibid., IV, 184.
31 Korb, II, 6.
32 PSZ, III, no. 1536, 220–3.
33 N. A. Baklanova, ed. ‘Tetradi startsa Avramiia’, Istoricheskii arkhiv, 7 (1951), 143–55; Golikova, 78–86.
34 Golikova, 131–2.
35 Gordon, VI, 96r–96v.
36 Gordon; Zheliabuzhsky, ‘Zapiski’, 257. Golikova, 87–101.
III The Grand Embassy 1697–99
1 Solov'ev, 137.
2 A. Babkin, ‘Pis'ma Frantsa i Petra Lefortov o “Velikom posol'stve”’, VI, 1976, no. 4, 124–5.
3 Anthony G. Cross Peter the Great through British Eyes. Perceptions and Representations of the Tsar since 1698 (Cambridge, 2000), 8.
4 Babkin, ‘Pis'ma’, 126–7.
5 Bantysh-Kamensky, IV, 208.
6 Quoted in L. Oliva, Peter the Great. Great Lives Observed (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1970), 108.
7 A. Arkhangel'sky, Domik Petra Velikogo v Saardame (Kazan', 1901), 7, 11.
8 Cross, Peter the Great, 10–11.
9 RGADA, f. 9, kn. 53, l. 635, 637.
10 Consett, 210.
11 Quoted in L. Loewenson, ‘People Peter the Great Met in England. Moses Stringer, Chymist and Physician’, SEER, 37 (1959), 459.
12 A. G. Cross, ‘Petrus Britannicus: The Image of Peter the Great in 18th-century Britain’, WOR, 4–5.
13 Wolfgang von Schmettau and Joseph Hill writing in June 1697, quoted in Janet Hartley, ‘England “Enjoys the Spectacle of a Northern Barbarian”. The Reception of Peter I and Alexander I’, WOR, 12.
14 A. Vasil'chikov, ‘O novom portrete Petra Velikogo’, Drevniaia i novaia Rossiia, no. 3, 1877, 325–6.
15 BRAPG, 22.
16 Loewenson, ‘People Peter the Great Met’, 462.
17 Perry, 164. Nartov, no. 7, 10.
18 Journal for 1698, in F. Tumansky, Sobranie raznykh zapisok i sochinenii (SPb, 1788), III, 67–8.
19 M. M. Bogoslovsky, ‘Petr I v Anglii v 1698’, Institut istorii. Moskva. Trudy, I (1926), 399.
20 BRAPG, 13–14; Bishop Burnet's History of His Own Time, IV (Oxford, 1833), 407.
21 J. Barrow, The Life of Peter the Great,3rd edn (London, n.d.), 97; A. Gaedeke, ‘Peter der Grosse in England im J. 1698’, Im neuen Reich. Wochenschrift für das Leben des deutschen Volkes, I (Jan.–June, 1872), 223.
22 Nartov, no. 6, 10.
23 A. Lentin, Peter the Great: his Law on the Imperial Succession. The Official Commentary (Oxford, 1996), 208–10.
24 Nartov, no. 82.
25 BRAPG, 16 (expenses claim from Andrew Styles: ‘eighteen pairs of stockings for the blacks').
26 Austrian envoy Hofmann, in Gaedeke, ‘Peter der Grosse’, 217–24.
27 See Diary of John Evelyn, ed. John Bowle (New York, 1983), 403–4. BRAPG, 15.
28 Gaedeke, ‘Peter der Grosse’, 224–5 (Graf von Auersperg).
29 O. Beliaev, Dukh Petra Velikogo (SPb, 1798), 22–3; Ustrialov, III, 142.
30 S. O. Androsov, ‘Petr I v Venetsii’, VI, 1995, no. 3, 129–35.
31 Korb, I, 155–6.
32 Ibid., 156; Imperial envoy Ignatius von Guarient to Emperor Leopold I, 12 Sept. 1698, in Ustrialov, III, 621–3.
33 Korb, I, 159–60.
34 Perry, 195, 196–7.
35 PRO, State Papers 91/4 part II, ff. 112–13 (20 Feb./3 March 1706 to Secretary of State).
36 Korb, I, 257.
37 Esipov, II, 171–2.
38 Ibid., 87.
39 B. A. Uspensky, ‘Historia sub specie Semioticae’, in H. K. Baran, ed., Semiotics and Structuralism. Readings from the Soviet Union (New York, 1976), 71.
40 Korb, I, 194; II, 92.
41 Grund, 133.
42 Juel, III, 6.
IV War with Sweden 1700–8
1 PSZ, III, no. 1735, 680–1, no. 1736, 681–2.
2 Ibid., IV, no. 1741, 1.
3 Perry, 197–8; Cornelius de Bruyn, Travels into Muscovy, Persia, and Part of the East Indies; containing an Accurate Description of what is most remarkable in those Countries, 2 vols (London, 1737), I, 46.
4 Esipov, II, 176–7.
5 PiB, IX, 69 (3 Feb. 1709).
6 P. Shafirov, A Discourse Concerning the Just Causes of the War between Sweden and Russia: 1700–1721, ed. W. E. Butler (Dobbs Ferry, NY, 1973), 348.
7 [Daniel Krman], ‘Maloizvestnyi istochnik po istorii severnoi voiny’, VI, 1976, no. 12, 107.
8 Korb, II, 134.
9 Stählin, no. 89, 137–8.
10 Preface to the Military Statute, PSZ, V, no. 3006.
11 PSZ, III, no. 1747, 3.
12 Golikova, 200.
13 I. A. Zheliabuzhsky, ‘Zapiski’, in A. Bogdanov, Rossiia pri tsarevne Sof'e i Petre I (M., 1990), 283–5.
14 Solov'ev, 250.
15 Stählin, no. 88, 136–7.
16 PSZ, III, no. 1886, 181–2 (30 Dec. 1701).
17 Korb, II, 144; SIRIO, XXXIX, 24 Sept., to Harley.
18 PiB, II, 65 (5 June 1702).
19 Perry, 240.
20 Bruyn, Travels, I 25–6, 28.
21 PSZ, IV, no. 1907, 191–2 (3 April 1702).
22 Viktorov, II, 467–8, 469.
23 PSZ, IV, no. 1921, 201.
24 Zhurnal ili podennaia zapiska Blazhennyia i vechnodostoinnyia pamiati gos. imp. Petra Velikago s 1698 goda, dazhe do zakliucheniia neishtatskogo mira, vol. I (SPb, 1770–2), 69.
25 ‘O zachatii i zdanii tsarstvuiushchego grada Sanktpeterburga’ (RNB OR Ermitazhnoe sobranie, no. 359, ll. 3–13), in Bespiatykh, 258–62.
26 PiB, II, 204.
27 ‘O zachatii i zdanii tsarstvuiushchago grada’, 259–60.
28 P. P. Pekarsky, Nauka i literatura v Rossii pri Petre Velikom, vol. I (SPb., 1862), 273–4.
29 PiB, III, 162; IV, 209.
30 Ibid., PiB, III, 385 (2 Oct.), 410 (30 Oct.).
31 Ibid., 283 (March 1705).
32 Ibid., 954.
33 G. Bogdanov, Istoricheskoe, geograficheskoe i topograficheskoe opisanie Sanktpeterburga, ot nachala zavedeniia ego s 1703 po 1751 god. (SPb, 1779), 283.
34 PiB, V, 13; PRG, I, 1.
35 PV, 157.
36 SIRIO, XXXIV, 102.
37 200-letie., appendix II, 5.
38 Ibid., 14.
39 PiB, III, 312 (13 April 1705).
40 Ibid., 342 (14 May 1705).
41 A. V. Chernov, ‘Astrakhanskoe vosstanie 1705–1706 gg.=’, Istoricheskie zapiski, 64 (1959), 196; Golikova, 226, 246–7.
42 PSZ, IV, no. 2015, 282–3 (16 Jan. 1705).
43 F. J. Strahlenberg, Zapiski kapitana Filippa Ioganna Stralenberga ob istorii i geografii Rossiiskoi imperii Petra Velikogo, trans. and ed. Iu. Besspiatykh et al. 2 vols (M.-L., 1985), I, 117, 138.
44 Esipov, II, 103.
45 PRO SP 91/4 part II, 20 Feb/3 March 1706, f. 112 to Secretary of State, Feb. 1706; SIRIO, XXXIX, 248–9.
46 PiB, III, 450.
47 Ibid., IV, 184, 751.
48 Quoted in A. Rothstein, Peter the Great and Marlborough. Politics and Diplomacy in Converging Wars (Basingstoke, 1986), 72.
49 V. N. Berkh, Zhizneopisanie gen.-adm. F. M. Apraksina (SPb., 1825), 8–9.
50 PSZ, IV, no. 2155, 383 (13 Aug. 1707).
51 PiB, VII (i), 28.
52 Ibid., VII (i), 43–4. Pis' ma tsarevicha Alekseia Petrovicha, k ego roditeliu gosudariu Petru Velikomu, gosudaryne Ekaterine Alekseevne i kabinet-sekretariu Makarovu (Odessa 1849), 23.
53 PiB, X, 27, 476–7.
54 Ibid., VII (i), 128.
55 Ibid., 138 (14 April), 166 (14 May).
56 Nartov, 76–8.
57 PiB, VII (i), 600–2.
58 Ibid., 131–2.
59 Ibid., 167 (15 May 1708).
60 Ibid., VIII, 36–7 (23 July 1708).
61 V. S. Bobylev, Vneshniaia politika Rossii epokhi Petra I (M., 1990), 51.
62 Whitworth, SIRIO, L, 61–2.
63 PiB, VIII, 72–3 (9 Aug. 1708).
64 Ibid., 90 (17 Aug. 1708).
65 Ibid., IV, 185. Stählin, no. 96, 148–9.
66 Ibid., VI, 110, 117; VIII, 287.
67 Ibid., III, 760.
68 Ibid., XI (ii), 154–5 (28 Sept. 1711).
69 O. Subtelny, ‘Mazepa, Peter I, and the Question of Treason’, Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 2 (1978), 170–1, 175.
70 Whitworth, 14.
71 PiB, VIII, 237 (27 Oct. 1708).
72 Subtelny, ‘Mazepa’, 180; PiB, IX, 321.
73 Dispatches to Henry Boyle, PRO, State Papers Foreign, Sweden, SP 95, vol. XVII in T. Mackiv, English Reports on Mazepa, 1687–1709 (New York, 1983), 129–30.
74 PiB, VI, 92 (12 Sept. 1707); IV, 27 (21 Jan. 1706).
V From Poltava to Pruth 1709–11
1 PiB, VIII, 334.
2 [Daniel Krman], ‘Maloizvestnyi istochnik po istorii severnoi voiny’, VI, 1976, no. 12, 98.
3 PiB, IX, 174 (to Menshikov, 9 May 1709).
4 Ibid., 167–8.
5 Ibid., 200.
6 Ibid., 226.
7 P. Englund, The Battle of Poltava. The Birth of the Russian Empire (London, 1992), 155.
8 PiB, IX, 236.
9 Kniga Marsova ili Voinskikh del (1713/1766), 71; PiB, IX, 258–62.
10 PiB, IX, 388.
11 Erebro Rasmus, quoted in E. Mosgovaia, ‘Obraz Petra I-imperatora v proizvedeniiakh tvorchestva Bartolommeo Karlo Rastrelii’, Monarkhiia i narodovlastie v kul'ture prosveshcheniia (M., 1995), 3–4.
12 Juel, III, 134–5.
13 PiB, IX, 231; LOI, d. 107, ll. 254–5 (16 Aug. 1724).
14 V. Ger'e, Sbornik pisem i memorialov Leibnitsa, otnosiashchikhsia k Rossii i Petru Velikomy (SPb., 1873), 177–80.
15 PiB, X, 32.
16 Ibid., 35.
17 Ibid., 223.
18 Ibid., VIII, 460, 462.
19 Ibid., X, 361.
20 Medals, no. 46.
21 ‘Reskripty i ukazy Petra I k lifliandskim general-gubernatoram: Polonskomu, kn. Golitsynu i kn. Repninu’, OV, VI, 34–5 (7 Feb. 1716).
22 Weber, II, 98.
23 Zhurnal ili podennaia zapiska, part 1, 251–2.
24 PiB, X, 57.
25 Juel, III, 18.
26 PSZ, IV, no. 2272, 494–7; PiB, X, 311–16.
27 ZA, 162.
28 Juel, III, 114.
29 Ibid., 113.
30 PiB, XI (i), 60.
31 PSZ, IV, no. 2328, 634–5; no. 2330, 635.
32 PiB, XI (i), 144.
33 Istoriia pravitel'stvuiushego Senata za 200 let, vol. I (SPb, 1911), 123.
34 PiB, XI (i), 218, 489.
35 Ibid., 237.
36 Ibid., 166.
37 Ibid., XI (ii), 112 (1 Sept. 1711).
38 Ibid., XIII (i), 93 (28 Feb. 1713).
39 ZA, 206–7 (2 July 1713).
40 PiB, XI (i), 84.
41 PZh, 1711, 308.
42 PiB, XI (i), 230, 496 (12 May).
43 Juel, III, 133.
44 Esipov, I, 134–55, 159–64.
45 PiB, XI (i), 151–2 (23 March 1711).
46 Quoted in B. Sumner, Peter the Great and the Ottoman Empire (Oxford, 1950), 44.
47 PiB, XI (i), 305.
48 Stählin, no. 17, 45–6.
49 PiB, XI (ii), 12.
50 Ibid., 41 (28 July).
51 Ibid., 137.
52 Quoted in Sumner, Ottoman, 40.
53 PiB, XI (ii), 138.
54 Ibid., 140.
55 Ibid., X, 281.
56 Ibid., XI (ii), 123, 124–5, 133.
57 Ibid., 170 (14 Oct. and 17 Sept. 1711).
58 S. V. Efimov, ‘Tsarevich Aleksei v S. Peter burge’, Peterburgskie chteniia 96 (SPb, 1996), 56.
59 Weber, II, 105.
60 PiB, XII (i), 41, 120.
VI Peter in Europe 1712–17
1 PiB, XII (i), 9–10.
2 Ibid., 17–25.
3 Ibid., 37.
4 Ibid., 44–5.
5 Ibid., 81–2.
6 Ibid., 86, 361.
7 Ibid., 83.
8 V. I. Vasil'ev, Starinnye feierverki v Rossii (XVII-perv. ch. XVIII v. (L., 1960), 51.
9 PiB, XII (i), 114, 331; Weber, I, 92.
10 Ibid., 115–16.
11 Ibid., 133.
12 Ibid., 141.
13 Ibid., 180.
14 Ibid., XII (ii), 31.
15 Ibid., 54, 62.
16 Ibid., 135.
17 Ibid., 64.
18 Ibid., 167, 174–5.
19 200-letie, 9–10; LOI, f. 270, d. 72, f. 173.
20 MIGO, I (i), 16.
21 ‘Tsaritsa Ekaterina Alekseevna’, Russkaia starina, 1880, 766.
22 MIGO, I (i), 47–8.
23 Grebeniuk, 72–4.
24 Bantysh-Kamensky, IV, 213; MIGO, I (ii), 19.
25 LOI, d. 73, l. 177 (19 Sept. 1713).
26 PSZ, V, (10 Jan, 1714); LOI, f. 270, d. 75, l. 10.
27 Sbornik Mukhanova, 2nd edn (SPb, 1866), 251.
28 Nartov, 83–4.
29 ‘Reskripty i ukazy Petra I’, OV, IV, 22 (to Prince Golitsyn in Reval, 29 June 1714).
30 MIGO, I (ii), 209.
31 LOI, d. 76, l. 119.
32 Weber, I, 36.
33 Quoted in R. Warner, ‘British Merchants and Russian Men-of-War’, PGW, 109.
34 MIGO, I (i), 67.
35 Weber, I, 89–90. Thanks to Ernest Zitser.
36 PSZ, V, no. 2762 (20 Jan. 1714), 76; no. 2778 (28 Feb. 1714), 86.
37 Ibid., no. 2789.
38 Weber, I, 44, 105.
39 The Tryal of the Czarewitz Alexis Petrowitz, who was condemn'd at Petersbourg, on the 25th of June, 1718 (London, 1725), 10.
40 Ustrialov, VI, prilozhenie, 346–8.
41 Ibid., 348–9.
42 M. I. Semevsky, Tsaritsa Praskov'ia 1664– 1724 (M., 1989), 69.
43 DPPS, VI (i), no. 388, 326–8.
44 Muller, 30, 40.
45 LOI, d. 101, ll. 705–705 rev. (1722).
46 V. S. Bobylev, Vneshniaia politika Rossii epokhi Petra I (M., 1990), 107.
47 John Barrow, The Life of Peter the Great (Edinburgh, 1894), 291.
48 PRG, I, no. 83; To Prince M. Golitsyn, LOI, d. 84, l. 24.
49 LOI, d. 84, ll. 19–20 (Jan. 4, 1717)
50 LOI, d. 86, l. 44.
51 Ibid., l. 67.
52 M. Poludensky, ‘Petr Velikii v Parizhe’, Russkii arkhiv, 1965, nos. 5–6, 2–27.
53 RGADA, f. 9, kn. 53, l. 84; Grebeniuk, 77–8.
54 LOI, d. 84, l. 179 (21 Oct. 1717).
55 Kurakin, 378–9.
56 ZA, 60.
57 Ibid., 270.
58 Ibid., 377; PSZ, no. 3261 (22 Dec. 1718).
59 PSZ, VI, no. 3947, 643 (6 April 1722).
60 M. I. Semevsky, Slovo i delo 1700–1725 Ocherki i rasskazy iz russkoi istorii XVIII veka (SPb, 1884), 297.
61 Ibid., 310; RNB, Otdel rukopisei, f. 450.
VII Father and Sons 1718–20
1 Ustrialov, VI, 388–9. For a detailed analysis of the politics of the Alexis affair, see P. Bushkovitch, Peter the Great. The Struggle for Power, 1671–1725 (Cambridge, 2001), which appeared after the present book was being prepared for publication.
2 Ustrialov, VI, 411.
3 Texts in S. A. Prokhvatilova, Neprotrebnyi syn. Delo tsarevicha Alekseia Petrovicha (SPb, 1996), 335–42; Ustrialov, VI 442–4, PSZ, VI no. 3151, ZA, 164–9, 169–70.
4 Prokhvatilova, 343.
5 Ia. Gordin, ‘Delo tsarevicha Alekseiai ili tiazhba o tsene reform’, Zvezda, 1991, no. 11, 130.
6 Ibid., 134–5.
7 Ibid., 135.
8 Ibid., 140.
9 PSZ, V, no. 3159.
10 Stählin, no. 27, 58.
11 200-letie, 76. Pekarsky, Nauka i literatura v Rossii pri Petre Velikom, 2 vols. (SPb, 1862), I, 57.
12 200-letie, 247.
13 Pekarsky, Nauka, I, 56.
14 Nartov, 70.
15 Ustrialov, VI, 240.
16 The Tryal of the Czarewitz Alexis Petrowitz, who was condemn'd at Petersbourg on the 25th of June 1718 (London, 1725), 74, 91.
17 O. F. Kozlov, ‘Delo tsarevicha Alekseiia’, VI, 1969, no. 9, 214.
18 Weber, I, 229.
19 Kraevedcheskie zapiski. Issledovaniia i materialy, vyp. 2. Petropavlovski Sobor i velikokniazheskaia usypal'nitsa (SPb, 1994), 63.
20 Weber, I, 229–31.
21 Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Petr i Aleksei. Roman (M., 1994), 136.
22 ZA, 164.
23 PSZ, V, no. 3241, 597–8.
24 Weber, I, 188.
25 Bergholz, II, 71.
26 N. D. Beliaev, ‘Russkoe obshchestva pri Petre Velikom’, Den' (1864), no 2, 5–6.
27 BP, 401–2.
28 Ibid., 432–3.
29 Ibid., 467.
30 Ibid., 458–9 (6 April 1722).
31 PSZ, VI, no. 3777, 382 (29 April 1721).
32 Ibid., no. 3676, 264 (16 Nov. 1720).
33 BP, 427.
34 PSZ, VI, no. 3585, 193–4 (20 May 1720. Repeat of 13 June 1718); no. 3799, 402–3 (24 June 1721).
35 Ibid., VI, no. 3799, 402–3.
36 Stählin, no. 33, 65.
37 Weber, I, 278.
38 PSZ, VI, no. 3494, 121; no. 3676, 264.
39 BP, 425–6 (28 June 1721).
40 ZA, 61–3; PSZ, V, no. 3244.
41 PSZ, V, no. 3294.
42 Ibid., no. 3380.
43 RNB, Otdel rukopisei, f. 480, op. 2, l. 1 (Podennye zapiski Kn. A. D. Menshikova).
44 LOI, d. 90, 2 Jan. 1719, l. 7.
45 Ibid., 13 Jan., l. 40, 16 Jan., l. 54.
46 Ibid., 27 Jan., l. 84.
47 Ibid., 12 Feb., l. 109.
48 Petrovskoe vremia v litsakh (SPb, 1999), 10.
49 LOI, d. 90, 23 Feb., l. 127.
50 PSZ, VI, no. 3338.
51 LOI, d. 90, 24 March, l. 224.
52 Weber, I, 265.
53 PRG I, 76, 80.
54 RNB Otdel rukopisei, f. 480, op. 2, ll. 35–35 v.
55 Weber, I, 266.
56 Stählin, no. 95, 146–8.
57 LOI, d. 90, l. 443.
58 BRAPG, 204–6.
59 LOI, d. 90, l. 20.
60 PSZ, V, no. 3464 (10 Dec.).
61 Bergholz, I, 52–3. 200–letie, 76–7.
62 PSZ, VI, no. 3485, no. 3937.
63 Ibid., 2; ZA, 74.
64 PSZ, no. 3937, 526–637.
65 Ibid., no. 3534, 141–60 (28 Feb. 1720).
66 Ibid., VII, no. 4422, 205 (20 Jan.).
67 Peterson, 115.
68 ZA, 290.
69 M. I. Semevsky, Slovo I delo, 1700–1725. Ocherki i rasskazy iz russkoi istorii XVIII veka (SPb, 1884), 314–15; PiB, VI, 301–2; PZh, 1720, 13.
70 PZh, 1720, 29–30.
71 N. V. Kaliazina and G. N. Komelova, Russkoe iskusstvo Petrovskoi epokhi (L., 1990), ills. 167 and 173.
72 Grebeniuk, 236.
73 Nepliuev, 102–3.
74 PZh, 1720, 39–40.
VIII The Year of Nystad 1721
1 A. F. Bychkov, Pis ‘ma Petra Velikogo, khraniashchiesia v imp. Publ. biblioteke (SPb, 1872), 78–9.
2 Kurakin, 386.
3 Weber, I, 90–1.
4 RNB, Otdel rukopisei, Ermitazhnoe, 450; M. I. Semevsky, Slovo i delo 1700–1725. Ocherki i rasskazy iz russkoi istorii XVIII veka (SPb, 1884), 313–14.
5 P. V. Verkhovskoi, Uchrezhdenie Dukhovnoi Kollegii i Dukhovnyi reglament, 2 vols (Rostov/Don, 1916) I, 155.
6 G. Vernadsky, A Source Book for Russian History (New Haven, 1972), I, 256.
7 Muller, 30–41.
8 Nartov, 57–8.
9 Quoted in translation in M. Raeff, ed. Peter the Great Changes Russia (Lexington, 1972), 39–43.
10 Stählin, no. 54, 92; no. 79, 126; no. 100, 154–5.
11 Esipov, I, 59–84.
12 Nartov, 70.
13 PiB, I, 95.
14 Ibid., IX (i), 331.
15 LOI, d. 107, ll. 254–5.
16 PiB, XI, 230, 241.
17 Nartov, 142.
18 PSZ, VI, no. 3485, 42–4 (on priests), 49–50 (on good behaviour on board ship).
19 Weber, I, 236.
20 PSZ, VI, no. 3759, 370–1.
21 Ibid., no. 3771, 377.
22 ZA, 168.
23 SIRIO, XV, 204–5.
24 J. Cracraft, The Church Reform of Peter the Great (London 1971), 22.
25 SIRIO, LX, 191–2.
26 Ibid. XL, 168–9.
27 LOI, d. 97, l. 233.
28 PSZ, IV, no. 2132, 363.
29 SIRIO, XL, 39–40; Bergholz, I, 136.
30 Bassewitz, 133, 197.
31 LOI, d. 97, l. 317 rev., 318, 329–40.
32 Ibid., d. 97, l. 353.
33 Ibid., d. 97, l. 352 (2 April 1721) and l. 360 (15 April).
34 Ibid., d. 97, l. 322, 421.
35 Ibid., d. 97, l. 115 to V. Dolgoruky.
36 PZh, 42–4.
37 PSZ, VII, no. 4912; LOI, f. 270, d. 97, l. 442 ff.
38 SIRIO, LII, 195; Bergholz, I, 178–84.
39 LOI, d. 98, l. 119.
40 PZh, 73.
41 Ibid. See S. O. Androsov, Zhivopisets Ivan Nikitin (SPb, 1998).
42 PSZ, VI, no. 3819, 420–31.
43 ‘Reskripty i ukazy Petra I’, OV, IV, 68.
44 PZh, 1721, 75.
45 ‘Opisannoe samovidtsem torzhestvo, proiskhodivshee v S-Peterburge 22 okt. 1721 goda’, Syn otechestva, 1849, book 2, 1–4.
46 ZA, 155–9.
47 V. I. Vasil'ev, Starinnye feierverki v Rossii (XVII–perv. Ch. XVIII veka) (L., 1960, 47–8.
48 Bergholz, I, 131.
49 Weber, I, 323.
50 LOI, d. 106, ll. 83–4. (14 Jan. 1724).
51 Bergholz, I, 189.
52 Stählin, 42.
53 Weber, I, 352.
54 SIRIO, XL, 348–9.
55 J. E. Clay, ‘God's People in the Early 18th Century. The Uglich Affair of 1717’, CMRS, 26 (1985), 107.
IX Ranks and Regulationss 1722–23
1 Perry, 271, 274.
2 Bassewitz, 212–13.
3 ZA, 175–6; PSZ, VI no. 3893, 496–7.
4 LOI, d. 101, l. 120.
5 PSZ, VI no. 3947, 642–3.
6 Ibid., no. 3965, 653.
7 LOI, d. 106, l. 565.
8 Ibid., f. 270, d. 101, ll. 248–50, 613.
9 PSZ, VI, no. 3970, 656–7.
10 ZA, 124.
11 PSZ, V, no. 2876, 137.
12 Ibid., no. 3711, 311–12.
13 Ibid., VI, no. 3919.
14 Korb, II, 153.
15 PSZ, VI, no. 3979, 662–4.
16 Ibid., VII, no. 4507, 285–6.
17 Golombievsky, 15.
18 Ibid., 12.
19 Ibid., 16.
20 PSZ, VI, no. 3937, 544.
21 LOI, d. 101, ll. 204–7.
22 PSZ, VI, no. 4047, 726–36.
23 Ibid. VII, no. 4490, 276.
24 LOI, d. 101, l. 232.
25 Sbornik, II, 116, 120.
26 ZA, 182.
27 Nartov, no. 94, 64.
28 PZh, 1722, 192.
29 BP, no. 375, (30 Aug.).
30 PZh, 1723, 2.
31 SIRIO, XLIX, 321–3; Bassewitz, 221–2.
32 Sbornik, II, 96; LOI, d. 105, ll. 15, 16, 17.
33 Bassewitz, 222; PZh, 1723, 8, 32.
34 Grebeniuk, 236.
35 LOI, d. 105, l. 30.
36 Ibid. d. 103, l. 535.
37 RNB, Otdel rukopisei, f. 1003, d. II, l. 373.
38 BP, 520–1.
39 T. Filippov, Odin iz neizdannykh ‘iurnalov’ Petrovskogo tsarstvovaniia za 1723–1724 (Kiev, 1912), 17; PZh, 1723, 16–17.
40 Filippov, 22–3.
41 Bassewitz, 233. LOI, d. 103, l. 644.
42 PZh, 1723, 18–19, and ‘Morskaia khronika’, 26–8, PSZ, VII, no. 4562, 345.
43 LOI, d. 104, l. 24.
44 PSZ, VII, no. 4298, 110–12.
45 LOI, d. 101, ll. 244–4 rev.
46 Ibid., d. 104, ll. 32–32 rev. PSZ, VII, no. 4301.
47 SIRIO, XL, 281 ff.
48 Filippov, 22.
49 LOI, d. 104, ll. 163–4, 169; ZA, 131–2.
50 PSZ, VII, no. 4344, 147–50. 400.
51 Ibid., VII, no. 4345, 150–1.
52 LOI, d. 103, l. 292, 336–7, 517.
53 Weber, I, 247–8. Stählin, no. 23, 53.
54 Stählin, no. 48, 84.
55 V. Berkh, ‘Zhizneopisanie gen.-leit. V. I. Gennina’, Gornyi zhurnal, 1826, book 4, 128.
56 LOI, d. 1014, ll. 198, 200.
57 Ibid., d. 104, l. 495.
58 Ibid., d. 104, l. 459; d. 106, ll. 80–80 ob.
59 ZA, 179–80. PSZ, VII, no. 4366, 161–2.
60 Grebeniuk, 83–4.
X A Coronation and a Funeral 1724–25
1 PZh, 1724, 30–1.
2 LOI, d. 106, l. 36, 97–97 rev.
3 PZh, 1724, 35.
4 Bergholz, II, 16–17.
5 LOI, d. 106, ll. 132–4.
6 Bergholz, II, 10–11. Bassewitz, 242.
7 LOI, d. 106, ll. 197–207; PSZ, VII, no. 4443, 220–4.
8 Weber, I, 15–16.
9 LOI, d. 84, l. 60.
10 PZh, 1724, 37–8.
11 LOI, d. 106, ll. 468–9.
12 PZh, 1724, 4; S. Novoselov, Opisanie kafedral'nogo sobora vo imia sviatykh Pervoverkhovnykh Apostolov Petra i Pavla (SPb, 1857), 283–4.
13 LOI, d. 106, l. 496.
14 Ibid., d. 106, ll. 491, 492, 516.
15 Ibid., d. 107, l. 581.
16 PSZ, VII, no. 4501, 281.
17 Alekseeva, 96–7.
18 Bergholz, II, 43.
19 LOI, d. 107, l. 39.
20 Ibid., d. 107, l. 148.
21 Ibid., d. 107, l. 189.
22 Ibid., d. 107, ll. 159–60 rev; Petr Velikii. Pervyi ovtsevod na iuge Rossii (M., 1872), 52.
23 LOI, d. 107, l. 184.
24 Ibid., d. 107, l. 255 = also book 63, l. 649.
25 Ibid., d. 107, l. 290; ZA, 148.
26 L. N. Semenova, ‘Inostrannye mastera v Peterburge v pervoi treti XVIII v.’, Nauka i kul'tura Rossii XVIII v. Sbornik statei (L., 1984), 207.
27 Ivan Pososhkov, The Book of Poverty and Wealth, ed. and transl. A. Vlasto and L. Lewitter (London, 1987), 282.
28 PSZ, VI, no. 3937, 539.
29 PiB, XIII (i), 178.
30 LOI, d. 104, l. 531 (Dec. 1723).
31 Nartov, 34.
32 Nepliuev, 107.
33 SIRIO, XL, 273–4.
34 Grebeniuk, 85–6.
35 SIRIO, III, 387–8.
36 LOI, d. 107, 328–328 rev.
37 Stählin, no. 110, 170–3.
38 Villebois, quoted in N. Pavlenko, ‘Strasti u trona Ekateriny I’, Rodina, 1993, no. 10, 109.
39 PZh, 1724, 22–3.
40 Bergholz, II, 75.
41 O. Neverov, ‘“His Majesty's Cabinet” and Peter I's Kunstkammer’, in O. Impey and A. McGregor, eds, The Origins of Museums. The Cabinet of Curiosities in 16th–17th-Century Europe (Oxford, 1985), 58.
42 SIRIO, LII, 358–9.
43 LOI, d. 107, l. 468 PZh, 1724, 24.
44 Ibid., d. 109, l. 2.
45 PZh, 1725, 1–3.
46 LOI, d. 109, l. 24. Stählin, no. 111, 174–5.
47 SIRIO, LII, 437ff.
48 Bassewitz, 257.
49 T. A. Lebedeva, Ivan Nikitin (M., 1975), 88; S. O. Androsov, Zhivopisets Ivan Nikitin (SPb, 1997), 83–4.
50 V. Iu. Matveev, ‘Raznykh zhudozhestv mastera’, Nauka i kul'tura Rossii XVIII. Sbornik statei (L., 1984), 154.
51 O smerti Petra Velikago. Kratkaia povest' (SPb, 1727 [1726]), 4.
52 RNB Otdel rukopsei: ‘Tseremoniia o pogrebenii ego imperatorskogo velichestva Petra I i gosudaryni tsarevny.’
53 Novoselov, Opisanie, 283–4.
54 Ibid., 23.
XI Legacy
1 N. Tikhomirov, V pamiati Petra Velikogo. Sbornik literaturnykh proizvedenii, otnosiashchikhsia k Petru Pervomu, izdannyi po povodu 200-letniago iubileia rozhdeniia tsaria-preobrazovatelia (SPb, 1872), 321–2.
2 E. Shmurlo, Petr Velikii v otsenke sovremennikov i potomstva (SPb, 1912), primechaniia, 39. Ia. Grot, ‘Petr Velikii kak prosvetitel' Rossii’, in Sbornik otdeleniia russkogo iazyka i slovestnosti imp. Akademii Nauk, X (1872), no. 3, 42–3.
3 Nepliuev, 122.
4 Quoted in Janet Hartley, ‘Changing Perspectives: British Views of Russia from the Grand Embassy to the Peace of Nystad’, PGW, 66.
5 SIRIO, XV, 252 (Mardefeld); LII, 427 (Campredon).
6 200-letie, appendix II, 57.
7 Grebeniuk, 298.
8 M. Cherniavsky, Tsar and People: Studies in Russian Myths (New York, 1961), 86.
9 S. Novoselov, Opisanie kafedral'nogo sobora vo imia sviatykh Pervoverkhovnykh Apostolov Petra i Pavla (SPb, 1857), 253–6.
10 J. Vrieze ed., Catherina de keizerin en de kunsten (Zwolle, 1996), 145.
11 SIRIO, XV, 313–14.
12 Feofan Prokopovich, Sochineniia, ed. I. P. Eremin (M.-L., 1961), 126.
13 Grund, 35–6.
14 Hartley, ‘Changing Perspectives’, 67.
15 Lettres du comte Algarotti sur la Russie (London and Paris, 1769), 64.
16 Hartley, ‘Changing Perspectives’, 67.
17 PSZ, VI, no. 4944.
18 R. Wortman, Scenarios of Power. Myth and Ceremony of the Russian Monarchy, 2 vols (Princeton, 1995–2001), I, 136, 293.
19 Valerie Kivelson, Autocracy in the Provinces: the Muscovite Gentry and Political Culture in the Seventeenth Century (Stanford, 1997), 38.
20 PSZ, V, no. 3006, 325; VI, no. 3485, 3.
21 Weber, I, preface.
22 Nepliuev, 122.
23 ‘Panegyric to Peter I’ (1755), in M. Raeff, ed., Russian Intellectual History. An Anthology (New York, 1966), 42–8.
24 ‘Essay on Peter the Great’, quoted in Riasanovsky, III.
25 M. M. Shcherbatov, On the Corruption of Morals in Russia, ed. and trans. Antony Lentin (Oxford, 1969), 145–7.
26 Karamzin's Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia, ed. Richard Pipes (New York, 1966), 123–4.
27 R. T. McNally, The Major Works of Peter Chaadaev (Notre Dame and London, 1969), 37, 205.
28 Quoted in Riasanovsky, 127.
29 ‘On the Present State of Russia’ (1855), in L. Jay Oliva, Peter the Great. Great Lives Observed (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1970), 152.
30 See Riasanovsky, 166–76.
31 P. Miliukov, Ocherki po istorii russkoi kul'tury, part 3 (SPb, 1903), 165–6.
32 Sochineniia, 1924, vol. 3 (Kara-Murza, 208).
33 19 Nov. 1928, speech to plenum of Central Committee.
XII Commemorating Peter 1725–2002
1 S. F. Librovich, Istoriia mednogo vsadnika (Petrograd & M., 1916), 86.
2 P. Svin'in, Dostoprimechatel'nosti Sankt-peter-burga i ego okrestnostei, 5 parts (SPb, 1816–28), I, 32.
3 I. Bischoff, ‘Etienne Maurice Falconet’, RR, 24 (Oct. 1965), 385.
4 Memoirs of Louis XIV and the Regency, quoted in M. Raeff, ed., Peter the Great Changes Russia (Lexington, 1972), 20.
5 I. Grabar', V. A. Serov. Zhizn' i tvorchestvo (M., 1913), 248–9.
6 G. Bogdanov, Istoricheskoe, geograficheskoe i topograficheskoe opisanie Sanktpeterburga, ot nachala zavedeniia ego s 1703 po 1751 god. (SPb, 1779), 54–5.
7 Svin'in, Dostoprimechatel'nosti Sanktpeterburga, III, 44–51.
8 V. Bur'ianov, Progulka s det' mi po S.-Peterburgu, 3 parts (SPb, 1838) I, 75–80.
9 D. G. Bulgakovsky, Domik Petra Velikogo i ego sviatynia v S. Peterburge (SPb, 1891), 30.
10 Putevoditel' po S.-Peterburgu. Obrazovatel'nye ekskursii (SPb, 1903), 157–79.
11 Putevoditel' po S.-Peterburgu. (Ekskursii nachal'nykh shkol) (SPb, 1914), 10, 28, 33.
12 F. Litvinov, K voprosu, v kakoi palate skonchalsia imp. Petr Velikii (SPb, 1913).
13 Svin'in, Dostoprimechatel'nosti Sanktpeterburga, III, 23–4.
14 Bur'ianov, Progulka, I, 83–99.
15 I. Pushkarev, Kafedral'nyi sobor sv. apostol Petra i Pavla, (Sankt-Peterburgskikh vedomostei, otdel vtoroi. Chast' neoffitsial'-naia) n.d., 39.
16 Vysochashe podverzhdennyi proekt o sooruzhenii pamiatnika v gorode Voronezhe imp. Petru Velikomu (M., 1834).
17 N. D. Naumova and G. A. Kvashina, Domik Petra I v Kolomenskom (M., 1990), 11–12.
18 Domik Petra Velikogo v Vologde (SPb, 1887).
19 Bur'ianov, Progulka III, 16–17.
20 O. Beliaev, Kabinet Petra Velikogo, 3 vols (SPb, 1800), I, 15, 47–8.
21 Pamiatniki russkoi kul'tury pervoi chetverti XVIII veka v sobranii Gos. ordena Lenina Ermitazha. Katalog (L.-M., 1966), 16.
22 RNB, no. 18.151.2.322. One sheet.
23 A. V. Belgorodskii, Maloe slovo o velikom (po povodu 200-letiia osnovaniia Peterburga (Reval, 1903), 6.
24 RNB, no. 34. 84. 9.105. One sheet.
25 Dvukhsotletie slavnoi Poltavskoi pobedy oderzhennoi Russkimi voiskami nad Shvedami (SPb, 1909).
26 Tsar' na Poltavskikh prazdnestvakh 26–27 iunia 1909 g. (SPb, 1909), 47.
27 N. G. Rogacheva, comp. Domik Petra I na Petrogradskoi storone (L., 1941), 16.
28 Domik Petra I v muzee zapovednike ‘Kolomenskom’ (M., 1966).
29 Pamiatniki russkoi kul'tury, 24.
30 A. Romm, Pamiatnik Petru I v Leningrade (M.-L., 1944), 24.
31 L. K. Ziazeva, Domik Petra I. Putevoditel' po muzeiu (L., 1983), 57.
32 Muzei zapovednik, ‘Martsyal'nye vody’ (Petrozavodsk, 1980).
33 James Cracraft, ‘The Tercentenary of Peter the Great in Russia’, CASS, 8 (1974), 319.
34 Ia. E. Vodarskii, ‘Petr I’, VI, no. 6 (1993), 77. Anatoly Lanshchikov, ‘Imperatorbol'shevik’, Rodina, no. 3 (1992), 86–92.
35 Natalia Davydova, ‘The Horror of Historical Analogies’, Moscow News, 13–20 Dec. 1998, on a series of lectures for teachers on ‘The Tragedy of Reform in Russia’.
36 N. V. Riasanovsky, ‘The Image of Peter the Great in Russian History and Thought and its Present Condition’, in G. Szvak, ed. The Place of Russia in Europe (Budapest, 1999), 184.
37 ‘Rasskaz o tom, kak Petr I reformiroval rossiiskuiu armiiu’, Armiia, 1992, nos. 11–12, 70–2.
38 Deborah Adelman, The Children of Perestroika. Moscow Teenagers Talk about their Lives and Future (New York, 1992), 143.
39 Petr Velikii i Moskva. Katalog vystavki, ed. N. S. Vladimirskaia (M., 1998), preface.
40 Anatolii Agragenin and Iurii Trefilov, ‘Den' Peterburga’, Sankt-Petersburgskie vedomosti, 6 Sept. 1997.
41 Gennady Morozov, ‘Imperator’, Mednyi vsadnik, no. 1, 1998, 59–60.
Select Bibliography
The bibliography provides both a guide to further reading on Peter and his era in English and an indication of the major English-language secondary sources consulted during the writing of this book, in addition to the citations given in the Notes and the Abbreviations. It concentrates on works published in the last twenty years, although older works of continuing usefulness are included. General histories of Russia and general reference works are not included. A final section lists some recent works (1996–2001) published in Russian. A fuller bibliography of earlier Russian scholarship will be found in my Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (1998).
The Seventeenth-and Eighteenth-Century Background
Avrich, P. Russian Rebels 1600–1800 (New York, 1972).
Baehr, S. The Paradise Myth in Eighteenth-Century Russia (Stanford, 1991).
Baron, S. and Kollmann, N. Religion and Culture in Early Modern Russia and Ukraine (DeKalb, Ill. 1997).
Billington, J. The Icon and the Axe (New York, 1966).
Black, J. L. Citizens for the Fatherland. Education, Educators and Pedagogical Ideals in Eighteenth-Century Russia (Boulder, Colo., 1979).
Boss, V. Newton and Russia: the Early Influences 1698–1796 (Cambridge, Mass., 1972).
Brown, W. A History of Eighteenth-Century Russian Literature (Ann Arbor, 1978).
Cherniavsky, M. Tsar and People: Studies in Russian Myths (New York, 1961).
Cross, A. G. ‘By the Banks of the Neva’. Chapters from the Lives and Careers of the British in Eighteenth-Century Russia (Cambridge, 1996).
—— ‘By the Banks of the Thames’. Russians in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge, 1980).
Crummey, R. O. Aristocrats and Servitors: the Boyar Elite in Russia, 1613–1689 (Princeton, 1983).
Dixon, S. The Modernisation of Russia 1676–1825 (Cambridge, 1999).
Duffy, C. Russia's Military Way to the West (London, 1981).
Dukes, P. The Making of Russian Absolutism 1613–1801 (London and New York, 1990).
Freeze, G. The Russian Levites. The Parish Clergy in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, Mass., 1977).
Fuller, W. C. Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914 (New York, 1992).
Givens, R. D. Servitors or Seigneurs: The Nobility and the Eighteenth-Century Russian State (Michigan, 1984).
Hartley, J. A Social History of the Russian Empire 1650–1825 (London, 1999).
Hittle, J. The Service City. State and Townsmen in Russia 1600–1800 (Cambridge, Mass., 1979).
Karlinsky, S. Russian Drama from its Beginnings to the Age of Pushkin (Berkeley, 1985).
Keep, J. Soldiers of the Tsar: Army and Society in Russia 1462–1874 (Oxford, 1985).
Kivelson, V. Autocracy in the Provinces. The Muscovite Gentry and Political Culture in the Seventeenth Century (Stanford, 1997).
Kollmann, N. By Honor Bound. State and Society in Early Modern Russia (Ithaca, NY, 1999).
LeDonne, J. P. Absolutism and Ruling Class. The Formation of the Russian Political Order, 1700–1825 (Oxford, 1991).
—— The Russian Empire and the World, 1700–1917: the Geopolitics of Expansion and Containment (Oxford, 1997).
Longworth, P. Alexis Tsar of All the Russias (London, 1984).
Marker, G. Publishing, Printing and the Origins of Intellectual Life in Russia 1700–1800 (Princeton, 1985).
Michels, G. B. At War with the Church. Religious Dissent in Seventeenth-Century Russia (Stanford, 1999).
Moon, D. The Russian Peasantry 1600–1930. The World the Peasants Made (London and New York, 1999).
Okenfuss, M. The Discovery of Childhood in Russia. The Evidence of the Slavic Primer (Newtonville, Mass., 1980).
—— The Rise and Fall of Latin Humanism in Early Modern Russia (DeKalb, Ill., 1995).
Pintner, W. and D. K. Rowney, eds. Russian Officialdom. The Bureaucratisation of Russian Society from the 17th–20th Century (Chapel Hill, NC, 1980).
Pushkareva, N. Women in Russian History: from the Tenth to the Twentieth Century, ed. and trans. E. Levin (Armonk, NY, 1997).
Raeff. M. Origins of the Russian Intelligentsia. The Eighteenth-Century Nobility (New York, 1966).
—— Understanding Imperial Russia. State and Society in the Old Regime (New York, 1984).
Rogger, H. National Consciousness in Eighteenth-Century Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1960).
Stevens, C. B. Soldiers on the Steppe. Army Reform and Social Change in Early Modern Russia (DeKalb, Ill., 1995).
Thyrêt, I. Between God and Tsar. Religious Symbolism and Royal Women of Muscovite Russia (DeKalb, Ill., 2001).
Vlasto, A. P. A Linguistic History of Russia to the End of the Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1986).
Vucinich, A. Science in Russian Culture. A History to 1860 (London, 1963).
Wirtschafter, E. K. Structures of Society. Imperial Russia's ‘People of Various Ranks’ (DeKalb, Ill., 1994).
Wortman, R. Scenarios of Power. Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, vol. I (Princeton, 1995).
Peter and his Reign: General
Anderson, M. S. Peter the Great (London and New York, 1995).
Anisimov, E. V. ‘Peter I: Birth of Empire’, in J. Cracraft, ed. Major Problems in the History of Imperial Russia (Lexington, Mass., 1994), 82–99.
—— Progress through Coercion. The Reforms of Peter the Great (New York, 1993).
Bushkovitch, P. Peter the Great. The Struggle for Power 1671–1725 (Cambridge, 2001).
Cracraft, J., ed. Peter the Great Transforms Russia (Lexington, Mass., 1991).
De Jonge, A. Fire and Water. A Life of Peter the Great (London, 1979).
Hughes, L., Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (New Haven and London, 1998).
—— ‘Peter the Great: A Hero of our Time?’, History Review, 34 (1999), 42–7.
Kliuchevsky, V. Peter the Great, trans. L. Archibald (London, 1958).
Marshall, W. Peter the Great (London and New York, 1995).
Massie, R.K. Peter the Great. His Life and World (London, 1981).
Raeff, M., ed. Peter the Great Changes Russia (Lexington, Mass., 1972).
Soloviev, S. M. A History of Russia (Gulf Breeze, Fla.): vol. XXV, Rebellion and Reform, 1682–89, ed. L. Hughes (1989); vol. XXVI, Peter the Great. A Reign Begins. 1689–1703, ed. L. Hughes (1994); vol. XXIX Peter the Great. The Great Reforms Begin, ed. K. Papmehl (1981).
Sumner, B. Peter the Great and the Emergence of Russia (London, 1958).
Peter: Historiography, Image and Myth
Alexander, J. ‘Comparing Two Greats: Peter I and Catherine II’, WOR, 43–50.
Anisimov, E.V. ‘Progress through Violence: from Peter the Great to Lenin and Stalin’, Russian History, 17 (1990), 409–18.
Black, C. E. ‘The Reforms of Peter the Great’, in C. E. Black ed., Rewriting Russian History (New York, 1956), 232–59.
Cracraft, J. ‘More about Peter the Great’, CASS, 14, 1980, 535–44.
—— ‘The Tercentenary of Peter the Great in Russia’, CASS, 8 (1974), 319–26.
—— ‘Kliuchevsky on Peter the Great’, CASS, 20 (1986), 367–81.
Gasiorowska, X. The Image of Peter the Great in Russian Fiction (Madison, Wisc. 1979).
Hughes, L. ‘Biographies of Peter’, RRP, 13–24.
—— ‘From Tsar to Emperor: Portraits of Peter the Great’, in G. Szvak, ed. The Place of Russia in Eurasia (Budapest, 2001), 221–32.
—— ‘Images of Greatness: Portraits of Peter I’, in PGW, 250–70.
—— ‘“Nothing's Too Small for a Great Man”: Peter the Great's domiki and the Creation of the Petrine Myth’ (SEER, forthcoming).
—— ‘Peter the Great and the Fall of Communism’, Irish Slavonic Studies, 17 (1997), 1–18.
Lewitter, L. R. ‘Peter the Great and the Modern World’, in P. Dukes ed. Russia and Europe (London, 1991), 92–107.
Marker, G. ‘Soloviev's Peter’, in Klein, 73–83.
McNally, R. ‘Chaadaev's Evaluation of Peter the Great’, SR, 23, (1964), 31–44.
Platt, K. ‘Antichrist Enthroned: Some Demonic Visions of Russian Rulers’, in P. Davidson, ed. Russian Literature and its Demons (New York and Oxford, 2000), 87–124.
Rasmussen, K. ‘Catherine II and the Image of Peter I’, SR, 37 (1978), 57–69.
Riasanovsky, N. The Image of Peter the Great in Russian History and Thought (Oxford, 1984).
—— ‘The Image of Peter the Great in Russian History and Thought and its Present Condition’, in G. Szvak, ed. The Place of Russia in Europe (Budapest, 1999), 180–7.
Family and Favourites
Alexander, J. ‘Catherine I, her Court and Courtiers’, PGW, 227–49.
Bushkovitch, P. ‘Power and the Historian: the Case of Tsarevich Aleksei 1716-1718 and N. G. Ustrialov 1845–1859’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 141 (1997), 177–212.
Hughes, L. ‘A Note on the Children of Peter the Great’, SGECRN, 21 (1993), 10–16.
Longworth, P. The Three Empresses: Catherine I, Anna and Elizabeth of Russia (New York, 1972).
McLeod Gilchrist, M. ‘Aleksei Petrovich and Afrosin'ia Fedorovna’, Slavonica, 1 (1994), 47–66, and 2 (1995/6), 61–4.
Monas, S. ‘Anton Divier and the Police of St Petersburg’, in M. Halle et al. eds. For Roman Jakobson. Essays on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday (Hague, 1956), 361–6.
Petschauer, P. ‘In Search of Competent Aides: Heinrich von Huyssen and Peter the Great’, JGO, 26 (1978), 481–502.
Rougle, W. ‘Antonio Manuel de Vieira and the Russian Court 1697–1745’, RWEC, 577–90.
Primary Sources (See also works listed in Abbreviations)
Dmytryshyn, B. Imperial Russia: a Source Book 1700–1917 (New York, 1967).
Hellie, R. ed. and trans. The Muscovite Law Code (Ulozhenie) of 1649, part I: Text and Translation (Irvine, Ca., 1988).
Kaiser, D. and Marker, G., eds. Reinterpreting Russian History (Oxford, 1994).
Oliva, L. J. Peter the Great. Great Lives Observed (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1970).
Peter the Great: his Law on the Imperial Succession.The Official Commentary, ed. A. Lentin, (Oxford, 1996).
Pososhkov, I. The Book of Poverty and Wealth, ed. and trans. L. Lewitter and A. Vlasto (London, 1987).
The Prerogative of Primogeniture … Written on the Occasion of the Czar of Muscovy's Reasons in His Late Manifesto for the Disinheritance of his Eldest Son from the Succession to the Crown (London, 1718).
Prokopovich, F. ‘Sermon on Royal Authority and Honour’ (1718), in M. Raeff, ed. Russian Intellectual History. An Anthology (New York, 1966).
Shafirov, P. P. A Discourse Concerning the Just Causes of the War between Sweden and Russia: 1700–1721, ed. W. E. Butler (Dobbs Ferry, NY, 1973).
The Travel Diary of Peter Tolstoy, ed. M. Okenfuss (DeKalb, Ill., 1987).
The Tryal of the Czarewitz Alexis Petrowitz, who was Condemn'd at Petersbourg, on the 25th of June, 1718 (London, 1725).
Vernadsky, G. A Source Book for Russian History, vol. II (New Haven, 1972).
The Regency of Tsarevna Sophia
Hughes, L. ‘“Ambitious and Daring above her Sex”: Tsarevna Sophia Alekseevna (1657–1704) in Foreigners' Accounts’, Oxford Slavonic Papers, 21 (1988), 65–89.
—— Russia and the West: the Life of Prince V. V. Golitsyn (Newtonville, Mass., 1984).
—— ‘Sofia Alekseevna and the Moscow Rebellion of 1682’, SEER, 63 (1985), 518–39.
—— ‘Sophia, “Autocrat of All the Russias”: Titles, Ritual and Eulogy in the Regency of Sophia Alekseevna (1682–89)’, CSP, 28 (1986), 266–86.
—— Sophia Regent of Russia, 1657–1704 (New Haven and London, 1990).
Smith, A. ‘The Brilliant Career of Prince Golitsyn’, Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 19 (1995), 639–54.
Zelensky, E. ‘“Sophia the Wisdom of God”: The Function of Religious Imagery during the Regency of Sofiia Alekseevna’, in L. Fradenburg, ed. Women and Sovereignty (Edinburgh, 1992), 192–211.
Politics and Political Theory. Government, Law
Benson, S. ‘The Role of Western Political Thought in Petrine Russia’, CASS, 8 (1974), 254–73.
Bushkovitch, P. ‘Aristocratic Factions and the Opposition to Peter the Great: the 1690s’, Forschungen zur osteuropäischen Geschichte, 50 (1995), 80–120.
Cracraft, J. ‘Did Feofan Prokopovich Really Write Pravda Voli Monarshei?’, SR, 40 (1981), 173–93.
—— ‘Empire versus Nation: Russian Political Theory under Peter I’, Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 10 (1986), 524–41.
—— ‘Opposition to Peter the Great’, in E. Mendelsohn and M. Schatz, eds. Imperial Russia 1700–1917: State, Society, Opposition (DeKalb, Ill., 1988), 22–34.
Dukes, P. ‘Some Aberdonian Influences on the Early Russian Enlightenment’, CASS, 13 (1979), 436–51.
Hassell, J. ‘Implementation of the Russian Table of Ranks during the 18th century’, SR, 29 (1970), 283–95.
Lentin, A. ‘Public Law and the Idea of the “Reguliarnoe gosudarstvo”’, RRP, 41–52.
Madariaga, I. de ‘Tsar into Emperor: the Titles of Peter the Great’, in R. Oresko et al. eds, Royalty and Republican Sovereignty in Early Modern Russia (Cambridge, 1996), 351–81.
Medushevskii, A. ‘Administrative Reforms in the Russian Empire: Western Models and Russian Implementation’, PGW, 36–50.
Peterson, C. Peter the Great's Administrative and Judicial Reforms (Stockholm, 1979).
Petschauer, P. ‘The Philosopher and the Reformer: Peter I, Leibniz and the College System’, CASS, 13 (1979), 473–87.
Schafly, D. ‘The Popular Image of the West in Russia at the Time of Peter the Great’, RWEC, 2–21.
Uspensky, B. ‘Echoes of the Notion “Moscow as the Third Rome” in Peter the Great's Ideology’, in Iu. Lotman and B. Uspensky, eds, The Semiotics of Russian Culture (Ann Arbor, 1984), 53–64.
—— ‘Historia sub specie Semioticae’, in H. K. Baran, ed. Semiotics and Structuralism. Readings from the Soviet Union (New York, 1976), 66–7
Whittaker, C. ‘The Reforming Tsar: the Redefinition of Autocratic Duty in 18th-century Russia’, SR, 51 (1992), 77–98.
Wortman, R.‘Peter the Great and Court Procedure’, CASS, 8 (1974), 303–10.
Society: Nobles and Peasants
Anisimov, E. ‘Changes in the Social Structure of Russian Society at the End of the 17th to the Beginning of the 18th Century’, SSH, 28 (1989), 33–58.
—— ‘The Struggle with Fugitives During the Reform Period’, SSH, 28 (1989), 59–77.
Bartlett, R. ‘The Peasantry and Serfdom in the Time of Peter the Great: Recent Research’, RRP, 53–64.
Crummey, R. O. ‘Peter the Great and the Boyar Aristocracy, 1689–1700’, CASS, 8 (1974), 274–87.
Madariaga, I. de ‘The Russian Nobility in the 17th and 18th Centuries’, in H. M. Scott, ed. The European Nobilities 1600–1800 (London, 1995), 223–73.
Meehan Waters, B. Autocracy and Aristocracy. The Russian Service Elite of 1730 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1984).
—— ‘The Muscovite Noble Origins of the Russian Generalitet of 1730’, CMRS, 12 (1971), 28–75.
—— ‘The Russian Aristocracy and the Reforms of Peter the Great’, CASS, 8 (1974), 288–302.
Economy, Trade and Industry. Towns
Anisimov, E. ‘Remarks on the Fiscal Policy of Russian Absolutism’ [on the poll tax], SSH, 28 (1989), 10–32.
Baron, S. ‘The Fate of the Gosti in the Reign of Peter the Great’, CMRS, 14 (1973), 488–512.
Blanc, S. ‘The Economic Policy of Peter the Great’, in W. Blackwell ed. Russian Economic Development from Peter the Great to Stalin (New York, 1974), 21–49.
Frederiksen, O. ‘Virginia Tobacco in Russia under Peter the Great’, SEER, 21 (1943), 40–56.
Kahan, A. ‘Observations on Petrine Foreign Trade’, CASS, 8 (1974), 222–36.
—— The Plow, the Hammer and the Knout (Chicago, 1985).
Lewitter, L. R. ‘Ivan Pososhkov (1652–1726) and “The Spirit of Capitalism”’, SEER, 51 (1973), 524–53.
Matley, I. M. ‘Defence Manufactures of St Petersburg 1703–1730’, Geographical Review, 71 (1981), 411–26.
O'Brien, C. ‘Ivan Pososhkov. Russian Critic of Mercantilist Principles’, SR, 14 (1955), 503–11.
Foreign Policy, Diplomacy and Wars
Altbauer, D. ‘The Diplomats of Peter the Great’, JGO, 28 (1980), 1–16.
Anisimov, E. ‘The Imperial Heritage of Peter the Great’, in H. Ragsdale, ed., Imperial Russian Foreign Policy (Cambridge, 1993), 21–35.
Bagger, H. ‘The Role of the Baltic in Russian Foreign Policy 1721–1773’, ibid., 36–55.
Bennigsen, A. ‘Peter the Great, the Ottoman Empire and the Caucasus’, CASS, 8 (1974), 311–18.
Englund, P. The Battle of Poltava. The Birth of the Russian Empire (London, 1992).
Frost, R. I. The Northern Wars, 1558–1721 (Harlow, 2000).
Herd, G. ‘Peter I and the Conquest of Azov: 1695–1696’, PGW, 161–76.
Kaminski, A. Republic vs Autocracy. Poland, Lithuania and Russia 1686–1697 (Cambridge, Mass., 1993).
Kirby, D. ‘Peter I and the Baltic’, PGW, 177–88.
Konstam, A. Poltava 1709. Russia Comes of Age (London, 1994).
Lewitter, L. ‘The Apocryphal Testament of Peter the Great’, Polish Review, 6 (1966), 27–44.
—— ‘Peter the Great. Poland and the Westernisation of Russia’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 14 (1958), 493–506.
—— ‘Russia, Poland and the Baltic, 1697–1721’, Historical Journal, 2 (1968), 3–34.
—— ‘The Russo-Polish Treaty of 1686 and its Implications’, Polish Review, 9 (1964), no. 3, 5–29; no. 4, 21–37.
Mancall, M. Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728 (Cambridge, Mass., 1971).
Subtelny, O. ‘Mazepa, Peter I, and the Question of Treason’, Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 2 (1978), 158–84.
—— The Mazepists: Ukrainian Separatism in the Early Eighteenth Century (Boulder, Col., 1981).
—— ‘Peter I's Testament: a Reassessment’, SR, 33 (1974), 663–78.
—— ‘Russia and Ukraine: the Difference that Peter I Made’, RR, 39 (1980), 1–17.
Sumner, B. Peter the Great and the Ottoman Empire (Oxford, 1950).
Army and Navy
Deane, J. History of the Russian Fleet during the Reign of Peter the Great (London, 1899).
Hellie, R. ‘The Petrine Army: Continuity, Change, Impact’, CASS, 8 (1974), 237–253.
Hughes, L. ‘Peter the Great: a Passion for Ships’, in M. Cornwall and M. Frame, eds, Scotland and the Slavs: Cultures in Contact, 1500–2000, (Newtonville, Mass., 2001), 3–20.
Konstam, A. and Rickman, D. Peter the Great's Army 1: Infantry (London, 1993); 2: Cavalry (London, 1993).
Phillips, E. J. The Founding of Russia's Navy. Peter the Great and the Azov Fleet 1688–1714 (Westport, Conn., 1995).
Ryan, W. F. ‘Navigation and the Modernisation of Russia’, in R. Bartlett ed., Russia in the Age of Enlightenment: Essays for Isabel de Madariaga (London, 1990), 75–105.
—— ‘Peter I's English Yacht’, Mariner's Mirror, 69 (1983), 65–87.
—— ‘Peter and English Maritime Technology’, PGW, 130–58.
Sarantola-Weiss, M. ‘Peter the Great's First Boat, “Grandfather of the Russian Navy”’, WOR, 37–42.
Stevens, C. ‘Evaluating Peter's Military Forces’, RRP, 89–104.
Warner, R. ‘British Merchants and Russian Men-of-War: the Rise of the Russian Baltic Fleet’, PGW, 105–17.
—— ‘The Kožzuchovo Campaign of 1697’, JGO, 13 (1965), 487–96.
Russia and Britain
Anderson, M. S. ‘English Views of Russia in the Age of Peter the Great’, SR, 13 (1954), 200–14.
Barlow, P. ‘Peter the Great in England’, Anglo-Soviet Journal, 46 (1986), 6–10.
Bruce, M. ‘Jacobite Relations with Peter the Great’, SEER, 4 (1935–36), 343–62.
Chance, J. ‘George I and Peter I after the Peace of Nystad’, English Historical Review, 26, no. 102 (1911), 161–87.
Cross, A. G. Anglo-Russica. Aspects of Cultural Relations between Great Britain and Russia in the 18th and early 19th Centuries (Oxford and Providence, 1993).
—— Peter the Great through British Eyes. Perceptions and Representations of the Tsar since 1698 (Cambridge, 2000).
—— ‘“Petrus Britannicus”: the Image of Peter the Great in Eighteenth-Century Britain’, WOR, 3–10.
Fedosov, D. ‘Peter the Great: the Scottish Dimension’, PGW, 89–101.
Grey, I. ‘Peter the Great in England’, History Today, 6 (1956), 225–34.
Hartley, J. ‘Changing Perspectives: British Views of Russia from the Grand Embassy to the Peace of Nystad’, PGW, 53–70.
—— ‘England “Enjoys the Spectacle of a Northern Barbarian”. The Reception of Peter I and Alexander I’, WOR, 11–18.
Lane, J. ‘Diligent and Faithful Servant: Peter the Great's Apprentices in England’, PGW, 71–88.
Loewenson, L. ‘People Peter the Great Met in England. Moses Stringer, Chymist and Physician’, SEER, 37 (1959), 459–68.
—— ‘Some Details of Peter the Great's Stay in England in 1698. Neglected English Materials’, SEER, 49 (1962), 431–43.
Rothstein, A. Peter the Great and Marlborough. Politics and Diplomacy in Converging Wars (Basingstoke, 1986).
Ritual and Ceremonial Culture. The Court
Anderson, M. S. ‘The Court of Peter the Great’, in A. Dickens, ed., The Courts of Europe, Patronage and Royalty 1400–1800 (London, 1977).
Cross, A. G. ‘The Bung College or the British Monastery in Petrine Russia’, SGECRN, 12 (1984), 14–24.
Goldstein, D. ‘Gastronomic Reforms under Peter the Great. Towards a Cultural History of Russian Food’, JGO, 48 (2000), 481–510.
Hughes, L. ‘The Courts of Moscow and St Petersburg’, in J. Adamson ed., The Courts of Europe during the Ancien Régime (Cambridge, 1998), 294–313.
—— ‘“For the Health of the Sons of Ivan Mikhailovich”: I. M. Golovin and Peter the Great's Mock Court’, in Klein, 43–51.
—— Playing Games: the Alternative History of Peter the Great (London, 2000).
—— ‘The Petrine Year: Anniversaries and Festivals in the Reign of Peter the Great’, in K. Friedrich ed., Festival Culture in Germany and Europe from the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century (Lewiston, 2000), 148–68.
Zguta, R. ‘P. I's “Most Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters”’, JGO, 21 (1973), 18–21.
Zitser, E. ‘A Royal Charivari: The Wedding of the “Prince Pope” and the Apotheosis of St. Petersburg’, unpublished paper, 1999.
Art and Culture. St Petersburg
Androsov, S. ‘Painting and Sculpture in the Petrine Era’, RRP, 161–72.
Cracraft, J. The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture (Chicago, 1990).
—— The Petrine Revolution in Russian Imagery (Chicago, 1997).
Cross, A. G. ‘Did Peter Sit for Kneller at Utrecht in 1697?’, SGECRN, 28 (1998), 32–42.
Dolskaya-Ackerly, O. ‘Choral Music in the Petrine Era’, RRP, 173–86.
Egorov, I. The Architectural Planning of St Petersburg (Ann Arbor, 1969).
Hibbert, C. ‘St Petersburg in the Days of Peter the Great’, in Cities and Civilizations (New York, 1986), 152–61.
Hughes, L. ‘Close Shave: a Pogonic History of Petrine Russia’, SGECRN, 23 (1995), 3–4.
—— ‘German Specialists in Petrine Russia: Architects, Painters and Thespians’, in R. Bartlett and K. Schönwälder, eds, The German Lands and Eastern Europe (Basingstoke, 1999), 72–90.
—— ‘Russia's First Architectural Books: a Chapter in Peter the Great's Cultural Revolution’, in C. Cooke, ed., Russian Avant-Garde Art and Architecture (London, 1983), 4–13.
Jones, R. E. ‘Why St Petersburg?’, PGW, 189–205.
Kaganov, G. ‘As in the Ship of Peter’, SR, 50 (1991), 754–67.
Likhachev, D. S. ‘The Petrine Reforms and the Development of Russian Culture’, CASS, 13 (1979), 230–4.
Marcialis, N. ‘The Linguistic Situation in the Petrine Era’, RRP, 133–46.
Marker, G. ‘The Petrine “Civil Primer” Reconsidered: a New Look at the Publishing History of the “Grazhdanskaia azbuka 1708–27”’, Solanus (1989), 25–39.
—— ‘Publishing and Print Culture’, RRP, 119–132.
Marsden, C. Palmyra of the North. The First Days of St Petersburg (London, 1942).
Spassky, I. and Shchukina, E. Medals and Coins of the Age of Peter the Great (L., 1974).
Women
Alexander, J. ‘Amazon Autocratixes: Images of Female Rule in the Eighteenth Century’, in P. Barta, ed., Gender and Sexuality in Russian Civilization (London, 2001), 33–54.
Hughes, L. ‘Between Two Worlds: Tsarevna Natal'ia Alekseevna and the “Emancipation” of Petrine Women’, WOR, 29–36.
—— ‘From Caftans into Corsets: The Sartorial Transformation of Women during the Reign of Peter the Great’, in P. Barta, ed. Gender and Sexuality in Russian Civilization (London, 2001), 17–32.
—— ‘Peter the Great's Two Weddings: Changing Images of Women in a Transitional Age’, in R. Marsh ed., Women in Russia and Ukraine (Cambridge, 1996), 31–44.
Kollmann, N. S. ‘The Seclusion of Elite Muscovite Women’, Russian History, 10 (1983), 170–87.
Marrese, M. ‘Women and Westernization in Petrine Russia’, RRP, 105–18.
Schafly, D. ‘A Muscovite Boiarynia Faces Peter the Great's Reforms: Dar'ia Golitsyna between Two Worlds’, CASS, 31 (1997), 249–65.
Religion and the Church
Bissonette, G. ‘Peter the Great and the Church as an Education Institution’, in J. Curtiss, ed., Essays in Russian and Soviet History in Honour of G. T. Robinson (Leiden, 1963), 3–19.
—— ‘Feofan Prokopovich’, Garrad, 75–105.
—— ‘Feofan Prokopovich: a Bibliography of his Works’, Oxford Slavonic Papers (1975), 1–36.
Cracraft, J. The Church Reform of Peter the Great (London, 1971).
Crummey, R. The Old Believers and the World of Antichrist. The Vyg Community and the Russian State 1694–1855 (Madison, 1970).
Lewitter, L. ‘Peter the Great's Attitude towards Religion’, RWEC, 62–77.
Serech, J. ‘Stefan Yavorsky and the Conflict of Ideologies in the Age of Peter the Great’, SEER, 30 (1951), 40–62
Zhivov, V. ‘Church Reforms in the Reign of Peter the Great’, RRP, 65–78.
Education and Science
Alexander, J. ‘Medical Developments in Petrine Russia’, CASS, 8 (1974), 198–221.
Haigh, B., ‘Design for a Medical Service – Peter the Great's Admiralty Regulation (1722)’, Medical History, 19 (1975), 129–46.
Hans, N. ‘The Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation (1701)’, SEER, 29 (1951), 532–6.
Nesterov, O. ‘“His Majesty's Cabinet” and Peter I's Kunstkammer’, in O. Impey and A. McGregor, eds, The Origins of Museums. The Cabinet of Curiosities in 16th–17th-Century Europe (Oxford, 1985), 54–61.
Okenfuss, M. ‘The Jesuit Origins of Petrine Education’, in Garrard, 103–30.
—— ‘Russian Students in Europe in the Age of Peter the Great’, ibid., 131–45.
—— ‘Technical Training in Russia under Peter the Great’, History of Education Quarterly, 13 (1973), 325–45.
Rieber, A. J. ‘Politics and Technology in Eighteenth-Century Russia’, Science in Context, 8 (1995), 341–68.
Shaw, D. ‘Geographical Practice and its Significance in Peter the Great's Russia’, Journal of Historical Geography, 22 (1996), 160–76.
—— ‘Recent Studies of the Cartography and Geography of Peter the Great's Reign’, RRP, 79–88.
Recent Works on Peter and his Reign in Russian (1996–2001)
Abbasov, A. M., Po mestam deianii Petra (Putevoditel') (M., 1996).
Androsov, S. O. Zhivopisets Ivan Nikitin (SPb, 1998).
Borodkina, N. N., Tserkov', obshchestvo i godudarstvo v epokhu Petra Velikogo (Saratov, 1997).
Burlaka, D. K., and Kara-Murza, A. A. Petr Velikii: pro et contra (SPb, 2000).
Burykin, A. D., ‘Petr I kak vospitatel' russkogo obshchestva’, Istoricheskie lichnosti Rossii (SPb, 1998), 12–14.
Chirikov, V., Strannyi monarkh (Voronezh, 1996).
Efimov, S. V., ‘Tsarevich Aleksei v S. Peterburge’, Peterburgskie chteniia 96 (SPb, 1996), 54–7.
Galanov, M. M. ‘Semeistvo Naryshkinykh i politicheskaia bor'ba Rossii v poslednei chetverti XVIII v.’, VI, 1999, 6, 145–9.
Godizhenko, N. V., Reformy Petra I (Noril'sk, 1998).
Kaliazina, N., ed. Gosudarstvennyi Ermitazh. Iz istorii petrovskikh kollektsii (SPb, 2000).
Kareeva, N., Pervonachal'nyi dvorets Petra Velikogo. Putevoditel'. Domik Petra I (SPb, 1998).
Karpov, G. M., Velikoe Posol'stvo Petra I (Kaliningrad, 1998).
Kopaneva, N. et al. (eds), Petr I i Gollandiia. Russko-gollandskie nauchnye i khudozhestvennye sviazi v epokhu Petra Velikogo (SPb, 1997).
Kotin, I. Iu., ‘Petr Velikii v Oksforde’, Trudy gos. muzeiia istorii Sankt-Peterburga, 3 (SPb, 1998), 49–54.
Kretinin, G. V., Prusskie marshruty Petra Pervogo (Kaliningrad, 1996).
Krotov, P. A. Gangutskaia bataliia 1714 goda (SPb, 1996).
K 300-letiiu Velikogo posol'stva Petra I v zapadnuiu Evropu (M., 1999).
Lelina, E. I., ‘Novoe o khorosho izvestnom. (K voprosu o nachale stroitel'stva Petropavlovskogo sobora)’, Peterburgskie chteniia 96, (SPb, 1996), 65–8.
Likhacheva, O. ‘Obraz Petra I v iubileinykh torzhestvakh Peterburga (1803–1903)’, Istorizm v kul'ture. Materialy mezh. nauchnoi konferentsii v S-Peterburge 24–25 noiab. 1997g. (SPb, 1998), 168–75.
Makogonova, M. Petropavlovskaia krepost' (SPb, 1998).
Mezin, S. A., Vzgliad iz Evropy. Frantsuzskie avtory XVIII veka o Petre I (Saratov, 1999).
Nemiro, O. V., ‘Iz istorii prazdnovaniia 100-letiia i 200-letiia osnovaniia Sankt-Peterburga’, Peterburgskie chteniia 96 (SPb, 1996), 429–33.
Petr Velikii i Moskva. Katalog vystavki (M., 1998).
Putilov, N., ed., Petr Velikii v predaniakh, legendakh, anekdotakh, skazkakh, pesniakh (SPb, 2000).
Shenkman, G. S., Velikii Petr (SPb, 1999).
Strukov, A. Epokha Petra I glazami uchenykh (Voronezh, 1999).
Tsar Petr i korol' Karl. Dva pravitelia iz naroda. Sb. statei (M., 1999).
“Vechera s Petrom Velikim”: Nravstvennye uroki istorii (SPb, 2001).
Zagorovskii, V. P., Petr Velikii na Voronezhskom zemle (Voronezh, 1996).
Zolotarev, V. and Kozlov, I. A., Petr Velikii i morskoe mogushchestvo otechestva (M., 1996).