For brevity, primary sources are cited only where they are not previously referenced in the text. All quotations from letters, except where otherwise stated, are from Anne Crawford’s Letters of the Queens of England, 1100–1457 (Stroud, 2002).
INTRODUCTION
1. Cited in Lois L. Huneycutt, Matilda of Scotland: A Study in Medieval Queenship (Woodbridge, 2003), p.35.
2. Dorothy Laird, How the Queen Reigns (London, 1959), p.35.
3. Pauline Stafford, Queens, Concubines, Dowagers: The King’s Wife in the Early Middle Ages (London, 1983), p.34.
4. Alcuin Blamires, The Case for Women in Medieval Culture (Oxford, 1997), p.20. Peter Abelard’s comments are in ‘The Authority and Dignity of Nuns’, Letter 7, The Letters of Abelard and Heloise, trans. C.K. Scott Moncrieff (New York, 1974).
5. Blamires, op. cit., p.89
6. Philippe Aries, Centuries of Childhood, trans. Robert Baldick (London, 1962), p.368.
7. J.L. Laynesmith, The Last Medieval Queens (Oxford, 2004), p.77.
8. Conor McCarthy, Marriage in Medieval England: Law, Literature and Practice (Woodbridge, 2004), p.99.
9. Linda Paterson, ‘Gender Negotiations in France During the Central Middle Ages: The Literary Evidence’, in The Medieval World, ed. Peter Linehan and Janet L. Nelson (New York, Routledge, 2003), p.250.
10. Margaret Howell, Eleanor of Provence: Queenship in Thirteenth Century England (Oxford, 1998), p.77.
11. Peter Coss, The Lady in Medieval England 1000—1500 (Stroud, 1998), p.12. See also Theodore Evergates, ‘The Aristocracy of Champagne in the Mid-Thirteenth Century’, in Journal of Interdisciplinary History, No. 1, Vol. 5 (Summer 1974).
PART ONE
CHAPTER 1: MATILDA OF FLANDERS
1. David C. Douglas, William the Conqueror (London, 1964), p.79.
2. Orderic Vitalis.
3. Douglas, op. cit., p.76.
4. Orderic Vitalis.
5. Adam of Eynsham.
6. Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England Vol. 1 (London, 1851), p.9.
7. Exeter Book.
8. Quoted in Nicholas Vincent, ‘Isabella of Angoulême: John’s Jezebel’, in King John: New Interpretations, ed. S.D. Church (Woodbridge, 1999), p.20.
9. Nicholas, op. cit., p.41.
10. David Starkey, Monarchy (London, 2004), p. 80.
11. Pauline Stafford, ‘Emma: The Powers of the Queen in the Eleventh Century’,in Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe, ed. Anne J. Duggan (Woodbridge, 1997), p.4.
12. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
13. Ibid.
14. Henrietta Leyser, Medieval Women: A Social History of Women in England 450-1500 (London, 1995), p.20.
15. Ibid., p.34.
16. FromP.J.P. Goldberg, ‘Women’,in Fifteenth Century Attitudes: Perceptions of Society in Late Medieval England, ed. Rosemary Horrox (Cambridge, 1994), cited p. 123.
17. J. Ward, English Noblewomen in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1992), p.57.
18. Quoted in John Gillingham, The Wars of the Roses (Baton Rouge, 1981), p.49.
19. Orderic Vitalis.
20. David Crouch, The Normans (London, 2002), p.83.
21. Douglas, op. cit., p.85.
22. Huneycutt, Matilda of Scotland, op. cit., p.50.
23. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ‘D’ version.
24. Pauline Stafford, ‘Chronicle D, 1067 and Women: Gendering Conquest in Eleventh Century England’,in Anglo-Saxons, ed. Simon Keynes and Alfred P. Smyth (Portland, 2006), p.209.
25. James Chambers,The Norman Kings (London, 1981), p.17.
26. Orderic Vitalis.
27. William of Jumiéges, Gesta Normanorum Ducum.
28. Recueil des Actes des Ducs de Normandie.
CHAPTER 2: MATILDA OF SCOTLAND
1. Huneycutt, Matilda of Scotland, op. cit., p. 165.
2. Ibid., p.17.
3. Eadmer.
4. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
5. Ibid.
6. Anselm.
7. Eadmer.
8. Ibid.
9. Aelred of Rievaulx.
10. Anne Crawford, Letters of the Queens of England (Stroud, 2002), p.20.
11. Anselm.
12. On Henry’s absences from England see, for example, Robert Bartlett, England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075—1225 (Oxford, 2000), pp. 38—41, and William Farrer, An Outline Itinerary for Henry I (Oxford, 1919).
13. Huneycutt, Matilda of Scotland, op. cit., p. 74.
14. Ibid., p.80.
15. Ibid.,p.38.
16. Life of St Margaret of Scotland, ‘The Idea of a Perfect Princesse in the Life of St Margaret Queen of Scotland’ (Paris, 1661).
17. Huneycutt, op. cit., p.26.
18. Lois L. Huneycutt, ‘Proclaiming her Dignity Abroad: The Literary and Artistic Network of Matilda of Scotland’,in The Cultural Patronage of Medieval Women, ed. June Hall McCash (Athens, GA, 1996), p.155.
19. Roy Strong, The Spirit of Britain: A Narrative History of the Arts (London, 1999), p.38.
20. See Jacques Le Goff, ‘What Did The Twelfth Century Renaissance Mean?’, in Linehan and Nelson, op. cit., pp.635—47.
21. Susan M. Johns, Noblewomen, Aristocracy and Power in the Twelfth Century Anglo-Norman Realm (Manchester, 2003), p.37.
22. William of Malmesbury, Gesta.
23. Huneycutt, Matilda of Scotland, op. cit., p.128.
24. Liber Monasterii de Hyda.
CHAPTER 3: ADELIZA OF LOUVAIN
1. Marjorie Chibnall, The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother and Lady of the English (Oxford, 1993), p.37.
2. Alison Weir, Eleanor of Aquitaine (London, 2000), p.134.
3. Quoted in Bartlett, op. cit., p.41.
4. William of Malmesbury, Gesta.
CHAPTER 4: MATILDA OF BOULOGNE
1. David Crouch, The Reign of King Stephen (Harlow, 2000), p.24.
2. C. Warren Hollister, ‘The Anglo-Norman Succession Debate of 1126: Prelude to Stephen’s Anarchy’,in Journal of Medieval History Vol. I (1976), p.25.
3. Crouch, The Reign of King Stephen, op. cit., p.3I.
4. Ibid., p.318.
5. Orderic Vitalis.
6. Heather J. Tanner, ‘Queenship, Custom or Ad Hoc? The Case of Matilda III of England’,in Eleanor of Aquitaine: Lord and Lady, ed. John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler (Basingstoke, 2002), p.139.
7. Crouch, The Reign of King Stephen, op. cit., p.89.
8. Ibid., p. 77.
9. Marjorie Chibnall, The Empress Matilda, op. cit., p.87.
10. Crouch, The Reign of King Stephen, op. cit., p.126.
11. For illumination compare Marjorie Chibnall, The Empress Matilda, p.85, with David Crouch, ‘Robert, earl of Gloucester and the daughter of Zelophehad’, Journal of Medieval History Vol. (1985).
12. See John Carmi Parsons, ‘Mothers, Daughters, Marriage, Power: Some Plantagenet Evidence 1150—1500’,in Medieval Queenship, ed. John Carmi Parsons (Stroud, 1994).
13. Gesta Stephani.
14. Johns, op. cit., p.19.
15. Chibnall, The Empress Matilda, op. cit., p. 115.
16. Crouch, The Reign of King Stephen, op. cit., p.261.
17. Betty Bandel, ‘The English Chroniclers’ Attitude Towards Women’,in Journal of the History of Ideas, No. 1, Vol. 16 (January 1955), p.114.
PART TWO
CHAPTER 5:ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE
1. W.L. Warren, Henry II (New Haven, 2000), p.121.
2. Christopher Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (London, 2006), p.275.
3. Constance Brittain Bouchard, ‘Eleanor’s Divorce from Louis VII: The Uses of Consanguinity’, in Carmi Parsons and Wheeler, Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit., p.230.
4. See Andrew W. Lewis, ‘The Birth and Childhood of King John: Some Revisions’, in Carmi Parsons and Wheeler, Eleanor of Aquitaine,op. cit.
5. Weir, Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit., p.34.
6. Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, trans. B.S.James (Stroud, 1998), No. 323.
7. Tyerman, op. cit., p.328.
8. See Alfred Richard, Histoire des Comtes de Poitou (Paris, 1903).
9. William Stubbs, quoted in Curtis H. Walker, ‘Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Disaster at Cadmos Mountain on the Second Crusade’,in American Historical Review No. 55, Vol. 4 (1950).
10. Peggy McCracken, ‘Scandalizing Desire: Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Chroniclers’, in Carmi Parsons and Wheeler, Eleanor of Aquitaine,op. cit., p. 247.
11. Tyerman, op. cit., p.333.
12. Otto of Freising, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, trans. C.C. Mierow (Columbia, 1953), p.27.
13. John of Salisbury.
14. Brittain Bouchard, op. cit., p.224.
15. John of Salisbury.
16. Christopher N.L. Brooke, The Medieval Idea of Marriage (Oxford, 1989), p.125.
17. William of Newburgh.
18. Weir, Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit., p.89.
19. Elizabeth A.R. Brown, ‘Eleanor of Aquitaine Reconsidered’, in Carmi Parsons and Wheeler, Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit., p.9.
20. Lois L. Huneycutt, ‘Alianora Regina Anglorum: Eleanor of Aquitaine and her Anglo-Norman Predecessors as Queens of England’, in Carmi Parsons and Wheeler, Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit., p.128.
21. Edmond-René Labande, ‘Pour Une Image Véridique d’Alienor d’Aquitaine’ in Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de l’Ouest, 4th series, No. 2 (1951), quotation trans. Lisa Hilton.
22. Robert-Henri Bautier, Etudes sur la France capetienne,Art. 5 (London, 1992), p.33.
23. Marie Hivergneaux, ‘Queen Eleanor and Aquitaine 1137—1189’,in Carmi Parsons and Wheeler, Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit., p.67.
24. See Kathleen Nolan, ‘The Queen’s Choice: Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Tombs at Fontevrault’, in Carmi Parsons and Wheeler, Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit.
25. Frank McLynn, Lionheart and Lackland: King Richard, King John and the Wars of Conquest (London, 2006), p.43.
CHAPTER 6: BERENGARIA OF NAVARRE
1. Brown, op. cit., p. 13.
2. Ann Trindade, Berengaria of Navarre: In Search of Richard’s Lost Queen (Portland, 1999), p.44.
3. Ambroise.
4. William of Newburgh, Ranulph of Higden, Pierre de Langtoft.
5. Karl Brunner (ed.), Der mittelenglische Versroman über Richard Lowenherz (Vienna, 1913), B version ll2456.
6. Trindade, op. cit., p.59.
7. Roger of Howden, Gesta.
8. Ibid.
9. See J. Brundage, ‘Sex and Canon Law’,in The Handbook of Medieval Sexuality, ed. J. Brundage and V Bullough (New York, 1996), pp.33— 50; also Brundage, Law, Sex and Christian Society in Medieval Europe (Chicago, 1987).
10. McLynn, op. cit., p.267.
11. Ibid., p.267
12. Cartulaire de l’ Eglise du Mans: Livre Blanc du Chapitre, ed. Lottin (Archives Departementales de la Sarthe, 1848), p.123.
13. Honorii III Romani Pontificis Opera Omnia, ed. J. Horoy (Paris, 1879). Book II, Letter CXCV.
14. Weir, Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit., p.321.
15. A. Bouton, ‘La Vie Tourmentée de la Reine Berengere’,in Vie Mancelle No. 45 (1964), p.26.
CHAPTER 7: ISABELLE OF ANGOULÊME
1. McLynn, op. cit., p.287.
2. Andrew W. Lewis, ‘The Birth and Childhood of King John: Some Revisions’, in Carmi Parsons and Wheeler, Eleanor of Aquitaine,op. cit., p.I66.
3. McLynn, op. cit., p.244.
4. Vincent, op. cit., p.I73.
5. H.G. Richardson, ‘King John and Isabelle of Angoulême’,in English Historical Review No. 256, Vol. 65 (July 1950).
6. Giraldus Cambrensis.
7. McLynn, op. cit., p.316.
8. Matthew Paris,Chronica Majora.
9. Quoted in Vincent, op. cit., p. 195.
10. Paul Strohm, Hochon’s Arrow: The Social Imagination of Fourteenth Century Texts (Princeton, 1992), p.3.
PART THREE
CHAPTER 8:ELEANOR OF PROVENCE
1. McLynn, op. cit., p.43.
2. Howell, Eleanor of Provence, op. cit., p.48.
3. Ibid., p. 274.
4. The Chronicle of Melrose Abbey.
5. Tewkesbury Chronicle.
6. John Carmi Parsons, Eleanor of Castile: Queen and Society in Thirteenth Century England (New York, 1995), p.39.
7. H. Johnstone, ‘Poor Relief in the Royal Households of the Thirteenth Century’,in Speculum No. 4 (1929).
CHAPTER 9: ELEANOR OF CASTILE
1. Opus Chronicorum.
2. The story may have originated with Ptolemy of Lucca’s Historia Ecclesiastica, in which it is reported as rumour.
3. John Carmi Parsons, ‘Of Queens, Courts and Books: Reflections on the Literary Patronage of Thirteenth Century Plantagenet Queens’, in June Hall McCash, The Cultural Patronage of Medieval Women, op. cit., p.I77.
4. Ibid.,p.I78.
5. Susan Groag Bell, ‘Medieval Women Book Owners: Arbiters of Lay Piety and Culture’, in Signs No. 4, Vol. 7 (Summer 1982).
6. John Carmi Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, op. cit., p.57.
7. Walter of Guisborough.
CHAPTER 10: MARGUERITE OF FRANCE
1. W.M. Ormrod, ‘The Sexualities of Edward II’, in The Reign of Edward II: New Perspectives, ed. Gwilym Dodd and Anthony Musson (Woodbridge, 2006), p.22.
2. J.S. Hamilton, ‘The Character of Edward II: The Letters of Edward of Caernarfon Reconsidered’, in Dodd and Musson, op. cit., p.17.
3. Annales Paulini.
4. The Chronicle of Lanercost.
5. Vita Edwardi Secundi.
6. Ibid.
7. Foedera.
8. Vita Edwardi Secundi.
9. Ibid.
PART FOUR
CHAPTER 11 : ISABELLA OF FRANCE
1. Vita Edwardi Secundi.
2. Michael Prestwich, ‘The Court of Edward II’, in Dodd and Musson, op. cit., p.74.
3. Articles of Deposition in Foedera.
4. Strickland, op. cit., Vol. 1,p.471.
5. Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II.
6. Vita Edwardi Secundi.
7. Annales Paulini.
8. Vita Edwardi Secundi.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Geoffrey le Baker, Chronicon.
14. Foedera.
15. Ibid.
16. Brut Chronicle.
17. Gwyn Williams, Medieval London: From Commune to Capital (London, 1970), p.298.
18. Both Paul Doherty, Isabella and the Strange Death of Edward II (London, 2003) and Alison Weir, Isabella: She-Wolf of France, Queen of England (London, 2005) give credence to the idea that Edward II was not murdered at Berkeley Castle. G.P. Cuttino on T.W. Lyman, ‘Where is Edward II?’,in Speculum Vol. 53 (July, 1978), gives a rather less breathless account of this strenuously contorted conspiracy theory. No good evidence exists to support either Doherty or Weir, though both are ingenious in their justifications.
19. Brut Chronicle.
20. Ibid.
21. Calendar of Close Rolls 1330—3, p.158.
22. Ormrod, ‘The Sexualities of Edward II’, op. cit., p.43.
23. Ian Mortimer, ‘Sermons of Sodomy: A Reconsideration of Edward II’s Sodomitical Reputation’, in Dodd and Musson, op. cit., pp. 52-3.
24. Ibid., p.52.
25. Ormrod, ‘The Sexualities of Edward II’, op. cit., p.44.
26. Robert Fabyan, The New Chronicles.
27. Claire Valente, ‘The Lament of Edward II: Religious Lyric, Political Propaganda’,in Speculum No.2, Vol. LXXVIII (April 2002).
28. Calendar of Papal Registers.
CHAPTER 12: PHILIPPA OF HAINAULT
1. The Register of Walter de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter (London, 1981).
2. B.C. Hardy, Philippa of Hainault and her Times (London, 1910), p.30.
3. Exeter Diocese Register (Canterbury and York Society).
4. Laynesmith, op. cit., p.118.
5. Hardy, op. cit., p. 112.
6. Froissart, Chroniques.
7. Juliet Vale, Edward III and Chivalry (Woodbridge, 1982), p.77.
8. Hardy, op. cit., p. 126.
9. Paul Strohm, ‘Queens as Intercessors’,in Hochon’s Arrow, op. cit., p.103.
10. Walsingham.
11. Hardy, op. cit., quoted p.293.
CHAPTER 13: ANNE OF BOHEMIA AND ISABELLE OF FRANCE
1. V. Dvorakova et al, Gothic Mural Painting in Bohemia and Moravia 1300— 1378 (London, 1964), p.49.
2. Walsingham.
3. Ibid.
4. Knighton Chronicle.
5. Gervase Mathew, The Court of Richard II (London, 1968), p.38.
6. MS Reg., 13d fol.117b, cited in Louisa De Saussure Duls, Richard II in the Early Chronicles, p.8.
7. Marina Belozerskaya, Rethinking the Renaissance: Burgundian Arts Across Europe (Cambridge, 2002), p.144.
8. Nigel Saul, Richard (New Haven, 1997), p.457.
9. Philippe de Mezières, Letter to King Richard II.
10. Susan Groag Bell, ‘Medieval Women Book Owners: Arbiters of Lay Piety and Culture’ in Signs, No. 4, Vol. 7 (Summer 1982).
11. John Wycliffe, De triplici vinculi amors, in M. Deanesley (ed.), The Lollard Bible and Other Medieval Biblical Versions (Cambridge, 1920), p.248.
12. Foedera.
13. Strohm, Hochon’s Arrow, op. cit., p.I08.
14. Philippe de Mezières, op. cit.
15. Rachel Gibbons, ‘Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France (1385—1422): The Creation of An Historical Villainess’ in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, Vol. 6 (1996).
16. Juvenal des Ursins, ‘Histoire de Charles VI, Roy de France’ in Nouvelle Collection de memoires sur l’histoire de France (Paris, 1836), quotation trans. Lisa Hilton.
17. See Gervase Mathew, op. cit., and also Michael Bennett, Richard II and the Revolutions of 1399 (Stroud, 1999).
18. Chronicles of the Revolution 1397—1400, ed. and trans. Chris Given-Wilson (Manchester, 1993), pp.56—7.
19. English Historical Documents IV, p.174.
20. Walsingham.
21. Strohm, Hochon’s Arrow, op. cit., p.59.
PART FIVE
CHAPTER 14 : JOANNA OF NAVARRE
1. Paul Strohm, England’s Empty Throne: Usurpation and the Language of Legitimisation 1399—1422 (New Haven, 1998), p.160.
2. Cited in Dillian Gordon, ‘A New Discovery in the Wilton Diptych’, Burlington Magazine No. 1075, Vol. 134 (October 1992).
3. Strohm, England’s Empty Throne, op. cit., p.157.
4. Guillaume Gruel, Chronique d’ Artur de Richemont, ed. le Vavasseur, Achille (Paris, 1890)
5. A.R. Myers, ‘The Captivity of a Royal Witch: The Household Accounts of Queen Joan of Navarre 1419—21’,in Bulletin of the John Rylands Library Vol. 24 (1940).
CHAPTER 15: CATHERINE DE VALOIS
1. Strecche, Chronicle.
2. The Great Chronicle of London.
3. The First English Life of Henry V.
4. Gibbons, op. cit.
5. Juvenal des Ursins, op. cit.
6. Parisian Journal 1406—1499.
7. Ibid.
8. See E.H. Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology (Princeton, 1957), p.240.
9. Anne Crawford, Letters, op. cit., p.116.
10. Ibid.
11. J.W. McKenna, ‘Henry VI of England and the Dual Monarchy’,in Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes Vol. 28 (1965).
12. Incerti Scriptoris Chronicon Angliae (Giles’s Chronicle).
13. Ralph A. Griffiths and Roger S. Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty (Stroud, 2005), p.38.
14. Sir John Wyn of Gwydir, cited in Griffiths and Thomas, ibid., p.38.
15. Laynesmith, op. cit., p.41.
16. David Crouch, ‘Noble Women: The View from the Stands’,in The Birth of Nobility: Constructing Aristocracy in England and France 900—1300 (Harlow, 2005), p.316.
CHAPTER 16: MARGUERITE OF ANJOU
1. Philippe Erlanger, Margaret of Anjou: Queen of England (London, 1970), p.29.
2. Ibid., p.80.
3 . Laynesmith, op.cit., p.84.
4. See Christine Carpenter, The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution of England c. 1437—1509 (Cambridge, 1997), pp.92—4.
5. Erlanger, op. cit., p. 113.
6. Gillingham, op. cit., p.62.
7. H.M. Colvin, The History of the King’s Works Vol. ii (London, 1963) p.936.
8. Laynesmith, op. cit., p.242.
9. Cited in Gillingham, op. cit., pp.72—3.
10. Carpenter, op. cit., p.143.
11. Gillingham, op. cit., p.116.
12. London Chronicle.
13. Gillingham, op. cit., p.135.
14. Ibid., p.99.
15. Carpenter, op. cit., p.113.
CHAPTER 17: ELIZABETH WOODVILLE
1. Thomas More, The History of Richard III.
2. A.R. Myers (ed.), Introduction to The Household of Edward IV,p.2.
3. Arlene Okerlund, Elizabeth Wydeville (Stroud, 2005), p.15.
4. In their article ‘Most Benevolent Queen’, A. Sutton and L.Visser Fuchs confirm that Elizabeth Woodville was ‘too young ever to have been a lady-in-waiting’.
5. This view of the marriage is taken by, among others, David Baldwin.
6. More, op. cit.
7. Laynesmith, op. cit., p.88.
8. Luchino Dallaghiexa, Calendar of State Papers Existing in the Archives and Collections of Milan, No. 131 .
9. David Baldwin, Elizabeth Woodville: Mother of the Princes in the Tower (Stroud, 2002), p.41.
10. Michael Hicks, Anne Neville, Queen to Richard III (Stroud, 2006), p.84.
11. Rows Rolls No. 62.
12. Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV in England and the Final Recoverye of his Kingdomes from Henry VI.
13. Ibid.
14. Gillingham, op. cit., p.213.
15. See Agnes Strickland and Okerlund, op. cit.
16. Erlanger, op. cit., p.243.
17. Charles Ross, Edward IV (1971), p.87.
18. A. Sutton and L. Visser Fuchs, ‘Most Benevolent Queen’,in The Ricardian No. I29, Vol. 10 (June 1995)
CHAPTER 18: ANNE NEVILLE
1. Calendar of State Papers Existing in the Archives and Collections of Milan I.
2. Alison Weir, The Princes in the Tower (London, 1992), p.64.
3. Ibid. p. 77.
4. Gillingham, op. cit., p.223.
5. Ibid., p. 224.
6. Laynesmith, op.cit., p.90.
7. Ibid.
8. Croyland Chronicle.
9. Ibid.
10.Griffiths and Thomas, op. cit., p.92.
11. Edward Hall, Chronicle.
12. Croyland Chronicle.
13. Michael K. Jones and Malcolm J. Underwood, The King’s Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby (Cambridge, 1992), p.64.
14. Croyland Chronicle.
15. Peter Idley, Instructions to his Son, ed. Charlotte d’Evelyn (Modern Languages Association of America, Lancaster PA, 1935), p.31.
16. Croyland Chronicle.
17. Rosemary Horrox, ‘The History of KRIII (1619) by Sir George Buck, Master of the Revels’, review in English Historical Review No. 382, Vol. 97 (January 1982).
18. Ibid.
19. Croyland Chronicle.
CHAPTER 19: ELIZABETH OF YORK
1. Camden Miscellany.
2. Ibid.
3. Polydore Vergil.
4. Baldwin, op. cit., p.125.
5. J. Nichols (ed.), Wills of the Kings and Queens of England (London, I790).
6. MS Arundel 26, British Library.
7. Margaret Aston, ‘Death’,in Fifteenth Century Attitudes, ed. Horrox, op. cit., p.212.
8. F.R.H. Du Boulay, An Age of Ambition: English Society in the Late Middle Ages (London, 1970)
9. Jones and Underwood, op. cit., p.161.
10. Louise Gill, ‘William Caxton and the Revolution of 1483’,in English Historical Review No. 445, Vol. 112 (February 1997).
11. Cited in Belozerskaya, op. cit., p.77.
12. English Historical Documents 1485—1558.
13. Thomas More.
CONCLUSION
All quotations from ‘Beowulf’ are from Heather O’Donoghue, (ed.) and Kevin Crossley-Holland (trans.), Beowulf (Oxford, 1999). Those from Morte d’Arthur are from Eugene Vinaver, Malory:Works (Oxford, 1971).
1. Terence McCarthy, An Introduction to Malory (Cambridge, 1988).
2. This reading of the heroic feminine in ‘Beowulf’ is drawn from Stacy S. Klein, ‘Beowulf and the Gendering of Heroism’, in Stacy S. Klein, Ruling Women: Queenship and Gender in Anglo-Saxon Literature (Notre Dame, IA, 2006), pp.87—123.
3. Ibid., p. 98.
4. Ibid.
5. Peter Clemoes (ed.), Aelfric’s Catholic Homilies (Oxford, 1997), p.279.
6. Klein, op. cit., p.113.
7. Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process: The History of Manners (Oxford, 1978), p.95.
8. See Elias, ibid., and J. Huizinga, J., The Violent Tenor of Life’,in J. Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages (London, 1955).
9. Blamires, op. cit., p.231.
10. Linda E. Mitchell, Portraits of Medieval Women: Family, Marriage and Politics in England 1225—1350 (New York, 2003), p. 135.
11. J.A. McNamara, John E. Halborg and E. Gordon Whatley (eds.), Sainted Women of the Dark Ages (Durham, NC, 1992), p.70.
12. P.A. Lee, ‘Reflections of Power: Margaret of Anjou and the Dark Side of Queenship’,in Renaissance Quarterly 29 (1986).
13. P.J.C. Field, The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Malory’,in Arthurian Studies No. 6 (1993).
14. Ibid., p.143.