A note on primary sources.
The first translations into a European language of the principal Arabic histories were published in Recueil des historiens des croisades: Historiens orientaux(‘R.H.Cr.Or.’) from 1872 onwards; this great French series has provided the basic resource for non-Arabists ever since. For English-speaking readers, the most accessible bibliography of these translated texts is to be found in Steven Runciman’s three-volume History of the Crusades (Cambridge, 1954), specifically – for the times of Saladin – Volume II ‘The Kingdom of Jerusalem’. Companion series provided translations of chronicles and commentaries in Greek and Armenian; while the Recueil … Historiens Occidentaux (R.H.Cr.Occ.) carried Latin sources. Other useful collections include Storici Arabi delle Crociate by Francesco Gabrieli (Turin, 1957), translated into English by E.J. Costello as Arab Historians of the Crusades (London, 1969).
On the vexed question of changing fashions in transliteration from the Arabic, Yusuf Ibish, in his 1972 edition of numerous earlier articles by Sir Hamilton A.R. Gibb, commented: ‘In an endeavour to achieve fidelity to the original texts, the editor has not attempted to unify systems of transliteration.’
Secondary sources
Ashtor-Strauss, E., ‘Saladin and the Jews’, in The Hebrew Union College Annual Journal (Cincinnatti, 1956)
Atiya, A.S., ‘The Idea of the Counter-Crusade’, in Actes du XXIe Congrés Internationale des Orientalistes (Paris, 1949)
Aube, P., Baudouin IV de Jérusalem (Paris, 1981)
Aubin, J., ‘Comment Tamerlan prenait les villes’, in Studia Islamica XIX (Paris, 1963)
Baha ad-Din Ibn Shaddad, The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, trs D.S. Richards (2001)
Baldwin, Marshall W., The First Hundred Years, vol I of The Crusades, editor in chief K.M. Setton, 2nd ed. (University of Wisconsin, Maddison, 1969)
Brand, Charles M., ‘The Byzantines and Saladin, 1185-1192: Opponents of the Third Crusade’ in Speculum XXXVII (Cambridge, Mass., 1962)
Brundage, James A., ‘Cruce Signari: The rite for taking the Cross in England’ in Traditio XXII (New York 1966)
– The Crusade, Holy War and Canon Law (Aldershot, 1991)
Cahen, Claude, ‘Un traité d’armurie composé pour Saladin’, in Bulletin des études orientales de l’Institut Damas XII (Damascus, 1948)
– Orient et occident au temps des Croisades (Paris, 1983)
Canard, M., ‘Un vizir chrétien à l’époque fatimide: l’Arménien Bahram’, in Annales de l’Institut des Etudes Orientales (Algiers, 1954)
Champdor, Albert, Saladin: le plus pur héros d’Islam (Paris, 1956)
Cresswell, K.A.C., ‘Fortification in Islam before AD 1250’, in Proceedings of The British Academy XXXVIII (London, 1952)
Daniel, N.A., Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Edinburgh, 1960)
– The Arabs and Medieval Europe (Beirut, 1975)
Edbury, P.W., and J.G. Rowe, William of Tyre: Historian of the Latin East (Cambridge, 1988)
Ehrenkreutz, Andrew S., Saladin (Albany, 1972)
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Ellenblum, Ronnie, Crusader Castles and Modern Histories (Cambridge, 2006)
Fink, H., ‘Mawdud of Mosul; precursor of Saladin’, in The Muslim World XLIII (Hyderabad, 1953)
– ‘The Role of Damascus in the history of the Crusades’, in The Muslim World XLIX (Hyderabad, 1959)
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Gabrieli, Francesco, Arab Historians of the Crusades, translated from the Italian by E.J. Costello (London, 1969)
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Gibb, Sir Hamilton A.R., ‘The Achievement of Saladin’ (1952) and ‘The Armies of Saladin’ (1951), both reprinted in Studies on the Civilization of Islam, ed. Yusuf Ibish (Lebanon, 1972)
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Husain Shanaz, Muslim Heroes of the Crusades: Salahuddin and Nuruddin (London, 1998)
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Kennan, Elizabeth, ‘Innocent III and the First Political Crusade’, in Traditio XXVII (New York, 1971)
Kraemer, Jorg, Der Sturz des Königreichs in der Darstellung des Imad-ad Din al-Kitab al-Isfahani (Wiesbaden, 1952)
Lane-Poole, Stanley, Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (London and New York, 1906)
Lewis, Bernard, The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam (New York, 1968)
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Lilie, R.-J., Byzantium and the Crusader States, trs. J.C. Morris and J.E. Ridings (Oxford 1994)
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Möhring, H., Saladin und der Dritte Kreuzzug (Wiesbaden, 1980)
Morgan, M.R., The Chronicle of Ernoul and the Continuations of William of Tyre (Oxford, 1973)
Mortimer, Edward, Faith and Power: The Politics of Islam (London, 1982)
Munro, Dana C., ‘The Western Attitude toward Islam during the Period of the Crusades’, in Speculum VI (Cambridge, Mass. 1931)
Murphy, T.P., ed., The Holy War (Columbus, Ohio, 1976)
Newby, P.H., Saladin in his Time (London, 1983 and 2001)
Nicolle, David, Saladin and the Saracens (London, 1986)
– Hattin 1187, Saladin’s Greatest Victory (1993)
Pellat, Y., ‘L’Idée de Dieu chez les “Sarrasins” des chansons de geste’, in Studia Islamica XXII (Paris, 1965)
Pernoud, Régine, La femme au temps des croisades (Paris, 1990)
Powell, J.M., ed., Muslims under Latin Rule, 1100– 1300 (Princeton. N.J. 1991)
Prawer, J. ‘The Settlement of the Latins in Jerusalem’, in Speculum XXVII(Cambridge, Mass., 1952)
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Reston, James Jr., Warriors of God: Richard the Lionheart and Saladin in the Third Crusade (New York and London, 2001)
Riley-Smith, Jonathan, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History 0f the Crusades (Oxford and New York, 1997)
Ritter, H., ‘La Parure des Cavaliers and die Literatur über die ritterlichen Künste’, in Der Islam XVIII (Berlin, 1929)
Runciman, Sir Stephen, A History of the Crusades (Cambridge, 1951– 54)
Sivan, Emanuel, ‘Notes sur la situation des Chrétiens sous les Ayyubides’, in Revue de l’histoire des religions CLXXII (Paris, 1967)
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Smail, R.C., Crusading Warfare (Cambridge, 1956 and 1972)
– The Crusaders in Syria and the Holy Land (London and New York, 1973)
Thomas, A., ‘La Légende de Saladin en Poitou’, in Journal des Savants (Paris, 1908)
Thomine, J.S. and D.S., ‘Nouveaux documents sur l’histoire religieuse et sociale de Damas au moyen âge’, Revue des études islamiques XXXII, Cahier I (Paris, 1965)
Throop, Palmer A., Criticism of the Crusade: A Study of Public Opinion and Crusade Propaganda (Amsterdam, 1940)
Tibawi, A.L., ‘Jerusalem: Its place in Islam and in Arab History’, in The Islamic Quarterly XII, No 4 (London, 1968)
Usama ibn Munqidh, ‘Kitab al i-’tibar’, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior, trs. P.K. Hitti(Columbia U.P., New York, 1929) Watt, W., Montgomery, Islamic Political Thought (Edinburgh, 1968)