INTRODUCTION
1. Julia Ward Howe, Reminiscences, 1819–1899 (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1899), 273. Hereafter abbreviated as Rem.
2. Nicholas Butler to Maud Howe Elliott, MHE Papers, Brown University Library, June 4, 1917, box 1, folder 25. Quoted in Valarie H. Ziegler, Diva Julia: The Public Romance and Private Agony of Julia Ward Howe (Trinity Press International, 2003), 11. Hereafter abbreviated as Ziegler.
3. Laura E. Richards and Maud Howe Elliott, with assistance by Florence Howe Hall, Julia Ward Howe, 1819–1910. 2 vols. (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1916). Hereafter abbreviated as Richards and Elliott, JWH.
4. John Jay Chapman, “Doctor Howe,” Learning and Other Essays (New York: Moffatt, Yard and Company, 1910), 91. Hereafter abbreviated as Chapman.
5. Laura E. Richards, Two Noble Lives: Samuel Gridley Howe, Julia Ward Howe (Boston: Dana Estes & Co., 1911). Hereafter abbreviated as Two Noble Lives.
6. Chapman, 120.
7. Rem., 57.
CHAPTER ONE: THE PRINCESS IN THE CASTLE
1. Rem., 49.
2. Ibid., 61.
3. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:15.
4. Ibid., 15–16.
5. Louise Hall Tharp, Three Saints and a Sinner (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1956), 33. Hereafter abbreviated as Tharp.
6. Ibid.
7. Rem., 30.
8. Tharp, 16.
9. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:21.
10. Rem., 18.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., 53.
13. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:24.
14. JWH, ed., Sex in Education: A Reply to Dr. E. H. Clarke’s “Sex in Education” (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1874), 27–28.
15. Rem., 46.
16. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:29.
17. Rem., 15.
18. Ibid., 57.
19. Ziegler, 18.
20. Tharp, 42. “The Literati,” Godey’s Lady’s Book, 1846.
21. Two Noble Lives, 39–40.
22. Mary H. Grant, Private Woman, Public Person: An Account of the Life of Julia Ward Howe from 1818–9 to 1868 (Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Publishing Company, 1994), 34. Hereafter abbreviated as Grant.
23. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:35.
24. Maud Howe Elliott, The Eleventh Hour in the Life of Julia Ward Howe (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1911), 44. Hereafter abbreviated as Eleventh Hour.
25. Deborah Pickman Clifford, Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory: A Biography of Julia Ward Howe (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1979), 27. Hereafter abbreviated as Clifford.
26. Tharp, 53.
27. Louis Legrand Noble, The Life and Works of Thomas Cole (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964), 203.
28. See Joy Kasson, “The Voyage of Life: Thomas Cole and Romantic Disillusion,” American Quarterly 27, March 1975, 42–56.
29. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:43.
30. Ibid., 44.
31. Tharp, 56–57.
32. Rem., 49.
33. Ibid., 67–68.
34. JWH, Is Polite Society Polite? and Other Essays (Boston and New York: Lamson, Wolfe and Co., 1895), 39.
35. JWH, “George Sand,” Atlantic Monthly 8, November 1861, 514.
36. Rem., 21.
37. Andrew Hilen, ed., The Letters of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967), II:143. Hereafter abbreviated as Longfellow, Letters.
38. Rem., 61.
39. Ibid., 41.
40. Grant, 45.
41. Ibid.
42. Julia Ward Howe, The Hermaphrodite, edited and with an introduction by Gary Williams (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2004), 173–78. Hereafter abbreviated as Hermaphrodite.
43. Grant, 47.
44. Clifford, 48, and 280, n. 40.
45. Robert N. Hudspeth, ed., Letters of Margaret Fuller (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983), II:72.
46. Rem., 65–66.
47. Grant, 32.
48. Ibid., 33.
49. Maud Howe Elliott, Uncle Sam Ward and His Circle (New York: MacMillan, 1938), 175–77, 183. Hereafter abbreviated as Uncle Sam Ward.
50. Rem., 54.
51. Grant, 42.
52. Ibid., 51.
53. Rem., 62–63.
54. Sermon, “Solitude and Religion,” Howe Collection, folder 57, LOC, in Grant, 52.
55. Grant, 50.
56. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:57–58.
57. Ibid., 58.
58. Clifford, 40.
59. Grant, 58.
60. Rem., 81.
61. Ibid., 84.
CHAPTER TWO: THE KNIGHT-ERRANT
1. Laura E. Richards, ed., Letters and Journals of Samuel Gridley Howe. 2 vols. (Boston: Dana Estes & Company, 1906), I:17. Hereafter abbreviated as Howe.
2. Edward J. Renehan Jr., The Secret Six (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1997), 33. Hereafter abbreviated as Renehan.
3. Howe, I:388.
4. Ibid., 13.
5. James W. Trent Jr., The Manliest Man: Samuel G. Howe and the Contours of Nineteenth-Century American Reform (Amherst and Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2012), 1. Hereafter abbreviated as Trent.
6. Ibid., 5.
7. Howe, I:19.
8. Elizabeth Gitter, The Imprisoned Guest (New York: Picador, 2001), 14. Hereafter abbreviated as Gitter.
9. Howe, 25.
10. See Gary J. Bass, Freedom’s Battle: The Origins of Humanitarian Intervention (New York: Random House, 2008), 150.
11. William St. Clair, That Greece Might Still Be Free: The Philhellenes in the War of Independence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972), 59–60.
12. Thomas H. O’Connor, The Athens of America: Boston, 1825–1845 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006), 96.
13. David Herbert Donald, Charles Sumner (New York: Da Capo Press, 1996), 32. Hereafter abbreviated as Donald.
14. Trent, 2.
15. Ibid., 26–27.
16. Harold Schwartz, Samuel Gridley Howe: Social Reformer 1801–1876 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1956), 9. Hereafter abbreviated as Schwartz.
17. Gitter, 16.
18. Trent, 39, and 281, n. 27.
19. Howe, I:138–39.
20. Ibid., 209.
21. Chapman, 93.
22. Howe, I:366.
23. Two Noble Lives, 16; Howe, I:36.
24. Franklin B. Sanborn, Dr. S. G. Howe: The Philanthropist (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1891), 79–80.
25. Laura E. Richards, Samuel Gridley Howe (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1935), 48. Hereafter abbreviated as Richards, SGH.
26. Howe, I:385.
27. Richards, SGH, 389.
28. See Trent, 56–58; Schwartz, 44–48.
29. Howe, II:23.
30. Chapman, 107.
31. Howe, II:16.
32. JWH, I:32.
33. Donald, 48.
34. Ibid., 53.
35. Ibid., 37.
36. Ibid., 38.
37. Trent, 80.
38. Ibid., 121.
39. Gitter, 55–56.
40. Ibid., 46.
41. William Ingalls, MD, A Lecture on the Subject of Phrenology (Boston: Dutton and Wentworth, 1839), 10.
42. SGH, “Laura Bridgman,” Barnard’s American Journal of Education (December 1857): 390.
43. Mary Swift Lamson, Life and Education of Laura Dewey Bridgman: The Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Girl (Boston: Houghton Mifflin: 1878), 87.
44. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:92.
45. Trent, 97.
46. Gitter, 4.
47. Ibid., 113.
48. Ibid., 77.
49. Photograph in Ernest Freeberg, The Education of Laura Bridgman (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 216.
50. Gitter, 118, and SGH, Tenth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Perkins Institution and Massachusetts Asylum for the Blind, 29.
51. Gitter, 119, and SGH, Ninth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Perkins Institution and Massachusetts Asylum for the Blind, 37–38.
52. Maud Howe Elliott and Florence Howe Hall, Laura Bridgman, Dr. Howe’s Famous Pupil and What He Taught Her (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1904), 79.
53. Ibid., 86.
54. New York Times (May 18, 1883), in Philosophies of Sex: Critical Essays on The Hermaphrodite, ed. Renée Bergland and Gary Williams (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2012), 173. Hereafter abbreviated as Philosophies of Sex.
55. Freeberg, The Education of Laura Bridgman, 26.
56. Howe, I:106–107.
57. Gary Williams, Hungry Heart: The Literary Emergence of Julia Ward Howe (Amherst: University of Masschusetts Press, 1999), 148. Hereafter abbreviated as Hungry Heart.
58. Gitter, 148.
59. Howe, II:343.
CHAPTER THREE: THE HERO AND THE BELLE
1. Longfellow, Letters, II:383.
2. Tharp, 49–50.
3. Ibid., 88.
4. Cornelius Felton to SW, July 17, 1842, in Uncle Sam Ward, 353.
5. Hungry Heart, 222, n. 45.
6. Tharp, 89.
7. JWH to AW and LW, MS Am 2119, 1842, 392.
8. SGH to SW, in Hungry Heart, 201, 223, n. 49.
9. SGH to SW, MS Am 2119, February 21, 1843 (870).
10. Tharp, 91.
11. JWH to AW and LW, MS Am 2119, 1843 (394).
12. SGH to Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, MS Am 2119, April 1843 (1171).
13. SW to John Ward, February 22, 1843, in Uncle Sam Ward, 376.
14. Hungry Heart, 49.
15. Longfellow, Letters, II:318.
16. Tharp, 93.
17. April 7, 1843, quoted in Hungry Heart, 223–24, n. 50.
18. February 3, 1843, in Uncle Sam Ward, 372.
19. Tharp, 93.
20. Clifford, 65.
21. “Correspondence between SGH and JWH,” YHPCCL, record group 20, in Ziegler, 176, n. 1.
22. Hungry Heart, 39.
23. SGH to SW, MS Am 2119, February 3, 1843 (1139).
24. Ziegler, 27.
25. Clifford, 62.
26. Ziegler, 28.
27. JWH to Eliza Francis, MS Am 2119, February 27, 1843 (466).
28. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:79.
29. Ibid., 79–80.
30. Rem., 89.
31. JWH to LW, MS Am 2119, May 12, 1843 (381).
32. Rem., 91–92.
33. Hungry Heart, 40.
34. Ibid., 63.
35. Rem., 100.
36. Ibid., 106–107.
37. Ibid., 93.
38. Richards, SGH, 113.
39. JWH to LW, 1843, in Clifford, 70.
40. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:84.
41. Rem., 96.
42. JWH Scrapbook, in Grant, 61.
43. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:92–93.
44. Rem., 116.
45. Judith W. Page, Wordsworth and the Cultivation of Women (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 149.
46. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:86.
47. Hungry Heart, 66.
48. Francis Marion Ward to LW, September 19, 1843, in Robert L. Gale, Thomas Crawford: American Sculptor (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1964), 207, n. 25. Hereafter cited as Gale.
49. SGH to Charles Sumner, MS Am 2119, October 9, 1843 (1189).
50. Ibid., November 8, 1843 (1190).
51. Grant, 63; Rem., 123–27.
52. JWH to John Ward, December 13, 1843, in Clifford, 77.
53. Rem., 131.
54. Diary, 1843, in Hermaphrodite, xi.
55. Rem., 161.
56. Dean Grodzins, American Heretic: Theodore Parker and Transcendentalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 387. Hereafter abbreviated as Grodzins.
57. Rem., 161.
58. Ibid., 160, 162.
59. Grodzins, 399.
60. Ibid., 401.
61. SGH to Charles Sumner, MS Am 2119, March 16, 1844 (1201).
62. Rem., 134.
63. Gale, 41.
64. Mark Bostridge, Florence Nightingale (London: Penguin, 2008), 86–87.
65. Ibid., 86.
66. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:98.
67. Rem., 142.
68. Richards and Elliott, JWH, 98.
CHAPTER FOUR: MARRIAGE AND MATERNITY
1. SGH to Charles Sumner, MS Am 2119, September 11, 1844 (920).
2. Rem., 150–51.
3. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:103.
4. Richards, SGH, 123–24.
5. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:103–4.
6. May 30, 1846, in Trent, 166.
7. Rem., 150; Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:129.
8. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:106, 107.
9. Clifford, 88.
10. JWH to LWC, MS Am 2119, December 1845 (334); Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:113.
11. Schwartz, 148.
12. Ibid., 149.
13. Rem., 175.
14. Grant, 72.
15. Clifford, 89.
16. Gitter, 154, 155.
17. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:169.
18. Gitter, 160.
19. Maud Howe Elliott and Florence Howe Hall, Laura Bridgman: Dr. Howe’s Famous Pupil and What He Taught Her (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1904), 178. Hereafter abbreviated as Elliott and Hall, Laura Bridgman.
20. JWH to LWC, MS Am 2119, August 7, 1845 (506).
21. Ibid., December 15, 1845 (508).
22. Ibid.; Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:115–116.
23. JWH to LWC, MS Am 2119, January 31, 1846 (519).
24. Ibid., February 15, 1846 (520).
25. JWH to SGH, MS Am 2119, 1846 (376).
26. Phyllis Rose, Parallel Lives: Five Victorian Marriages (New York: Vintage, 1984), 7–9.
27. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:151.
28. Rem., 152.
29. Laura E. Richards, Stepping Westward (New York and London: D. Appleton & Company, 1931), 10. Hereafter abbreviated as Stepping Westward.
30. Richards, SGH, 182.
31. Adolph Mailliard had been a secretary to Prince Joseph Bonaparte in France and executor of his estate. Joseph built a castle in Bordentown, New Jersey, and eventually returned to France. See Henry Steele Commager, “The Story of a Magnificent Family,” New York Times Book Review, September 30, 1956.
32. Tharp, 145.
33. SGH to Horace Mann, dated July 30, 1840, in Houghton, but Trent thinks probably 1846.
34. Richards, SGH, 199.
35. JWH to LWC, MS Am 2119, September 20, 1846 (526).
36. Richards, SGH, 180.
37. JWH Scrapbook 32, in Grant, 80.
38. Clifford, 88.
39. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:122.
40. JWH to LWC, MS Am 2119, January 31, 1847 (535).
41. JWH to AWM, in Clifford, 93.
42. JWH to LWC, in Clifford, 93.
43. JWH to LWC, MS Am 2119, May 15, 1847 (537).
44. Ibid., May 17, 1847, in Clifford, 94.
45. Ibid., June 15, 1847, in Grant, 81.
46. Rem., 60.
47. JWH to LWC, MS Am 2119, September 20, 1847 (533).
48. Ibid.
49. Edward Wagenknacht, ed., Mrs. Longfellow: Selected Letters and Journals of Fanny Appleton Longfellow (New York and London: Longman’s, Green and Co., 1956), 130.
50. SGH to LWC, MS Am 2119, April 5, 1848 (1024).
51. Ibid.
52. JWH to LWC, MS Am 2119, April 18, 1848 (555).
53. Rem., 131.
54. Fanny Longfellow, April 12, 1848.
55. JWH to AWM, October 12, 1848, in Hungry Heart, 112.
56. JWH to LWC, MS Am 2119, November 19, 1848.
57. Rem., 131.
58. Renée Bergland and Gary Williams, introduction to Philosophies of Sex: Critical Essays on the Hermaphrodite, ed. Bergland and Williams (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2012). Book hereafter abbreviated as Philosophies of Sex.
59. Hermaphrodite, 3. Page numbers in parentheses in the text.
60. Gary Williams, who edited the manuscripts of The Hermaphrodite, is the premier critic and scholar of this difficult text. See also the essays in Philosophies of Sex.
61. Howe’s letters give no indication of what she was reading during these childbearing years, or how she obtained books, but the 1840s were a major literary decade for English fiction. In the summer of 1848, Jane Eyre was such a rage in the United States that literary observers described a “Jane Eyre fever” that struck the female members of every family. Reprinted by at least six American publishers, in the age before international copyright law, and selling for a mere twenty-five cents, about a fifth of the price of an American book, it was read by American women of all ages, classes, and races, from millgirls in Lowell to plantation heiresses in the South. On July 29, Florence Nightingale wrote to Julia, asking, “But have you read Jane Eyre? There are some authors of fiction, like Shakespeare, who, like sculptors, set the human form before you, perfect in every part, behind, before, on either side, not a point of view is wanting—it needs but the colouring and breath of our own actual life. . . . Now Jane Eyre seems to me to be real life—we know her—we have lived with her, we shall meet her again. It has all the faults of real life—but real and living it is.” (Julia Ward Howe Collection, Perkins School for the Blind, Series 1, Box 1). Laura Howe read Jane Eyre as a girl, but Julia did not read it until 1899.
62. Hungry Heart, 113.
63. March 1850, in Grant, 8.
CHAPTER FIVE: ROME AGAIN, HOME AGAIN
1. Tharp, 168.
2. JWH to SGH, in Ziegler, 72.
3. JWH to MHE, in Ziegler, 185, n. 35.
4. Theodore Parker to JWH, September 2, 1850, in Hungry Heart, 123, 248.
5. George Egon Hatvary, Horace Binney Wallace (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1977), 24. Hereafter abbreviated as Hatvary.
6. Ibid., 25.
7. JWH, From the Oak to the Olive: A Plain Record of a Pleasant Journey (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1868), 66.
8. AWM to SGH, in Hungry Heart, 117, 245.
9. JWH to LWC, October 28, 1851, in Hungry Heart, 117, 245.
10. From the Oak to the Olive, 45.
11. Rem., 204.
12. JWH to AWM, in Ziegler, 76.
13. Tharp, 173–74.
14. Ibid.
15. JWH to AWM, MS Am 2119, December 17, 1851.
16. SGH to Charles Sumner, November 1851, in Schwartz, 175.
17. Ibid., December 6, 1851, in Hungry Heart, 130.
18. Schwartz, 182. Harold Schwartz agreed: “The tone of its articles was exceedingly offensive. There was no depth of vulgarity and vituperation to which its writers would not descend to pillory the opposition.”
19. Frederick L. Mulhauser, ed., Correspondence of Arthur Hugh Clough (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957), 2:356.
20. Two Noble Lives, 53.
21. Ziegler, 76.
22. JWH to AWM, in Hungry Heart, 250, n. 56.
23. Hatvary, 30–31.
24. Tharp, 174.
25. JWH to AWM, November 8, 1852, in Grant, 101.
26. Julia’s unsent letter to Horace Binney Wallace, in the Houghton Library, is quoted in two different places, with different gaps. Hatvary, 33–34, and G. E. Hatvary, “Horace Binney Wallace: A Study in Self-Destruction,” Princeton University Library Chronicle 25 (Winter 1964): 148–49.
27. Hatvary, 32.
28. JWH to AWM, MS Am 2119, December 8, 1853 (618).
29. JWH to LWC, MS Am 2119, February 18, 1853 (612).
30. Bill from Mme Du Wavran, Paris, MS Am 2119, January 22, 1853 (1108).
31. JWH to Auguste Comte, MS Am 2119, February 15, 1853 (613). Translation by English Showalter.
32. JWH to LWC, MS Am 2119, February 18, 1853 (612).
33. JWH to AWM, MS Am 2119, February 25, 1853 (615).
34. James T. Fields to SGH, Chapin Library of Rare Books, Williams College, May 5, 1853, in Hungry Heart, 252, n. 7.
35. JWH to AWM, MS Am 2119, December 8, 1853 (618).
36. Ibid.
CHAPTER SIX: PASSION-FLOWERS
1. JWH to AWC, MS Am 2119, December 29, 1853 (620).
2. Renée Bergland, Maria Mitchell and the Sexing of Science (Boston: Beacon Press, 2008), 61.
3. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:105.
4. JWH to AWC, MS Am 2119, December 29, 1853 (620).
5. Rem., 436.
6. Longfellow Journals, December 24, 1853, in Hungry Heart, 253, n. 10.
7. Ibid., December 28, 1853, in Hungry Heart, 253.
8. JWH to AWC, MS Am 2119, December 29, 1853 (620).
9. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:140.
10. Ibid., 152.
11. See James D. Wallace, “Hawthorne and the Scribbling Women Reconsidered,” American Literature 62 (1990): 218.
12. Letter to William D. Ticknor, 1857, Centenary Edition of the Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Letters, 1857–1864 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1987), XVIII:53.
13. Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Mary Russell Mitford, June 6, 1854, in Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, ed. Frederic G. Kenyon (London: Smith, Elder & Co, 1895), II:166.
14. Hungry Heart, 252.
15. Tharp, 230.
16. Joel Myerson and Daniel Shealy, eds., The Journals of Louisa May Alcott (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 127.
17. JWH to Edward and Ellen Twisleton, MS Am 2119, April 17, 1854, 164.
18. Hungry Heart, 136.
19. Putnam’s 3, February 1854, 224.
20. Journal of Music, January 11, 1854, 124–25. Unsigned, attribution in Hungry Heart, 261, n. 3.
21. Nathaniel Parker Willis to SGH, MS Am 2119, January 10, 1854 (2339).
22. SGH to Charles Sumner, MS Am 2119, January 16, 1854 (1425); Charles Sumner to SGH, January 18, 1854, in Hungry Heart, 253, n. 10.
23. JWH to AWM, MS Am 2119, February 1854 (621).
24. Ziegler, 83. Valarie Ziegler was the first scholar to notice the changes in the second and third editions.
25. SGH to JWH, “Correspondence between SGH and JWH,” YHPCCL, in Ziegler, 83.
26. JWH to LWC, MS Am 2119, begun July 23, 1854, continued November 4, 1854 (384).
27. JWH to AWM, MS Am 2119, February 2, 1848 (553).
28. Hungry Heart, 175.
29. JWH to AWM, MS Am 2119, June 19, 1854 (390).
30. Ibid.
31. Theodore Parker to William Silsbee, 1839, in Grodzins, 95.
32. Renehan, 45.
33. Stepping Westward, 23.
34. Maud Howe Elliott, Three Generations (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1923), 4–5. Hereafter abbreviated as Three Generations.
35. JWH to LWC, MS Am 2119, November 4, 1854.
36. JWH to AWM, MS Am 2119, November 8, 1854 (629).
37. Journal, November 9, 1867.
38. Clifford, 118–19.
39. Mary H. Grant, “Meeting the Hermaphrodite,” in Philosophies of Sex, 21.
40. Ziegler, 78.
41. Rem., 229.
42. Hungry Heart, 134, 171.
43. Cheryl Walker, American Women Poets of the 19th Century: An Anthology (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), xli.
44. David S. Reynolds, Walt Whitman’s America: A Cultural Biography (New York: Vintage, 1996), 44–45. Hereafter abbreviated as Reynolds.
45. Ibid., 285.
46. See Charles C. Calhoun’s description of Longfellow’s beard in Longfellow: A Rediscovered Life (Boston: Beacon Press, 2004), 221–22.
47. Reynolds, 340. Reynolds says that Whitman exaggerated the failure of the first edition of Leaves of Grass. It may have sold a few hundred copies.
48. Ibid., 342.
49. Elliott and Hall, Laura Bridgman, 267.
50. JWH to AWM, MS Am 2119, December 27, 1854 (630).
CHAPTER SEVEN: THE SECRET SIX
1. Louisa May Alcott to Anna Alcott, November 6, 1856, in Harriet Reiser, Louisa May Alcott (New York: Macmillan, 2009), 169.
2. Gale, 172–73.
3. Rem., 68.
4. Ibid., 69.
5. Schwartz, 202.
6. David Herbert Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War (Napierville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2009), vii. Hereafter abbreviated as Donald, Coming.
7. Ibid., 285; David S. Reynolds, John Brown, Abolitionist (New York: Vintage, 2006), 161. Latter hereafter abbreviated as Reynolds, John Brown.
8. C. E. Brown-Séquard, “Note on the effects produced on man by subcutaneous injections of a liquid obtained from the testicles of animals,” Lancet (1889), 2:105–107.
9. Andrea J. Cussins, et al., “Brown-Séquard revisited: a lesson from history on the placebo effect of androgen treatment,” Medical Journal of Australia 177, no. 11 (2002): 678–79.
10. June 24, 1858, in Donald, Coming, 338.
11. Donald, Coming, 341.
12. Edward L. Pierce, Memoirs and Letters of Charles Sumner, vol. 3 (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1893), 564.
13. Renehan, 146.
14. Dorothy Mermin, Elizabeth Barrett Browning: The Origins of a New Poetry (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), 276, n. 9.
15. Gale, 101.
16. George Curtis, “American Literature and Reprints,” Putnam’s 50, February 1857, 219.
17. “Literary Notices,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 14, February 1857, 408.
18. New York Times, March 30, 1857.
19. Arthur Hobson Quinn, A History of the American Drama from the Beginning to the Civil War (New York: F. S. Crofts, 1944), 367.
20. Zoe Detsi, “Seduction, Revenge, and Suicide: Julia Ward Howe’s ‘Lenora: or, the World’s Own,’ ” New England Theater Journal 7, 1996, 4.
21. Ednah D. Cheney, Louisa May Alcott: Life, Letters, and Journals (New York: Gramercy Books, 1995), 65.
22. JWH to AWM, MS Am 2119, July 13, 1857 (644).
23. Wagenknacht, Letters of Mrs. Longfellow, 209.
24. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:203.
25. Ibid., 204–5.
26. Journal, May 1907.
27. Julia Ward Howe, Memoir of Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe (Boston: Albert J. Wright, 1876), 45.
28. Rem., 254.
29. Renehan, 3.
30. JWH to AWM, MS Am 2119, May 26, 1857 (643).
31. Theodore Parker to JWH, July 29, 1857, in Dean Grodzins, “Dear Chev . . . O, Julia”: A Critical Edition of the Theodore Parker Letters in the Howe Papers at the Chapin Library (Williamstown, MA: Williams College, 1983), 110–12; cited in Hungry Heart, 267, n. 53.
32. JWH to AWM, MS Am 2119, October 1, 1857 (646).
33. JWH to AWM, n.d., in Grant, 140.
34. Renehan, 183.
35. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:172.
36. Julia Ward Howe, A Trip to Cuba (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1860), 81.
37. SGH to Theodore Parker, March 25, 1860, in Trent, 212.
38. JWH, A Trip to Cuba, 48, 49.
39. Trent, 212.
40. Ziegler, 92.
41. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Courage,” in Reynolds, John Brown, 366.
42. Tony Horwitz, Midnight Rising: John Brown and the Raid That Started the Civil War (New York: Henry Holt, 2011), 62.
43. Rem., 114.
44. JWH to AWM, November 6, 1859, in Grant, 133.
45. Reynolds, John Brown, 343.
46. Ibid.
47. JWH to SGH, November 21, 1859, in Ziegler, 189, n. 99.
48. SGH to JWH, November 24, 1859, in Ziegler, 90–91.
49. JWH to AWM, December 22, 1859, in Ziegler, 189, n. 99.
50. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:180.
CHAPTER EIGHT: THE CIVIL WAR
1. Rem., 273–74.
2. Nathaniel Hawthorne, “Chiefly about War Matters,” Atlantic Monthly 10, July 1862, 59. See also Richard Wallace Carr and Marie Pinak Carr, The Willard Hotel: An Illustrated History (Washington, DC: Dicmar Publishing, n.d.).
3. Rem., 270.
4. Tharp, 242.
5. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:190.
6. Rem., 272.
7. Ibid., 274–75.
8. Clifford, 146–47.
9. Richards, SGH, 224.
10. The Century V, August 1887.
11. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:190.
12. Reynolds, John Brown, 4–5.
13. Journal, May 19, 1863.
14. SGH to JWH, November 29, 1863, in Ziegler, 101.
15. Mary Loeffelholz, From School to Salon: Reading Nineteenth-Century American Women’s Poetry (Princeton University Press, 2004), 173, 259.
16. Judith A. Roman, Annie Adams Fields: The Spirit of Charles Street (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), 32–34.
17. Journal, January 20, 1864.
18. Ibid., May 11, 1864.
19. Tharp, 264.
20. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:216.
21. Journal, March 12, 1865.
22. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:220, and Florence Howe Hall, Memories Grave and Gay (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1918), 27.
23. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:221.
24. Journal, April 23, 1865. Valarie Ziegler says that JWH stuck to her plans and spoke at the prison, but subsequent journal entries indicate that she did not. On May 28, 1882, for example, she wrote: “I think I could preach to the prisoners as I once tried to do years ago when dear Chev found the idea so intolerable that I had to give it up.”
25. Ziegler, 2.
26. Journal, April 25, 1865.
27. Rem., 258.
28. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:233.
29. Journal, December 31, 1865.
30. Ibid., June 5, 1865.
31. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:230.
32. Ibid., 244.
33. Journal, April 22, 1865.
34. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:246–48.
35. JWH, Notebook 9, MS Am 2214 (32), in Trent, 255–56.
36. SGH to Charles Sumner, June 5, 1866, in Schwartz, 281–82.
37. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:259.
38. Richards, SGH, I:261.
39. Journal, January 24, 1867.
40. Ibid., May 1, 1867.
41. “Mrs. Howe’s Later Lyrics,” North American Review 104, April 1867, 644–45.
42. Journal, October 30, 1867.
43. Ibid., November 9, 1867.
44. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:289.
45. Florence Marion Howe Hall, Julia Ward Howe and the Woman Suffrage Movement (Boston: Dana Estes and Company, 2009), 39.
46. SGH to JWH, MS Am 1715, vol. 4, October 2, 1868, in Trent, 252–53.
CHAPTER NINE: A NEW WORLD
1. Rem., 372–73.
2. Ibid., 72–73.
3. Ibid., 379.
4. “Speech on Equal Rights,” February 12, 1906, in Hall, Julia Ward Howe and the Woman Suffrage Movement, 224.
5. Rem., 374–75.
6. “Debt to Pioneers,” 1904, Julia Ward Howe Collection, Schlesinger Library, in Grant, 195.
7. See Grant, chapter 12, for an excellent analysis of Howe’s conversion.
8. Richards and Elliott, JWH, II: 311.
9. Three Generations, 225.
10. New York, May 12–14, 1869, in The Concise History of Woman Suffrage, ed. Mary Jo and Paul Buhle (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), 259.
11. JWH, Woman’s Journal, January 8, 1870.
12. Rem., 372. Mary and her husband were Boston socialites, and JWH and Mary Ward Dorr fell out of touch in the 1870s. As Howe remembered in her old age, “we were never other than friends, but in our maturer lives our tastes and associations diverged widely. She became a spiritualist and interested herself a good deal in some of the more fashionable set. I became a convert to suffrage and worker for and with women, in a way not so acceptable to fashion. I felt her neglect somewhat and she seemed to feel that I neglected her.” Journal, February 5, 1903. Mary Dorr told Laura Richards, “I have been reading your mother’s old letters. They were very clever. I burned them” (Uncle Sam Ward, 209).
13. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:381.
14. Wendy Hamand Venet, A Strong-minded Woman: The Life of Mary A. Livermore (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2005), 173. Hereafter abbreviated as Venet.
15. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:380.
16. February 7, 1870, quoted in Clifford, 181. A Vermonter, Clifford was an expert on the suffrage campaign. See Deborah P. Clifford, “An Invasion of Strong-Minded Women: The Newspapers and the Woman Suffrage Campaign in Vermont in 1870,”Vermont History 43 (1975): 1–19; and Marilyn S. Blackwell, “Remembering Deborah Pickman Clifford,” Vermont History 77 (Winter/Spring 2009): 3–5.
17. Rem., 390.
18. Venet, 174–75.
19. Richards and Elliott, JWH, I:389.
20. Rem., 376.
21. “Col. Higginson on Mrs. Howe,” Howe Collection, vol. 4, Schlesinger Library, in Grant, 198.
22. SGH to LHR, August 25, 1874, in Ziegler, 198, n. 2.
23. Journal, June 17, 1871.
24. Rem., 328.
25. Mother’s Day was celebrated in a few states in the nineteenth century; in 1912 the term was trademarked by Anna Jarvis as a commercial and sentimental holiday. In 1914, President Woodrow Wilson made it a national holiday celebrated on the second Sunday of May.
26. Charles Sumner to SGH, August 3, 1871, in Trent, 262.
27. SGH to Andrew White, August 8, 1872, White Papers, Cornell, quoted in Schwartz, 311.
28. SGH to Henry B. Blackwell, September 6, 1874, in Trent, 264.
29. “My experiences in Santo Domingo,” Howe Papers at Perkins, in Schwartz, 319.
30. Tharp, 308.
31. Journal, June 29, 1872.
32. Ibid., October 6, 1872.
33. Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Sophie Eckley, MS in New York Public Library, quoted in Dearest Isa: Robert Browning’s Letters to Isabella Blagden, ed. Edward C. McAleer (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1951), 30.
34. Journal, October 5, 1872.
35. Ibid., October 9, 1872.
36. Richards and Elliott, JWH, II:374.
37. Journal, October 17, 1872.
38. Ibid., December 16, 1872.
39. Kimberly Ann Hamlin, “Beyond Adam’s Rib: How Darwinian evolutionary theory redefined gender and influenced American feminist thought 1870–1920,” PhD diss., University of Texas at Austin, 2009, 29.
40. Hamlin, “Beyond Adam’s Rib,” 31. Clarke’s work was published in 1873 in Boston by Houghton, Mifflin.
41. Julia Ward Howe, ed., Sex in Education: A Reply to Dr. E. H. Clarke’s “Sex in Education” (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1874), 18.
42. Ibid., 20.
43. Journal, March 31, 1874.
44. Francis Bird to SGH, April 1, 1874, in Schwartz, 330–31.
45. SGH to Francis Bird, August 12, 1874, in Schwartz, 331.
46. SGH to George Finlay, August 13, 1874, in Trent, 266.
47. August 18, 1874, in Clifford, 197.
48. Tharp, 312.
49. SGH, Forty-third Annual Report of the Trustees of the Perkins Institute, 96.
50. Journal, December 23, 1874.
51. Ibid., January 16, 1875.
52. Ibid., April 30, 1875.
53. Ibid., May 19, 1875.
54. Ibid., July 26, 1875.
55. Ibid., August 13, 1875.
56. Ibid., November 23, 1875; December 7, 1875.
57. Ibid., December 8, 1875.
58. Ibid., December 9, 1875.
59. JWH to AWM, November 6, 1859, in Tharp, 316.
60. Journal, December 9, 1875.
61. Elliott and Hall, Laura Bridgman, 309–10.
62. February 6, 1876, in Gitter, 270.
63. Journal, January 10, 1876.
64. Ibid., July 10, 1876.
65. Ibid., April 30, 1876.
66. Ibid., December 31, 1877.
67. Three Generations, 139.
68. Ibid., 140.
69. Ibid., 141.
70. Grinnell, 40.
71. Ziegler, 129.
72. MHE to LHR, May 1878, YHPCCL, Grinnell, 37–38.
CHAPTER TEN: THE WOMAN’S DEPARTMENT
1. Kathryn Allamong Jacob, King of the Lobby: The Life and Times of Sam Ward (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 140.
2. Ibid., 143.
3. Journal, January 29, 1882.
4. See David M. Friedman, Wilde in America: Oscar Wilde and the Invention of Modern Celebrity (New York and London: W. W. Norton, 2014). This account by Alice Carrie Williams may be a confabulation, but it certainly combines all the elements of Wilde’s performance in Boston.
5. Richards and Elliott, JWH, II:72.
6. George Henschel, Musings and Memories of a Musician (New York: Macmillan, 1919), 256–58.
7. Louisa Hall Tharp, Mrs. Jack: A Biography of Isabella Stewart Gardner (New York: Congdon & Weed, 1965), 61, 68. Hereafter abbreviated as Tharp, Mrs. Jack.
8. JWH to MHE, April 7, 1883, YHPCCL, Coll. 2085, Record Group 16, in Nancy Whipple Grinnell, Carrying the Torch: Maud Howe Elliott and the American Renaissance (Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 2014), 55. Book abbreviated hereafter as Grinnell.
9. Tharp, Mrs. Jack, 350–51.
10. Journal, February 10, 1888.
11. Our Famous Women: An Authorized Record of Their Lives and Deeds (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1883).
12. JWH to SW, March 28, 1883, in Richards and Elliott, JWH, II:83.
13. Gary Williams, “Julia Ward Howe’s (Auto)biography of Margaret Fuller,” www.webpages.uidaho.edu/jgw/HoweFuller.htm.
14. Julia Ward Howe, Margaret Fuller (Marchesa Ossoli) (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1883), 137, 278.
15. Grinnell, 49.
16. LHR to MHE, August 1883, YHPCCL, Coll. 2085, Record Group 14, in Grinnell, 51.
17. Grinnell, 49.
18. “The change in the position of women,” in Florence Howe Hall, ed., Julia Ward Howe and the Woman Suffrage Movement (Boston: Dana Estes and Company 1913), 141–42.
19. JWH to SW, December 15, 1883, in Richards and Elliott, JWH, II:87.
20. Richards and Elliott, JWH, II:96.
21. Picayune, November 23, 1884.
22. Richards and Elliott, JWH, II:101–102.
23. Ibid., 103.
24. Ibid., 102.
25. Journal, December 27, 1884.
26. Picayune, January 7, 1885.
27. I am indebted to Miki Pfeffer’s splendid Southern Ladies and Suffragists: Julia Ward Howe and Women’s Rights at the 1884 New Orleans World’s Fair (University Press of Mississippi, 2014), for my description of the Exposition.
28. Picayune, April 5, 1885.
29. Pfeffer, Southern Ladies, 201.
30. Picayune, May 31, 1885.
31. Richards and Elliott, JWH, II:111–12.
32. JWH to MHE, March 5, 1886, in Ziegler, 136–37.
33. Journal, March 24, 1886.
34. Maud Howe Elliott, This Was My Newport (Cambridge: The Mythology Company, 1944), 93–95; Ziegler, 141.
35. Rem., 440.
36. Elliott and Hall, Laura Bridgman, 314.
37. Journal, June 24, 1886.
38. Richards and Elliott, JWH, II:128–29.
39. Journal, November 26, 1886.
40. Tharp, 352.
41. Grinnell, 59.
42. John Lowell Gardner Jr. to George Gardner, Massachusetts Historical Society, Gardner Family Papers, Series 1, F2, in Grinnell, 60.
43. Grinnell, 61.
44. Journal, Thursday, March 31, 1887.
45. Gitter, 282; Helen Keller, Midstream: My Later Life (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Doran, 1929), 247.
46. Gitter, 283–84.
47. Three Generations, 228.
48. Clifford, 209.
49. Tharp, 355.
50. Richards and Elliott, JWH, II:150.
51. Ziegler, 156–57.
52. LHR to AWM, December 8, 1890, in Ziegler, 129.
53. MHE to JWH, July 11, 1894, YHPCCL, Coll. 20815, Record Group 15A, F3, in Grinnell, 100.
54. JWH to LHR, June 21, 1891, in Ziegler, 129.
55. Ibid., MS Am 2119, August 21, 1896 (896).
56. Journal, December 1, 1897.
57. Ibid., January 3, 1898.
58. See Grinnell, 101–102. When it was finally finished and acclaimed in March 1901, Boston was scandalized to recognize that Maud had been the model for an allegorical figure of “The Hours,” who was bare-breasted and winged. Chev was the imagined model for “Father Time.”
59. Three Generations, 284.
60. Richards and Elliott, JWH, II:239, 251.
61. Journal, January 17, 1898.
62. Ibid., March 31, 1898.
63. Tharp, 354.
64. Three Generations, 289.
65. Henry James also met Henrik Andersen at one of Maud’s parties at the palazzo and became deeply attracted and attached to him. Although James was thirty years older, they corresponded until his death. James’s letters were overflowing with affection and tender desire.
66. Three Generations, 288.
67. May 16, 1899, in Henry James, Notebooks; www.henryjames.org.uk/beldh/home.htm.
68. Rem., 444.
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ELEVENTH HOUR
1. Clifford, 246.
2. Journal, January 20, 1903.
3. “Boston Warmed Up,” Philadelphia Press, May 1899, in Ziegler, 155.
4. John Jay Chapman, “Julia Ward Howe,” Memories and Milestones (New York: Moffatt, Yard and Company, 1915), 238, 239.
5. Journal, February 11, 1902.
6. JWH to AWM, July 30, 1883, in Ziegler, 157.
7. Richards and Elliott, JWH, II:283.
8. Journal, February 23, 1909.
9. Ibid., December 25, 1900.
10. Ibid., March 12, 1900.
11. Richards and Elliott, JWH, II:337.
12. Ibid., 275.
13. Journal, April 25, 1900.
14. Richards and Elliott, JWH, II:377–78.
15. Ibid., 350.
16. Journal, February 3, 1903.
17. LHR to MHE, April 23, 1908, Folder 42, Yellow House Papers, Gardiner Public Library, Gardiner, Maine, in Ziegler, 131.
18. Journal, April 17, May 15, 31, 1903.
19. Clipping, Scrapbook Five, Schlesinger Library, 1903, cited in Paul S. Boyer, “Julia Ward Howe,” Notable American Women 1607–1950 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971), II:229.
20. Journal, November 12, 1904.
21. Ibid., June 30, 1904.
22. “Mrs. Howe’s Reply,” Richards and Elliott, JWH, II:336.
23. Journal, August 31, 1906.
24. Ibid., August 14, September 14, 21, 1906.
25. Ibid., May 12, 1910.
26. Ibid., July 9, 1909.
27. Nathan Haskell Dole, “Julia Ward Howe and Her Talented Family,” Muncy’s Magazine XLII, February 1910, 613, 619.
28. Eleventh Hour, 6.
29. Ibid., 27–28.
30. Maud Howe Elliott, “Notes on the Last Summer of JWH’s Life,” Record Group 18, YHPCCL, in Ziegler, 156.
31. Eleventh Hour, 7.
32. Chapman, “Julia Ward Howe,” 240.
33. William H. Lewis, “Address,” Memorial Exercises in Honor of Julia Ward Howe (Boston: City of Boston Printing Department, 1911), 23–24.
34. “The Listener,” Boston Transcript, August 11, 1917.
35. [S. E. Lane], Boston Transcript, September 12, 1917.
36. Maud Howe Elliott, This Was My Newport, 64. Chev did get some attention in popular culture. In 1952, Hedda Hopper reported that Darryl Zanuck was planning a movie about his Greek adventures (Trent, 4). It was never made, but on July 15, 1956, Kevin McCarthy played Chev in an episode of the TV series Telephone Time. Beverly Washburn was Laura Bridgman.
37. New York Times, August 15, 1908.
38. Wendy Dasler Johnson, “Julia Ward Howe,” Encyclopedia of American Poets: The 19th Century, ed. Eric L. Haralson (Chicago and London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1998), 222.
39. Richards and Elliott, JWH, II:383.