JULIUS CAESAR. This marble bust shows something of the man’s force and intelligence as well as his wrinkles and sunken cheeks. (Scala/Art Resource, NY)
COIN OF JULIUS CAESAR, 44 B.C. The dictator is shown in profile with wreathed head and identified as CAESAR IMPERATOR, that is, as conquering general. (© BnF, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY)
POMPEY THE GREAT. Caesar’s great rival. (Alinari/Art Resource, NY)
MARK ANTONY. This marble bust shows the soldier-statesman who supported Caesar in all his vigor. (Alinari/Art Resource, NY)
OCTAVIAN. The man who would later become the emperor Augustus is shown with a beard as a sign of mourning for Julius Caesar. (Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY)
BRUTUS. This marble bust is identified by some as a portrait of Marcus Junius Brutus, Caesar’s best-known assassin. (Photo, 56.938, DAI–Rom)
CICERO. Rome’s greatest orator was a leading opponent of Caesar. (Alinari/Art Resource, NY)
ROMAN WOMAN OF THE UPPER CLASSES. Notice her elaborately folded clothing, carefully groomed hair, and calm expression. Gilded Bronze Statue of an unidentified person, late first century B.C., from the Cartoceto Group from Pergola. (Scala/Art Resource, NY)
RELIEF OF CLEOPATRA AND CAESARION. Temple of Hathor, Dendera, Egypt. Elsewhere Cleopatra is depicted as a Greek, but here she and her son by Caesar are shown as Egyptians. (HIP/Art Resource, NY)
FORUM OF JULIUS CAESAR. Temple of Venus Genetrix (Venus the Mother) and statue of Caesar on horseback, conception of the artist Olindo Grossi (1909–2002). (© American Academy in Rome 2014)
CASSIUS. A marble bust identified by some as Gaius Cassius Longinus, one of Caesar’s leading assassins as well as Brutus’s brother-in-law. (Montreal, Museum of Fine Arts)
GARDENS AND PORTICO OF POMPEY. As conceived by the Italian artist Augusto Trabacchi (d. 1975). (© American Academy in Rome 2014)
EID MAR. The Ides of March on a silver denarius of Marcus Junius Brutus, who is depicted in profile on one side, with two daggers and a liberty cap on the other side. (© The Trustees of the British Museum / Art Resource, NY)
THE DEATH OF CAESAR. The legend as depicted in an oil painting from 1867 by the French artist Jean-Léon Gérôme. (Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)