INTRODUCTION
xvi “The Sunday . . . because none dared any longer stay in them”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 72–74.
xvi “day of the herrings”: Ibid., 76.
xvi “found themselves squeezed”: Ibid., 79.
EPIGRAPHS
xxi “For full fayne”: Couldrette, The Romans of Partenay, or of Lusignen: Otherwise Known as the Tale of Melusine, 1.
xxi “Consider the effect”: Boase, The Troubadour Revival, 129–130. Italics added.
CHAPTER 1: The Kingdom of the Gay Science
3 She was born in Barcelona on August 11, 1381: Miron, The Queens of Aragon: Their Lives and Times, 217.
5 The Book in which: Pedro IV of Aragon, Chronicle, Part One, 132.
6 She read voraciously: Baudot, Les Princesses Yolande et les Ducs de Bar, 99.
6 the same superior education that she herself . . . had received: On the literacy of the French royal family, Christine de Pizan, a contemporary of Marie’s who wrote a biography of Charles V, noted, “By the astute upbringing of his father, he was fully instructed in classical letters such that he understood latin fluently and knew well enough the rules of grammar.” [“La sage administracion du père le fist introduire en lettres moult souffisanment et tant que competenment entendoit son latin et suffisanment scavoit les rigles de grammaire.”] Baudot, Les Princesses Yolande et les Ducs de Bar, 100. Translation by Marie-Paule de Valdivia. Charles was not the only member of the family to receive this exemplary formal education—it seems that all of his siblings were given the same training, although some benefited from it more than others. One of Charles’s brothers, the duke of Berry, would become a famous book collector.
6 a glum letter: Boase, The Troubadour Revival, 89.
6 Perhaps to assuage the terrible grief: Bratsch-Prince, “A Queen’s Task,” 25. Yolande of Aragon had only one brother, Jaume, who lived to be four years old; none of her other siblings survived beyond eight months.
6 “But this was taken to such exaggerated lengths”: Boase, The Troubadour Revival, 124.
6 “what in bygone days”: Ibid., 124.
7 “All earthly things are moved by her”: Ibid., 130. “Documents from the royal archives show that [King John] . . . attributed almost miraculous properties to the art of troubadour poetry known as the Gay Science,” wrote medieval scholar Roger Boase, ibid., 154.
7 “after having for a long time viewed”: Freeman, “A Book of Hours Made for the Duke of Berry,” 104.
7 Yolande had his entire library transferred: Kibre, “The Intellectual Interests Reflected in Libraries of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries,” 271.
8 a particularly audacious thief: Senneville, Yolande d’Aragon, 39.
8 Convinced that the incident was miraculous: Ibid., 40.
10 “The adventure is this”: Sara Sturm-Maddox, “Crossed Destinies: Narrative Programs in the Roman de Mélusine,” in Maddox and Sturm-Maddox, eds., Melusine of Lusignan, 16.
10 “O Lord God!”: Couldrette, The Romans of Partenay, or of Lusignen: Otherwise Known as the Tale of Melusine, 14.
11 “In God’s name, Raymondin”: Nadia Margolis, “Myths in Progress: A Literary-Typological Comparison of Melusine and Joan of Arc,” in Maddox and Sturm-Maddox, eds., Melusine of Lusignan, 247.
11 “huge mouth and large great nostrils”: Couldrette, The Romans of Partenay, 46.
11 “though he could see more clearly”: Ibid., 49.
12 “Evil was the hour”: Laurence de Looze, “ ‘La fourme du pié toute escripte’: Melusine and the Entrance into History,” in Maddox and Sturm-Maddox, eds. Melusine of Lusignan, 126, 127, 131.
12 “Melusine came to Lusignan”: Maddox and Sturm-Maddox, eds., Melusine of Lusignan, 1.
12 “if not in the air”: Ibid., 130.
12 “to tell the last English tenant”: Stephen G. Nichols, “Melusine Between Myth and History: Profile of a Female Demon,” in Maddox and Sturm-Maddox, eds., Melusine of Lusignan, 159.
13 “It is in Jean d’Arras”: Ibid., 162.
14 printed in Geneva in 1478: Couldrette, The Romans of Partenay, x.
14 Significantly, in 1444 the court of Lorraine: Baudot, Les Princesses Yolande et les Ducs de Bar, 364.
14 “And to the pleasure”: Couldrette, The Romans of Partenay, ix.
14 “for the amusement of Marie of France”: Baudot, Les Princesses Yolande et les Ducs de Bar, 121.
15 “political education of the children”: Ibid., 123.
15 Jean of Arras even based two: Ibid., 363.
15 “Very noble lord dauphin”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 22.
CHAPTER 2: To Be a Queen
16 In 1388, when John impatiently threatened: Bisson, The Medieval Crown of Aragon, 123.
16 “She was very interested in the affairs of state”: [“Que s’interessava molt pels afers de l’estat I volia tenir sempre al seu costat, valent-se de les arts d’una dona que se sap estimada, el seu marit.”] Bratsch-Prince, “A Queen’s Task,” 24. Translation by Dawn Bratsch-Prince.
18 “400 lances”: Senneville, Yolande d’Aragon, 23.
18 “And for certain this lady”: [“Et pour certain ceste dame avoit bien l’astuce de sçavoir congnoistre céulx qui luy povoient servir et ayder. Et quant elle les congnoissoit, elle avoit bien la grâce de les gaigner et retenir, car elle estoit libéralle, gracieus et affable. Et oultre estoit songneuse, diligent, et en magnanimité de cueur et virilles entre-prinses excédoit maintz princes de son temps, parquoy elle estoit de chascun fort crainte, prisée et estimée.”] Bourdigné, Chroniques d’Anjou et du Maine, 121. Translation by Marie-Paule de Valdivia.
19 by knighting Louis II at a grand celebration: For details of the knighting ceremony see Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys, vol. 1, 589–599.
19 the pope crowned twelve-year-old Louis II king: For details of the coronation ceremony see Bourdigné, Chroniques d’Anjou et du Maine, 117, and Senneville, Yolande d’Aragon, 24.
20 To extricate the crown of Aragon: Senneville, Yolande d’Aragon, 27.
20 Charles VI hastily offered the hand of his own daughter: Famiglietti, Royal Intrigue, 36.
22 “This princess captivated all eyes”: [“Cette princess captivait tous les regards par sa rare beauté, par les charmes de son visage et par l’air de dignité répandu sur toute sa personne. C’était en un mot un véritable trésor de grâces. Au dire des gens, sages, la nature avait pris plaisir à la former et l’avait comblée de toutes les perfections; il ne suffira de dira qu’aucune femme ne méritait de lui être comparée.”] Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys, vol. 1, 773. Translation by Marie-Paule de Valdivia.
22 “one of the most beautiful creatures”: Kekewich, The Good King, 15, footnote 11.
23 “with all expressions of honor and joy”: Senneville, Yolande d’Aragon, 30.
25 “it was joyful to see”: [“ilz estoient si joyeulx de veoir la fervente et cordialle amour qui estoit entre ces deux jeunes gens”] Bourdigné, Chroniques d’Anjou et du Maine, 123.
26 “For twenty-two years”: [“Pendant vingt-deux ans en effect elle administra avec tant d’ordre et de prévoyance les revenus de la Provence, de l’Anjou et du Maine, qu’elle put soutenir à ses frais, un nom de son fils aîné Louis, la guerre de Naples commencée par son père, tout en donnant à ce fils de quoi tenir en état de roi. Ses conseillers intimes assurent qu’elle amassa sur les revenus de ses domaines un trésor particulier de deux cent mille écus d’or.”] Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys, vol. 2, 215. Translation by Marie-Paule de Valdivia.
27 “When her last hour approached”: [“Voyant approcher sa dernière heure, elle reçut devotement les sacrements de l’Église; après quoi elle fit venir son fils et lui révéla ce secret. Le jeune prince justement étonné lui demanda avec douceur pourquoi, dans le temps où il avait été presque réduit à la détresse, elle ne l’avait pas secouru plus généreusement. Elle lui répondit qu’elle avait craint de le voir prisonnier, et qu’elle avait toujours voulu lui tenir cet argent en réserve, pour lui épargner la honte de mendier sa rançon de tour côtés.”] Ibid., 215. Translation by Marie-Paule de Valdivia.
CHAPTER 3: The Mad King of France
29 “The Duke of Burgundy”: Froissart, Chronicles of England, France, Spain and the Adjoining Countries, vol. 1, 295.
29 “The clattering on the helmets”: Ibid., 260–261.
32 “I feel I have not long to live”: Ibid., 190.
33 “Tell my uncle, the Duke of Burgundy”: Bearne, Pictures of the Old French Court, 117.
34 “with many thanks”: Kitchin, A History of France, 484.
34 “The bells were ringing”: [“Les cloches furent mises en branle, et pour faire connaitre à tous les Français le nouvel et joyeux événement survenu dans la ville, on envoya de tous côtés, au nom du roi, des courriers chargés de répandre dans le royaume l’heureuse nouvelle de la naissance du prince.”] Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys, vol. 1, 733. Translation by Marie-Paule de Valdivia.
35 “with much diligence”: [“avec beaucoup de zèle”] Ibid., 735.
35 “The first words the King said”: Froissart, Chronicles of England, France, Spain and the Adjoining Countries, vol. 2, 94–95.
36 “He had been the whole summer”: Ibid., 99.
36 “unbecoming to royalty”: Famiglietti, Royal Intrigue, 2.
36 “Go no further, great king”: Ibid., 2.
36 “Advance, advance”: Froissart, Chronicles of England, France, Spain and the Adjoining Countries, vol. 2, 100.
38 “when . . . she [Isabeau] approached”: Gibbons, “Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France,” 61, footnote 41.
39 openly conducting an affair: For recent scholarship on the issue of Isabeau’s infidelity, see Famiglietti, Royal Intrigue, 44.
40 “They [Isabeau and the duke of Orléans] could be reproached”: Gibbons, “Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France,” 63, footnote 49.
40 “sounder part”: Famiglietti, Royal Intrigue, 28.
40 And the next year . . . gemstone that had caught his eye: Ibid., 39.
41 so affected by this death: Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys, vol. 2, 731.
42 “I am the Duc d’Orléans!”: Bearne, Pictures of the Old French Court, 238.
CHAPTER 4: Civil War
44 “Ah, cousin”: [“Ah, cousin, vous avez fait un mauvais acte!”] Bourdigné, Chroniques d’Anjou et du Maine, 135.
45 “About the end of August”: A Parisian Journal, 52.
45 “The King of France arrived with his army”: Ibid., 66–67.
46 “Know with certainty”: Famiglietti, Royal Intrigue, 118.
47 It is a simple matter . . . from the guest list: For the guest list for the marriage ceremony see Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys, vol. 3, 231. [“La cérémonie se fit au château royal du Louvre, en présence de l’auguste reine, de Louis, roi de Sicile, des ducs de Guienne et d’Orléans, des comtes de Vertus, d’Eu et d’Armagnac.”]
48 Yolande received six hanaps . . . and a ring from the queen of France: Beaucourt, Histoire de Charles VII, tome I, 16, footnote.
48 “Three months”: [“Depuis trois mois”] Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys, vol. 2, 294.
50 “Alarm! Alarm!”: Beaucourt, Histoire de Charles VII, tome I, 11.
51 “For the great love of nourishment”: Besant, Essays and Historiettes, 6.
52 “Bonne Mère”: Senneville, Yolande d’Aragon, 89.
53 “Then, by moving it to and fro”: Barker, Agincourt, 32.
53 a meeting between the French and the English in July 1415: For details of this meeting, see Jacob, The Fifteenth Century, 142.
54 “simply did not happen”: Barker, Agincourt, 69.
54 “looking like a couple of baby owls”: Ibid., 59.
56 “their numbers were so great”: Ibid., 247.
56 “There is no doubt”: Ibid., 250.
57 the sickening waste of human life: For the estimated number of French dead at Agincourt see Famiglietti, Royal Intrigue, 168, and Barker, Agincourt, 299. For the number of English dead, see Barker, Agincourt, 304.
CHAPTER 5: A New Dauphin
59 John the Fearless’s reaction: “In fact, John was happy to watch the flower of the Armagnacs lose their lives ‘for France’ at the battle of Agincourt.” Jones, ed., The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 6, 585.
62 “he clasped [Charles] many times in his arms”: [“On rapporte qu’il serra plusieurs fois le Dauphin dans ses bras, en lui recommandant de ne jamais se fier au duc de Bourgognes, mais d’employer cependant tous les moyens possibles pour vivre en bonne intelligence avec lui.”] La Marche, Le Roi René, 34.
63 In his will: For details of Louis II’s will see ibid., 34.
64 “the Queen was deprived of everything”: A Parisian Journal, 103.
64 “the consent of our very dear lord”: Senneville, Yolande d’Aragon, 110.
65 “persons of low rank”: Famiglietti, Royal Intrigue, 184.
66 “Indeed, it is perfectly true”: A Parisian Journal, 107.
67 “Then Paris was in an uproar”: Ibid., 112.
68 “Vive le duc de Bourgogne!”: Ibid., 113.
69 “to the great annoyance”: Ibid., 112.
69 “The people, bitterly inflamed”: Ibid., 114.
70 “until we have had the advice”: Vale, Charles VII, 23, and Beaucourt, Histoire de Charles VII, Tome I, 101.
70 “We have not nurtured”: Senneville, Yolande d’Aragon, 119.
70 “I know very well”: Vale, Charles VII, 26.
71 “Those who get power”: Ibid.
71 “the kiss of peace”: Famiglietti, Royal Intrigue, 190.
CHAPTER 6: Childhood in Domrémy
77 “In my town they called me Jeannette”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 15.
77 “As far as I know”: Ibid.
77 “Jacques Tarc”: Smith, Joan of Arc, 11.
77 “dressed in poor clothes”: Ibid., 49.
77 “[I] knew neither A nor B”: Ibid., 10.
78 “It was from my mother”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 16–17.
78 “This girl spoke terribly well”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 28.
79 “When I was quite big”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 20.
79 “Life [in Domrémy] was like the countryside”: Smith, Joan of Arc, 13.
80 “Did the people of Domrémy”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 20.
80 “Bar and Lorraine could provide invaluable links”: Kekewich, The Good King, 21.
81 “Yolande had pulled off a double coup”: Ibid.
81 “Now it is true”: [“Or est vray que ledit cardinal donna et fist son héritier dudit Regné son nepveu, et luy donna et délaissa la duchie de Bar et pluiseurs aultres belles seignouries; et par le moyen d’icelles seignouries, et aussi qu’il estoit filz de roy, issu de la très crestienne maison de France, la fille et héritière de la duchie de Lorrayne luy fut donnée en mariage; qui fut ung grant bien pour les duchies de Bar et de Lorraine; car, de long temps avoit eu en icelles seignouries guerres et divisions, qui par icelluy mariage furent en paix et unies soubz ung seul seigneur.”] Chronique de Jean Le Févre, Seigneur de Saint-Remy: 1420–1435, tome second, 258.
82 “that he should give me his son”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 19.
83 “In your extreme youth”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 20.
84 “Item, In view of the horrific and enormous crimes”: [“Item, vu les horribles et énormes délits commis dans ledit royaume de France par Charles, soi-disant dauphin de Viennois, il est entendu que ni nous, ni notredit fils Henri, ni notre très-cher fils le duc de Bourgogne, ne traiterons aucunement de paix ou d’alliance avec ledit Charles.”] Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys, vol. 3, 429. See also Gibbons, “Isabeau of Bavaria,” 70, footnote, for translation.
84 “One should not take account”: Vale, Charles VII, 31.
85 “He didn’t willingly arm himself”: Ibid., 35.
86 “All the people in the streets”: A Parisian Journal, 181–182.
86 “Thus his body was borne along”: Ibid.
86 “ ‘God grant life to Henry’ ”: [“‘Dieu donne vie à Henri, par la grâce de Dieu, roi de France et d’Angleterre, notre souverain Seigneur.’ Alors, les hérauts redressèrent leurs masses et crièrent d’une seule voix: ‘Vive le roi! Vive le roi!’ ”] Senneville, Yolande d’Aragon, 161.
86 “and there were many heralds”: Waurin, A Collection of the Chronicles and Ancient Histories of Great Britain, Now Called England, 3.
86 “Then there was raised a banner”: Ibid.
87 “French historians have speculated”: Smith, Joan of Arc, 21.
88 “the king of Bourges”: Vale, Charles VII, 3.
88 “In the town of Maxey”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 20.
88 “to a fortified place”: Ibid.
88 “Jeannette would go often”: Ibid., 16–17.
89 “She was brought up in the Christian religion”: Ibid., 17.
89 “the captain-general of the armies of heaven”: Smith, Joan of Arc, 32.
89 she would have learned about the lives of these saints: Wood, Joan of Arc and Richard III, 133–134. Wrote Professor Wood, “It seems far from coincidental that the feast days of these three saints are celebrated in autumn or that they follow each other in suggestive sequence: Michael on September 29, Margaret on October 8, and Catherine on November 25. For in that sequence, and in the saintly attributes that would have been stressed in sermons and homilies, there emerge a host of problems with which Joan would have strongly identified as well as tales of success in surmounting them that suggested personal qualities which would prove central to her maturing sense of being.”
91 “In this same year”: Waurin, A Collection of the Chronicles and Ancient Histories of Great Britain, Now Called England, 15.
91 “The said English”: Ibid., 16.
91 “There can be little doubt”: Vale, Charles VII, 35.
92 “France, ruined by a woman”: [“Prophetisatum fuit quod Francia per mulierem deperderetur et per unam virginem de Marchiis Lotharingiae restauraretur.”] Quicherat, Procès, III, 83. See also Vale, Charles VII, 50, footnote 4.
92 “a Maid [a virgin] would come”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 30.
CHAPTER 7: The Angels Speak to Joan
94 “The first time that I heard the voice”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 23–24.
95 “When I was thirteen years old”: Ibid., 30.
95 “What made you cause . . . no promise whatever”: Ibid., 23.
95 “I obeyed them [her parents] in all things”: Ibid.
95 “The first time I had great doubt”: Ibid., 31.
96 “How was it that you recognized . . . that it was him”: Ibid.
96 “When I was still in the house”: Ibid., 23.
97 “I believed it quite quickly”: Ibid., 31.
97 “What doctrines . . . in the Kingdom of France”: Ibid.
97 “We should not let any”: [“que en icelle on ne laisse entrer aucunes gens d’armes plus fors que les gens de la ville, soit le Roy nostre sire, le président en sa compaignie, qui de lui a le principal gouvernement, ou autres de ses gouverneurs qui perturbent et empeschent la dicte paix, et lesquelx monseigneur de Richemont, connestable de France, et la dicte Royne entendent à mettre briefvement hors de la compaignie et gouvernement du Roy”] Beaucourt, Histoire de Charles VII, tome II, 95.
98 “a fat man of about forty”: [“un gros homme d’une quarantaine d’années”] Lavisse, Histoire de France Depuis les Origines, tome quatrième, 25.
98 “Dear cousin”: Vale, Charles VII, 39–40.
99 the duke of Bedford very publicly summoned a war council: For more on the war council see Ramsay, Lancaster and York, 378; also Stevenson, Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars of the English in France, vol. 2, part 2, 533.
99 “The voice told me”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 30.
99 “As for my father and my mother”: Ibid., 32.
99 “I went to my uncle’s”: Ibid., 32–33.
100 “I went myself to fetch Joan”: Ibid., 33.
100 “Joan the Maid came to Vaucouleurs”: Ibid., 33–34.
100 “This Robert several times told me”: Ibid., 33.
101 the war intervened: For more on the campaign in Champagne see Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 17, and Stevenson, Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars of the English in France, vol. 2, part 2, 531, 535.
102 “the queen of Sicily and those whom she was pleased to designate”: [“[I]ls demandaient que la reine de Sicile et ceux qui’il lui plairait de désigner, fussent chargés de veiller à l’exécution des délibérations prises.”] Beaucourt, Histoire de Charles VII,tome II, 166.
103 “How this Herry in the eight degree”: McKenna, “Henry VI of England and the Dual Monarchy,” 153.
104 “never again had joy in her heart”: Famiglietti, Royal Intrigue, 44.
104 “at the beginning of the month of June”: [“Au commencement du mois de juin, le duc de Bourgogne, ayant appris la guérison du roi.”] Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys, vol. 2, 35.
104 “you are the son of a king”: [“Tu es fils de roi.”] Senneville, Yolande d’Aragon, 207. Senneville remarks upon the similiarity between Yolande’s words and those used by Joan of Arc at her initial meeting with Charles.
104 “saying nothing, but begging God”: Vale, Charles VII, 52.
105 “I must be at the King’s side”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 35.
106 “the prosperity of the king’s arms”: Wood, Joan of Arc and Richard III, 138.
106 “The voice told me”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 30.
106 “At the time when Joan sought to leave the town”: Ibid., 36.
107 “not thus that they should depart”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 18.
107 “The register of the Archives of La Meuse”: France, The Life of Joan of Arc, vol. 1, 93, footnote 1.
108 “I saw Robert de Baudricourt”: Smith, Joan of Arc, 50.
108 “When Joan the Maid came”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 35.
108 “I asked her if she wanted to go in her own clothes”: Ibid.
109 “The Duke of Lorraine required”: Ibid., 38.
109 René sat in on this audience: His biographer Margaret Kekewich wrote that René “probably saw her [Joan] when she presented herself . . . at Nancy early in 1429 and asked the duke to send him with men-at-arms to escort her into France.” Kekewich, The Good King, 24. A. Lecoy de la Marche, René’s definitive biographer, citing primary documentation, also placed René in Nancy during this time period, and agreed that he was most likely present at this audience. See La Marche, Le Roi René, tome premier, 69.
109 “had told him [the duke] that he was behaving badly”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 38.
110 “Precisely because her assumptions accorded so well”: Wood, Joan of Arc and Richard III, 139.
110 “Robert twice refused and repulsed me”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 34.
111 “Robert de Baudricourt caused those”: Ibid., 39.
CHAPTER 8: Joan Meets the Dauphin
112 “When I arrived at the town”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 15.
112 “because of the Burgundian and English soldiers”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 39.
113 “Afterwards I heard those who took her”: Ibid.
113 “every night she lay down”: Ibid., 39–40.
113 “She never swore”: Ibid., 40.
113 “The Maid always told us to have no fear”: Ibid.
113 “I sent letters to my King”: Ibid., 48.
114 “I know that, when Joan arrived in Chinon”: Ibid., 48–49.
114 “There is no evidence of opposition”: Vale, Charles VII, 50.
114 “Orliac [a noted French historian] assigns a major role”: Kekewich, The Good King, 25.
115 “When she [ Joan] entered the castle”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 49.
115 “There were more than three hundred knights”: Ibid., 47.
115 “When the King knew that she was coming”: Ibid., 49.
115 “It was essential”: Vale, Charles VII, 51.
116 “When I entered my King’s room”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 46.
116 “I was myself present at the castle”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 22.
116 “when a messenger came to tell me”: Ibid., 26.
116 “When [the king] saw her, he asked Joan her name”: Ibid., 23.
117 “In God’s name”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 55–56.
117 “the secret prayer”: Wood, Joan of Arc and Richard III, 148.
118 “I say to you, on behalf of the Lord”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 23.
118 “the king seemed radiant”: Ibid.
118 “To introduce a prophetess to the impressionable Charles”: Vale, Charles VII, 50.
118 “Joan came to the king’s mass”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 27.
119 “Joan ran about charging with a lance”: Ibid.
120 “I asked her what language”: Ibid., 29.
120 “Finally, it was concluded”: Ibid., 30.
120 “In her, Joan, we find”: Ibid.
121 “I heard it said that Joan”: Ibid., 30–31.
121 “The Master’s report having been made”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 58–59.
122 “on which was painted”: Ibid., 60.
122 “An arms merchant of Tours”: Ibid., 61–62.
122 “Laden in the town of Blois”: Ibid., 81.
123 Joan was by no means the only visionary: For the number of people claiming visions in 1428 see Senneville, Yolande d’Aragon, 204.
123 “dressed in cloth-of-gold”: Smith, Joan of Arc, 36.
123 “I answered this Catherine”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 142.
123 “When Joan left Blois”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 38–39.
CHAPTER 9: The Maid of Orléans
125 “Jhesus-Maria, King of England”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 70.
126 “Really the bastilles were not to blame”: Lang, The Maid of France, 68.
127 “God knoweth by what advis”: Ibid., 65.
128 “was rendered possible”: Burne, The Agincourt War, 238.
128 “ ‘Are you the Bastard of Orléans . . . the King of Heaven’ ”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 39–40.
129 “Forthwith I had the sails hoisted”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 82.
129 “I then implored her”: Ibid., 82.
129 “Came to receive her”: Ibid., 83–84.
130 “Joan went to see the Bastard”: Ibid., 84.
130 “go away in God’s name”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 42.
130 “Glasdale and those of his company”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 84.
131 “It seems to me”: Ibid., 82.
131 “Joan’s contribution”: Burne, The Agincourt War, 244.
131 “The fact that Fort St. Loup”: Ibid., 240.
131 “Ah, bleeding boy”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 86.
132 “The English were preparing their defense”: Ibid.
132 “She wept much upon them”: Ibid., 86–87.
132 “You, Englishmen, who have no right”: Ibid., 87.
132 “Read, it is news!”: Ibid.
132 “Joan began to sigh”: Ibid.
133 “When they perceived”: Ibid., 89.
134 “was afraid and wept”: Ibid., 90.
134 “The assault lasted from the morning”: Ibid.
134 “And Joan, moved by pity”: Ibid., 92.
134 “expressing joy in every way”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 48.
136 “if the English assaulted them”: Ibid., 49.
136 “From the King . . . the doing of all these things”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 97.
137 “Noble Dauphin, hold not such”: Ibid., 110.
137 “I remember that”: Ibid., 109.
138 “All rallied to her opinion”: Ibid.
138 “Lady, fear not”: Ibid., 114.
138 “And arrived the Monday at Selles”: Ibid., 111.
139 “If it be so”: Ibid., 100.
139 “about twelve hundred lances”: Ibid., 113.
140 “Be not afraid of any armed host”: France, The Life of Joan of Arc, vol. 1, 349.
140 “Ah, gentle Duke, wast thou afeared?”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 114.
140 “That machine . . . will kill thee”: Ibid., 114.
140 “Are you a gentleman?”: France, The Life of Joan of Arc, vol. 1, 354.
141 “And while the English [at Beaugency] were retreating”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 115–116.
141 “Then the lord Duke of Alençon”: Ibid., 117.
143 “And before he had gone”: Ibid., 119.
143 “By the renown of Joan the Maid”: Ibid., 112.
143 “The French did not give the English archers time”: Jacob, The Fifteenth Century, 247.
144 “All that [pursuing the English to Paris] means nothing to me”: Smith, Joan of Arc, 74.
144 “told the King to advance boldly”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 124.
144 “Loyal Frenchmen, come out”: Ibid., 121.
144 “they would pay to the King”: Ibid.
144 “So many came”: [“Eu autant de gens que c’est chose infinite a escrire et auxi la grande joye que chacun en avoit.”] Les Deux Procès de Condamnation, les Enquêtes et la Sentence de Réhabilitation de Jeanne d’Arc, 323.
145 “Our Queens and most dread Ladies . . . God knows you were missed”: [The full letter reads: “Nos souveraines et très redoutées dames, plaise vous scavoir que yer le Roy arriva en cest ville de Rains ouquel il a trouvé toute et plein obéissance. Aujourd’huy il a esté sacré et couronné et a esté moult belle chose à voir le beau mystère, car il a esté auxi solempnel et accoustré de toutes les besongnes y appartenans auxi bien et si convenablement pour faire la chose tant en abis royaux et autres choses à ce nécessaires comme s’il eust mandé un an auparavant, et y a eu autant de gens que c’est chose infinie a escrire et auxi la grande joye que chacun en avoit. . . .
“Messeigneurs le duc d’Alençon, le comte de Clermont, le conte de Vendosme, les seigneurs de Laval et la Trimoille y ont esté en abis royaux; et monseigneur d’Alençon a fait le Roy chevalier et les dessusditz représentoient les pairs de France; monseigneur d’Albret a tenu l’espée durant ledit mystère devant le Roy et pour les pairs d’Église y estoient avec leurs croces et mitres, messeigneurs de Rains, de Chalons qui sont pairs; et en lieu des autres, les evesques de Seez et d’Orléans et deux autres prélas, et mondit seigneur de Rains y a fait ledit mystère et sacre qui luy appartient.
“Pour aller querir la sainte ampolle en l’abaye de Saint-Remy et pour la apporter en l’église de Nostre-Dame où a esté fait le sacre, fut ordonnez le mareschal de Bossac, les seigneurs de Rays, Graville et l’admiral avec leurs quatre bannières que chacun portoit en sa main, armez de toutes pièces et à cheval, bien accompagnez pour conduire l’abbé dudit lieu qui apportoit ladite ampolle; et entrènt à cheval en ladite grande église et descendirent à l’entrée du choeur et en ceste stat l’ont rendue après le service en ladite abbaye; le service a duré depuis neuf heures jusqu’à deux heures. Et à l’heure que le Roy fut sacré et auxi quand l’on lui assist la couronne sur la teste, tout homme cria Noël! et trompettes sonnèrent en telle manière qu’il sembloit que les voultes de l’église se deussent fendre.
“Et durant ledit mystère, la Pucelle s’est tousjours tenue joignant du Roy, tenant son estendart en sa main. Et estoit moult belle chose de voir les belles manières que tenoit le Roy et aussi la Pucelle. Et Dieu sache si vous y avez esté souhaitées.
“Aujourdhuy ont esté faitz par le Roy contes le sire de Laval et le sire de Sully et Rays mareschal. . . . Demain s’en doibt partir le Roy tenant son chemin vers Paris. On dit en ceste ville que le duc de Bourgongne y a esté et s’en est retourné à Laon où il est de present; il a envoyé si tost devers le Roy qu’il arriva en ceste ville. A ceste heure, nous espérons que bon traité y trouvera avant qu’ils partent. La Pucelle ne fait doubte qu’elle ne mette Paris en l’obéissance.
“Audit sacre, le Roy a fait plusieurs chevaliers et auxi lesdits seigneurs pairs en font tant que marveilles. Il y en a plus de trois cents nouveaux.
“Nos souveraines et redoubtées Dames, nous prions le benoist Saint-Esprit qu’il vous donne bonne vie et longue.
“Escript à Rains, ce dimanche XVII de Juillet. Vos très humbles et obéissans serviteurs, Beauveau, Moréal, Lussé.”] Ibid., 322–324.
146 “Tomorrow the king must leave”: Ibid., 323.
147 “Why was your standard”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 125.
CHAPTER 10: Capture at Compiègne
148 “I shall last a year”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 141.
148 “The food was shocking”: A Parisian Journal, 272.
149 “Most redoubted lord”: Vaughan, Philip the Good, 24.
150 “a show of hands”: A Parisian Journal, 237–238.
150 “by the command of my lord”: Stevenson, Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars of the English in France, vol. 2, part 1, 101–102.
150 “promised . . . on their faith”: A Parisian Journal, 238.
151 “as much because some felt”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 133.
151 “make good firm peace”: Ibid., 128.
151 “We, John of Lancaster”: Ibid., 131–132.
152 “On the Friday following the 26th day of August”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 76.
152 “well accompanied by soldiers”: Kekewich, The Good King, 25.
153 “The assault, which was very cruel”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 135.
153 “Yield to us quickly”: Ibid.
154 “Here’s for you!”: Ibid.
154 “A little after four o’clock”: Ibid.
154 “In September”: Ibid.
155 “changeability, defiance, and above all, envy”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 79.
155 “Messire Regnault de Chartres”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 142.
155 “the sire de la Trémoïlle sent Joan”: Ibid., 145.
156 “When Joan had been there a space of time”: Ibid.
156 “It was at the request of the men of war”: Ibid., 134.
156 “did not wish to pay attention”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 91.
157 “The King being in the town”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 147.
158 “resolute to undergo every risk”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 83.
159 “with a doublet of rich cloth-of-gold”: Ibid., 86.
159 “well-accompanied by many noble men”: Ibid.
159 “and more assistance flowed towards the Burgundians”: Ibid., 87.
159 “The Maid, going beyond the nature”: Ibid.
159 “an archer, a rough man”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 151.
160 “were very joyous at it”: Ibid., 152.
160 “by the pleasure of our blessed Creator”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 90.
160 “more joyful than if he had had a King”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 151.
161 “had become full of pride”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 91.
162 “God’s will is inscrutable”: Marina S. Brownlee, “Interference in Mélusine,” in Maddox and Sturm-Maddox, eds., Melusine of Lusignan, 233.
162 “I have never been a prisoner”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 154.
163 “The demoiselle of Luxembourg and the lady of Beaurevoir”: Ibid., 156.
CHAPTER 11: The Trial of Joan of Arc
164 “You say that you are my judge”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 182.
166 “Whereas all faithful Christian princes”: Ibid., 157.
168 “It is by this that it is required”: Ibid., 157–158.
168 “they should not for anything”: Ibid., 158.
169 “The lady of Luxembourg asked”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 93.
169 “I would rather die”: Ibid., 96–97.
169 “What was the reason you jumped”: Ibid., 96.
170 “The Bishop of Beauvais whom I saw”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 160.
170 “And I know for certain”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 104.
170 “fastened by the neck”: Ibid., 105.
171 “Englishmen of the lowest rank”: Ibid., 104.
171 “in a secret place”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 169.
171 “had the warders and others”: Ibid.
171 “nothing concerning Joan”: Ibid.
171 “he was a traitor”: Ibid., 168.
171 “as much for the serenity”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 108.
172 “The assessors with the judges”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 170.
172 “At the beginning of the trial”: Ibid., 171.
172 “On this subject”: Ibid.
172 “[He] pretended to be of the Maid’s own country”: Ibid., 172.
172 “In fact, at the beginning of the trial”: Ibid.
173 “to speak the truth”: Ibid., 180.
173 “it may happen that you will ask”: Ibid.
173 “About my father and mother”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 109.
174 “This voice which you say . . . may God keep me in it”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 183.
174 “Asked about the tree . . . there or anywhere else”: Smith, Joan of Arc, 111.
174 at least seventy recorded cases of witchcraft: For more on recorded trials of witchcraft, see Kieckhefer, European Witch Trials.
175 “It has long been clear”: Russell, Witchcraft in the Middle Ages, 261–262.
175 “erred with fairies”: Smith, Joan of Arc, 114.
175 “She said that she had heard it”: Ibid., 112.
176 “Do you think that God”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 188.
176 “Why should it have been cut off?”: Ibid.
176 “I have always told you”: Ibid.
176 “How do you know . . . nothing but by God’s commandment”: Ibid., 184–185.
176 “She was right subtle”: Ibid., 193.
177 “Since your voices have told you . . . a great treasure”: Ibid., 191.
177 “which the laws of God”: Murray, Jeanne d ’Arc, Maid of Orleans, Deliverer of France, 354.
177 “If the Church Militant . . . God being first served”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 124.
178 “Truly, if you pull”: Ibid., 127.
178 “If you have the sacraments . . . about that submission”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 203.
178 “The earl of Warwick”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 125.
179 “for her own good”: Smith, Joan of Arc, 157.
179 “O Royal House of France!”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 130.
179 “I appeal to God”: Ibid., 131.
179 “Do it now”: Ibid.
179 “a great murmur arose”: Ibid., 130.
179 “I, Joan, called the Maid”: Smith, Joan of Arc, 165.
180 “in future she would neither carry arms”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 131.
180 “The king has spent his money very badly”: Ibid.
180 “it would go badly”: Ibid., 132.
180 “some of you men”: Ibid.
180 “Take her back”: Ibid.
181 “Gentlemen, you know that it is forbidden”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 219.
181 “You said, upon the scaf old . . . I will do nothing about it”: Ibid., 222.
181 “Farewell, it is done”: Ibid.
182 “ ‘Alas! Do they treat me’ ”: Ibid., 228.
182 “Bishop, I die by you”: Ibid.
182 “We declare that thou, Joan”: Ibid., 230.
183 “By this sentence”: Smith, Joan of Arc, 172.
184 “imploring and invoking”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 136.
184 “Once in the fire”: Ibid.
184 “because they feared”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 233.
184 “We are all lost”: Ibid.
CHAPTER 12: Of Politics and Prisoners
188 “the prelates, dukes, counts”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 141.
188 “She rode with the King every day”: A Parisian Journal, 262–263.
189 “our adversary of Burgundy”: Vaughan , Philip the Good, 63.
189 “has, for some time”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 146–147.
192 “When the constable came”: [“Quand le connétable vint, au nom de son frère, trouver Yolande, accompagné du comte d’Etampes et d’ambassadeurs bretons, pour obtenir son agrément, elle entra dans une violente colère, et peu s’en fallut que les choses n’en vinssent à une guerre déclarée.”] G. du Fresne de Beaucourt, Histoire de Charles VII, tome II, 272.
193 “the great, notable, profitable and agreeable”: Ibid., 275.
194 “a brave knight of great heart”: Kekewich, The Good King, 27.
195 “he had so many men”: Ibid., 28.
195 “Intelligence of this defeat”: The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, vol. 1, 598.
198 “It is . . . true, most redoubted lord”: Vaughan, Philip the Good, 25.
198 “And firstly, with regard to . . . as ought reasonably to be satisfactory”: Stevenson, Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars of the English in France, vol. 2, part 1, 188–192.
199 “Notwithstanding all letters”: Ibid., 198–199.
199 “it is he who does and decides everything”: Vaughan, Philip the Good, 169.
200 Rather, he went to see his mother: For the specifics of René’s visit to his mother, see La Marche, Le Roi René, tome premier, 103, and Senneville, Yolande d’Aragon, 247.
CHAPTER 13: The Queen Takes Control
202 “La Trémoïlle’s . . . one thought”: Perroy, The Hundred Years War, 292.
202 “The duke of Bedford expected”: The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, vol. 1, 615.
203 “They made him prisoner”: Ibid., 621.
204 “Yolande [of Aragon] resumed all her lost ascendancy”: Perroy, The Hundred Years War, 292.
204 the duke of Burgundy . . . ordered his representatives: Of the duke of Burgundy’s negotiators’ sudden separation at the council in Basel, medieval historian Joycelyne Dickinson wrote, “This appears to have been the first occasion on which the duke showed his hand . . . as a separate power with separate interests, which could no longer be served by identification with those of England.” Dickinson, The Congress of Arras, 1435, 122.
204 “The war got worse and worse”: A Parisian Journal, 289–290.
205 “disobedient rebel, self-styled duke of Burgundy”: Vaughan, Philip the Good, 71.
205 “At length the duchess came . . . and in distress”: The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, vol. 1, 633–634.
207 “Charles, by the grace of God, king of France”: Vaughan, Philip the Good, 100.
207 “The king [Charles] will declare”: The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, vol. 2, 10.
208 “Within a few days”: Ibid., vol. 1, 634.
208 Yolande maintained her influence: Of Yolande’s influence over the Congress of Arras, Joycelyne Dickinson observed: “It is . . . clear that . . . the queen of Sicily, actively concerned for her son the duke of Bar and perhaps also for the interests of her son-in-law Charles VII, sent no mere observers to Arras, but [was] directly associated with the official French embassy, at least in sessions with the mediators.” Dickinson, The Congress of Arras, 1435, 12.
210 “The English ambassadors were not well pleased”: The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, vol. 2, 6.
212 “for they had perceived”: Ibid., 8.
212 “acknowledge our aforesaid lord king”: Ibid., 16.
212 “All persons were very much surprised”: Ibid., 20.
213 “When the French or Armagnacs realized”: A Parisian Journal, 299.
213 “let us into Paris peacefully . . . agreed to let them into the town”: Ibid., 302–303.
214 “My good friends”: Ibid., 305.
214 “The Parisians loved them for this”: Ibid., 306.
214 “in very grand state”: The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, vol. 2, 55.
215 “Thus nobly accompanied”: Ibid.
215 “The crowd of common people”: Ibid., 57.
CHAPTER 14: The Road to Rouen
220 “expressing a confidence”: [“qui mettait toute sa confiance en elle après Dieu”] La Marche, Le Roi René, tome premier, 119.
222 “a brave prince”: Kekewich, The Good King, 30.
223 “In this year”: The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, vol. 2, 88.
223 “they could not agree”: Ibid.
224 “While these negotiations were pending”: Ibid., 100.
225 “For . . . the king [Charles VII] had been informed”: Ibid., 105.
225 “King Charles of France now assembled”: Ibid., 106.
227 “Were I certain of death”: Kekewich, The Good King, 65.
228 “dazzling”: [“éblouissante”] Senneville, Yolande d’Aragon, 308.
228 “The most beautiful”: [“le plus bel et le meilleur a esté employé pour la fait du royaume d’Italie et baillé au roy Loys”] Ibid., 309.
230 “I will reveal my secret to no one”: Seward, The Hundred Years War, 242.
230 “our dear uncle of France”: Perroy, The Hundred Years War, 310.
231 “The meetings for peace”: The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, vol. 2, 136–137.
231 “The marriage of Margaret was concluded”: [“le marriage de Marguerite fut conclu . . . dans l’intérêt de Charles VII et sur sa demande”] La Marche, Le Roi René, tome premier, 127.
233 bestowed upon Charles VII a beautifully bound volume: For information about the copy of Melusine given to Charles VII, see Baudot, Les Princesses Yolande et les Ducs de Bar, 364.
234 “As heretofore Joan the Maid”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 149.
CHAPTER 15: The Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc
235 “I know well”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 188.
235 this explanation gives Charles far too much credit: Of Charles’s motivation concerning the inquiry into Joan’s condemnation, medieval scholar M. G. A. Vale wrote, “The wording of the king’s order to Bouillé suggests two motives: first, a desire to ascertain the facts about the trial; secondly, to use those facts, if possible, against the English, who were still holding part of Normandy, as well as Gascony, in February 1450.” Vale, Charles VII, 60.
237 “an iniquitous, scandalous sentence”: Ibid., 62.
238 “[acted] more through love of the English”: Ibid.
238 “Do you know . . . keep me in it”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 183.
239 “I know that the matter”: Vale, Charles VII, 63.
240 “the preceding and other points”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 154.
240 “Although many persons could be plaintiffs”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 264.
240 “a tribunal of rehabilitation”: Vale, Charles VII, 65.
241 “loved to converse upon legal matters”: Pastor, The History of the Popes, vol. 2, 332. The university referred to here was not the University of Paris but the University of Lérida, but the point is that Calixtus very much appreciated scholarship.
241 “I had a daughter”: Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, 156–157.
243 “Bearing in her hand her standard”: Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, 82.
243 “Many of the King’s men”: Ibid., 117.
244 “Then the Maid came”: Ibid., 122.
244 “Willingly did she . . . punctual in ringing”: Ibid., 18–20.
244 “I call upon God”: Ibid., 194.
244 “It pleased God thus to do”: Ibid.
244 “As for the Church”: Ibid., 173.
244 “And me, I tell you”: Ibid., 181.
246 “In consideration of the request”: Ibid., 269.
246 “And thereafter my voices say to me”: Ibid., 191.
EPILOGUE
247 “both small and great”: The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, vol. 2, 225.
247 “The attack commenced”: Ibid.
247 “he was put to death”: Ibid.
248 “to watch all the coastline daily”: Vale, Charles VII, 125.
248 “The late Yolande”: Kekewich, Good King René, 18.
248 “bore a man’s heart”: Senneville, Yolande d’Aragon, 105.