CHAPTER 1: TEMPLE OF MUSIC
1. Gray, Art Handbook: Official Handbook of Architecture and Sculpture, 15.
2. See “Illuminations: Revisiting the Buffalo Pan-American Exposition of 1901,” University of Buffalo Libraries, for an interactive account of the fair: http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/exhibits/panam/index.html.
3. Goldman, High Hopes, 7.
4. Halstead, Illustrious Life, 429.
5. Stoddard, As I Knew Them, 231.
6. Johns, Man Who Shot McKinley, 19.
7. Goldman, High Hopes, 5.
8. Leech, In the Days of McKinley, 584.
9. Johns, Man Who Shot McKinley, 13.
10. Ibid., 13–14. Several different spellings of “Nieman” have been used. Some researchers have spelled it Niemann and on one occasion, Nieman himself spelled it Nimen.
11. Smalley, “William McKinley—A Study,” 44.
12. Thayer, Life and Letters of John Hay, 2:266.
13. “President McKinley in War Times,” 16.
14. Leech, In the Days of McKinley, 589.
15. Barry, Historic Memento of the Nation’s Loss, 6.
16. Johns, Man Who Shot McKinley, 77.
17. Barry, Historic Memento of the Nation’s Loss, 8.
18. “How He Saved the President’s Life,” Leslie’s Weekly, September 21, 1901. This article describes part of Parker’s story, though some details are at odds with other accounts.
19. Goldman, High Hopes, 9.
20. Barry, Historic Memento of the Nation’s Loss, 12.
21. Johns, Man Who Shot McKinley, 91.
22. “I Hope He Dies. I Hope He Dies!” The Cleveland Press, September 8, 1901.
23. Everett, Compete Life of William McKinley, 34.
24. Garraty, Labor and Capital in the Gilded Age, viii–ix.
CHAPTER 2: “OH GOD, KEEP HIM HUMBLE”
1. Olcott, Life of William McKinley, 1:320.
2. “Making History in Canton,” The Sunday Repository, October 25, 1896.
3. Ibid.
4. “He Stood Under a Crown,” The New York Times, June 26, 1896.
5. Leech, In the Days of McKinley, 94.
6. Timmons, Portrait of an American, 60.
7. Morgan, William McKinley and His America, 233.
8. Storer, “How Theodore Roosevelt Was Appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy,” 9.
9. “McKinley to Stay at Canton,” The New York Times, September 11, 1896.
10. Jones, Presidential Election of 1896, 277.
11. Phillips, William McKinley, 12.
12. Porter, Life of William McKinley, 42.
13. Phillips, William McKinley, 12.
14. Halstead, Illustrious Life of William McKinley, 109.
15. Armstrong, Major McKinley, 7.
16. Russell, Lives of William McKinley and Garret A. Hobart, 49.
17. Ibid., 55–57.
18. Armstrong, Major McKinley, 5.
19. Ibid., 5–6.
20. Morgan, William McKinley and His America, 18.
21. Armstrong, Major McKinley, 38–40.
22. Cashman, America in the Gilded Age, 23.
23. Smith, Rise of Industrial America, 114.
24. Bruce, 1877: Year of Violence, 120.
25. United States Department of Commerce, Historical Statistics of the United States, 1:590.
26. Morris, Tycoons, 174.
27. United States Department of Commerce, Historical Statistics of the United States, 2:957.
28. David, History of the Haymarket Affair, 5.
29. Bogart, Economic History of the American People, 554.
30. Cashman, America in the Gilded Age, 178–79.
31. Ibid., 3.
32. Leech, In the Days of McKinley, 36.
33. Olcott, Life of William McKinley, 1:130.
34. McKinley, Speeches and Addresses, 1893, 19.
35. Stoddard, As I Knew Them, 245.
36. Croly, Marcus Alonzo Hanna, 70.
37. Based on the Economic History Association’s CPI calculator, www.eh.net.
38. Morgan, William McKinley and His America, 174.
39. Alfred Henry Lewis, “McKinley’s Political Manager and His War on Organized Labor,” New York Journal, May 4, 1896.
40. Leech, In the Days of McKinley, 67.
41. Williams, Tragedy of American Diplomacy, 21.
42. Butterfield, American Past, 272.
43. Coletta, William Jennings Bryan, 137.
44. Glad, McKinley, Bryan, and the People, 176.
45. Ibid.
46. Coletta, William Jennings Bryan, 175.
47. Glad, McKinley, Bryan, and the People, 176.
48. Morgan, William McKinley and His America, 226.
49. Timmons, Portrait of an American, 56.
50. Ibid., 61.
51. Thayer, Life and Letters of John Hay, 2:151.
52. Beer, Hanna (1929), 155–56.
53. Marcus, Grand Old Party, 246–47.
54. Josephson, Politicos, 697–99.
55. Butterfield, American Past, 275.
56. Coletta, William Jennings Bryan, 199.
57. Dawes, Journal of the McKinley Years, 97.
58. 55th Cong., 1st sess., Congressional Record 30, pt. 3 (July 23, 1897): 2848.
59. Josephson, Politicos, 704.
60. Coletta, William Jennings Bryan, 168.
61. Josephson, Politicos, 702.
62. Marcus, Grand Old Party, 247.
63. Glad, McKinley, Bryan, and the People, 171.
64. Ibid., 172.
65. Ibid., 176.
66. Morgan, William McKinley and His America, 240.
67. Josephson, Politicos, 703.
68. Croly, Marcus Alonzo Hanna, 217.
69. “Greatest of Parades,” The New York Times, November 1, 1896.
70. Jones, Presidential Election of 1896, 340.
71. Coletta, William Jennings Bryan, 190.
72. Dunn, From Harrison to Harding, 199.
73. Kohlsaat, From McKinley to Harding, 53–54.
CHAPTER 3: A QUIET MAN IN THE CORNER
1. Johns, Man Who Shot McKinley, 37.
2. Briggs, Manner of Man, 297. This scene is a compilation of the typical habits of Czolgosz.
3. Ibid., 229.
4. Ibid., 298.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., 300.
7. Smith, Rise of Industrial America, 214.
8. Reef, Working in America, 125.
9. Foner, Great Labor Uprising of 1877, 25.
10. Smith, Rise of Industrial America, 218.
11. Murolo and Chitty, From the Folks Who Brought You the Weekend, 110–11.
12. Reef, Working in America, 127.
13. Smith, Rise of Industrial America, 220.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Reef, Working in America, 130.
17. Anbinder, Five Points, 73.
18. Ibid., 80–81.
19. Bruce, 1877: Year of Violence, 24.
20. Nicholson, Labor’s Story in the United States, 105.
21. David, History of the Haymarket Affair, 10.
22. Francisco and Fast, Conspiracy for Empire, 34.
23. Briggs, Manner of Man, 289.
24. Hoerder and Rössler, Distant Magnets, 85.
25. Balch, Our Slavic Fellow Citizens, 220.
26. Briggs, Manner of Man, 281.
27. Ibid., 290. Throughout the Briggs notes, confusion arises from the spelling of Polish names. In this case, Briggs wrote the priest’s name as Gerick. This is probably really Father Theodore Gierky who was active at St. Albertus around that time. Briggs also says Mr. Lorkowski said the family attended the “St. Alberta” parish. He must have meant St. Albertus. Briggs says a search of parish records failed to turn up anything to do with the family. It is possible that the staff who helped him, including a number of priests, simply didn’t want one of the nation’s greatest villains to be associated with their parish.
28. Ibid., 302.
29. Rauchway, Murdering McKinley, 124–25.
30. Briggs, Manner of Man, 262. Leon had eight brothers and sisters. One other had died in infancy.
31. Ibid., 290.
32. Ibid., 302.
33. Ibid., 290.
34. Ibid., 291.
CHAPTER 4: “THERE WILL BE NO JINGO NONSENSE”
1. “President Takes the Oath,” The New York Times, March 5, 1896.
2. Leech, In the Days of McKinley, 113.
3. “President Takes the Oath,” The New York Times, March 5, 1896.
4. Hartzell, Sketch of the Life of Mrs. William McKinley, 22.
5. Whitcomb and Whitcomb, Real Life at the White House, 209.
6. Morgan, William McKinley and His America, 311.
7. Leech, In the Days of McKinley, 27.
8. Morgan, William McKinley and His America, 82.
9. Ibid., 83.
10. Foraker, I Would Live It Again, 256–59. Foraker clearly lost no love for Ida and recounts several examples of the First Lady’s rudeness and petulance.
11. Whitcomb and Whitcomb, Real Life at the White House, 209.
12. Letters from McKinley to Ida, 1880. On file at the McKinley Presidential Library, Canton, Ohio, in the “McKinley Family Letters” binder.
13. Morgan, William McKinley and His America, 82.
14. Storer, “How Theodore Roosevelt Was Appointed,” 9.
15. “The Inauguration Bible,” The New York Times, February 16, 1897.
16. “President Takes the Oath of Office,” The New York Times, March 5, 1896.
17. First Inaugural Address of William McKinley. Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/mckin1.asp.
18. May, Imperial Democracy, 3.
19. Porter, “Discipline in the Navy,” 410.
20. Stealey, Twenty Years in the Press Gallery, 31–32.
21. Morgan, William McKinley and His America, 71.
22. Wise, Recollections of Thirteen Presidents, 215.
23. Beer, Hanna (1929), 110.
24. Wise, Recollections of Thirteen Presidents, 216.
25. Offner, Unwanted War, 39–40.
26. Macfarland, “William R. Day,” 278–79.
27. Storer, “How Theodore Roosevelt Was Appointed,” 9.
28. Millis, Martial Spirit, 38.
29. Morris, Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, 582.
30. Fuess, Carl Schurz, Reformer, 349.
31. Hoar, Autobiography of Seventy Years, 309.
32. Darwin, Descent of Man, 160–61.
33. Fiske, “Manifest Destiny,” 588.
34. Strong, Our Country, 210–18.
35. Ferreiro, “Mahan and the ‘English Club,’ ” 902.
36. LaFeber, New Empire, 89; and Zimmermann, First Great Triumph, 99.
37. Zimmermann, First Great Triumph, 100.
CHAPTER 5: “THE GOVERNMENT IS BEST WHICH GOVERNS LEAST”
1. Coulter, Poles of Cleveland, 9–10.
2. Rauchway, Murdering McKinley, 159–60.
3. Ibid., 164–65.
4. Paul operated the bar himself for only a few months before he rented it to the Findlay Beer Company. Briggs, Manner of Man, 303.
5. Rauchway, Murdering McKinley, 164.
6. Ibid., 162.
7. Ibid., 166.
8. Briggs, Manner of Man, 303.
9. Ibid., 304.
10. Ibid., 304–5.
11. Brecher, Strike!, 80.
12. Ibid., 82.
13. Briggs, Manner of Man, 305.
14. Ibid.
15. Downs, Books That Changed America, 102.
16. Ibid., 100–110.
17. Briggs, Manner of Man, 314.
18. Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 92–94. See also “Czolgosz Says He Had No Aid,” Chicago Sunday Tribune, September, 8 1901. Text available on the McKinley Assasination Link: http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:mhKFICkGM2gJ:mckinleydeath.com/documents/
newspapers/CST60-251b.htm+Anton+Zwolinski+czolgosz&cd=2&hl=
en&ct=clnk&gl=us.
19. Donovan, “Man Who Would Not Shake Hands,” 111–12.
20. Joll, Anarchists, 34.
21. Burke, Works, 45.
22. Marshall, William Godwin, 99.
23. Conway, Writings of Thomas Paine, 69.
24. Rocker, Pioneers of American Freedom, 15–16.
25. Emerson, Emerson’s Essays, 409.
26. Thoreau, On the Duty of Divil Disobedience, 7.
27. Jacker, Black Flag of Anarchy, 48.
28. Sutton, Communal Utopias, 5.
29. Ibid., 6.
30. Ibid., 7.
31. Bailie, Josiah Warren, 7.
32. Rocker, Pioneers of American Freedom, 61.
33. Jacker, Black Flag of Anarchy, 59.
34. Ibid., 60.
35. Bailie, Josiah Warren, 60–61. See also Martin, Men Against the State, 70–84.
36. Bailie, Josiah Warren, 61–62.
37. Martin, Men Against the State, 82.
CHAPTER 6: THE HAWAIIAN ANVIL
1. Marquis, Who’s Who in America, 405.
2. Russ, Hawaiian Republic, 130–31.
3. World Almanac and Encyclopedia, 1903, 151.
4. Foster, Diplomatic Memoirs, 171.
5. Pletcher, Diplomacy of Involvement, 241.
6. McCormick, China Market, 28.
7. Francisco and Fast, Conspiracy for Empire, 26–27.
8. Lamoreaux, Great Merger Movement in American Business, 32.
9. Ibid., 34.
10. LaFeber, Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, 30.
11. F. P. Prial, “Trade Outlooks for 1897,” The New York Times, February 7, 1897.
12. McCormick, China Market, 36.
13. “Must Find New Markets,” The New York Times, January 24, 1896.
14. Williams, Tragedy of American Diplomacy, 17.
15. Kohlsaat, From McKinley to Harding, 72.
16. Van Alstyne, Rising American Empire, 188.
17. Wilcox, Harper’s History of the War in the Philippines, 393–95.
18. Dennet, Americans in Eastern Asia, 49.
19. Morison, Maritime History of Massachusetts, 65.
20. Ward, “Fair, Honorable and Legitimate Trade,” http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/
1986/5/1986_5_49.shtml.
21. Campbell, Special Business Interests, 20.
22. Ibid.
23. Daws, Shoal of Time, 287.
24. Hoar, Autobiography of Seventy Years, 307–8.
25. Pletcher, Diplomacy of Involvement, 250.
26. Foster, Diplomatic Memoirs, 172.
27. Morgan, William McKinley and His America, 295.
28. Fuess, Carl Schurz, 350.
CHAPTER 7: AN UNLIKELY ANARCHIST
1. People of the State of New York vs. Leon F. Czolgosz; “The Assassin Makes a Full Confession,” The New York Times, September 8, 1901; “Czolgosz Says He Had No Aid,” Chicago Sunday Tribune, September 8, 1901. Nowak would visit Czolgosz in prison and try to discover if there had been other plotters.
2. “Assassin Known as Rabid Anarchist,” The New York Times, September 8, 1901.
3. “Czolgosz Says He Had No Aid,” Chicago Sunday Tribune, September 8, 1901.
4. Foner, Autobiographies of the Haymarket Martyrs, 27.
5. Ibid., 29.
6. Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 10.
7. Ashbaugh, Lucy Parsons, 267–68.
8. Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 14.
9. Green, Death in the Haymarket, 61.
10. Ibid., 60.
11. Pierce, History of Chicago, 3:244.
12. Foner, Autobiographies of the Haymarket Martyrs, 180.
13. Bruce, 1877: Year of Violence, 100–107.
14. Beatty, Age of Betrayal, 289.
15. Foner, Great Labor Uprising of 1877, 151.
16. Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 28.
17. Ibid., 30.
CHAPTER 8: AN OPEN CASK OF GUNPOWDER
1. Eggert, “Our Man in Havana,” 463–85.
2. Ibid., 480.
3. Trask, War with Spain, 15.
4. Hamilton, President McKinley, War, and Empire, 1:105.
5. Musicant, Empire by Default, 57.
6. Foner, Spanish-Cuban-American War, 1:106.
7. Musicant, Empire by Default, 68.
8. O’Toole, Spanish War, 56.
9. Foner, Spanish-Cuban-American War, 1:115.
10. Trask, War with Spain, 9.
11. Musicant, Empire by Default, 70.
12. Brown, Correspondents’ War, 14–15.
13. Ibid., 78.
14. Ibid., 36.
15. Ibid., 101–2.
16. 54th Cong., 1st sess., Congressional Record 28, pt. 3, March 2, 1898: 2349.
17. Hirst, Life and Letters of Thomas Jefferson, 540.
18. Grenville and Young, Politics, Strategy, and American Diplomacy, 179.
19. O’Toole, Spanish War, 38.
20. Mandel, Samuel Gompers, 201–2.
21. United States Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations, 1896, 582.
22. Trask, War with Spain, 2.
23. Rubens, Liberty, 204–5.
24. Trask, War with Spain, 11.
25. Offner, “McKinley and the Spanish-American War,” 54. Considerable debate remains about what real effect granting belligerent status would have meant for the insurgents. See Beale, “Recognition of Cuban Belligerency,” 406–19.
26. Trask, War with Spain, 11.
27. Musicant, Empire by Default, 91.
28. Parker, Recollections of Grover Cleveland, 248–50.
29. “President McKinley in War Times,” 213.
30. Ibid., 214.
31. Whitcomb and Whitcomb, Real Life at the White House, 216.
32. Morgan, William McKinley and His America, 313.
33. “President McKinley in War Times,” 215.
34. Whitcomb and Whitcomb, Real Life at the White House, 214.
35. Morgan, William McKinley and His America, 305.
36. Whitcomb and Whitcomb, Real Life at the White House, 211.
37. Ibid., 213.
38. Foner, Spanish-Cuban-American War, 1:212.
39. Pérez, Cuba and the United States, 61.
40. Pratt, Expansionists of 1898, 237.
41. “Calhoun Back from Cuba,” The New York Times, June 8, 1897.
42. Foner, Spanish-Cuban-American War, 1:117.
43. Palmer, Bliss, Peacemaker, 42.
44. Roosevelt to Lodge, September 21, 1897, in Roosevelt and Lodge, Selections from the Correspondence, 278.
45. Grenville, “American Naval Preparations for War with Spain,” 35.
46. Ibid., 43.
47. Williams, Tragedy of American Diplomacy, 34.
48. William McKinley, “Message of the President, December 6, 1897,” in United States Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations, 1897, xx.
49. Ibid., 16.
50. Musicant, Empire by Default, 109.
51. Offner, Unwanted War, 93.
52. Bonsal, Real Condition of Cuba, 36.
53. Pérez, Cuba Between Empires, 160.
54. Ibid., 159.
55. “Revolt Feared in Havana” The New York Times, January 17, 1898.
56. United States Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations, 1898, 1024.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid., 1024–25.
59. Ibid., 1025.
60. Foner, Spanish-Cuban-American War, 1:229.
61. Musicant, Empire by Default, 190.
62. Spanish Diplomatic Correspondence, 64–65.
63. Barrón, “Enrique Dupuy de Lôme and the Spanish-American War,” 40.
64. Ibid., 52.
65. Ibid., 55.
66. Long, Journal of John D. Long, 214.
67. Herrick, American Naval Revolution, 210.
68. Beer, Hanna, Crane and the Mauve Decade, 548.
CHAPTER 9: PROPAGANDA OF THE DEED
1. In his autobiography, Parsons gives a different date, July 22, 1877. He also exaggerated the size of the crowd, saying thirty thousand people were on hand. In reality, it was closer to six thousand.
2. Calmer, Labor Agitator, 29.
3. Foner, Autobiographies of the Haymarket Martyrs, 32.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., 33.
7. Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 32–33.
8. Ibid., 30.
9. Ibid., 34.
10. Bruce, 1877: Year of Violence, 283.
11. Rayback, History of American Labor, 135.
12. Gotkin, “Legislated Adjustment of Labor Disputes,” 481.
13. Brecher, Strike!, 31.
14. Trautmann, Voice of Terror, 78–79.
15. Goyens, Beer and Revolution, 88.
16. David, History of the Haymarket Affair, 65–66.
17. Merriman, Dynamite Club, 75.
18. Goldman, Living My Life, 1:6.
19. Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 136.
20. Ibid., 144–45.
21. Ibid., 169.
22. Ibid., 170.
CHAPTER 10: “THE MAINE BLOWN UP!”
1. Sigsbee, “Maine,” 26–27. There existed some dispute as to the buoy number.
2. Cluverius, “Midshipman on the Maine,” 245.
3. Rickover, How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed, 1–3.
4. Ibid., 4.
5. Ibid.
6. Sigsbee, “Maine,” 43.
7. Ibid., 42.
8. Musicant, Empire by Default, 129.
9. “The Worst Insult to the United States in Its History,” New York Journal and Advertiser, February 8, 1898.
10. Sigsbee, “Maine,” 64.
11. Ibid., 67.
12. “Night of the Explosion in Havana,” 222.
13. Millis, Martial Spirit, 104.
14. Ibid., 102.
15. Rickover, How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed, 1.
16. “Cruiser Maine Blown Up in Havana Harbor,” New York Journal and Advertiser, February 16, 1898.
17. “Destruction of the Warship Maine Was the Work of the Enemy,” New York Journal and Advertiser, February 17, 1898.
18. “Maine Explosion Caused by Bomb or Torpedo?” The World, February 17, 1898.
19. “Vizcaya Still at Sea,” The World, February 19, 1898.
20. Foner, Spanish-Cuban-American War, 1:238. The Journal’s climbed from 416,885 copies on January 9, 1898, to over a million on February 18.
21. Sousa, Marching Along, 157.
22. Ibid., 158.
23. Ellis, To the Flag, 6.
24. Ibid., 9–19.
25. Rickover, How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed, 20.
26. Olcott, Life of William McKinley, 2:12–13.
27. Hagedorn, Leonard Wood, 141.
28. When exactly Roosevelt made the éclair remark is a matter of some historical debate. See Leech, In the Days of McKinley, 628.
29. Gage, Memoirs of Lyman J. Gage, 111–12.
30. Leech, In the Days of McKinley, 35.
31. McKinley, Speeches and Addresses, 1900, 77.
32. Volwiler, “Harrison, Blaine, and American Foreign Policy,” 638.
33. James, Rise and Fall of the British Empire, 171.
34. Pratt, Expansionists of 1898, 258.
35. Beisner, Twelve Against Empire, 93.
36. Long, Journal of John D. Long, 217.
37. O’Toole, Spanish War, 137.
38. Foner, Spanish-Cuban-American War, 1:240.
39. Chadwick, Relations of the United States and Spain, 1:28–37.
40. Ibid., 37–40.
41. Busbey, Uncle Joe Cannon, 186–91.
42. Leech, In the Days of McKinley, 169.
43. United States Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations, 1898, 684.
44. Musicant, Empire by Default, 169.
45. Russell, Illustrated History of Our War with Spain, 452.
46. “Our Duty to Cuba,” The Washington Post, March 29, 1898.
47. Morgan, William McKinley and His America, 367.
48. Musicant, Empire by Default, 150–60.
49. Morris, Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, 607–8.
50. William C. Reick to John Russell Young, March 25, 1898, McKinley Papers, reel 3.
51. “Even the Babes in Arms,” The Washington Post, May 1, 1898.
52. Kohlsaat, From McKinley to Harding, 67. Details of this account are disputed.
53. Foner, Spanish-Cuban-American War, 1:50.
54. A curious exchange between Day and Woodford in the days prior to the U.S. ultimatum has stimulated a lively debate about whether McKinley changed his policy to demand Cuban independence. In an exchange of notes starting on March 25, 1898, Day told Woodford that the United States wanted Spain to grant the Cubans “full self government,” a vague expression that he quickly clarified as meaning “Cuban independence.” That would have appeared to have signaled an important shift in McKinley’s attitudes toward Cuba. Yet Woodford did not mention Cuban independence when he met with the Spanish, nor did Day when he met with the Spanish minister in Washington. Nor did the president mention Cuban independence in his war message to Congress several weeks hence, an intentional omission for which he was severely criticized. Why Day made the “independence” remarks to Woodford is hard to explain, but in view of the entire thread of American policy it is an anomaly that didn’t reflect a change in McKinley’s actions.
55. Musicant, Empire by Default, 177.
56. Rubens, Liberty, 326–27.
57. Gould, Presidency of William McKinley, 82–84. Historians have made much of McKinley’s refusal to ask Congress for more time, arguing he was too weak to do so. Gould, however, contests that view, arguing rightly that the Spanish peace overture was incomplete.
58. Ibid., 84.
59. Mayo, America of Yesterday, 176.
60. 55th Cong., 2nd sess., Congressional Record 31, pt. 4, April 11, 1898, 3704–7.
61. “The President’s Cuban Message Disappointing to Those Who Want Cuba Freed,” The New York Times, April 12, 1898.
62. 55th Cong., 2nd sess., Congressional Record 31, pt. 4, April 12, 1898, 3732.
63. Halbo, “Presidential Leadership in Foreign Affairs,” 1326–32.
64. Palmer, Bliss, Peacemaker, 54.
65. Morgan, William McKinley and His America, 378.
66. Stoddard, As I Knew Them, 252.
CHAPTER 11: “FIRE AND KILL ALL YOU CAN!”
1. Green, Death in the Haymarket, 105.
2. Ibid., 116–17.
3. Young, Art Young, 80.
4. David, History of the Haymarket Affair, 160.
5. Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 188.
6. Busch, “Haymarket Riot and the Trial of the Anarchists,” 250–58.
7. Adamic, Dynamite, 72.
8. Calmer, Labor Agitator, 91.
9. Lum, Concise History of the Great Trial of the Chicago Anarchists, 94.
10. Green, Death in the Haymarket, 123.
11. Calmer, Labor Agitator, 92.
12. Green, Death in the Haymarket, 186.
13. Parsons, Life of Albert R. Parsons, 214.
14. “Rioting and Bloodshed in the Streets of Chicago,” The New York Times, May 5, 1886.
15. McClean, Rise and Fall of Anarchy in America, 18.
16. Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 210.
17. Ibid., 208.
18. Parsons, Life of Albert R. Parsons, 215.
CHAPTER 12: DEWEY AT MANILA
1. Dewey, Autobiogrpahy, 192.
2. Trask, War with Spain, 396.
3. Aguinaldo, Second Look at America, 31.
4. Ibid., 33.
5. Karnow, In Our Image, 112.
6. Williams, Tragedy of American Diplomacy, 36.
7. Kohlsaat, From McKinley to Harding, 68.
8. Campbell, Special Business Interests and the Open Door Policy, 25–33.
9. Denby, “America’s Opportunity in Asia,” 33.
10. The Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin, January 5, 1898, and January 8, 1898. As quoted in Lorence, Organized Business, 4.
11. Karnow, In Our Image, 108.
12. Ibid.
13. Alger, Spanish-American War, 326.
14. Wolff, Little Brown Brother, 61.
15. Leech, In the Days of McKinley, 192. Long describes different events, but Crowninshield gives a credible account, rich in detail.
16. Musicant, Empire by Default, 202; and O’Tolle, Spanish War, 174.
17. West, Admirals of the American Empire, 140.
18. Ibid., 75, 80.
19. O’Toole, Spanish War, 177. Two additional nonfighting colliers rounded out the American fleet.
20. Conroy, Battle of Manila Bay, 34.
21. Stickney, “With Dewey at Manila,” 479.
22. Dewey, Autobiography, 214.
23. Conroy, Battle of Manila Bay, 46.
24. Ibid., 49.
25. Ibid., 53.
26. Harden, “Dewey at Manila,” 370.
27. Stickney, “With Dewey at Manila,” 476.
28. “The Nation Honors Dewey,” The New York Times, May 10, 1898. See also “The Admiral Dewey’s Sword,” The New York Times, September 18, 1898.
29. Chadwick, Relations of the United States and Spain, 1:208.
30. Millis, Martial Spirit, 198.
31. Ibid.
32. Wolff, Little Brown Brother, 159.
33. Pritchett, “Some Recollections,” 397–98.
34. United States Adjutant-General’s Office, Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain, 2:635, 644.
35. Dewey to Long, May 13, 1898, McKinley Papers, reel 3.
36. United States Adjutant-General’s Office, Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain, 2:646.
37. Ibid., 2:676–78.
CHAPTER 13: A RESPECTABLE TRAMP
1. Pierce, History of Chicago, 3:280.
2. Whitlock, Forty Years of It, 73.
3. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt, 110.
4. Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 220.
5. Ibid., 216.
6. Ashbaugh, Lucy Parsons, 85.
7. Parsons, Life of Albert Parsons, 227.
8. Ibid., 216.
9. Ibid.
10. Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 247–48.
11. Ibid., 250.
12. Zeisler, Reminiscences of the Anarchist Case, 20.
13. Parsons, Anarchism, 183–84.
14. Lum, Concise History of the Great Trial, 49; Parsons, Life of Albert Parsons, 222.
15. Calmer, Labor Agitator, 101.
16. Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 270.
17. Green, Death in the Haymarket, 226.
18. Ibid., 227.
19. Werstein, Strangled Voices, 75.
20. David, History of the Haymarket Affair, 316.
21. Green, Death in the Haymarket, 241.
22. “The Trial of the President’s Assassin,” Saturday Globe (Utica, N.Y.), September 28, 1901.
23. Green, Death in the Haymarket, 243.
24. Ibid., 258–59.
25. Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 361.
26. Busch, “Haymarket Riot,” 252.
27. Parsons, Life of Albert Parsons, 249–51.
28. Ibid., 247.
29. Ibid.
CHAPTER 14: THE “LEAST DANGEROUS EXPERIMENT”
1. Millis, Martial Spirit, 164; Musicant, Empire by Default, 245–46.
2. Musicant, Empire by Default, 248.
3. Morgan, William McKinley and His America, 383.
4. Carlson and Bates, Hearst, 105–6.
5. Millis, Martial Spirit, 162–63.
6. Carlson and Bates, Hearst, 107.
7. Morris, Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, 640.
8. Ibid., 643.
9. Roosevelt, Rough Riders, 11.
10. Ibid., 63.
11. Millis, Martial Spirit, 208.
12. Cosmas, Army for Empire, 193.
13. Musicant, Empire by Default, 268.
14. Alger, Spanish-American War, 66–68.
15. Musicant, Empire by Default, 249.
16. Davis, “Rocking-Chair Period,” 132.
17. Brown, Correspondents’ War, 211.
18. Davis, “Rocking-Chair Period,” 132.
19. “Spain’s Fleet Steams Toward American Waters,” The New York Herald, May 1, 1898.
20. Musicant, Empire by Default, 291.
21. Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, 258–59.
22. Bradford, Crucible of Empire, 33.
23. Millis, Martial Spirit, 232–35.
24. Graham, Schley and Santiago, 149.
25. Pritchett, “Some Recollections,” 400.
26. Reid, Problems of Expansion, 20.
27. Rogers, Destiny’s Landfall, 109.
28. Davis, Our Conquests in the Pacific, 46.
29. Ibid., 52.
30. Ibid., 52–53. Other writers offer slightly different accounts of the exchange, but the overall story is the same.
31. Ibid., 54–55.
CHAPTER 15: “THE CHILD HAS GONE CRAZY”
1. Goldman, Living My Life, 1:10.
2. Ibid.
3. Wexler, Emma Goldman, 6.
4. Ibid., 9.
5. Ibid., 18.
6. Goldman, Living My Life, 1:60.
7. Wexler, Emma Goldman, 21.
8. Ibid., 28.
9. Ibid., 40.
10. Goldman, Living My Life, 1:5–6.
11. Ibid., 1:72–73.
12. Falk, Emma Goldman, 291.
13. Wexler, Emma Goldman, 43–60.
CHAPTER 16: SAN JUAN HILL
1. Alger, Spanish-American War, 71.
2. Ibid., 65–74.
3. Miley, In Cuba with Shafter, 54.
4. Trask, War with Spain, 204.
5. Reno, “General Calixto Garcia,” 55.
6. Miley, In Cuba with Shafter, 56.
7. Roosevelt, Rough Riders, 74–75.
8. Dobson, Reticent Expansionism, 87.
9. Atkins, War in Cuba, 100.
10. Ibid., 100–101.
11. Musicant, Empire by Default, 369.
12. Foner, Spanish-Cuban-American War, 2:355.
13. Musicant, Empire by Default, 400.
14. O’Toole, Spanish War, 300.
15. Millis, Martial Spirit, 317.
16. Russ, Hawaiian Republic, 1894–98, 240.
17. Musicant, Empire by Default, 404.
18. Freidel, Splendid Little War, 145.
19. Brown, Correspondents’ War, 354.
20. Musicant, Empire by Default, 414.
21. Roosevelt, Rough Riders, 121.
22. Ibid., 123–24.
23. Lee, “Regulars at El Caney,” 410.
24. Ibid., 411.
25. Musicant, Empire by Default, 409.
26. Davis, Cuban and Porto Rican Campaigns, 219–20.
27. Ibid., 220.
28. Parker, “Some Lessons of the War,” 430.
29. Freidel, Splendid Little War, 162.
CHAPTER 17: LUNCHROOM
1. Goldman, Living My Life, 1:82.
2. Ibid., 85.
3. Wolff, Lockout, 29.
4. Ibid., 30.
5. Ibid.
6. Brecher, Strike!, 53.
7. Brooks, Toil and Trouble, 89.
8. Nasaw, Andrew Carnegie, 409.
9. Brecher, Strike!, 54.
10. Berkman, Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist, 1.
11. Goldman, Living My Life, 1:84.
12. Ibid., 85.
13. Berkman, Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist, 4.
CHAPTER 18: A COUNTRY “FULL OF SWAGGER”
1. Graham, “Destruction of Cervera’s Fleet,” 405.
2. Ibid., 408.
3. Chadwick, Relations of the United States and Spain, 2:136.
4. Brown, Correspondents’ War, 381.
5. Graham, “Destruction of Cervera’s Fleet,” 424–31.
6. Goldstein and Dillon, Spanish-American War, 152–54.
7. Foner, Spanish-Cuban-American War, 2:366–68.
8. Ibid., 2:370.
9. Spanish Diplomatic Correspondence, 213.
10. Ibid., 214.
11. “Dewey’s Pet Dog,” The New York Times, August 28, 1899. For details about the “Society of the Dog” see “Biographies in Naval History: Admiral of the Navy George Dewey, USN,” Navy Department Library, Department of the Navy, http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/dewey_george.htm.
12. Dewey, Autobiography, 246–47.
13. Karnow, In Our Image, 113–14.
14. Wolf, Little Brown Brother, 69.
15. Karnow, In Our Image, 115.
16. Ibid., 120.
17. Ibid., 121–22.
18. Chadwick, Relations of the United States and Spain, 2:412.
19. Karnow, In Our Image, 124.
20. Millet, Expedition to the Philippines, 159.
21. Musicant, Empire by Default, 529.
22. Davis, Cuban and Porto Rico Campaign, 309.
23. Zakaria, From Wealth to Power, 161.
24. Walron, “Commercial Promise of Cuba,” 481.
CHAPTER 19: BLOODY HOMESTEAD
1. Wolff, Lockout, 104.
2. Ibid., 100.
3. Burgoyne, Homestead, 54.
4. Nasaw, Andrew Carnegie, 423.
5. Burgoyne, Homestead, 78–82.
6. Nasaw, Andrew Carnegie, 426.
7. Berkman, Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist, 4–7.
8. Goldman, Living My Life, 1:88.
9. “Chairman Frick Shot,” The New York Times, July 24, 1892.
10. Schreiner, Henry Clay Frick, 99. There are various accounts of when Berkman tried to detonate the bomb in his mouth. In possibly a second attempt at suicide, Berkman tried to detonate a cap of fulminate of mercury according to “Chairman Frick Shot,” The New York Times, July 24, 1892. Goldman, in Living My Life, vol. 1, page 97, states that Berkman was unconscious after the hammer blow and was revived at the station house, where detectives noticed he had something in his mouth that turned out to be a dynamite cartridge.
11. Schreiner, Henry Clay Frick, 100.
12. Goldman, Living My Life, 1:98.
13. Ibid., 1:105.
14. Wexler, Emma Goldman, 66; Goldman, Living My Life, 1:105–6.
15. Wexler, Emma Goldman, 76–77.
16. Ibid., 79.
CHAPTER 20: SPOILS OF WAR
1. “Mr. McKinley at Montauk,” The New York Times, September 4, 1898.
2. Ibid.
3. New York World, July 20, 1898. Quoted in Foner, The Spanish-Cuban-American War, 2:394.
4. “The Week,” The Nation 69, no. 1795 (November 23, 1899):382.
5. “Shafter’s Opinion of Cubans,” The New York Times, December 19, 1898.
6. Foner, Spanish-Cuban-American War, 2:393.
7. Sams, “Trouble with Cubans,” The New York Times, August 5, 1898.
8. “A New Era in Cuba,” The New York Times, August 12, 1898.
9. 56th Cong., 2nd sess., Congressional Record 34 (February 26, 1901):3042.
10. “Spain Hauls Down Her Flag in Cuba,” The New York Times, January 2, 1899.
11. United States Tarriff Commission, Effects of the Cuban Reciprocity Treaty of 1902, 374.
12. Foner, The Spanish-Cuban-American War, 2:422.
13. Ibid., 2:482.
14. Ibid., 2:476–77.
15. Ibid., 2:481.
16. Ibid., 2:471.
CHAPTER 21: HUNTING RABBITS
1. Rauchway, Murdering McKinley, 180.
2. Ibid., 180–82.
3. Briggs, Manner of Man, 305, 314. Page and Czolgosz’s brother Waldek offer different accounts of when Czolgosz left the factory. Page’s account, which is based on the company’s records, is probably more reliable.
4. Ibid., 294.
5. Ibid., 307.
CHAPTER 22: “IT IS ALWAYS THE UNEXPECTED THAT HAPPENS, AT LEAST IN MY CASE”
1. United States Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations, 1898, 907.
2. Treaty of Peace and Accompanying Papers, 472–90.
3. McKinley, Speeches and Addresses, 1900, 109.
4. Ibid., 105.
5. Karnow, In Our Image, 129.
6. “The Danger of Today,” The New York Times, June 22, 1898.
7. Wolff, Little Brown Brother, 195.
8. Ibid.
9. Schirmer and Shalom, Philippines Reader, 22.
10. Hay to Day, October 26, 1898, McKinley Papers, reel 63.
11. Hay to Day, November 5, 1898, McKinley Papers, reel 63.
12. Hay to Day, October 26, 1898–November 13, 1898, McKinley Papers, reel 63.
13. Karnow, In Our Image, 131.
14. Wolff, Little Brown Brother, 175.
15. Karnow, In Our Image, 139–40.
16. Wolff, Little Brown Brother, 277.
17. Leech, In the Days of McKinley, 357–58.
18. Wolff, Little Brown Brother, 230.
19. Roosevelt and Lodge, Selections from the Correspondence, 391.
20. “President McKinley on the Philippines,” The New York Times, February 17, 1899.
21. Boot, Savage Wars of Peace, 109.
22. Wolff, Little Brown Brother, 241.
23. Ibid., 311.
24. “Nation’s Capital Welcomes Dewey,” The New York Times, October 3, 1899.
25. McKinley, Speeches and Addresses, 1900, 216.
26. Coffman, Hilt of the Sword, 5.
27. Silbey, War of Frontier and Empire, 142.
28. Karnow, In Our Image, 179.
29. Silbey, War of Frontier and Empire, 164.
CHAPTER 23: RED EMMA
1. Wexler, Emma Goldman, 85.
2. Falk, Emma Goldman, 392.
3. Ibid., 327.
4. Ibid., 385.
5. Ibid., 386.
6. Fine, “Anarchism and the Assassination of McKinley,” 777.
7. Merriman, Dynamite Club, 69–78.
8. Tuchman, Proud Tower, 92.
9. Ibid., 107.
10. Ibid., 102.
11. Ibid., 108.
12. Joll, Anarchists, 138.
13. Tuchman, Proud Tower, 110.
14. Ibid., 109.
CHAPTER 24: OPEN DOORS
1. “Beresford on China,” The New York Times, February 11, 1899.
2. Ibid.
3. Dennett, John Hay, 288.
4. Murolo and Chitty, From the Folks Who Brought You the Weekend, 120.
5. Varg, Open Door Diplomat, 22.
6. Ibid., 29.
7. Ibid., 30.
8. Dennett, John Hay, 293.
9. Zakaria, From Wealth to Power, 163.
10. Preston, Boxer Rebellion, 24.
11. Ibid., 26.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., 27.
14. Ibid., 48.
15. Hoover, Memoirs, 47–48.
16. O’Conner, Spirit Soldiers, 143.
17. Ibid.
18. McCormick, China Market, 157.
19. Ibid., 158.
20. Dennett, John Hay, 301.
21. LaFeber, Cambridge History of Foreign Relations, 74.
22. Dennett, John Hay, 302.
23. McCormick, China Market, 160.
24. Ibid.
25. Briggs, United States Marines in North China, 40.
26. Thomas, Old Gimlet Eye, 43–53.
27. Hoover, Memoirs, 53.
28. Preston, The Boxer Rebellion, 209.
CHAPTER 25: “AVANTI!”
1. “Assassin’s Lot Fell Upon Anarchist Here,” The New York Times, July 31, 1900.
2. Ibid.
3. Tuchman, Proud Tower, 121.
4. Falk, Emma Goldman, 422.
CHAPTER 26: THE AMERICAN CENTURY
1. Leech, In the Days of McKinley, 467.
2. Jas T. Woodward, “The United States the Envy of the World,” The New York Times, January 1, 1900.
3. Kent, America in 1900, 22.
4. Ibid., 18.
5. Ibid., 22.
6. Carter, Historical Statistics of the United States, 2:903.
7. Ibid., 2:898.
8. Lamoreaux, The Great Merger Movement, 2.
9. Bryan, “Issue in the Presidential Campaign,” 766.
10. Ibid., 767–68.
11. Morris, Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, 756.
12. Thayer, Life and Letters of John Hay, 342.
13. Morris, Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, 763.
CHAPTER 27: WORDS THAT BURN
1. Briggs, Manner of Man, 293.
2. Ibid., 307.
3. Ibid., 308.
4. Goldman, Living My Life, 1:290.
5. Falk, Emma Goldman, 453.
6. “The Curse of Government,” Free Society, June 30, 1901.
7. “Kings and King-Slayers,” Free Society, August 26, 1900.
CHAPTER 28: “SURRENDER OR BE KILLED”
1. Bain, Sitting in Darkness, 96.
2. Karnow, In Our Image, 167.
3. Ibid., 176.
4. Bain, Sitting in Darkness, 98.
5. Ibid., 210.
6. Ibid., 219.
7. Ibid., 373.
8. Aguinaldo, A Second Look at America, 129.
CHAPTER 29: “HAVE YOU ANY SECRET SOCIETIES?”
1. Channing Papers, 21–24.
2. Channing, Mental Status of Leon Czolgosz, 15, gives an alternate spelling of Hauser.
3. Channing Papers, 24. See also Briggs, Manner of Man, 308.
4. Channing Papers, 24. See also Briggs, Manner of Man, 308.
5. There is no evidence at this point that Czolgosz wanted to commit violent acts.
6. Briggs, Manner of Man, 318.
7. Ibid., 309.
8. Ibid., 294.
9. Ibid., 309.
10. Goldman, Living My Life, 1:290–91.
11. Everett, Complete Life of William McKinley, 84–85.
12. Channing, Mental Status of Czolgosz, 18.
13. Ibid., 18–19. Czolgosz claim that he was not an anarchist may be explained in a couple ways. Possibly, Isaak wanted to distance Czolgosz from the ideology. Or, it may be that Czolgosz, as he sometimes did, intentionally gave misleading information in hopes that it would make Isaak more sympathetic.
14. Ibid., 17.
15. Ibid., 19.
16. Everett, Complete Life of William McKinley, 87.
17. Channing, Mental Status of Czolgosz, 17.
18. Briggs, Manner of Man, 321.
19. Ibid., 320.
20. Goldman, Living My Life, 1:291.
21. Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 109.
CHAPTER 30: GOING TO THE FAIR
1. Leech, In the Days of McKinley, 576.
2. Ibid., 577.
3. Ibid.
4. “Mrs. McKinley in a Critical Condition,” The New York Times, May 16, 1901.
5. Ibid.
6. “Ohio Glides into Sea,” The Washington Post, May 19, 1901.
7. Leech, In the Days of McKinley, 579.
8. “President and His Wife on Their Way to Canton,” The New York Times, July 6, 1901.
9. “Greets Canton Friends,” The Washington Post, July 7, 1901.
10. McCullough, Path Between the Seas, 254.
11. Ibid., 38.
12. Leech, In the Days of McKinley, 583.
13. “The President at Home,” New York Daily Tribune, August 27, 1901.
14. “President’s First Auto Ride,” The New York Times, July 14, 1901.
15. Leech, In the Days of McKinley, 584–85.
CHAPTER 31: “I DONE MY DUTY”
1. Briggs, Manner of Man, 275.
2. Ibid., 277.
3. Ibid., 278.
4. Fisher, Stolen Glory, 45.
5. Channing, Mental Status of Czolgosz, 23.
6. “The Assassin Makes a Full Confession,” The New York Times, September 8, 1901.
7. Fisher, Stolen Glory, 46.
8. “The Assassin Makes a Full Confession,” The New York Times, September 8, 1901.
9. Ibid.
10. Goldman, High Hopes, 8.
11. Leech, In the Days of McKinley, 586.
12. Fisher, Stolen Glory, 48.
13. Bryan and Halsey, World’s Famous Orations, 239–48.
14. “The Assassin Makes a Full Confession,” The New York Times, September 8, 1901.
15. Fisher, Stolen Glory, 53.
16. It was stated in the trial that Czolgosz had tracked the president to Niagara. In his confession as recorded by The New York Times, Czolgosz, however, said he had waited at the fair all day. He also told reporters on his way to Auburn that he had not gone to Niagara the day of the shooting. Buffalo Courier, September 26, 1901.
17. Rauchway, Murdering McKinley, 61–62.
18. People of the State of New York vs. Leon F. Czolgosz.
19. Ibid. It is almost impossible to fully portray the events immediately following the shooting. Nearly every participant and witness would later tell slightly different versions of what happened. Here, I have attempted to portray an account that most agree upon.
20. Channing, Mental Status of Leon Czolgosz, 23. This is according to Czolgosz. None of his attackers would report hearing the remark, though it’s possible they could not have in the confusion of the moment.
21. Everett, Complete Life of William McKinley, 39.
22. Johns, Man Who Shot McKinley, 96.
23. “How the Deed Was Done,” The New York Times, September 7, 1901.
24. Olcott, Life of William McKinley, 2:316.
25. Johns, Man Who Shot McKinley, 97–98.
26. “I Hope He Dies. I Hope He Dies!” The Cleveland Press, September 8, 1901.
27. People of the State of New York vs. Leon F. Czolgosz.
28. “The Assassin Makes a Full Confession, The New York Times, September 8, 1901.
29. Channing, Mental Status of Leon Czolgosz, 22–23.
30. Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 7, 1901. Quoted in Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 116.
31. “Czolgosz Says He Had No Aid,” Chicago Sunday Tribune, September 8, 1901.
32. Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 7, 1901. Quoted in Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 116.
33. “Assassin Known as Rabid Anarchist,” The New York Times, September 8, 1901.
34. The Cincinnati Post, September 7, 1901. Quoted in Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 127.
35. Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 13, 1901. Quoted in Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 127.
36. Ibid.
37. The Buffalo Enquirer, September 7, 1901. Quoted in Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 128.
38. Buffalo Courier, September 11, 1901. Quoted in Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 119.
39. “Chicago Anarchists Raided,” The New York Times, September 8, 1901.
40. Falk, Emma Goldman, 467–68.
41. “Emma Goldman Is Arrested in Chicago,” The New York Times, September 11, 1901.
42. Goldman, Living My Life, 1:296–300. It should be stressed that this is only one account of her arrest and others give slightly different details, including Falk’s Emma Goldman.
43. Goldman, Living My Life, 1:312.
44. “Wanted to Kill Anarchists,” The New York Times, September 7, 1901.
45. Fine, “Anarchism and the Assassination of McKinley,” 786.
46. “Universal Rejoicing Over President’s Progress,” The New York Times, September 9, 1901.
47. “Czolgosz Has Told Much, but He Might Tell More,” Buffalo Courier, September 12, 1901.
48. Buffalo Evening News, September 9, 1901. Quoted in Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 125.
49. The Buffalo Commercial, September 9, 1901. Quoted in Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 120.
CHAPTER 32: THE OPERATING THEATER
1. Fisher, Stolen Glory, 69.
2. Adler, “Operation on President McKinley,” 121.
3. Ibid., 122.
4. Johns, Man Who Shot McKinley, 109.
5. “Official Report on the Case of President McKinley,” 1030.
6. Ibid., 1029.
7. Fisher, Stolen Glory, 77–78.
8. “Official Report on the Case of President McKinley,” 1030.
9. Fisher, Stolen Glory, 87.
10. “President McKinley Shot,” New York Tribune, September 7, 1901.
11. Fisher, Stolen Glory, 90.
12. Johns, Man Who Shot McKinley, 143.
13. “Great Hope for the President,” The New York Times, September 9, 1901.
14. Fisher, Stolen Glory, 99.
15. “President Will Get Well Soon,” The New York Times, September 11, 1901.
16. “Only Favorable Reports Come from the Bedside of President M’Kinley,” The Cleveland Leader, September 12, 1901.
CHAPTER 33: A PARK RANGER COMES RUNNING
1. Morris, Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, 740–41.
2. “Mr. McKinley Has Sinking Spell,” The New York Times, September 13, 1901.
3. “Patient’s Stomach Fails to Assimilate Solid Food,” Buffalo Courier, September 13, 1901.
4. The Washington Post, September 13, 1901. Quoted in Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 181.
5. “Mr. McKinley’s Last Day of Suffering,” The New York Times, September 14, 1901.
6. Ibid.
7. Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 188.
8. Matthews, “President’s Final Days,” 943.
CHAPTER 34: THE CHAIR
1. “Another Insanity Expert Examines Leon Czolgosz,” Buffalo Courier, September 22, 1901. See also Johns, Man Who Shot McKinley, 195.
2. “Another Insanity Expert Examines Leon Czolgosz,” Buffalo Courier, September 22, 1901.
3. “Czolgosz Pleads,” Illustrated Buffalo Express, September 21, 1901.
4. “The Proceedings in Court,” The New York Times, September 24, 1901.
5. “Czolgosz to Have Three Lawyers,” Buffalo Courier, September 22, 1901.
6. “Interesting Facts About Men Who Will Try Czolgosz,” Pittsburgh Dispatch, September 24, 1901.
7. Johns, Man Who Shot McKinley, 198.
8. Buffalo Courier, September 18, 1901. Quoted in Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 254.
9. “The Trial of the President’s Assassin,” Saturday Globe (Utica, N.Y.), September 28, 1901.
10. Fisher, Stolen Glory, 114.
11. Ibid., 115.
12. Ibid., 149.
13. Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 196–205.
14. “I Do Not Believe I Shall Appear for the Defense,” Buffalo Courier, September 23, 1901.
15. “Trial of Assassin Begins This Morning,” Buffalo Courier, September 23, 1901.
16. Buffalo Courier, September 25, 1901. Quoted in Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 282.
17. Ibid.
18. Buffalo Commercial, September 27, 1901, and Buffalo Courier, September 26, 1901. Quoted in Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 287.
19. “Czolgosz Doomed to Die,” The New York Times, September 26, 1901.
20. Johns, Man Who Shot McKinley, 240.
21. Halstead, “Illustrious Life of William McKinley,” 461–62.
22. Buffalo Evening News, September 27, 1901. Quoted in Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 296.
23. Ibid.
24. Buffalo Courier, October 29, 1901. Quoted in Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 302.
25. Buffalo Evening News, October 4, 1901. Quoted in Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 298.
26. Buffalo Express, September 30, 1901. Quoted in Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 302.
27. “President’s Assassin Asks for a Priest,” The New York Times, October 23, 1901.
28. Buffalo Courier, October 29, 1901. Quoted in Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 304.
29. Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 300–301.
30. Briggs, Manner of Man, 263.
31. “Assassin Czolgosz Is Executed at Auburn,” The New York Times, October 30, 1901.
32. Ibid.
AFTERWORD
1. Morris, Theodore Rex, 14.
2. Hamilton, President McKinley, War, and Empire, 2:109–10.
3. Phillips, William McKinley, 104.
4. Ibid., 87.
5. McCullough, Path Between the Seas, 266–67.
6. Ibid., 283.
7. LaFeber, American Age, 227.
8. Jones, Crucible of Power, 32.
9. Ibid., 36.
10. Pérez, Cuba Between Empires, 323.
11. Pérez, Cuba and the United States, 124.
12. Ibid., 136.
13. Ibid., 139.
14. Ibid., 147.
15. Boot, Savage Wars of Peace, 123–24.
16. Ibid., 125.
17. Karnow, In Our Image, 197.
18. Ibid., 230.
19. Ibid., 201.
20. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, 903.
21. Hamilton, President McKinley, War, and Empire, 2:134.
22. LaFeber, American Age, 235.
23. Jones, Crucible of Empire, 45.
24. LaFeber, American Age, 238.
25. Ibid., 243.
26. Fine, “Anarchism and the Assassination,” 788.
27. Ibid., 793.
28. Avrich, Sacco and Vanzetti, 130.
29. Wexler, Emma Goldman, 108.
30. Ibid., 105.
31. Fine, “Anarchism and the Assassination,” 796.
32. Wexler, Emma Goldman, 165.
33. Ibid., 166.
34. Ibid., 266.
35. Avrich, Sacco and Vanzetti, 100.
36. Ibid., 105.
37. Ibid., 141.
38. Ibid., 146.
39. Ibid., 153–56.
40. Ibid., 192–94. Avrich argues Salsedo surely committed suicide.
41. Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 87–92.
42. Seibert, “I Done My Duty,” 341–42.
43. Ibid., 356.
44. Ibid., 381.
45. Ibid., 397.
46. Rickover, How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed, 76–79.
47. Ibid., 75–106.