1. THE EDUCATION OF AN AMAZON
1. Albeit a century old, Cecilia M. Ady's A History of Milan Under the Sforza remains the most comprehensive English-language study of the Sforza reign.
2. Recounted in Luke Syson and Dillian Gordon, Pisanello: Painter to the Renaissance Court, p. 40.
3. Ibid., p. 62.
4. Ibid., p. 64.
5. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, Ital. 1610 f. 22 copy.
6. Niccolò Machiavelli, Florentine Histories, p. 307.
2. CHILDHOOD'S END
1. Gregory Lubkin, A Renaissance Court, pp. 106–9.
2. Machiavelli, Florentine Histories, p. 301.
3. Marquis of Mantua to Gabriella Gonzaga, January 6, 1473. Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives.
4. Virtue and Beauty, edited by David Alan, provides details concerning marriage customs as well as objects from the marriage ritual.
5. Lubkin, A Renaissance Court, attests to heavy-handed sexual humor in Galeazzo's court, and Philippe Aries, in Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life, chapter 5, discusses adult conversations conducted in front of children.
6. Archivio Storico Lombardo. Yr XV fasc. III ed P. Ghinzoni. Milan State Archives.
7. Roma to Giovanni Arcimboldi, "oratore ducale" in Rome, January 23, 1473. Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives.
8. Ducal register K. n.1 foglio 138t. Milan State Archives.
9. Caterina and Girolamo's marriage arrangements are published in Pier Desiderio Pasolini's Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, docs. 54, 59, and 60.
3. THE COUNTESS-IN-WAITING
1. Paul and Lora Merkley, Music and Patronage in the Sforza Court, pp. 44–45.
2. Pietro Ghinzoni, L'inquinto, Ossia una Tassa Odiosa del Secolo XV, series 2, vol. 1, fasc. 3.
3. Cecilia Ady, A History of Milan Under the Sforza, p. 104.
4. Lubkin, A Renaissance Court, p. 200.
5. Ibid., p. 198.
6. Story of the death of Galeazzo, studied and documented by Eugenio Casanova, L'Uccisione di Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Archivio Storico Lombardo, 1899, and reprinted in Cecilia Ady, A History of Milan Under the Sforza, p. 113.
7. From Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, reprinted in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, n. 70.
4. THE TRIUMPHAL PARADE TO ROME
1. Donne Celebri Caterina to Chiara, April 27, 1477. Milan State Archives.
2. Staccate Bona to Bossi, April 26, 1477. Milan State Archives.
3. Bossi to Bona May 4, 1477, Milan State Archives, reprinted in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, doc. 92.
4. Donne Celebri Caterina to Chiara, May 3, 1477. Milan State Archives.
5. Ibid.
6. Oratore of Milan to Ducal Court, May 11, 1477, Milan State Archives, reprinted in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, docs. 93–94.
7. The events related to the arrival of Caterina in Rome and her encounters with both Girolamo and Pope Sixtus IV were meticulously described by the envoys of the Milanese court accompanying Caterina. The letter, several pages long, is dated May 28, 1477, and is in the Milan State Archives, reprinted in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, doc. 105.
5. COURTIERS AND CONSPIRACIES
1. Lionardo Bruni, Opere Letterarie, p. 44.
2. Stefano Infessura, I Diarii Romani, Vatican Archives: Registri Garampi 1435–1505, BIIII L89, p. 35.
3. Gregorovius, History of Rome in the Fifteenth Century, vol. 7A, p. 243.
4. Registro Ducale N. 123 f. 186, Milan State Archives, reprinted in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, doc. 116.
5. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 81.
6. Gino Capponi, Confessioni di G.Battista da Montesecco, Relativa alla Congiura dei Pazzi, in Storia della reppublica Fiorentina, vol. 5A, p. 547. The startling confession of Girolamo's personal bodyguard on the eve of the execution clearly implicates Girolamo, while leaving a very small amount of room to claim that Sixtus was unaware of the plot.
6. THE GROWTH OF THE RIARIO DYNASTY
1. Luke Syson and Dora Thornton, Objects of Virtue: Art in Renaissance Italy, p. 45.
2. Caterina to Bona of Savoy, September 1, 1479. Potenze Estere Roma, Milan State Archives.
3. Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 1, p. 100.
4. Ibid., vol. 3, doc. 137.
5. Ibid., doc. 140.
6. Edgmont Lee, Sixtus, His Court, and Rome: Un Pontificato e una Citta, p. 32.
7. Lisa Passaglia Bauman, Power and Image: Della Rovere Patronage in Late Quattrocento Rome, Ph.D. Dissertation, p. 2.
8. Private Archives of the Sforza-Riario families, private writing of the Riario household, fasc. 2, n. 56, Imola and Forlì. Naples State Archives.
9. Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, doc. 146.
10. Diary of Pope Sixtus IV, 1479–1484, p. 176. Vatican Archives.
7. THE FAIREST IN THE REALM
1. Paola Mettica, "La Societa Forlivese del '400,'" p. 78.
2. Natale Graziani and Gabriella Venturelli, Caterina Sforza, p. 46.
3. Stefano Infessura, Il Diario di Stefano Infessura, p. 179.
4. Leone Cobelli, Cronache Forlivesi delle Fondazione della citta fino al 1498, p. 263.
5. The vivid description of Caterina and Girolamo's entry into Forlì was written by an anonymous eyewitness and is in the Florence National Library, manoscritto 2, f. 368.
6. Antonio Appiani to the duke of Milan, July 15, 1481. Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives.
7. Cobelli, Cronache Forlivesi, p. 266.
8. Ibid.
9. Infessura, Il Diario di Stefano Infessura, p. 85.
10. Francesco Casati to the duke of Milan, July 18, 1481. Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives, reprinted in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, doc. 165.
11. Antonio Appiani to the duke of Milan, September 7, 1481. Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives, reprinted in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, doc. 182.
12. Med. A. Pr. filza 38. Florence State Archives.
13. Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 1, p. 122.
14. Communi Cotignola, September 22, 1481. Milan State Archives.
15. October 30, 1481, Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives, reprinted in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, doc. 195.
16. Fernand Braudel, The Structure of Everyday Life, vol. 1, p. 128, n. 91.
17. Infessura recounts the behavior of Girolamo in Il Diario di Stefano Infessura, pp. 40–42.
18. Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, doc. 202.
19. Caterina to the Republic of Siena, August 21, 1482, in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, doc. 205.
8. THE BIRTH OF ATHENA
1. Infessura, Il Diario di Stefano Infessura, pp. 78–79.
2. Andrea Bernardi, Cronache Forlivesi dal 1476 al 1517, p. 294.
3. The statistics here come from Bauman, Power and Image: Della Rovere Patronage in Late Quattrocento Rome.
4. Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, docs. 174–76.
5. Ludwig van Pastor, Lives of the Popes, book 3, chapter 12b, gives an interesting analysis of the fresco cycle.
6. August Schmarsow, Melozzo da Forlì, p. 177.
7. Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 1, p. 134.
8. Diary of Pope Sixtus IV: 1479–1484, p. 29.
9. Sigismondo dei Conti, quoted in Pastor, Lives of the Popes, p. 550.
10. Infessura, Il Diario di Stefano Infessura, p. 177.
11. Gregorovius, History of Rome in the Middle Ages, vol. 7A, p. 281.
12. Infessura, Il Diario di Stefano Infessura, p. 129.
13. Vespucci to Lorenzo de' Medici, August 18, 1484. Florence State Archives, filza 39G.
14. The negotiations between Caterina, Girolamo, and the Curia are recorded in letters by both Pierfilippo Pandolfi and Guidantonio Vespucci to Lorenzo the Magnificent; both are in the Florence State Archives. The Sienese orator Lorenzo Lanti gives a similar version in his letter to the Signoria de Siena, August 26, 1484, available in the Siena Archives.
15. Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 1, p. 150.
9. THE LEAN YEARS
1. Bernardi, Cronache Forlivesi, vol. 1, p. 125.
2. Ambassor Vespucci to Lorenzo the Magnificent, Med. A. Pr. filza 39. Florentine State Archives.
3. Cobelli, Cronache Forlivesi, vol. 1, p. 28.
4. Ibid.
5. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, p. 45.
6. G. F. Oliva to duke of Milan, August 11, 1486, Milan State Archives, in Mario Tabanelli, Il Biscione e La Rosa: Caterine Sforza, Girolamo Riario, e I loro primi Discendenti, p. 56. Also, F. Visconti to duke of Milan, November 8, 1486, in ibid., p. 57.
7. F. Visconti to Duke Gian Galeazzo, November 8, 1486. Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives.
8. F. Visconti to Duke Gian Galeazzo, November 26, 1486. Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives.
9. Magdalena Soest's theory was announced first in the German paper Bild Zeitung and then recounted in English in "Mona Lisa Revealed as Adventurous Beauty," The Guardian, March 14, 2002.
10. TAKING CENTER STAGE
1. Machiavelli, The Prince, in The Portable Machiavelli, p. 99.
2. In his book The Courtier, Baldassare Castiglione describes Duchess Elisabetta Gonzaga of Urbino as the paradigm of feminine virtue. He emphasizes her personal virtue and modesty, which inspired all those in her court to behave with due respect and reverence. Elisabetta, wife of the chronically ill duke of Urbino, did not run her husband's state as Caterina did, but allowed herself to be guided by male counselors and presided over a salon of artists and literati. Personal objects of women, from portraits to their wedding chests, also emphasized the virtue of chastity. See David Alan Brown, Virtue and Beauty, and Syson and Thornton, Objects of Virtue: Art in Renaissance Italy.
3. Caterina to Duke of Ferrara, July 24, 1487, in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, doc. 249.
4. Andrea Bernardi recounts this story in Cronache Forlivesi, p. 135.
11. THE RETORT AT RAVALDINO
1. A. Burriel, Vita di Caterina Sforza, vol. 2, p. 260.
2. Cobelli, Cronache Forlivesi, p. 119, and Bernardi, Cronache Forlivesi, p. 234.
3. Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 1, p. 218.
4. Cobelli, Cronache Forlivesi, pp. 320–21.
5. Ibid.
6. Bernardi, Cronache Forlivesi, p. 238.
7. The eyewitnesses Cobelli and Bernardi give diverging stories on the whole story of Caterina's behavior at Ravaldino. Bernardi covers it in his Cronache Forlivesi, vol. 1, p. 238, and Cobelli in his Cronache Forlivesi, p. 322.
8. This, the most famous version of the retort of Ravaldino, was written by Giovanni Corbizi to Lorenzo de' Medici but was sent from Faenza. It is dated April 17, the same day of the event. Med. A. Pr. filza 40–285. Florence State Archives.
9. Lorenzo Giustiniani used the term "tigress" to a Venetian ambassador; it was reprinted in Marino Sanuto, I Diarii, vol. 2, p. 60.
10. Med. A. Pr. filza 40–285. Florence State Archives.
11. Niccolò Machiavelli, Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius, book 3, chapter 6.
12. Corbizi to Lorenzo de' Medici, April 17, 1488; Galeotto Manfredi to Lorenzo de' Medici, April 20, 1488; Giovanni Bentivoglio to Lorenzo de' Medici, April 18, 1488; Migliore Cresci to Lorenzo de' Medici, April 17, 1488; and the duke of Milan to the king of Hungary. Med. A. Pr. filza 40–285, Florence State Archives, reprinted in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, doc. 295.
13. Bernardi, Cronache Forlivesi, vol. 1, p. 240.
14. Cobelli, Cronache Forlivesi, p. 327.
15. B. Arlotti to the duke of Ferrara, April 30, 1488, reprinted in full in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, doc. 287.
16. Bernardi, Cronache Forlivesi, vol. 1, p. 241.
17. Orsi to Medici, April 19, 1488. Florence State Archives.
12. THE SPOILS OF WAR
1. Cobelli, Cronache Forlivesi, p. 332.
2. Ibid., p. 336.
3. Milan State Archives, reprinted in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, doc. 294.
4. Cobelli, Cronache Forlivesi, p. 339.
5. Ibid., p. 340.
6. Besides the accounts of Cobelli and Bernardi, several letters list those executed by Caterina; the most precise listing is in Giovanni Corbizi to Nicolo Ridolfi, May 7, 1488, reprinted in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, doc. 297.
7. Lauro Martines, April Blood: Florence and the Plot Against the Medici, p. 126.
8. The murder of Galeotto Manfredi was first recounted by the Forlivese diarist Andrea Bernardi and confirmed by a letter from Francesco Macchietta to Tomaso Ridolfi of Florence, June 3, 1488, reprinted in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, doc. 302.
9. Innocentii VIII, Vicariatus, vol. 98.f.93.b, Vatican Archives.
13. FANNING THE FLAMES
1. Cobelli makes note of the supposed relationship between Antonio Maria and Caterina; see Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, p. 319, n. 2. The Cronaca Marconi, an Imolese diarist, said the Forlivesi believed there was an affair, but the Imolesi didn't; see C. Vecchiazzani, Historia di Forlimpopoli, vol. 2, pp. 177–78. A letter from the duke of Milan to Branda da Castiglione, September 11, 1489, conveys the fears of her relatives; see Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives.
2. Duke of Milan to Branda da Castiglione, September 11, 1489. Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives.
3. Duke of Milan to Branda da Castiglione, May 13, 1488. Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives.
4. Bernardi, Cronache Forlivesi, p. 299.
5. G. F. Cortini, La Madonna di Piratello presso Imola, pamphlet.
6. Med. A. Pr. filza 41 n.467. Florence State Archives.
7. Caterina's prim account of Feo's behavior differs from that of the governor of Imola, who refers to how Caterina "got rid of her castellan" in the relative documents of the Imola Archives. Andrea Bernardi provides the most detailed account, with the tale of seduction.
8. Caterina Sforza, Ricettario di Bellezza, p. 158.
9. The last will and testament of Caterina specifically states that her son Bernardino, later known as Carlo, was the fruit of a legitimate marriage with Feo, although she does not give the date of the marriage. Med. A. Pr. carte private f. 99 n.12. Florence State Archives.
10. Cobelli, Cronache Forlivesi, p. 413.
11. Puccio Pucci to Piero de' Medici. May 21, 1493, carte private filza 54 c.144, Florence State Archives.
12. Cobelli, Cronache Forlivesi, p. 415.
14. BLINDED BY LOVE
1. Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 1, p. 340.
2. Burriel, Vita di Caterina Sforza, vol. 2, p. 507.
3. Cobelli, Cronache Forlivesi, p. 358.
4. Med. A. Pr. filza 54 c.165. Florence State Archives.
5. Ibid.
6. Bernardi, Cronache Forlivesi, vol. 1, A2, p. 98, and Cobelli, Cronache Forlivesi, p. 394.
15. AVENGING FURY
1. Dante Alighieri, Inferno, p. 283.
2. Cobelli, Cronache Forlivesi, pp. 383–84.
3. Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives, reprinted in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, doc. 586.
4. Ibid.
5. Cobelli, Cronache Forlivesi, p. 384.
6. Cobelli's list is on pp. 390–91; Bernardi also mentions those killed throughout his diary.
7. Cardinal Ascanio Sforza to Duke Ludovico of Milan, Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives, reprinted in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, doc. 634.
8. Tragically, the frescoes were destroyed in World War II; today they are known only through photographs.
9. March 21, 1496. Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives.
10. Bernardi, Cronache Forlivesi, vol. 1, A2, p. 129.
11. Attilio Monti, "La Rocca di Ravaldino," Forum Livii, pp. 7–21. After Caterina's time, Ravaldino became a prison and is today (much altered) a tourist attraction.
12. Caterina to the duke of Milan, April 14, 1496. Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives.
13. Caterina to the duke of Milan, March 27, 1496. Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives.
14. Caterina to the duke of Milan, September 24, 1496. Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives.
15. Caterina to the duke of Milan, August 22, 1496. Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives.
16. Corrado Ricci, "Il Ritratto di Caterina Sforza," Forum Livii, pp. 5–12, and Tabanelli, Il Biscione e La Rosa, pp. 97–106. Both discuss Caterina's coins and portraits.
17. Caterina to the duke of Milan, April 11, 1496. Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives.
18. Bologna, Francesco Tranchedini, October 10, 1496. Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives.
19. Caterina to Tranchedini, November 29, 1496. Forlì. Milan State Archives.
20. Med. A. Pr. filza 71 c.27. Florence State Archives.
21. Tranchedini to the duke of Milan, January 28, 1498. Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives.
22. Jacopo Filippo Foresti, De Plurimis Claris Selectisque Mulieribus. This work was published in Ferrara in 1497, naming Caterina among the most famous women in history, living or dead. One of the extremely rare originals is kept at Bryn Mawr College.
23. Caterina to the duke of Milan, August 25, 1498. Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives.
24. Ibid.
16. INTRIGUE AND INVASION
1. Caterina to the duke of Milan, January 24, 1499. Potenze Estere, Milan State Archives.
2. Caterina to Lorenzo de' Medici, October 18, 1498. Med. A. Pr. Florence State Archives.
3. Med. A. Pr. filza 79 n.59. Florence State Archives.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Carte di Urbino, cl.I div.F, from Diversorum, Alexandri VI fol. 132. Florence State Archives.
7. Machiavelli to Prior Libertàe Gonfaloniere di Giustizia, July 17, 1499, in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 2.
8. Ibid.
9. Machiavelli to Prior Libertàe Gonfaloniere di Giustizia, July 22, 1499, in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 2, p. 105.
10. Machiavelli to Prior Libertàe Gonfaloniere di Giustizia, July 24, 1499, in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 2, p. 108.
11. Niccolò Machiavelli, On the Art of War, p. 186.
12. Med. A. Pr. August 3, 1499. Florence State Archives.
13. Med. A. Pr. filza 79. c.2. August 8, 1499. Florence State Archives.
14. Med. A. Pr. August 31, 1499. Florence State Archives.
15. Med. A. Pr. carte private filza 78. Florence State Archives.
16. Ibid.
17. Mantua State Archives, reprinted in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, doc. 1094.
17. ITALY'S IDOL
1. Fabio Oliva, Caterina Sforza. Oliva lived only one generation after these events and his account seems to be based on local hearsay, in contrast to that of Bernardi, who was an eyewitness. Oliva's dialogue was expanded by Burriel in Vita di Caterina Sforza,pp. 770–73. Bernardi's manuscript, however, was read and edited by Cesare after the fall of Caterina.
2. The story of Caterina's ruse to capture Cesare is told in Vecchiazzani, Historia di Forlimpopoli, vol. 2, p. 214.
3. Cronca di Antonio Grumello Pavese dal 1467 al 1529, reprinted in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 2, p. 188.
4. Sanuto, I Diarii, vol. 2, fol. 529.
5. Ibid.
6. Vittorio Mezzamonaco and Sergio Spada, "Gennaio 1500: La fine di una Signoria: Le Ultime Giorni di Caterina Sforza," Le Pie.
7. Burriel, Vita di Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, pp. 788–89.
8. Sanuto, I Diarii, vol. 3, c.57.
9. Machiavelli, On the Art of War, p. 186.
10. Machiavelli, The Prince, chapter 20.
11. Francesco Guicciardini, Storie D'Italia, book 9, chapter 3.
12. Mezzamonaco and Spada, "Gennaio 1500."
13. Machiavelli, On the Art of War.
14. Machiavelli, Letter alle Dieci della Balia, cited in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 2, p. 218.
15. Bernardi, Cronache Forlivesi, vol. 1, p. 282.
16. Graziani and Venturelli, Caterina Sforza, p. 280.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., p. 279.
19. Published in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 2, pp. 270–81. Translation by author.
18. THE LONG NIGHT OF CASTEL SANT'ANGELO
1. Giovanni Lucido to the marquis of Mantua, February 27, 1500, Mantua State Archives, reprinted in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, doc. 1124.
2. Ottaviano to Caterina, May 11, 1500. Med. A. Pr. Florence State Archives.
3. Ibid.
4. Med. A. Pr. filza 85. Florence State Archives.
5. Med. A. Pr. carte private filza 78 c.127. Florence State Archives.
6. Ibid.
7. No record of this intended trial exists anywhere. Pasolini claims to have examined 263 manuscripts (Caterina Sforza, vol. 2, p. 266) and enlisted the assistance of Rome's finest archivists with no result; but both her contemporary Bernardi and the later biographer Fabio Oliva claim that Caterina's responses were so shattering as to have silenced the entire process.
8. Piovano to Ottaviano, 1500 (no exact date). Florence State Archives.
9. Ottaviano to Caterina, July 4, 1500. Florence State Archives.
10. Mantua State Archives, reprinted in Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 3, doc. 1138.
11. Ottaviano to Caterina, July 4, 1500. Florence State Archives.
12. Med. A. Pr. filza 72 a.520. Florence State Archives.
13. Francesco Fortunati, July 8, 1501. Florence State Archives.
14. Pasolini, Caterina Sforza, vol. 2, p. 304.
15. Reform. Atti Pubblici, N.237. Florence State Archives.
16. Caterina's son by Giacomo Feo underwent a mysterious name change during the years between Giacomo's assassination and Caterina's death. He is called Bernardino by all sources in his infancy, but he will be called Carlo in Caterina's will.
19. SLEEP AFTER TOIL
1. Francesco Fortunati to Ottaviano, July 8, 1502. Florence State Archives.
2. Med. A. Pr. July 22, 1502. Florence State Archives.
3. Med. A. Pr. filza 77 n.188. October 23, 1503. Florence State Archives.
4. Sanuto, I Diarii, 1.c., cap.V, p. 782.
5. Med. A. Pr. filza 78 c.217. February 21, 1502. Florence State Archives.
6. Dieci di Balia, carteggio, responsive register 74 N.135.
7. Med. A. Pr. filza 77 c.137. Florence State Archives.
8. Sanuto, I Diarii, 1.c., cap.V, p. 782.
9. Med. A. Pr. filza 77 c.137. Florence State Archives.
10. Gabriele Piccoli, June 27, 1504. Med. A. Pr. filza 125 c.57. Florence State Archives. Translation by the author.
11. Sanuto, I Diarii, 1.c., cap.V, p. 799.
12. Med. A. Pr. July 9, 1507. Florence State Archives.
13. The last will and testament of Caterina was written on May 28, 1509, and is in the Florence State Archives. Med. A. Pr. carte private filza 99 n.12.
EPILOGUE: MANTUA, 1526
1. Pietro Aretino, The Works of Aretino, vol. 1, p. 54.
2. Ibid.