Abbreviations used in this section:
|
Bernard |
The King’s Reformation |
|
Ives |
The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, “The Most Happy” |
|
LP |
Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII |
|
SC |
Spanish Calendar: Calendar of Letters, Despatches and State Papers relating to Negotiations between England and Spain |
|
VC |
Venetian Calendar: Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts relating to English Affairs preserved in the Archives of Venice and in the other Libraries of Northern Italy |
|
Warnicke |
The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn |
Full titles of all works are listed in the Bibliography.
PROLOGUE: THE SOLEMN JOUST
1 Hall; VC; LP
2 Henry’s skeleton, discovered in St. George’s Chapel in the early nineteenth century, measured 6′2″ in length. This should be compared with his armor in the Tower of London, which would fit a man of 6′4″. Strands of red hair adhered to the King’s skull. His armor measurements show that in 1534 his waist measured 37 inches and his chest 45 inches.
3 VC
4 SC; LP; Brantome; VC; Carles; George Wyatt; Sanuto
5 Carles; LP
6 Carles; Wriothesley; Constantine
7 Carles
8 Hall
9 Hall; Wriothesley
CHAPTER 1: OCCURRENCES THAT PRESAGED EVIL
1 Wriothesley. Although Hall dates Anne’s miscarriage to early February, Wriothesley, who was better informed, states that it occurred “three days before Candlemas.” As Candlemas falls on February 2, this suggests that the miscarriage happened on January 30. However, Wriothesley cannot have been correct in this case, for the Imperial ambassador, Eustache Chapuys, who had been at court at the time, reported on February 10 that “on the day of the interment” of Katherine of Aragon (29 January), “the Concubine had an abortion.” Warnicke is therefore incorrect in dating the miscarriage to January 19, then January 30.
2 George Wyatt; LP
3 Wriothesley; Hall. For Anne Boleyn’s miscarriage, see also George Wyatt and Clifford.
4 LP
5 Ibid
6 Neale: Queen Elizabeth I
7 Pollini
8 Hall
9 For Katherine of Aragon, see Mattingly; Weir: Six Wives; Fraser; Starkey: Six Wives; Paul; Luke; Hume and Strickland.
10 Ives
11 SC
12 Ibid
13 For Henry’s pursuit of Anne Boleyn, see, for example, George Wyatt; LP; SC and Cavendish: Wolsey. Henry VIII’s seventeen surviving love letters to her are in the Vatican Library, and have been printed in several editions.
14 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
15 Smith: Henry VIII; Bernard
16 Bernard; National Archives: SPI/46; Pocock
17 Erickson: First Elizabeth
18 Loades: Mary Tudor
19 SC. It has been claimed recently that the Nidd Hall portrait of Anne Boleyn is based on Holbein’s portrait of Jane Seymour, but there are significant differences, not least the AB brooch worn by the sitter, and the image is entirely compatible with Anne’s verified portraits.
20 LP
21 SC
22 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
23 The evidence for Henry’s growing disillusionment with Anne Boleyn is to be found in SC; GW and Roper.
24 Rotuli Parliamentorum
25 VC
26 Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris
27 SC
28 Ibid
29 SC; LP; Fraser
30 LP
31 LP; Denny: Anne Boleyn
32 LP
33 Aless
34 LP
35 SC; Latymer. Latymer, Anne’s chaplain, identifies her as Mary Shelton, who married Sir Anthony Heveningham in 1546, and who is the subject of a portrait sketch by Hans Holbein.
36 SC; LP
37 Roper
38 Wriothesley. For Henry VIII’s courtship of Jane Seymour, see SC and Clifford.
39 LP
40 SC
41 For Jane Seymour’s life, see Gross.
42 SC. Jane’s portraits by Holbein and other artists bear this out.
43 Clifford
44 Warnicke: “Fall”
45 LP
46 SC
47 LP
48 Ibid
49 Ibid
50 Foxe
51 LP
52 Ibid
53 Hall
54 Vergil
55 SC
56 LP
57 Prescott; Williams: Henry VIII and His Court
58 Loades: Mary Tudor
59 Carles
60 LP
61 Ibid
62 Ibid
63 Ibid
64 Ibid
65 Ibid
66 Wriothesley; cf Il Successo de la Morte della Regina, an Italian poem of June 2, 1536, written in London, which also asserts that the shock “caused her to give premature birth to a dead son.” Warnicke’s theory that Anne miscarried on January 19 does not take account of the fact that the King’s accident occurred on the twenty-fourth January.
67 Wriothesley
68 Clifford. Sander also describes Anne Boleyn finding Jane Seymour sitting on Henry’s knee.
69 George Wyatt
70 Clifford
71 SC
72 SC; Wriothesley
73 LP
74 Ibid
75 George Wyatt
76 LP
77 LP; SC
78 LP
79 Fraser
CHAPTER 2: THE SCANDAL OF CHRISTENDOM
1 Loades: Tragical History
2 Burnet
3 LP
4 I ves
5 LP
6 SC
7 George Wyatt
8 Lofts
9 Loades: Mary Tudor
10 LP
11 Loades: Mary Tudor
12 LP
13 Ibid
14 SC
15 LP
16 Loades: Mary Tudor; Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
17 Ives and Dowling, for example
18 LP
19 Ibid
20 For Mary Tudor, the future Mary I, see the biographies by Loades, Prescott, and Erickson.
21 Warnicke: “Fall”
22 Clifford
23 LP; Williams: Henry VIII and His Court; Warnicke: “Fall”
24 Lisle Letters; LP; Ives
25 Fuller: The Spear and the Spindle
26 SC; Starkey: Six Wives
27 Complete Peerage
28 SC
29 Porter; Wilson: Holbein
30 LP
31 SC
32 Ibid
33 Ibid
34 Ibid
35 Ibid
36 LP
37 Ibid
38 SC; Starkey: Six Wives
39 SC
40 Ibid
41 Erickson: Bloody Mary
42 LP
43 Scarisbrick
44 SC; LP
45 SC
46 Porter
47 Ives
48 Friedmann; Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
49 VC
50 SC
51 Il successo de la Morte della Regina
52 SC; LP. The dispatches of Chapuys and Jean de Dinteville, the French ambassador, attest to Anne Boleyn’s unpopularity and her diminishing power.
53 Cited by Bernard
54 LP
55 Ibid
56 Chronicle of King Henry VIII
57 State Papers
58 LP; Bernard
59 Carles
60 LP
61 VC; Vergil
62 SC
63 SC
64 LP; SC
65 Ibid
66 LP
67 Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris
68 SC
69 LP
70 Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
71 SC
72 Cited by Mathew
73 SC
74 Ibid
75 Ibid
76 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
77 Bernard
78 SC
79 Ibid
80 Starkey: Six Wives
81 SC
CHAPTER 3: THE FRAILTY OF HUMAN AFFAIRS
1 LP
2 This report is dated February 25, but must have been written earlier, as Anne was at York Place by February 24.
3 Ives
4 LP
5 Statutes of the Realm
6 LP
7 Ibid
8 Ibid
9 Clifford
10 SC; Clifford
11 LP
12 Ibid
13 Latymer
14 LP
15 LP; Chronicle of King Henry VIII
16 LP
17 SC; Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
18 LP
19 Ibid
20 Ibid
21 LP; SC
22 LP
23 Wilson: In the Lion’s Court
24 Warnicke: “Fall;” Bush; Elton: “The Good Duke”
25 Warnicke: “Fall;” Seymour; Clifford; SC
26 Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
27 LP
28 Prescott
29 Churchill
30 Ives; LP
31 SC; LP
32 Childs
33 SC; LP
34 Fraser
35 Warnicke
36 LP
37 Hamer
38 Ives; Gristwood; Porter
39 LP
40 Several historians give the date of this interview as April 1, but in his report of it, dated that day, Chapuys wrote that he had seen Cromwell the evening before.
41 Warnicke: “Fall”
42 LP
43 SC
44 Friedmann
45 LP
46 Lisle Letters; LP; Ives
47 Clifford
48 LP
49 Henry VIII: A European Court in England
50 State Papers
51 Wilson: Uncrowned Kings; Wilson: In the Lion’s Court; Hamer; Bernard: “Anne Boleyn’s Religion”
52 LP
53 Ibid
54 Hamer; Ives
55 Latymer
56 LP
57 Latymer; Ives
58 LP; Ives
59 LP
60 Ibid
61 Froude: Divorce
62 LP
63 Ives
64 LP
65 Ibid
66 LP; Friedmann
67 LP
68 SC
69 LP
70 Ibid
71 Elton: Tudor Revolution
72 Ridley: Henry VIII
73 LP
74 Ibid
75 SC
76 LP
77 Ibid
78 Ridley: Henry VIII
79 Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens; Ives
80 LP
81 SC
82 LP
83 Friedmann
84 LP. Cromwell was to confide this to Chapuys on June 6.
85 LP; SC
86 LP
87 SC
CHAPTER 4: PLOTTING THE AFFAIR
1 Loades: Chronicles
2 LP
3 Bagley
4 For the theory that Cromwell plotted Anne Boleyn’s fall, see Ives.
5 Porter
6 Waldman
7 Froude: Divorce
8 Mathew
9 Loach
10 Wilson: In the Lion’s Court
11 Friedmann
12 Wilson: Tower
13 Friedmann
14 Rivals in Power
15 Ives; Loades: Mary Tudor
16 Starkey: Six Wives
17 Ives
18 Loades: Mary Tudor
19 Ives; Gristwood
20 Sergeant
21 LP
22 Ibid
23 Strype
24 Ives
25 Williams: Henry VIII and His Court
26 LP
27 Froude: Divorce
28 Friedmann; Froude: Divorce
29 Spelman
30 LP
31 The Beauforts were the descendants of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and fourth son of Edward III, by his mistress (later his third wife) Katherine Swynford. Gaunt’s great-granddaughter, Margaret Beaufort, was Henry VIII’s grandmother.
Erickson (Anne Boleyn) suggests it may not have been the wife of the second Earl of Worcester who laid this evidence, but the widow of the first earl, Eleanor Sutton. But she had remarried, to Lord Leonard Grey, Viscount Grane, so would then have been known as the Lady Grane or the Lady Grey, following the style adopted by her husband, who did not use his Irish title. She was, anyway, residing with him in Ireland at this time.
32 It was engraved by Francis Sandford, the seventeenth-century herald and genealogist, and restored by the ninth Duke of Beaufort in 1898.
33 LP
34 Starkey: Six Wives
35 LP
36 Ibid
37 Ives: “Fall Reconsidered”
38 Bernard: “Fall;” Ives: “Fall Reconsidered.” I can find no contemporary evidence to support claims on the Internet that the countess was Henry’s mistress. If that were true, Elizabeth Browne’s connection with Henry might explain her hostility toward the Queen, who might possibly have supplanted her in Henry’s affections. It is more likely, though, that Elizabeth had bowed to pressure from her relatives to betray Anne, and was worried about that hundred pounds she had borrowed without her husband’s knowledge.
39 Warnicke: “Sexual Heresy”
40 LP
41 LP; www.british-history.ac.uk
42 Warnicke
43 Ives
44 LP; Martienssen
45 LP
46 Milherve; Ives: “Faction”
47 LP
48 Ives: “Faction”
49 Warnicke
50 Spelman. LP has this incorrectly catalogued under 1531. Sir John Spelman’s account is in Hargrave ms. 388, ff.187, 187v. Burnet, who had access to Spelman’s Commonplace Book, and quoted him incorrectly, asserted that this page had been torn off and was incomplete, but that is not the case (see Ives: “Faction,” and Chapter 11 below).
51 Ives: “Faction”
52 Sergeant; Ives; Warnicke
53 Cotton manuscript Vespasian F.XIII, f.198; also in LP
54 Ives
55 Fox
56 Privy Purse Expenses
57 LP; Ives
58 LP
59 Roper
60 Sir William Kingston’s letters in LP
61 Thomas
62 Ives: “Fall Reconsidered”
63 Statutes of the Realm
64 LP
65 Warnicke: “Fall;” Bush
66 Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
67 LP
68 SC
69 Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
70 Ibid
71 LP
72 Carles
73 Friedmann
74 Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
75 Ives
76 Ridley: Henry VIII
77 Ibid
78 Ives: “Fall Reconsidered”
79 Ibid
80 Warnicke
81 Neale: Elizabeth
82 LP
83 Murphy
84 LP
85 Ibid
86 Ives: “Fall Reconsidered”
87 Wriothesley. I am indebted to Glen Lucas for his translation of this and other documents in the Baga de Secretis.
88 Bernard
89 Ives
90 Fox
91 Friedmann
92 Baga de Secretis
93 Friedmann
94 Baga de Secretis
95 Miller; Register of the Most Noble Order of the Garter
96 Childs
97 LP
98 Baga de Secretis; Fox
99 Ives: “Fall Reconsidered”
100 Ives
101 Ives: “Fall Reconsidered”
102 Bernard
103 LP; Starkey: Six Wives
104 State Papers; SC; LP
105 I myself suggested that Anne might have been pregnant at this time, in my book Henry VIII: King and Court (2001), but after discussing the matter with John Guy, and reading the considered observations of David Starkey, I have been readily persuaded that I was probably wrong.
106 SC
107 LP
108 Denny: Anne Boleyn
109 Gristwood
110 Strype
111 LP
112 Wilson: Uncrowned Kings
113 LP
114 Ibid
115 Denny: Anne Boleyn
116 LP; SC
117 LP
118 Ibid
119 Ibid
120 Ives: “Faction”
121 LP
122 LP; Warnicke: “Fall”
123 LP; Lisle Letters
CHAPTER 5: UNLAWFUL LECHERY
1 Aless
2 LP
3 SC
4 LP
5 Sergeant
6 Cavendish: Wolsey; Hall
7 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
8 Preface to Gascoigne, by Richard Smith
9 LP
10 Clark
11 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
12 Warnicke
13 Ibid
14 Chronicle of Calais
15 Warnicke
16 Cited by Starkey: Reign of Henry VIII
17 Carles
18 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
19 Williams: Henry VIII and His Court; Friedmann
20 Spelman
21 LP
22 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
23 Ibid
24 Privy Purse Expenses; Cavendish: Metrical Visions
25 Friedmann
26 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
27 Privy Purse Expenses; Carles
28 LP
29 Friedmann
30 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
31 Carles
32 National Archives, Exchequer: Augmentation Office records, Ancient Deeds Series B, E326
33 LP
34 LP; SC
35 LP
36 Ibid
37 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
38 Murphy
39 Ives: “Faction;” Childs
40 SC; Letters and Accounts of William Brereton
41 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
42 LP
43 Letters and Accounts of William Brereton; Murphy
44 Ives: “Fall Reconsidered”
45 LP
46 Constantine; Murphy; Ives
47 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
48 Gwyn; LP; Lancashire and Cheshire Cases in the Court of Star Chamber
49 Murphy; Ives: “Court and County Palatine”
50 Murphy
51 Ibid
52 Warnicke
53 Clifford
54 Chronicle of King Henry VIII
55 Privy Purse Expenses; SC; Hall; Lowinsky. The “Spanish Chronicle” incorrectly states that Mark was engaged by Anne Boleyn after Katherine of Aragon’s death (Chronicle of King Henry VIII).
56 Ives
57 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
58 Guicciardini; Lowinsky
59 Lowinsky
60 Ibid
61 Chronicle of King Henry VIII
62 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
63 Ibid
64 LP; Privy Purse Expenses
65 Royal manuscript 20, BXXI, fols. 2-3. This manuscript later came into the possession of Sir Thomas Wyatt, the poet, whose name is also written on it. See Thomson; Lowinsky.
66 Ives: “Stress, Faction and Ideology,” and Wormald, for example
67 Lowinsky
68 Ibid. The choir book is manuscript 1070 of the Royal College of Music, London.
69 Wyatt: Complete Poems
70 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
71 Warnicke
72 LP
73 Privy Purse Expenses
74 Lowinsky
75 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
76 Warnicke
77 Pollard: Henry VIII
78 Ives: “Faction”
79 Ives: “Fall Reconsidered”
80 Warnicke: “Fall”
81 LP
82 Ives: “Fall Reconsidered;” Denny: Anne Boleyn
83 Bernard
84 Starkey: Six Wives
85 “Triumphs of English”
86 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
87 Fox
88 Hall
89 LP
90 Fox
91 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
92 LP; Froude, Note D, in Thomas (LP 911)
93 Friedmann
94 Fox
95 “Triumphs of English;” LP; Bernard: “Fall;” Ives: “Fall Reconsidered”
96 Forty-Six Lives
97 Warnicke: “Fall”
98 Ibid; Forty-Six Lives
99 For this theory, see Warnicke: “Fall”
100 Ibid; Additional manuscript 12,060, ff20b, 23b; Forty-Six Lives
101 Excerpta Historica (LP 1107)
102 Fox, citing Carley
103 “Triumphs of English”
104 Excerpta Historica (LP 1107)
105 Warnicke
CHAPTER 6: TURNING TRUST TO TREASON
1 LP; Lisle Letters; SC; Ives
2 Milherve
3 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
4 Aless
5 Carles
6 Chronicle of King Henry VIII
7 Lisle Letters
8 Carles
9 Warnicke
10 LP. The letter is mutilated.
11 LP
12 Ives
13 Childs
14 Cited by Smith: Henry VIII
15 Aless
16 LP
17 Ibid
18 Denny: Anne Boleyn
19 Chronicle of King Henry VIII
20 Wilson: Holbein; Constantine
21 Wriothesley
22 Constantine
23 Wilson: Holbein
24 Wriothesley
25 LP
26 Porter
27 LP
28 Ibid
29 Baga de Secretis
30 Ives
31 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
32 Lisle Letters
33 Ives: “Faction;” Smith: Tudor Tragedy
34 Carles
35 Chronicle of King Henry VIII
36 Carles
37 Ives: “Faction”
38 Constantine
39 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
40 Carles
41 SC
42 Sergeant
43 LP
44 Ibid
45 Ibid
46 Wriothesley; LP; Carles; Ashmole manuscripts; Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant
47 Constantine
48 LP
49 Ibid
50 SC
51 Wriothesley; LP
52 Ives
CHAPTER 7: TO THE TOWER
1 LP
2 Deans
3 Friedmann
4 LP; Childs
5 Denny: Anne Boleyn
6 Lofts
7 LP
8 Sir John Hayward. Strickland confuses him with the playwright John Heywood.
9 Ibid
10 LP
11 Wriothesley
12 Sir John Hayward
13 Lisle Letters
14 Wriothesley
15 LP
16 Hall
17 Clark
18 Wriothesley
19 Ibid
20 Its name appears thus in a plan of the Tower drawn in ca. 1597, which is only known from an engraving of the lost original done in 1742, which is now in the possession of the Society of Antiquaries of London.
21 Wriothesley
22 Warnicke asserts that Aless heard the cannonfire on April 30, but no one was committed to the Tower on that day—none of the accused were sent there until May 2. She bases her assertion on Aless’s statement, in his previous paragraph, that he was at Greenwich late at night on April 30. However, he does not state when he returned to London. In the paragraph following the one in which he mentions hearing the cannon, he refers to news of the Queen’s arrest spreading “in the morning,” i.e., the morning of May 3. As she was imprisoned on the afternoon of May 2, he must have returned to Greenwich on that day. It is highly unlikely that the cannon was fired to mark the lowly Smeaton’s committal to the Tower, as Warnicke suggests.
23 Fraser
24 Wriothesley; George Wyatt
25 George Wyatt
26 Wriothesley
27 Lofts
28 Warnicke is mistaken in suggesting that Anne was imprisoned in the Beauchamp Tower, also known as the Cobham Tower, which is some distance from the palace; that old tradition was disputed by Elizabeth Benger as far back as 1821.
29 Tower of London
30 Fraser
31 LP
32 LP. See “Notes on Sources” under Sir William Kingston.
33 Erickson: Anne Boleyn
34 “Triumphs of English”
35 LP
36 LP; Warnicke
37 LP
38 Ibid
39 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
40 LP
41 Richardson
42 Hastings
43 Fraser
44 LP
45 Ibid
46 Ibid
47 Carles
48 LP; Friedmann
49 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
50 Lisle Letters
51 SC; LP
52 Friedmann
53 LP
54 Wriothesley
CHAPTER 8: STAINED IN HER REPUTATION
1 Du Cann
2 Erickson: First Elizabeth
3 Wriothesley (editorial notes)
4 LP
5 Ibid
6 Ibid
7 Ives
8 LP
9 Warnicke states incorrectly that this conversation with Weston had taken place a year earlier, but Kingston clearly stated that it occurred on “Whitsun Monday last,” i.e., April 24, 1536.
10 LP
11 Ibid
12 Hume
13 LP; Lisle Letters; Privy Purse Expenses; Ives
14 LP
15 Friedmann
16 LP
17 Warnicke
18 Ibid
19 Ives: “Fall Reconsidered”
20 Warnicke: “Fall;” Ives
21 Lindsey
22 Lisle Letters
23 LP
24 Ibid
25 Erickson: Great Harry
26 SC; LP
27 Now a school known as Carew Manor
28 LP
29 SC
30 LP
31 Constantine; Starkey: Six Wives
32 Hammond
33 Bell
34 Ives; Hamer; Strickland
35 Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant. Anthony Anthony says that Wyatt was taken to the Tower at 9:00 A.M. on May 8, but he is not perhaps the most reliable observer, having almost certainly got the time of Smeaton’s arrival there wrong. The Lisle Lettersrefer to Page being in the Tower on May 8, not that he was taken there that day. Kingston’s second report to Cromwell, probably written on the evening of May 5, refers to the arrests of Wyatt and Page.
36 LP; Lisle Letters
37 Murphy
38 Friedmann
39 For Sir Thomas Wyatt, see Muir; Thomson and Wyatt: Complete Poems
40 Rivals in Power
41 Wyatt: Complete Poems; LP
42 George Wyatt
43 Ibid
44 Ibid
45 Ibid
46 SC; LP
47 Ives: “Faction”
48 Ibid; Paul
49 Denny: Anne Boleyn
50 LP
CHAPTER 9: THE MOST MISCHIEVOUS AND ABOMINABLE TREASONS
1 Fox
2 LP
3 Ives; Carles
4 LP
5 Ives
6 Starkey: Six Wives
7 Ives
8 LP
9 Chronicle of King Henry VIII
10 LP. The original is Cotton manuscript Otho CX 228.
11 LP
12 Love Letters of Henry VIII, ed. Ridley
13 Love Letters of Henry VIII, ed. Savage
14 Strickland
15 Ibid
16 LP
17 Ibid
18 Ibid
19 Ibid
20 Ibid
21 Ibid
22 Ibid
23 Murphy
24 Lisle Letters
25 Ibid
26 LP
27 Ibid
28 Baga de Secretis
29 Miller
30 Baga de Secretis. I am indebted to Glen Lucas for his translations of the indictments and summary of the offenses cited in both.
31 Ibid
32 Ives: “Faction”
33 Warnicke: “Fall”
34 Ives
35 Ibid
36 George Wyatt
37 See Ives: “Fall Reconsidered”
38 Bernard: “Fall: Rejoinder”
39 LP
40 Ives
41 Bernard
42 Ibid
43 LP
44 Ibid
45 Lisle Letters
46 Lindsey
47 State Papers; Constantine; LP
48 Ives; Lindsey
49 Denny: Anne Boleyn
50 Williams: Henry VIII and His Court
51 LP; Fox
52 Baga de Secretis
53 LP
54 Ibid
55 Friedmann
56 Ibid
57 LP
58 Friedmann
59 SC
60 Carles
CHAPTER 10: MORE ACCUSED THAN CONVICTED
1 Starkey: Six Wives
2 Cited by Strickland
3 Wriothesley; Starkey: Six Wives
4 Wriothesley
5 Baga de Secretis; Churchill
6 LP
7 Hamer; Denny: Anne Boleyn; Ives
8 Friedmann
9 Hastings
10 Wriothesley
11 Hastings
12 Spelman
13 Stow
14 Baga de Secretis
15 Spelman; SC
16 Baga de Secretis
17 Wriothesley (editorial notes)
18 Spelman
19 Wriothesley (editorial notes)
20 Constantine
21 Friedmann
22 Wriothesley; Spelman; Baga de Secretis
23 Carles
24 Ibid
25 Lisle Letters
26 LP
27 Ibid
28 Lisle Letters
29 Ives
30 Complete Peerage
31 Lisle Letters
32 Cf LP
33 LP
34 Ibid
35 Ibid
36 Ibid
37 Ibid
38 Lisle Letters
39 Carles
40 Ibid
41 Lisle Letters
42 Ibid
43 LP
44 Wriothesley
45 Lisle Letters
46 Baga de Secretis
47 Baga de Secretis; Friedmann. The latter lists only twenty-six peers.
48 LP
49 Ibid
50 Ibid
51 Ibid
52 Ibid
53 Ibid
54 Ibid
55 Ibid
56 Ibid
57 LP; Wriothesley; Starkey: Six Wives; Brayley, Brewer, and Nightingale; Lewis; Batey
58 Roper
59 SC
60 Warnicke
61 SC; Warnicke: “Fall”
62 Wriothesley
63 The original plan is lost, but a copy made in 1742 is now in the collection of the Society of Antiquaries of London.
64 Wriothesley; Harleian manuscripts
65 Benger
66 Wriothesley
67 Churchill; Miller
68 Wriothesley; Harleian manuscripts; State Trials
69 Constantine
70 Complete Peerage
71 Baga de Secretis
72 Miller; Friedmann
73 Wriothesley
74 Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
75 Cavendish: Wolsey; LP; Percy manuscripts
76 LP
77 “Triumphs of English”
78 Baga de Secretis; Friedmann; Complete Peerage; Dictionary of National Biography
79 Baga de Secretis
80 Murphy
81 Friedmann
82 Snowden
83 LP
84 Ibid
85 Ibid
86 Wriothesley
87 SC
88 Churchill
89 SC
90 LP
91 Ives: “Faction”
92 Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP 911)
93 Ives: “Fall Reconsidered”
94 Starkey: Six Wives
95 LP
96 Burnet
CHAPTER 11: FIGHTING WITHOUT A WEAPON
1 Wriothesley
2 Deans
3 Carles
4 Wriothesley
5 Carles
6 Younghusband
7 Carles
8 There is a fifteenth century ceremonial axe in the Tower of London, but it is not known if this was the axe carried at Anne Boleyn’s trial.
9 Carles
10 Aless
11 SC
12 Wriothesley; Carles
13 Wriothesley
14 Spelman
15 Carles
16 Childs; Fox
17 LP
18 This word is often mistranslated as “medals” (medailles), but is more likely to be “metals” (metals).
19 LP
20 Ibid
21 Wriothesley; Ridley: Henry VIII
22 LP
23 Ibid
24 Wriothesley
25 Burnet
26 LP
27 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
28 Dunn
29 Harleian manuscripts
30 LP
31 Milherve; Spelman
32 Fox
33 Rivals in Power
34 Hastings
35 Wriothesley
36 Baga de Secretis
37 State Trials
38 Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
39 George Wyatt
40 Carles
41 Additional Manuscripts
42 Carles; LP
43 LP
44 Levine
45 Ibid
46 Kelly
47 Cited by Erickson: First Elizabeth
48 Harleian manuscripts
49 Warnicke
50 Wriothesley; Carles; Constantine; Baga de Secretis
51 Doran states that burning was the penalty for incest, but incest did not become a crime in England until 1583.
52 SC; LP; Ives
53 LP
54 Ibid
55 Carles
56 LP
57 Spelman
58 Anthony
59 Harleian manuscripts
60 LP
61 SC
62 LP
63 Harleian manuscripts
64 Impey and Parnell; Fraser
65 LP
66 Wriothesley
67 Carles incorrectly states that Rochford was tried before Anne.
68 Wriothesley
69 SC; Carles; Thomas Fuller; Excerpta Historica (LP 1107); George Wyatt; Foxe
70 SC
71 LP
72 Ibid
73 Carles
74 Excerpta Historica (LP 1107)
75 Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
76 LP
77 Denny: Anne Boleyn
78 Norton
79 Dunn
80 Kittredge
81 Kelly
82 Cited by Denny: Katherine Howard
83 Fraser
84 SC
85 Warnicke
86 Erickson: Bloody Mary
87 LP
88 Carles
89 The site of the public gallows at Tyburn is by Marble Arch in London.
90 Wriothesley
91 Cited by Hamer
92 LP; Carles
93 LP
94 Wriothesley
95 LP
96 Ibid
97 VC
98 LP
99 Ibid
CHAPTER 12: JUST, TRUE, AND LAWFUL IMPEDIMENTS
1 Chapman: Anne Boleyn
2 Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
3 LP
4 LP. The original is Cotton Lib. Otho C.10.
5 Rymer; Wilkins; Ridley: Henry VIII
6 Statutes of the Realm
7 Ibid
8 Wriothesley (editorial notes)
9 Warnicke
10 Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
11 Wriothesley
12 LP. Ellis, the editor of Original Letters, misread Kingston’s text, and mistook “anonre” for Antwerp, when in fact it should read “a nunnery.” In so doing, he perpetrated the myth that Anne believed she was to be sent abroad to a nunnery in Antwerp.
13 Kelly
14 LP
15 Ibid
16 Ibid
17 Ibid
18 Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP 911)
19 LP
20 Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP 911)
21 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
22 Friedmann
23 Ridley: Henry VIII
24 LP
25 Her will is in the Cheshire Record Office: DCH/E 294.
26 LP
27 Chronicle of Calais
28 Abbott. In the eighteenth century Horace Walpole recorded—with scant regard for accuracy—that “the axe that beheaded Anne Boleyn” was on display at the Tower.
29 Chronicle of Calais
30 LP
31 Fraser
32 SC
33 National Archives C.193/3, f.80; Ives
34 LP
35 For examples of journey times in this period, see Armstrong.
36 LP
37 Carles
38 Excerpta Historica (LP 1107)
39 Wriothesley; Lisle Letters; SC; Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP 911); Starkey: Six Wives
40 LP
41 manuscript in Trinity College, Dublin, discovered in 1959; Ives; Muir
42 Lisle Letters
43 Rivals in Power; Jankofsky; Warnicke
44 Wriothesley
45 According to the account in the reliable contemporary chronicle written by Charles Wriothesley, Rochford told the assembled people, “Masters all, I am come hither not to preach and make a sermon, but to die as the law hath found me, and to the law I submit me, desiring you all, and specially you, my masters of the court, that you will trust on God specially, and not on the vanities of the world; for if I had so done, I think I had been alive as ye be now. Also I desire you to help to the setting forth of the true word of God, and whereas I am slandered by it, I have been diligent to read it and set it forth truly; but if I had been as diligent to observe it, and done and lived thereafter, as I was to read it and set it forth, I had not come hereto, wherefore I beseech you all to be workers and live thereafter, and not to read it and live not thereafter. As for mine offenses, it can not prevail [benefit] you to hear them that I die here for, but I beseech God that I may be an example to you all, and that all you may beware [the text says “be wayre,” which could also mean “be aware”] by me, and heartily I require you all to pray for me and to forgive me if I have offended you; and I forgive you all, and God save the King!”
In the contemporary Imperialist eyewitness account of the executions in the Vienna Archives (printed in Thomas), there is a very similar version of this speech, which was described by the writer as “a very Catholic address to the people,” in which Rochford said “he had not come hither to preach but to serve as a mirror and example, acknowledging the crimes he had committed against God and against the King his sovereign; there was no occasion for him, he said, to repeat the cause for which he was condemned; they would have little pleasure in hearing him tell it. He prayed God, and he prayed the King, to pardon his offenses; and all others whom he might have injured, he also prayed them to forgive him as heartily as he forgave everyone. He bade his hearers avoid the vanities of the world and the flatteries of the court, which had brought him to the shameful end that had overtaken him. Had he obeyed the lessons of that Gospel which he had so often read, he said he should not have fallen so far; it was worth more to be a good doer than a good reader. Finally, he forgave those who had adjudged him to die, and he desired them [the people] to pray for his soul.”
The Portuguese account, written on June 10, has Rochford saying: “From my mishap, ye may learn not to set your thoughts upon the vanities of this world, and least of all upon the flatteries of the court and the favors and treacheries of Fortune, which only raiseth men aloft that, with so much the greater force, she may dash them again upon the ground.” Excerpta Historica (LP 1107)
In another version of his speech, Rochford declared: “I was a great reader and a mighty debater of the Word of God, and one of those who most favored the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Wherefore, lest the Word of God should be brought into reproach on my account, I now tell you all, sirs, that if I had in very deed kept His holy word, even as I read and reasoned about it with all the strength of my wit, certain am I that I should not be in the piteous condition wherein I now stand. Truly and diligently did I read the Gospel of Jesus Christ, but I turned not to profit that which I did read; the which, had I done, of a surety I had not fallen into so great errors. Wherefore I do beseech you all, for the love of our Lord God, that ye do at all seasons hold by the truth, and speak it and embrace it; for beyond all peradventure, better profiteth he who readeth not and yet doeth well, than he who readeth much and yet liveth in sin.” (LP)
According to the author of the “Spanish Chronicle,” Rochford said, “I beg you pray to God for me, for by the trial I have to pass through I am blameless, and never even knew that my sister was bad. Guiltless as I am, I pray God to have mercy on my soul.” This version was almost certainly fabricated.
George Constantine, far more concise, wrote that Rochford, after exhorting his companions to “die courageously” and the crowd to “live according to the Gospel, not in preaching, but in practice,” said “words to the effect that he had rather had a good liver according to the Gospel than ten babblers.” He added, “I desire you that no man will be discouraged from the Gospel by my fall. For if I had lived according to the Gospel, as I loved it and spake of it, I had never come to this. As for mine offenses, I cannot prevail you to hear them that I die here for, but I beseech God that I may be an example to you all.”
Chapuys, who, perhaps deliberately, misinterpreted Rochford’s statements about religion, reported that he “disclaimed all that he was charged with, confessing, however, that he had deserved death for having been so much contaminated, and having contaminated others, with these new sects, and he prayed everyone to abandon such heresies.” (LP) Chapuys later informed Dr. Ortiz that Rochford (whom Ortiz, in his report of June 11, confused with Norris, “the principal gentleman of the King’s Chamber”) “said a great deal about the justice of his death, and that a favored servant ought not to flatter his prince and consent to his desires, as he had done.” (LP) It cannot have been Norris who uttered these words because according to the eyewitness accounts, he did not have “a great deal” to say on the scaffold.
46 Abbott; Chronicle of King Henry VIII. While rejecting the speeches that the author of the “Spanish Chronicle” put into the mouths of the condemned, which he may not have been able to hear, we might yet accept his claim that three strokes were needed to behead Rochford, which any bystander could plainly have seen.
47 Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP 911)
48 Ibid
49 Lofts
50 Warnicke
51 Carles
52 Constantine
53 SC
54 Brysson Morrison
55 Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP 911)
56 LP
57 Abbott
58 Wriothesley
59 Bayley
60 Wriothesley; Carles
61 Abbott. The Norris family had lived there until 1517, when Sir John Norris, Henry’s father, had to surrender the estate in return for a pardon for the murder of one John Enhold. Ockwells was then granted to John Norris’s uncle, Sir Thomas Fettiplace, and it was the Fettiplaces who were supposed to have claimed Sir Henry Norris’s head in 1536. A large part of the manor house was burned down in 1845.
62 Abbott
63 LP
64 Ibid
65 Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
66 Carles
67 Ibid
68 Milherve
69 Wilkins
70 Wilkins; Wriothesley
71 Friedmann
72 LP; Wriothesley
73 Ives
74 Wriothesley
75 Kelly
76 LP
77 Ives: “Fall Reconsidered”
78 LP; Rymer
CHAPTER 13: FOR NOW I DIE
1 Lisle Letters; the “Spanish Chronicle” states that they brought Anne out to die “the next morning” after the scaffold had been built.
2 LP
3 Excerpta Historica (LP 1107)
4 Ives; Parnell
5 Parnell
6 Ibid
7 Ives; Parnell
8 Ives
9 LP
10 Carles
11 LP; SC
12 LP
13 Ibid
14 Ibid
15 Ibid
16 As do George Wyatt and Camden
17 Ives
18 LP
19 Carles
20 LP
21 Carles
22 Ibid
23 Friedmann; Warnicke
24 LP
25 SC
26 Lindsey
27 LP
28 Ibid
29 SC
30 See, for example, Strickland
31 Ridley: Henry VIII
32 LP
33 Abbott
34 Wriothesley; Chronicle of King Henry VIII
35 Carles
36 Excerpta Historica (LP 1107)
37 Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP911)
38 LP; Norris
39 Carles
40 LP
41 Ibid
42 Excerpta Historica (LP911); Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant; LP; Carles
43 Sergeant; Warnicke
44 Milherve; Excerpta Historica (LP 1107)
45 Miscellaneous Antiquities; Strickland
46 Some sources call her Mary, but there is no record of a Mary Wyatt, nor does a Mary Wyatt appear in the extensive pedigree drawn up by David Loades in his edition of George Wyatt’s papers.
47 Hare; Westminster Abbey guidebooks
48 Excerpta Historica (LP 1107)
49 Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP 911); Carles
50 Excerpta Historica (LP 1107)
51 Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP 911); Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant; LP
52 Abbott; Younghusband
53 Chapman: Anne Boleyn
54 Ives; Impey and Parnell
55 Carles
56 Lisle Letters
57 LP
58 Foxe
59 LP; Wriothesley
60 Wriothesley
61 Murphy
62 Chapman: Two Tudor Portraits
63 Cited by Murphy
64 Wriothesley
65 Harleian manuscripts
66 Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP 911)
67 Excerpta Historica (LP 1107)
68 Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant; LP; Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP911)
69 Henry VIII: A European Court in England
70 Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant
71 Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP 911)
72 Ibid
73 Chronicle of King Henry VIII; Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP 911)
74 Wriothesley; Harleian manuscripts
75 Carles
76 LP
77 Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP 911)
78 Excerpta Historica (LP 1107)
79 Herbert; Strype
80 Chronicle of King Henry VIII
81 LP
82 Carles
83 Ives
84 Milherve
85 Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP 911); Excerpta Historica (LP 1107); Aless
86 Carles
87 Excerpta Historica (LP 1107)
88 Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant
89 Excerpta Historica (LP 1107). Wyatt family tradition had it that, on the scaffold, Anne gave the prayer book she was carrying to Margaret Wyatt, who thereafter always wore it on a chain in her bosom (Strickland). It is sometimes claimed that this prayer book was the illuminated “Hours of the Blessed Virgin Mary,” which had been made for Anne in 1528 in France, and which she inscribed: Remember me when you do pray, that hope doth lead from day to day. This book is now on display at Anne’s former family home, Hever Castle in Kent.
However, this cannot have been the prayer book Anne is said to have given to Margaret Wyatt, which was preserved in the latter’s family for generations, and was shown in 1721 to the engraver and antiquary George Vertue by its then owner, Mr. George Wyatt of Charterhouse Square, London. It was also mentioned in Horace Walpole’s Miscellaneous Antiquities, printed at Strawberry Hill in 1772. In 1817, George Wyatt’s editor, Samuel Singer, claimed that the Wyatt prayer book was in the possession of the publisher Robert Triphook, who himself produced another edition of Wyatt’s memoirs of Anne Boleyn, which was privately printed in that year. However, the description of Triphook’s book differs from that of the Wyatt prayer book, which was then still in the family’s possession.
The Wyatt prayer book is now Stowe manuscript 956 in the British Library. It is bound in pure, richly chased gold enameled in black, in an intricate pattern, and closely resembles one of Holbein’s designs for jewelry and goldsmiths’ work, having the same arabesque ornaments. It measures not quite two inches in length and just over an inch and a half in width, and has a ring for threading through a neck chain or girdle. Small as it is, it contains 104 leaves of vellum, on which are inscribed metrical versions of twelve abridged psalms by the Tudor lawyer and writer John Croke. Tiny prayer books like this one had been given by Anne Boleyn, in happier days, to all her ladies, as aids to devotion.
It is not inconceivable that Holbein himself designed this example for Anne Boleyn, although far more likely that it was commissioned for the Wyatts, as his original drawing shows the initials T.W.I., which are missing from the prayer book binding. These initials suggest that the prayer book was made to mark the marriage of the poet Wyatt’s son, another Thomas Wyatt, to Jane Haute in 1537, a theory borne out by that indefatigable researcher George Wyatt’s failure to mention it in his account of Anne Boleyn. Nor is it mentioned in the family memorials compiled by his descendant, Richard Wyatt, in 1727.
The tale of Anne giving the prayer book to Margaret Wyatt would appear to arise from a misreading of the first-recorded mention of the book in George Vertue’s manuscripts; in his “Notes on Fine Arts” (1745) he says he saw in the possession of Richard Wyatt “a most curious little prayer book manuscript on vellum, set in gold, ornaments graved gold, enameled black—such as were given to Queen Anne Boleyn’s maids-of-honor—and was thus given to one of the Wyatt family, and has been preserved for seven generations to this time.” This only states that Anne gave such books to her ladies—which is attested elsewhere—and that she gave one to a lady of the Wyatt family who served her. No mention is made of this gift being given on the scaffold, and that circumstance seems to have been inferred by later writers. There is also no record of any lady of the Wyatt family serving Anne Boleyn as a maid-of-honor. Jane Haute passed on what she knew of Anne Boleyn to her son George Wyatt, so if she knew anything about a prayer book, he would surely have recorded it. (See On a Manuscript Book of Prayers)
90 Chronicle of King Henry VIII
91 Abbott
92 Wriothesley; Excerpta Historica (LP 1107)
93 Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP 911)
94 Aless
95 Carles
96 Chronicle of King Henry VIII
97 Carles; Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP911); Excerpta Historica (LP 1107)
98 Harleian manuscripts
99 Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant; Froude: Pilgrim (LP 911)
100 Wriothesley
101 Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant
102 Ibid
103 Younghusband
104 Excerpta Historica (LP 1107); George Wyatt
105 Wriothesley
106 Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP 911)
107 Excerpta Historica (LP 1107)
108 Ridley: Henry VIII
109 Chronicle of King Henry VIII
110 Abbott
111 Chronicle of King Henry VIII
112 Ibid; Tytler; Strickland
113 George Wyatt
114 Carles
115 Abbott
116 Chronicle of King Henry VIII
117 George Wyatt
118 Carles
119 Wriothesley
120 Chronicle of King Henry VIII
121 Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP 911)
122 LP
123 Milherve; Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant
124 SC
125 Erickson: First Elizabeth
126 Carles
127 Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP 911)
128 Anthony; Abbott
129 Carles. Annabel Geddes, the former Director of the London Tourist Board who founded the London Dungeon, has suggested that Anne’s head was sewn back onto her body by her women before burial, as Charles I’s was in 1649, but no eyewitness account mentions this.
130 LP
131 Wriothesley
132 Wainewright; Wriothesley
133 Maria Hayward; Ives
134 Lisle Letters
135 LP
136 Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP 911)
137 Harleian manuscripts
138 Bell
CHAPTER 14: WHEN DEATH HATH PLAYED HIS PART
1 LP
2 Ibid
3 Ibid
4 Corpus Reformatorum
5 SC
6 State Papers
7 LP
8 Ibid
9 Ives; “Faction”
10 LP
11 Ibid
12 LP; Erickson: First Elizabeth
13 LP
14 Friedmann
15 Ives: “Frenchman”
16 LP
17 Constantine
18 Friedmann
19 Williams: Henry VIII and His Court
20 LP
21 Jenkins
22 Lisle Letters
23 Rawlinson manuscripts
24 Gross
25 Additional Manuscripts; Fraser
26 History of the King’s Works; Fraser
27 Coverdale’s Bible, with Anne Boleyn’s initials embossed on the binding, is now in the British Library.
28 LP
29 Lisle Letters
30 LP
31 Hall
32 LP
33 Ibid
34 Ibid
35 LP; Warnicke
36 LP
37 Ibid
38 LP
39 Foxe
40 Lisle Letters; LP
41 Harleian manuscripts
42 LP
43 LP; Lisle Letters
44 LP; Lisle Letters; Complete Peerage
45 Wriothesley
46 Journals of the House of Lords
47 Lisle Letters; LP
48 LP; Wriothesley (editorial notes); Kelly
49 LP
50 Statutes of the Realm
51 Elton: Policy and Police
52 LP
53 Ibid
54 Lisle Letters; LP
55 She died at Reading Place, a tenement of the Abbot of Reading, in the Ward of Baynard’s Castle in London, and was buried in the Howard aisle in St. Mary’s Church, Lambeth (LP; Nichols).
56 LP
57 Ibid
58 Dictionary of National Biography; Complete Peerage
59 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
60 LP
61 Ibid
62 LP. The original is Cotton manuscript Vespasian, FXIII, f199.
63 Porter
64 LP
65 Ibid
66 LP; Fox
67 Smith: Tudor Tragedy
68 Cited by Williams in Henry VIII and His Court.
69 Smith: Tudor Tragedy
70 Statutes of the Realm
71 SC
72 LP
73 Original Letters
74 By Julia Fox in Jane Boleyn
75 LP
76 Lisle Letters
77 LP; Lisle Letters
78 Henry VIII: A European Court in England
79 LP
80 Ibid
81 Ibid
82 Ibid
83 Ibid. Later, in 1538, Audley was given Walden Abbey in Essex, which he converted into Audley End House; the present house was built on its site in the early seventeenth century.
84 Murphy
85 LP
86 The Renaissance at Sutton Place; LP; Royal manuscripts
87 LP
88 Ibid
89 Murphy
CHAPTER 15: THE CONCUBINE’S LITTLE BASTARD
1 Neale: Elizabeth
2 Williams: Elizabeth; LP
3 LP
4 Perry
5 Waldman
6 LP
7 Neale
8 LP
9 Cotton manuscript Otho
10 LP
11 Ibid
12 Ibid
13 Ibid
14 Excerpta Historica (LP 1107)
15 LP
16 Ibid
17 Erickson: First Elizabeth
18 LP
19 VC
20 Clifford; Prescott
21 VC
22 SC
23 VC
24 SC
25 LP
26 Cited by Neale in Elizabeth
27 Lisle Letters
28 Cited by Somerset
29 Ridley: Elizabeth I
30 Strype
31 Cited by Somerset
32 Relations Politiques de France avec l’Ecosse
33 SC
34 Erickson: First Elizabeth
35 Gristwood
36 Foxe
37 Arnold
38 VC
39 Ibid
40 Erickson: First Elizabeth
41 Jenkins. It is often stated that she made only two recorded references to Anne Boleyn, but that is not true.
42 Somerset
43 Statutes of the Realm; Ridley: Elizabeth; Neale: Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments; Johnson
44 Dunn
45 VC
46 Somerset
47 Ibid
48 “Household Expenses”
49 Parker
50 Calendar of State Papers, Foreign; Borman. I am indebted to Dr. Tracy Borman for drawing my attention to this reference.
51 Ives; Somerset; Ives: “Fall Reconsidered”
52 Elizabeth: Exhibition Catalogue
53 LP
54 Ibid
55 Ibid
56 Ibid
CHAPTER 16: A WORK OF GOD’S JUSTICE
1 Ives: “Faction”
2 LP
3 “Vitae Mariae”
4 Clifford
5 Cavendish: Metrical Visions
6 Friedmann
7 VC
8 Bruce; Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
9 Warnicke: “Fall”
10 LP
11 SC
12 Ives: “Fall Reconsidered”
13 Somerset: Ladies in Waiting
14 Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
15 Ives: “Faction”
16 Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
17 Smith: Henry VIII
18 Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens
19 Loades: Mary Tudor
20 LP
21 Strickland
22 Lofts; Strickland
23 Warnicke; Cutts
24 Brewer’s British Royalty
25 Abbott
26 Bell
27 This plan is reproduced in Younghusband’s The Tower From Within.
28 Dodson
29 LP
30 Bell
31 VC
32 Bell
33 Abbott
34 Bell
35 Abbott
APPENDIX: LEGENDS
1 Forman; Jones; Underwood; Westwood and Simpson
2 Underwood
3 Foister
4 Forman
5 Forman; Underwood
6 Forman; Jones
7 Underwood
8 Ibid
9 Ibid
10 Abbott
11 Jones; Matthews; Underwood
12 Underwood
13 Ibid
14 Forman; Abbott
15 Underwood
NOTES ON SOME OF THE SOURCES
1 LP; Bernard: “Fall”
2 Ives: “Faction”