“Scarcely have you…as to an assembly”: Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. and trans. Harvey C. Mansfield and Delba Winthrop (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2000), p. 232.
Noah Webster’s Elementary Spelling Book: Fidler, “Young Limbs of the Law,” pp. 175–76.
“Who can wonder…hush before his”: Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Eloquence,” in The Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson: Society and Solitude, Vol. VI, Fireside Edition (Boston and New York: n.p., 1870; 1898), p. 65.
Bates was the first…“form of government”: Cain, Lincoln’s Attorney General, pp. 8–9, 11 (quotes pp. 9, 11); Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution, p. 247.
“This momentous question…of the Union”: Thomas Jefferson to John Holmes, April 22, 1820, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. XII, Federal Edition, ed. Paul Leicester Ford (New York and London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons/The Knickerbocker Press, 1905), p. 158.
Missouri Compromise: “Missouri Compromise,” in The Reader’s Companion to American History, ed. Foner and Garraty, p. 737.
“Great Pacificator”: Stephen Douglas, quoted by AL, “Speech at Peoria, Illinois,” October 16, 1854, in CW, Il, p. 251.
“emerged as one”…candidates for state offices: Cain, Lincoln’s Attorney General, pp. 14–15 (quote p. 14).
tensions developed between Senators Barton and Benton: Cain, Lincoln’s Attorney General, pp. 19–22.
The Whigs favored public support: See Michael F. Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 27, 64, 66–70.
“a most beautiful woman”: John F. Darby, “Mrs. Julia Bates, Widow of the Late Ed. Bates, Esq. For the Republican,” reprinted in Bates, Bates, et al., of Virginia and Missouri, p. 31.
Julia’s South Carolina family: Ibid., pp. 31–32.
Her surviving letters: Julia Davenport Bates to Caroline Hatcher Bates, April 10, 1850; Julia Davenport Bates to Onward Bates, July 24, 1855, February 14, 1861, Bates Papers, MoSHi.
“was calculated…domestic circle”: Darby, “Mrs. Julia Bates,” reprinted in Bates, Bates, et al., of Virginia and Missouri, p. 31.
When he sought and won a seat: Cain, Lincoln’s Attorney General, pp. 26–27.
“I have never…to have it again”: EB to Julia Bates, April 11, 1825, Bates Papers, ViHi.
Bates’s lonely journey to Washington: EB to Julia Bates, November 7, 1827, Bates Papers, ViHi.
“something of a melancholy…mood”: EB to Julia Bates, November 7, 1827, Bates Papers, ViHi.
“magic…feel it to be true”: EB to Julia Bates, November 7, 1827, Bates Papers, ViHi.
life in Washington: EB to Julia Bates, January 5 and 22, February 25, March 17, 1828, December 4, 1829, Bates Papers, ViHi.
“That man grows…associate with him”: EB to Julia Bates, February 25, 1828, Bates Papers, ViHi.
The main issues that confronted Bates: EB to Julia Bates, March 17, 1828, Bates Papers, ViHi; Cain, Lincoln’s Attorney General, pp. 28–32.
Benton and Barton were antagonists: Cain, Lincoln’s Attorney General, pp. 28–29.
Bates published a pamphlet: EB, Edward Bates Against Thomas H. Benton (St. Louis: Charless & Paschall, 1828).
“My piece is…never be effaced”: EB to Julia Bates, December 4, 1829, Bates Papers, ViHi.
“roaring disorder…magnificent appearance”: EB to Julia Bates, February 23, 1829, Bates Papers, ViHi.
“As yet I only…is in my eye”: EB to Julia Bates, January 5, 1828, Bates Papers, ViHi.
“O, that I could…my sunshine”: EB to Julia Bates, February 25, 1828, Bates Papers, ViHi.
he lost his bid for reelection: EB to Julia Bates, December 4, 1829, Bates Papers, ViHi.
got into a heated argument: Cain, Lincoln’s Attorney General, pp. 38–39.
“The code preserved…are well spent”: Charles Gibson, The Autobiography of Charles Gibson, ed. E. R. Gibson, 1899, Gibson Papers, MoSHi.
“as much as any man…we possessed”: EB to Julia Bates, December 4, 1829, Bates Papers, ViHi.
two terms in the state legislature: “Bates, Edward,” DAB, Vol. I, p. 48.
“the ablest…of that body”: Switzler, “Lincoln’s Attorney General,” reprinted in Bates, Bates, et al., of Virginia and Missouri, p. 27.
he decided in 1835: Cain, Lincoln’s Attorney General, pp. 53, 55, 58.
the “curious fact…of the frog”: Bates diary, September 17, 1847.
“bad stammerer…more devoted piety”: Bates diary, December 15, 1849.
“Mistress & Queen”: Bates diary, July 10, 1851.
“begrudge her the short respite”: Bates diary, April 23, 1848.
“This day…in a large house”: Bates diary, November 15, 1851.
Every year, on April 29: See, for example, entry for April 29, 1859, in The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866, p. 13.
“mighty changes…of the continent”: Entry for April 29, 1859, in ibid.
His entries proudly record: Bates diary, November 7, 1847; December 20, 1847; December 9, 1852.
a great fire…cholera epidemic: Bates diary, May 18; June 14–28; July 1–11, 1849.
“in perfect health”…fruits and vegetables: Bates diary, July 19, 1849.
medical ignorance…“two weeks at a time”: Bates diary, June 21, 1849.
“I am one…of a known duty”: EB to R. B. Frayser, June 1849, Bates Papers, MoSHi.
Bates filled the pages of his diary: Bates diary, May 21, 1847; May 22, 1847; November 22, 1847; December 10, 1847; March 13, 1848; May 6, 1848; March 11, 1849; March 29, 1851 (quote).
“the largest Convention…the Civil War”: Floyd A. McNeil, “Lincoln’s Attorney General; Edward Bates,” Ph.D. diss., State University of Iowa, 1934, p. 155.
5,000 accredited delegates…David Dudley Field: Shaw, “A Neglected Episode in the Life of Abraham Lincoln,” Transactions (1922), p. 54; Albert J. Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858, Vol. II (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin/Riverside Press, 1928), pp. 89–90.
“Hon. Abraham…in the State”: NYTrib, July 14, 1847.
“No one who saw…with woolen socks”: E. B. Washburne, “Political Life in Illinois,” in Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Rice, p. 92.
“deep astonishment”…responsibility for its failure: Bates diary, July 5, 1847.
“leaped at one bound…prominence”: Switzler, “Lincoln’s Attorney General,” reprinted in Bates, Bates, et al., of Virginia and Missouri, p. 28.
Lincoln impressed…Democrat Field: Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1859, Vol. II, p. 91.
“too intent…of Reporting”: Albany Evening Journal, July 23, 1847.
“No account…do it justice”: NYTrib, July 15, 1847.
“between sectional disruption…material greatness”: Cain, Lincoln’s Attorney General, p. 63.
“he was interrupted…in attendance”: TW, quoted in Bates, Bates, et al., of Virginia and Missouri, p. 30.
“the crowning act…either house of Congress”: Bates diary, July 5, 1847.
“The nation cannot…and patriotism”: Albany Evening Journal, July 23, 1847.
“the glittering bauble”: Entry for February 28, 1860, The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866, p. 106.
“noble aspirations…natural result”: EB to TW, August 9, 1847, reprinted in Albany Evening Journal, January 11, 1861.
“had no ambition…business of the country”: Seward, An Autobiography, pp. 52, 53.
Seward and Weed meet: See ibid., pp. 55–56; Thurlow Weed, Autobiography of Thurlow Weed, ed. Harriet A. Weed (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1883), p. 139.
“he printed…his own hand”: Seward, An Autobiography, p. 56.
details of Weed’s early life: Autobiography of Thurlow Weed, ed. Weed; Thurlow Weed Barnes, Memoir of Thurlow Weed (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1884).
He had walked miles: Autobiography of Thurlow Weed, ed. Weed, pp. 12–13.
“a politician who sees…him forever”: Barnes, Memoir of Thurlow Weed, pp. 26–27.
Such measures…“extend its dominion”: Seward, An Autobiography, p. 54.
the Albany Evening Journal: Autobiography of Thurlow Weed, ed. Weed, pp. 360–62.
Weed engineered…from the seventh district: Seward, An Autobiography, p. 80.
the youngest member to enter: Taylor, William Henry Seward, p. 24.
Albany still a small town: John J. McEneny, Albany: Capital City on the Hudson (Sun Valley, Calif.: American Historical Press, 1998), p. 76.
description of Albany: “Albany Fifty Years Ago,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 14 (March 1857), pp. 451–63.
“first steam-powered…web of tracks”: McEneny, Albany, pp. 16 (quote), 98.
The legislature…Bemont’s Hotel: Seward, An Autobiography, pp. 80–81; Frederick W. Seward, Reminiscences of a War-Time Statesman and Diplomat, 1830–1915 (New York and London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1916), p. 2; Taylor, William Henry Seward, p. 24.
Seward attends alone: Seward, An Autobiography, p. 80.
“Weed is…warmth of feeling”: WHS to FAS, January 12, 1831, in ibid., p. 166.
“one of the greatest…except politics”: WHS to FAS, February 6, 1831, in ibid., pp. 179–80.
Weed and Seward’s mutual interests: Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, p. 17; Taylor, William Henry Seward, p. 25.
“My room is a thoroughfare”: WHS to FAS, February 16, 1831, in Seward, An Autobiography, p. 182.
Albert Haller Tracy: Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, p. 17; “Tracy, Albert Haller, 1793–1859,” Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, http://bioguide.congress.gov (accessed December 2003).
“crushed…passes in his mind”: FAS to LW, March 12, 1832, reel 118, Seward Papers.
“He and Henry…love with each other”: FAS to LW, March 4, 1832, reel 118, Seward Papers.
“It shames my…since I left Albany”: Albert H. Tracy to WHS, February 7, 1831, reel 1, Seward Papers.
Seward at first reciprocated: FAS to LW, March 12, 1832, reel 118, Seward Papers.
a “rapturous joy…I possessed”: WHS to Albert H. Tracy, February 11, 1831, typescript copy, Albert Haller Tracy Papers, New York State Library, Albany, New York [hereafter Tracy Papers].
“My feelings…divided with many”: Albert H. Tracy to WHS, June 12, 1832, reel 1, Seward Papers.
“Weed has never…account for it”: FAS to LW, March [?] 1832, reel 118, Seward Papers (quote); FAS to LW, April 5, 1832, reel 118, Seward Papers.
“Love—cruel tyrant…hallowed affections”: Albert H. Tracy to WHS, September 24, 1832, reel 1, Seward Papers.
He transferred his unrequited love: FAS to LW, March [?] and September 27, 1832, reel 118, Seward Papers; WHS to FAS, November 28, 1834, reel 112, Seward Papers.
“losing my influence…differently constituted”: FAS to WHS, December 5, 1834, reel 113, Seward Papers.
relationship between Tracys and Sewards: FAS to LW, March 12, 24, and undated March, April 9, 1832, reel 118, Seward Papers.
“He is a singular…shade of difference”: FAS to LW, March 12, 1832, reel 118, Seward Papers.
“I believe at present…should choose”: FAS to LW, March [?] 1832, reel 118, Seward Papers.
“very glad…very much”: FAS to LW, November 17, 1833, reel 118, Seward Papers.
private emotional intimacy: See Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men and Romantic Love in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 31–33.
a three-month voyage to Europe: Seward, An Autobiography, pp. 104–41.
“What a romance…malicious political warfare”: Ibid., pp. 116, 128.
spent a long weekend visiting: Ibid., pp. 134–40.
When Judge Miller…“be so unreasonable”: FAS to LW, September 27, 1833, reel 118, Seward Papers.
she proffered the letters: WHS to Albert Tracy, quoted in WHS to FAS, December 29, 1834, reel 112, Seward Papers.
Seward’s first run for governor: Glyndon G. Van Deusen, Thurlow Weed: Wizard of the Lobby (Boston: Little, Brown, 1947), pp. 87–89; Taylor, William Henry Seward, pp. 35–36.
Whigs offered a gallery…Henry Clay himself: Seward, An Autobiography, p. 238. This same campaign tactic was adopted by the youthful John F. Kennedy in his campaign for the presidency in 1960.
Defeat shook…jeopardized his marriage: WHS to FAS, November 24 and 28, 1834, reel 112, Seward Papers; Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, pp. 28, 33–34.
“What a demon…are not crushed”: WHS to FAS, November 28, 1834, reel 112, Seward Papers.
“I am growing womanish…happy a lot”: WHS to FAS, December 5, 1834, reel 112, Seward Papers.
“You reproach yourself…the right path”: FAS to WHS, December 5, 1834, reel 113, Seward Papers.
Seward pledged: WHS to FAS, December 15 and 29, 1834, reel 112, Seward Papers.
“to live for you…dear boys”: WHS to FAS, December 29, 1834, reel 112, Seward Papers.
“a partner in…cares and feelings”: WHS to FAS, December 1, 1834, reel 112, Seward Papers.
“count[ing] with eagerness…life will commence”: WHS to FAS, December 29, 1834, reel 112, Seward Papers.
“golden dreams…displayed towards you”: Albert Tracy to WHS, December 29, 1834, reel 3, Seward Papers.
“alienation…but without affection”: WHS to Albert Tracy, quoted in Seward to FAS, December 29, 1834, reel 112, Seward Papers.
If Seward believed: WHS to TW, January 18, 1835, in Seward, An Autobiography, p. 249; WHS to unknown recipient, June 1, 1836, in ibid., p. 300.
“It is seldom…periods of seclusion”: WHS to Alvah Hunt, January 25, 1843, quoted in Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, p. 99.
“keep me informed…as a politician”: WHS to TW, January 1835, in Seward, An Autobiography, p. 249.
family expedition to the South: Taylor, William Henry Seward, p. 37; Seward, Reminiscences of a War-Time Statesman and Diplomat, p. 9.
“When I travel…and reflection”: WHS to Albert H. Tracy, June 23, 1831, Tracy Papers.
their letters home extolled: Seward, An Autobiography, pp. 272–73; Seward, Reminiscences of a War-Time Statesman and Diplomat, pp. 12–13.
“teemed with…reform of mankind”: Introduction to “The Conflict of Cultures,” in The Causes of the Civil War, 3rd edn., ed. Kenneth M. Stampp (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1959; New York: Touchstone Books, 1991), p. 201.
a world virtually unchanged: James M. McPherson, “Modernization and Sectionalism,” in ibid., p. 104.
“We no longer passed…of slaves”: Entry for June 12, 1835, WHS journal, quoted in Seward, An Autobiography, p. 267.
“a waste…decaying habitation”: Entry for June 12, 1835, WHS journal, in ibid., p. 267.
“How deeply…decayed as Virginia”: WHS to Albert H. Tracy, June 25, 1835, Tracy Papers.
Slavery trapped…a sizable middle class: McPherson, “Modernization and Sectionalism,” in The Causes of the Civil War, ed. Stampp, pp. 104–05.
“We are told that…this injured race”: FAS to LW, quoted in Seward, An Autobiography, p. 272.
“turning the ponderous”…any of them again: Seward, Reminiscences of a War-Time Statesman and Diplomat, pp. 14–15.
“Ten naked little boys…themselves to sleep”: Seward, An Autobiography, p. 271.
“Sick of slavery and the South”: Entry for June 13, 1835, FAS, “Diary of Trip through Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland, 1835,” reel 197, Seward Papers.
“the evil effects…marring everything”: Entry of June 17, 1835, FAS, “Diary of Trip through Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland, 1835,” reel 197, Seward Papers.
“turned their horses’…homeward”: Seward, An Autobiography, p. 272.
indelible images…social conscience: Entry for June 15, 1835, WHS journal in Seward, An Autobiography, p. 268; FAS to LW, January 15, 1853, reel 119, Seward Papers; WHS, “Speech in Cleveland, Ohio on the Election of 1848,” Works of William H. Seward, Vol. III, pp. 295–96.
a lucrative opportunity…Seward did not hesitate: Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, pp. 38–39.
“more beautiful”…invited Weed’s seventeen-year-old daughter: WHS to Harriet Weed, September 8, 1836, Thurlow Weed Papers, Department of Rare Books & Special Collections, University of Rochester Library, Rochester, N.Y. [hereafter Weed Papers].
“there are a thousand…upon them”: WHS to FAS, December 21, 1836, in Seward, An Autobiography, p. 321.
“so vividly remembered…a rare event”: Seward, An Autobiography, p. 162.
death of Cornelia from smallpox: Seward, An Autobiography, p. 323.
“did not think it…from their Grandpa”: FAS to Harriet Weed, February 9, 1837, Weed Papers.
“lightness that was…for myself”: WHS to FAS, February 12, 1837, in Seward, An Autobiography, p. 325.
Frances and the boys come to Westfield: Seward, An Autobiography, pp. 334–35.
“Well, I am here…from Tusculum”: WHS to TW, July 10, 1837, in ibid., p. 336.
“found Westfield…missed and loved her”: FAS to Harriet Weed, September 6, 1837, Weed Papers.
“I am almost in despair…almost as helpless”: WHS to [FAS], December 17, 1837, in Seward, An Autobiography, p. 354.
“There is such…time to think”: WHS to [TW], undated, in ibid., p. 344.
“I have been two…healthful channels”: TW to WHS, November 11, 1837, quoted in Van Deusen, Thurlow Weed, p. 95.
Weed raised money…powerful New York Tribune: Autobiography of Thurlow Weed, ed. Weed, pp. 466–67; Seward, Reminiscences of a War-Time Statesman and Diplomat, pp. 45, 88.
1838 gubernatorial campaign: Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, pp. 49–52.
received the nomination on the fourth ballot: Seward, An Autobiography, p. 373; Van Deusen, Thurlow Weed, p. 100.
“Well, Seward…earnestly to work”: TW to WHS, September 15, 1838, reel 5, Seward Papers.
the overwhelming victor: Seward, An Autobiography, p. 378.
“God bless…result to him”: WHS, quoted in J. C. Derby, Fifty Years Among Authors, Books and Publishers (New York: G.W. Carleton & Co., 1884), p. 58.
“It is a fearful post…a house alone”: WHS to TW, November 11, 1838, hereafter Weed Papers.
Weed arrived…inaugural outfit: WHS to TW, November 28, 1838, Weed Papers; Seward, An Autobiography, pp. 381–82 (quote p. 382); Van Deusen, Thurlow Weed, p. 102.
“it was [his]…a cabinet”: WHS to Hiram Ketchum, February 15, 1839, reel 8, Seward Papers.
“Your letter…as it comes up”: WHS to [TW], November 23, 1837, in Seward, An Autobiography, p. 345.
“I had no idea…amiable creatures”: WHS to TW, December 14, 1838, in ibid., p. 381.
“There were never two…highest sense”: Barnes, Memoir of Thurlow Weed, p. 262.
told the story of a carriage ride: Seward, An Autobiography, p. 395.
an ambitious agenda…imprisonment for debt: WHS, “Annual Message to the Legislature, January 1, 1839,” The Works of William H. Seward, Vol. II, pp. 183–211; Seward, An Autobiography, pp. 386–87.
“Our race is ordained”…the engine of Northern expansion: WHS, “Annual Message, 1839,” Works of William H. Seward, Vol. II, pp. 197–99.
to support parochial schools: Ibid., p. 199; WHS, “Annual Message to the Legislature, January 7, 1840,” p. 215.
“to overthrow republican”…the hands of priests: Seward, An Autobiography, p. 462.
“Virginia Case”…governor refused: WHS, “Biographical Memoir of William H. Seward,” Works of William H. Seward, Vol. I, pp. lxiii–lxvi.
“the universal sentiment…praiseworthy”: George E. Baker, ed., Life of William H. Seward, with Selections from His Works (New York: J. S. Redfield, 1855), p. 85.
“intermeddling…New England fanatic”: Seward, An Autobiography, pp. 463, 464.
This only emboldened Seward’s resolve: Ibid., pp. 463–64, 510–11.
the “new irritation”: Thomas Jefferson to John Holmes, April 22, 1820, in The Works of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. XII, ed. Ford, p. 158.
number of slaves who escaped to the North: Don E. Fehrenbacher, “The Wilmot Proviso and the Mid-Century Crisis,” in Fehrenbacher, The South and Three Sectional Crises (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980), p. 33.
“all actions…Constitution”: William H. Pease and Jane H. Pease, ed. The Antislavery Argument (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965), p. xxx.
“The Empire of Satan”: Henry Mayer, All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), p. 188.
They proclaimed slavery a “positive good”: John C. Calhoun, Remarks of Mr. Calhoun of South Carolina, on the Reception of Abolition Petitions, delivered in the Senate of the United States, February 1837, reprinted in Robert C. Byrd, The Senate, 1789–1989. Vol. III: Classic Speeches, 1830–1993, Bicentennial Edition, ed. Wendy Wolff (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1994), p. 177.
incited attacks on abolitionist printers: Niven, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 47–48.
Seward reelected but with a reduced margin: Seward, An Autobiography, p. 506.
“henceforth be…in his life”: Horace Greeley article, Log Cabin, in ibid., p. 510.
“All that can…in its history”: WHS to Christopher Morgan, [June?] 1841, in ibid., p. 547.
“What am I…on your affection?”: WHS to TW, December 31, 1842, quoted in Barnes, Memoir of Thurlow Weed, p. 98.
the new Liberty Party: “Liberty Party,” in The Reader’s Companion to American History, ed. Foner and Garraty, p. 657; Taylor, William Henry Seward, p. 59.
story of black man named William Freeman: Baker, ed., Life of William H. Seward, pp. 99–113; “Defence of William Freeman,” Works of William H. Seward, Vol. I, pp. 409–75.
“I trust in the mercy…incomprehensible”: FAS to WHS, March 1846, in Seward, An Autobiography, pp. 787, 786.
insanity…floggings in jail: Seward, An Autobiography, p. 812.
“Will anyone defend…until his death!”: Baker, ed., Life of William H. Seward, pp. 104, 106.
roundly criticized Seward for his decision: WHS to TW, May 29, 1846, quoted in Seward, An Autobiography, p. 810.
Only Frances stood proudly: Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, p. 97.
“he will do…wrong is perpetrated”: FAS to LW, July 1, 1846, reel 119, Seward Papers.
“there are few men…a peaceful mind”: FAS to Augustus Seward, July 19, 1846, reel 114, Seward Papers.
she sat in the courtroom: FAS to LW, January–February 1850, reel 119, Seward Papers.
summoning five doctors: Seward, An Autobiography, pp. 811, 813.
“He is still your brother…be a man”: “Defence of William Freeman,” Works of William H. Seward, Vol. I, p. 417.
“I am not…malefactor”: Ibid., pp. 414–15.
“unexplainable on any principle of sanity”: WHS to TW, May 29, 1846, in Seward, An Autobiography, p. 810.
“there is not…such a prosecution”: “Defence of William Freeman,” Works of William H. Seward, Vol. I, p. 419.
“In due time…‘He was Faithful!’”: WHS, quoted in Seward, An Autobiography, p. 822.
While Seward endured…still wider distribution: Seward, Seward at Washington…1846–1861, pp. 29, 32, 46.
“one of the very first…the highest degree”: SPC to Lewis Tappan, March 18, 1847, reel 6, Chase Papers.
Lincoln’s run for legislature from Sangamon County: Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, pp. 28–29, 34–35.
“Every man…very much chagrined”: AL, “Communication to the People of Sangamo County,” March 9, 1832, in CW, I, pp. 8–9.
only after being defeated…“to try it again”: J. Rowan Herndon to WHH, May 28, 1865, in HI, p. 7.
Lincoln had lost the election: AL, “Communication to the People of Sangamo County,” March 9, 1832, in CW, I, p. 5n.
“made friends everywhere he went”: “Conversation with Hon. J. T. Stuart June 23 1875,” quoted in John G. Nicolay, An Oral History of Abraham Lincoln: John G. Nicolay’s Interviews and Essays, ed. Michael Burlingame (Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996), p. 10.
“This was the only time…of the people”: AL, “Scripps autobiography,” in CW, IV, p. 64.
Two years later…in the state legislature: Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, p. 41.
frontier county…“consuming the whole afternoon”: Robert L. Wilson to WHH, February 10, 1866, in HI, pp. 201–02.
At Mr. Kyle’s store…“one Could throw it”: Andrew S. Kirk interview, March 7, 1887, in ibid., pp. 602–03.
“They came there…social club”: Speed, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, p. 23.
Lincoln proved…grassroots politician: Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, pp. 58, 63, 79.
three levels of command…“day as possible”: “Lincoln’s Plan of Campaign in 1840” [c. January 1840], in CW, I, p. 180.
“Our intention…which we are engaged”: “Campaign Circular from Whig Committee,” January [31?], 1840, in ibid., pp. 201–03. See also “Lincoln’s Plan of Campaign in 1840” [c. January 1840], in ibid., pp. 180–81.
Lincoln likened…internal improvements: James A. Herndon to WHH, May 29, 1865, in HI, p. 16.
Lincoln had actually…“wider and fairer”: Carpenter, Six Months at the White House, pp. 97–98 (quote p. 97).
“to the ideal…rise in life”: G. S. Boritt, Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream (Memphis, Tenn.: Memphis State University Press, 1978), p. ix.
“an unfettered start…pursuit for all”: AL, “Message to Congress in Special Session,” July 4, 1861, in CW, IV, p. 438.
“DeWitt Clinton of Illinois”: Herndon and Weik, Herndon’s Life of Lincoln, p. 140.
“we highly disapprove…of the citizens”: Resolutions by the General Assembly of the State of Illinois, quoted in note 2 of “Protest in Illinois Legislature on Slavery,” March 3, 1837, in CW, I, p. 75.
he issued a formal protest…“people of said District”: “Protest in Illinois Legislature on Slavery,” March 3, 1837, in ibid., p. 75. Daniel Stone of Springfield co-authored the protest with Lincoln.
“if slavery…so think, and feel”: AL to Albert G. Hodges, April 4, 1864, draft copy, Lincoln Papers.
“partly on account…that it is now”: AL, “Scripps autobiography,” in CW, IV, pp. 61, 65.
In these early years…gradually become extinct: For an example of Lincoln stating that he believed slavery would gradually become extinct, see AL, “Speech at Greenville, Illinois,” September 13, 1858, in CW, III, p. 96.
Lincoln defended both slaveowners and fugitive slaves: Donald, Lincoln, p. 104.
the constitutional requirements…could not be evaded: Burlingame, The Inner World of Abraham Lincoln, p. 28.
a sustained recession…sentiment turned: Donald, Lincoln, pp. 61–62; Boritt, Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream, p. 28.
“stopping a skift…go down”: AL, “Remarks in the Illinois Legislature Concerning the Illinois and Michigan Canal,” January 22, 23, 1840, in CW, I, p. 196.
“If you make…the tighter”: AL to Joshua F. Speed, February 25, 1842, in ibid., p. 280 (quote); Boritt, Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream, p. 30.
was forced to liquidate…deterred from emigrating: King, Lincoln’s Manager, p. 40.
to win a fourth term…term was completed: Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, p. 77; entry for August 3, 1840, Lincoln Day by Day: A Chronology, 1809–1865. Vol. I, ed. Earl Schenck Miers (Washington, D.C.: Lincoln Sesquicentennial Commission, 1960; Dayton, Ohio: Morningside, 1991), p. 142.
“He was not very fond of girls”: Sarah Bush Lincoln interview, September 8, 1865, in HI, p. 108.
“He would burst…‘clean those girls look’”: AL, quoted in William H. Herndon, “Analysis of the Character of Abraham Lincoln,” Abraham Lincoln Quarterly I (September 1941), p. 367.
“as demoralized…out of sight”: Whitney, Life on the Circuit with Lincoln, p. 59.
“a business which I do not understand”: AL to Mrs. M. J. Green, September 22, 1860, in CW, IV, p. 118.
“…when the genius of”: Stephen Vincent Benét, John Brown’s Body (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1927; 1990), p. 189.
“Lincoln had…his terrible passion”: WHH to JWW, January 23, 1890, reel 10, Herndon-Weik Collection, DLC.
“his Conscience…many a woman”: David Davis interview, September 20, 1866, in HI, p. 350.
“handsome…much vivacity”: Esther Sumners Bale interview, [1866], in ibid., p. 527 (first quote); Nancy G. Vineyard to JWW, February 4, 1887, in ibid., p. 601 (second quote).
“a good conversationalist…splendid reader”: Benjamin R. Vineyard to JWW, March 14, 1887, in ibid., p. 610.
would make a good match…honor-bound to keep his word: AL to Mrs. Orville H. Browning, April 1, 1838, in CW, I, pp. 117–19.
“This thing of living…Yours, &c.—Lincoln”: AL to Mary S. Owens, May 7, 1837, in ibid., pp. 78–79.
“mortified almost beyond…enough to have me”: AL to Mrs. Orville H. Browning, April 1, 1838, in ibid., p. 119.
The Edwards mansion…drink, and merry conversation: Randall, Mary Lincoln, p. 5.
“the exact reverse”: Herndon and Weik, Herndon’s Life of Lincoln, p. 165.
“physically, temperamentally, emotionally”: Rankin, Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln, p. 160.
“her face an…passing emotion”: Elizabeth Humphreys Norris to Emilie Todd Helm, September 28, 1895, quoted in Randall, Mary Lincoln, p. 24.
a self-controlled man: Elizabeth and Ninian W. Edwards interview, July 27, 1887, in HI, p. 623; MTL to Josiah G. Holland, December 4, 1865, in Justin G. Turner and Linda Levitt Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln: Her Life and Letters (New York: Knopf, 1972; New York: Fromm International, 1987), p. 293.
“he felt most deeply…the least”: MTL to Josiah G. Holland, December 4, 1865, in ibid., p. 293.
“the very creature of excitement”: James C. Conkling to Mercy Ann Levering, September 21, 1840, quoted in ibid., pp. 10–11.
“a Bishop forget his prayers”: Ninian W. Edwards, quoted in Helm, The True Story of Mary, p. 81.
“a welcome guest everywhere…rarely danced”: Tarbell, The Life of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. I (New York: Doubleday & McClure Co., 1900), p. 171.
“the highest marks…the biggest prizes”: Helm, The True Story of Mary, p. 52.
Mary journeyed to…“‘Mary’s’ grave”: MTL to Rhoda White, August 30, 1869, in Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, p. 516.
Mary’s life in Lexington: See chapters 1–3 in Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln.
“a violent little Whig”: Helm, The True Story of Mary, p. 41.
“destined to be…future President”: Elizabeth Todd Edward interview, 1865–1866, in HI, p. 443.
proudly rode her new pony: Helm, The True Story of Mary, pp. 1–2.
“I suppose like the rest…called in question?”: MTL to Mercy Ann Levering, December [15?], 1840, in Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, p. 21.
“the great cause”: “Campaign Circular from Whig Committee,” January [31?], 1840, in CW, 1, p. 202.
“Old hero”: “Communication to the Readers of The Old Soldier,” February 28, 1840, in ibid., p. 204.
death of Mary’s mother; father’s remarriage: See Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, pp. 20, 22, 24, 28–30.
turned “desolate”: MTL to Eliza Stuart Steele, May 23, 1871, in Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, p. 588.
her only real home: MTL to Elizabeth Keckley, October 29, 1867, in ibid., p. 447.
“an emotional…heart would break”: Mrs. Woodrow, quoted in Helm, The True Story of Mary, p. 32.
“either in the garret or cellar”: Orville H. Browning, quoted in Nicolay, An Oral History of Abraham Lincoln, p. 1.
Mary may have precipitated: Abner Y. Ellis to WHH, March 24, 1866, in HI, p. 238; Stephen B. Oates, With Malice Toward None: The Life of Abraham Lincoln (New York: New American Library Penguin Books, 1977; 1978), p. 60.
Elizabeth warned…“husband & wife”: Elizabeth Todd Edwards interview, 1865–1866, in HI, pp. 443, 444.
Mary had other suitors: MTL to Mercy Ann Levering, July 23 and December [15?], 1840, in Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, pp. 18, 20; Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, pp. 84–85.
“an agreeable…my heart is not”: MTL to Mercy Ann Levering, July 23, 1840, in Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, p. 18.
Far more likely, Lincoln’s own misgivings: Tarbell, The Life of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. I, p. 173; Donald, Lincoln, pp. 86–87; Paul M. Angle, Appendix, in Carl Sandburg and Paul M. Angle, Mary Lincoln, Wife and Widow (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1932; 1960), p. 331.
“in the winter…whole heart to me”: Joshua F. Speed to WHH, November 30, 1866, in HI, p. 430.
Lincoln’s change of heart…Matilda Edwards: Douglas L. Wilson, “Abraham Lincoln and ‘That Fatal First of January,’” in Douglas L. Wilson, Lincoln before Washington: New Perspectives on the Illinois Years (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1997), pp. 99–125.
“A lovelier girl I never saw”: MTL to Mercy Ann Levering, December [15?], 1840, in Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, p. 20.
“aberration of mind…violation of his word”: Browning, quoted in Nicolay, An Oral History of Abraham Lincoln, p. 1.
no evidence that Lincoln ever made his feelings known: Elizabeth Todd and Ninian W. Edwards interviews, September 22, 1865, [1865–1866], July 27, 1887, in HI, pp. 133, 444, 623.
“never bear to leave…the strength of it”: Jane Bell quoted in Wilson, “Abraham Lincoln and ‘That Fatal First of January,’” in Wilson, Lincoln before Washington, p. 110.
“his ability and Capacity…support a wife”: Elizabeth Todd Edwards interview, 1865–1866, in HI, p. 443.
driving up the marriage age: Fidler, “Young Limbs of the Law,” pp. 266–67.
“is a jealous mistress…constant courtship”: Joseph Story, “The Value and Importance of Legal Studies. A Discourse Pronounced at the Inauguration of the Author as Dane Professor of Law in Harvard University, August 25, 1829,” in The Miscellaneous Writings of Joseph Story, ed. William W. Story. Da Capo Press Reprints in American Constitutional and Legal History, gen. ed. Leonard W. Levy (Boston, 1852; New York: Da Capo Press, 1972), p. 523.
Lincoln drafted a letter…lost his nerve: Joshua F. Speed interview, 1865–1866, in HI, pp. 475, 477.
“To tell you the truth…kissed her”: AL, quoted in Herndon and Weik, Herndon’s Life of Lincoln, p. 169.
This second confrontation: Wilson, “Abraham Lincoln and ‘That Fatal First of January,’” in Wilson, Lincoln before Washington, pp. 103, 112.
“ability to keep…gem of [his] character”: AL to Joshua F. Speed, July 4, 1842, in CW, I, p. 289.
“not single spies…battalions”: William Shakespeare, “Hamlet,” act 4, scene 5, William Shakespeare Tragedies, Volume 1. Everyman’s Library (New York and Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992), p. 105.
details of Speed leaving Springfield: Kincaid, Joshua Fry Speed, p. 15.
Speed’s departure would bring: James Conkling to Mercy Ann Levering, January 24, 1841, and Levering to Conkling, February 7, 1841, quoted in Wilson, “Abraham Lincoln and ‘That Fatal First of January,’” in Wilson, Lincoln before Washington, p. 117; Burlingame, The Inner World of Abraham Lincoln, p. 100.
“I shall be verry…pained by the loss”: AL to Joshua F. Speed, February 25, 1842, in CW, I, p. 281.
worried that he was suicidal: James H. Matheny interview, May 3, 1866, in HI, p. 251; Speed, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, p. 39.
“Lincoln went Crazy…it was terrible”: Joshua F. Speed interview, [1865–1866], in HI, p. 474.
“delirious to the extent…he was doing”: Browning, quoted in Nicolay, An Oral History of Abraham Lincoln, p. 2.
“Poor L!…truly deplorable”: James Conkling to Mercy Ann Levering, January 24, 1841, quoted in Wilson, “Abraham Lincoln and ‘That Fatal First of January,’” in Wilson, Lincoln Before Washington, p. 117.
was called hypochondriasis: See J. S. Forsyth, The New London Medical and Surgical Dictionary (London: Sherwood, Gilbert & Piper, 1826), p. 379; Robley Dunglison, M.D., A New Dictionary of Medical Science and Literature, Containing a Concise Account of the Various Subjects and Terms; with the Synonymes in Different Languages; and Formulae for Various Officinal and Empirical Preparations, Vol. I (Boston: Charles Bowen, 1833), p. 508; German E. Berrios, “Hypochondriasis: History of the Concept,” in Vladan Starcevic and Don R. Lipsitt, eds.,Hypochondriasis: Modern Perspectives on an Ancient Malady (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 3–20.
“I have, within…to my existence”: AL to John T. Stuart, January 20, 1841, in CW, I, p. 228. Dr. Henry did not receive the postmastership of Springfield.
“I am now the most…it appears to me: AL to John T. Stuart, January 23, 1841, in ibid., p. 229.
Hoping medical treatment…“without a personal interview”: Joshua F. Speed to WHH, November 30, 1866, in HI, p. 431.
the nadir of Lincoln’s depression…most certainly die: Speed, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, p. 39.
“done nothing…desired to live for”: Joshua F. Speed to WHH, February 7, 1866, in HI, p. 197.
“ideas of a person’s…perceive him”: William G. Thalmann, The Odyssey: An Epic of Return. Twayne’s Masterwork Studies, No. 100 (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1992), p. 39.
“To see memory…thought with others”: Bruce, “The Riddle of Death,” in The Lincoln Enigma, p. 141.
“thou midway world…and paradise”: AL to Andrew Johnston, April 18, 1846, in CW, I, p. 378.
critical to “avoid being idle”: AL to Joshua F. Speed, February 13, 1842, in ibid., p. 269.
“business and conversation…bitterness of death”: AL to Joshua F. Speed, [January 3?, 1842], in ibid., p. 265.
he delivered an eloquent address…“than a gallon of gall”: AL, “Temperance Address. An Address, Delivered before the Springfield Washington Temperance Society,” February 22, 1842, in ibid., p. 273.
“An outstanding…future growth”: George E. Vaillant, Adaptation to Life (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), p. 27.
“quite clear of the hypo…in the fall”: AL to Joshua F. Speed, February 3, 1842, in CW, I, p. 268.
“much alone of late…countenances me”: MTL to Mercy Ann Levering, June 1841, in Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, pp. 25, 27.
mutual friends conspired: Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, p. 93.
“worse sort…can realize”: AL to Joshua F. Speed, February 25, 1842, in CW, I, p. 280. For correspondence between Lincoln and Speed discussing Speed’s doubts during courtship of Fanny Henning, see AL to Speed, [January 3?], February 3, and February 13, 1842, in ibid., pp. 265–70.
“sailed through clear”: AL to Joshua F. Speed, July 4, 1842, in ibid., p. 289.
“‘Are you now’…impatient to know”: AL to Joshua F. Speed, October 5, 1842, in ibid., p. 303.
and was, in fact, very happy: AL to Joshua F. Speed, March 27, 1842, in ibid., p. 282.
description of the wedding: Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, pp. 97–98; Helm, The True Story of Mary, pp. 93–95.
“Nothing new here…of profound wonder”: AL to Samuel D. Marshall, November 11, 1842, in CW, I, p. 305.
“Full many a flower”: Thomas Gray, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,” in The Norton Anthology of Poetry, 3rd edn., ed. Alexander W. Allison, et al. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1983), pp. 249–50.
“His melancholy…as he walked”: Herndon, “Analysis of the Character,” ALQ (1941), p. 359.
“No element…profound melancholy”: Whitney, Life on the Circuit with Lincoln, p. 146.
“This melancholy…with his brains”: Henry C. Whitney to WHH, June 23, 1887, in HI, p. 616.
“his face was…ever looked upon”: Joseph Wilson Fifer, quoted in Rufus Rockwell Wilson, Intimate Memories of Lincoln (Elmira, N.Y.: Primavera Press, 1945), p. 155.
“slightly wrinkled…the wrinkles there”: William Calkins, “The First of the Lincoln and Douglas Debates,” quoted in ibid., pp. 169–70.
melancholy does not have: See Jerome Kagan, Galen’s Prophecy: Temperament in Human Nature, with the collaboration of Nancy Snidman, Doreen Arcus, and J. Steven Reznick (New York: Basic Books, 1994), pp. 7–8.
“a tendency to…not a fault”: AL to Mary Speed, September 27, 1841, in CW, I, p. 261.
“Melancholy…a sense of humor”: Thomas Pynchon, introduction to The Teachings of Don B.: Satires, Parodies, Fables, Illustrated Stories, and Plays of Donald Barthelme, ed. Kim Herzinger (New York: Turtle Bay Books, Random House, 1992), p. xviii.
“When he first came…boiled over”: James H. Matheny interview, November 1866, in HI, p. 432.
“he emerged…he lived, again”: Whitney, Life on the Circuit with Lincoln, p. 147.
“necessary to his…relaxation in anecdotes”: Joshua F. Speed to WHH, December 6, 1866, in HI, p. 499.
He laughed, he explained: Whitney, Life on the Circuit with Lincoln, p. 148.
“joyous, universal evergreen of life”: AL, quoted in Nicolay, Personal Traits of Abraham Lincoln, p. 16.
“to whistle off sadness”: David Davis interview, September 20, 1866, in HI, pp. 348, 350.
“Humor, like hope…to be borne”: George E. Vaillant, The Wisdom of the Ego, p. 73.
“Humor can be marvelously…corrosive”: Unnamed source, quoted in ibid., p. 73.
to rescue a pig…“his own mind”: AL, quoted in Nicolay, Personal Traits of Abraham Lincoln, p. 81.
tortured turtles…“it was wrong”: Nathaniel Grigsby interview, September 12, 1865, in HI, p. 112.
He refused to hunt animals: Miller, Lincoln’s Virtues, pp. 26–27.
“the never-absent idea”: AL to Joshua F. Speed, March 27, 1842, in CW, I, p. 282.
“By the imagination…what he feels”: Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (London: A. Millar, 1759; facsimile, New York: Garland Publishing, 1971), pp. 2–3.
“With his wealth…that way themselves”: Nicolay, Personal Traits of Abraham Lincoln, pp. 213, 77, 78.
marriage was tumultuous…was harder for Mary: With Malice Toward None, pp. 69–70; Strozier, Lincoln’s Quest for Union, p. 119; Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, pp. 105–10.
Lincoln helped with the marketing and the dishes: Burlingame, The Inner World of Abraham Lincoln, p. 279.
Julia Bates’s early marriage: Darby, “Mrs. Julia Bates” in Bates, Bates, et al., of Virginia and Missouri, n.p.; EB to Frederick Bates, June 15 and July 19, 1818, quoted in ibid.
Frances Seward spared household chores: Seward, An Autobiography, pp. 62, 382, 466; Patricia C. Johnson, “‘I Could Not be Well or Happy at Home…When Called to the Councils of My Country’: Politics and the Seward Family,” University of Rochester Library Bulletin 31 [hereafterURLB] (Autumn 1978), pp. 42, 47, 49.
Lincolns detached from respective families: Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, pp. 105–07, 111–12.
When Lincoln was away: Ibid., pp. 108–09.
Frances’s family surrounded her: Johnson, “I Could Not be Well or Happy at Home,” URLB, p. 42.
Julia Bates’s family in St. Louis: Bates, Bates, et al., of Virginia and Missouri, n.p.
“the kindest…was necessary”: MTL interview, September 1866, in HI, p. 357.
a gentle and indulgent father: Herndon and Weik, Herndon’s Life of Lincoln, p. 344. See also “‘Unrestrained by Parental Tyranny’: Lincoln and His Sons,” chapter 3 in Burlingame, The Inner World of Abraham Lincoln, pp. 57–72.
“litterally ran over…their importunities”: Joseph Gillespie to WHH, January 31, 1866, in HI, p. 181.
“It is my pleasure…child to its parent”: AL, quoted in MTL interview, September 1866, in ibid., p. 357.
“Now if you should…he is mistaken”: AL to Richard S. Thomas, February 14, 1843, in CW, I, p. 307.
“That ‘union is strength’…‘cannot stand’”: “Campaign Circular from Whig Committee,” March 4, 1843, in ibid., p. 315.
“We had a meeting…own dear ‘gal’”: AL to Joshua F. Speed, March 24, 1843, in ibid., p. 319.
his defeat in Sangamon…“family distinction”: AL to Martin S. Morris, March 26, 1843, in ibid., p. 320.
in Pekin…idea of rotating terms: AL, “Resolution Adopted at Whig Convention at Pekin, Illinois,” May 1, 1843, in ibid., p. 322.
Lincoln left nothing to chance: Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, p. 105.
He asked friends to share…every precinct: Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858, Vol. II, pp. 74–75.
“a quiet trip…vigilance”: AL to Benjamin F. James, January 14, 1846, in CW, I, p. 354.
“That Hardin is talented…‘is fair play’”: AL to Robert Boal, January 7, 1846, in ibid., p. 353.
“not…all other grounds”: AL to John J. Hardin, February 7, 1846, in ibid., p. 364.
“I am not a politician…their ends”: SPC to Charles D. Cleveland, August 29, 1840, reel 5, Chase Papers.
James G. Birney: See Betty Fladeland, James Gillespie Birney: Slaveholder to Abolitionist (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1955), esp. pp. 129–36.
a group of white community leaders: Niven, Salmon P. Chase, p. 47.
On a hot summer night…continued to publish: Fladeland, James Gillespie Birney, pp. 136–37; Blue, Salmon P. Chase, p. 29.
the mob returned…tarred and feathered: Fladeland, James Gillespie Birney, pp. 140–41.
he raced to the hotel…“at any time”: SPC, quoted in Niven, Salmon P. Chase, p. 48.
“His voice and commanding…right time”: Ibid.
“No man…courage and resolution”: Hart, Salmon P. Chase, p. 435.
“By dedicating himself…in its pursuit”: Maizlish, “Salmon P. Chase,” JER (1998), p. 62.
background of the Matilda case: Niven, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 50–51; Hart, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 73–74; Schuckers, The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase, pp. 41–44.
“Every settler…interdicts slavery”: SPC, Speech of Salmon P. Chase in the Case of the Colored Woman, Matilda: Who was Brought Before the Court of Common Pleas of Hamilton County, Ohio, by Writ of Habeas Corpus, March 11, 1837 (Cincinnati: Pugh & Dodd, 1837), pp. 29, 30, 8.
they were printed in pamphlet form: SPC, Speech of Salmon P. Chase in the Case of the Colored Woman, Matilda. 110 Chase versus the Garrisonians: Hart, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 50, 55–56, 65.
“a covenant with…agreement with hell”: Quoted in James Brewer Stewart, William Lloyd Garrison and the Challenge of Emancipation. American Biographical History Series (Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1992), p. 164.
Chase decided, to try for public office…city establishments: Niven, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 57–59.
the “vital question of slavery”: SPC to Charles D. Cleveland, August 29, 1840, reel 5, Chase Papers.
Chase and the Liberty Party: Niven, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 67–70; Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), pp. 78–81. See also “Liberty Party,” in The Reader’s Companion to American History, ed. Foner and Garraty, p. 657.
“to interfere…where it exists”: “Proceedings and Resolutions of the Ohio Liberty Convention,” Philanthropist, December 29, 1841, quoted in Niven, Salmon P. Chase, p. 68.
“without constitutional warrant”: SPC to Gerrit Smith, May 14, 1842, reel 5, Chase Papers.
“has seen so little…the very first”: SPC to Joshua R. Giddings, January 21, 1842, reel 5, Chase Papers.
“there can be only…criminal than unwise”: WHS to SPC, August 4, 1845, reel 6, Chase Papers.
“educated in the Whig school”… defining characteristics: SPC to Lyman Hall, August 6, 1849, quoted in Warden, Private Life and Public Services, p. 331.
decision to leave…for Seward: Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, p. 7.
“one idea”…than with the Whigs: Niven, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 62 (quote), 67, 88, 90–91.
Chase shifted his positions: Hendrick, Lincoln’s War Cabinet, p. 40.
Cincinnati was a natural destination: de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, p. 345.
“Attorney General for the Negro”: Donnal V. Smith, “Salmon P. Chase and the Election of 1860,” OAHQ 39 (July 1930), p. 515.
represented John Van Zandt: See Hart, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 75–78; Schuckers, The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase, pp. 53–66; Niven, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 76–83.
“Moved by sympathy…very willingly”: SPC to Trowbridge, March 18, 1864, reel 32, Chase Papers.
“Under the constitution…which made him a slave”: SPC, Reclamation of Fugitives from Service: An Argument for the Defendant, Submitted to the Supreme Court of the United States, at the December Term, 1846, in the Case of Wharton Jones vs. John Vanzandt (Cincinnati: R. P. Donogh & Co., 1847), pp. 82–84.
“a creature of state law”: Chase, Reclamation of Fugitives from Service, p. 81.
“There goes…himself to-day”: Unnamed judge in Van Zandt trial quoted in Life and Letters of Harriet Beecher Stowe, ed. Annie Fields (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1897; Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1970), p. 145.
Chase enlisted Seward’s help as co-counsel: WHS, In the Supreme Court of the United States: John Van Zandt, ad sectum Wharton Jones: Argument for the Defendant (Albany, N.Y.: Weed & Parsons, 1847); Seward, Seward at Washington…1846–1861, pp. 39–40; Niven, Salmon P. Chase,p. 83.
“poor old Van Zandt…be a gainer”: SPC to CS, April 24, 1847, reel 6, Chase Papers (quote); SPC to Trowbridge, March 18, 1864, reel 32, Chase Papers.
argument reprinted in pamphlet form: See SPC, Reclamation of Fugitives from Service.
“the question…a political movement”: CS to SPC, March 12, 1847, reel 6, Chase Papers.
Adams and Hale: Charles Francis Adams to SPC, March 4, 1847, reel 6, Chase Papers; SPC to John P. Hale, May 12, 1847, reel 6, Chase Papers.
“chaste and beautiful…own fame”: WHS to SPC, February 18, 1847, reel 6, Chase Papers.
“one of the gratifications…greatest too”: SPC to Lewis Tappan, March 18, 1847, reel 6, Chase Papers.
In gratitude…sterling silver pitcher: For a description of the event, see The Address and Reply on the Presentation of a Testimonial to S. P. Chase, by the Colored People of Cincinnati (Cincinnati, Ohio: Henry W. Derby & Co., 1845); Niven, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 85–86.
“whenever the friendless…unto me!”: “Mr. Gordon’s Address,” in The Address and Reply on the Presentation of a Testimonial to S. P. Chase, pp. 12–13, 18.
Chase’s reply: “Reply of Mr. Chase,” in ibid., pp. 19–35.
did not make friends easily: Niven, Salmon P. Chase, p. 130.
“little of human nature”: Lloyd, “Home-Life of Salmon Portland Chase,” Atlantic Monthly, p. 534.
“profoundly versed…of men”: Whitelaw Reid, Ohio in the War, paraphrased in Warden, Private Life and Public Services, p. 244.
Edwin M. Stanton: Frank Abial Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton: The Autocrat of Rebellion, Emancipation, and Reconstruction (Akron, Ohio: Saalfield Publishing Co., 1905), p. 24; Belden and Belden, So Fell the Angels, p. 77; Henry Wilson, “Jeremiah S. Black and Edwin M. Stanton,”Atlantic Monthly 26 (October 1870), pp. 469–70.
“when he was a boy…to slavery”: William Thaw, quoted in Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton, p. 25.
death had pursued Stanton: Pamphila Stanton Wolcott, “Edwin M. Stanton: A Biographical Sketch,” Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio; EMS, “Mary Lamson, Wife of Edwin M. Stanton, and their infant daughter Lucy,” Edwin M. Stanton Manuscript, Mss. 1648, Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collections, Louisiana State University Libraries, Baton Rouge, La.
“Since our pleasant…face to face”: EMS to SPC, November 30, 1846, reel 6, Chase Papers.
“Taxation…sincere love for you”: EMS to SPC, August 1846, reel 6, Chase Papers.
Stanton felt free…“careless of the future”: EMS to SPC, November 30, 1846, reel 6, Chase Papers.
“Many weeks…post office each day”: EMS to SPC, January 5, 1847, reel 6, Chase Papers.
“Rejoicing, as I do…upon your mercy”: EMS to SPC, March 11, 1847, reel 6, Chase Papers.
“filled my heart…bid you farewell”: EMS to SPC, December 2, 1847, reel 6, Chase Papers.
“How much I regret…not have left home”: SPC to EMS, January 9, 1848, reel 1, Papers of Edwin M. Stanton, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress [hereafter Stanton Papers, DLC].
“The practice of law…of the camp”: EMS to SPC, May 27, 1849, reel 7, Chase Papers.
“While public honors…inestimable value”: EMS to SPC, May 27, 1849, reel 7, Chase Papers.
“well aware…among men”: EMS to SPC, June 28, 1850, reel 8, Chase Papers.