“mainly attributed…the first choice”: Joseph Gillespie to WHH, January 31, 1866, in HI, p. 182.
the worst blizzard in more than two decades: Entries for January 20–28, 1855, in Lincoln Day by Day: A Chronology, 1809–1865. Vol. II: 1848–1860, ed. Earl Schenck Miers (Washington, D.C.: Lincoln Sesquicentennial Commission, 1960; Dayton, Ohio: Morningside, 1991), pp. 136–37 [hereafter Lincoln Day by Day, Vol. II]; articles in the Illinois Daily Journal, Springfield, Ill., January 23–February 8, 1855.
“the merry sleigh bells…nearly extinct”: Illinois Daily Journal, January 24, 27, and 30, 1855.
“a beehive of activity”: Daily Alton Telegraph, February 12, 1855, quoted in Mark M. Krug, Lyman Trumbull, Conservative Radical (New York and London: A. S. Barnes & Co., and Thomas Yoseloff, 1965), p. 98.
“lobby and the galleries…and their guests”: Krug, Lyman Trumbull, p. 98.
ladies in the gallery: Ibid.; White, Abraham Lincoln in 1854, p. 17.
bought a stack of small notebooks: Entry for January 1, 1855, Lincoln Day by Day, Vol. II, p. 136; “List of Members of the Illinois Legislature in 1855,” [January 1, 1855?], in CW, II, pp. 296–98.
To reach a majority…fragile coalition: Miller, Lincoln’s Virtues, p. 303.
On the first ballot: AL to Elihu B. Washburne, February 9, 1855, in CW, II, p. 304.
five anti-Nebraska…“at home”: Joseph Gillespie to WHH, September 19, 1866, in HI, p. 344.
Trumbull story: AL to Elihu B. Washburne, February 9, 1855, in CW, II, pp. 304–06; Joseph Gillespie to WHH, January 31, 1866, and September 19, 1866, in HI, pp. 182–83, 344–45.
“you will lose both…to men”: Joseph Gillespie to WHH, January 31, 1866, in HI, p. 183.
“spectators scarcely…the contest”: John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History, Vol. I (New York: Century Co., 1917), p. 390.
“perhaps his last…high position”: Joseph Gillespie to WHH, January 31, 1866, in HI, p. 182.
Logan put his hands: Oates, With Malice Toward None, p. 130.
“he never would…by the 5”: David Davis, quoted in AL to Elihu B. Washburne, February 9, 1855, CW, II, p. 306.
at Trumbull’s victory party: Albert J. Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858, Vol. III (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, The Riverside Press, 1928), p. 287; White, Abraham Lincoln in 1854, p. 19.
“worse whipped…Trumbull is elected”: AL to Elihu B. Washburne, February 9, 1855, Lincoln Papers.
Lincoln, in defeat, gained friends: Donald, Lincoln, p. 185.
“cold, selfish, treachery”: MTL to Leonard Swett, January 12, 1867, in Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, p. 406.
never spoke another word: Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858, Vol. III, p. 286; Miller, Lincoln’s Virtues, p. 312.
intermediaries tried…never healed: Burlingame, The Inner World of Abraham Lincoln, p. 310; Strozier, Lincoln’s Quest for Union, p. 76.
to blackball him: MTL to David Davis, January 17, 1861, in Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, p.
71; entry for December 3, 1865, Diary of Gideon Welles: Secretary of the Navy Under Lincoln and Johnson. Vol. II: April 1, 1864–December 31, 1866, ed. Howard K. Beale (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1960), p. 390 [hereafter Welles diary, Vol. II].
an “agony”: AL to Elihu B. Washburne, February 9, 1855, in CW, II, p. 304.
“He could bear…his friends”: Joseph Gillespie, quoted in Donald, Lincoln, p. 184.
celebrated law case: Unless otherwise noted, information and quotations related to the Reaper case have been derived from Robert H. Parkinson to Albert J. Beveridge, May 28, 1923, container 292, Beveridge Papers, DLC.
Peter Watson: Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858, Vol. II, p. 280.
“At our interview…Manny’s machine”: AL to Peter H. Watson, July 23, 1855, in CW, II, pp. 314–15.
“Why did you bring…no good”: WHH to JWW, January 6, 1887, reel 10, Herndon-Weik Collection, DLC.
“rapt attention”: Ralph and Adaline Emerson, Mr. & Mrs. Ralph Emerson’s Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln (Rockford, Ill.: Wilson Brothers Co., 1909), p. 7.
“drinking in his words”: Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton, p. 63.
“to study law”: Emerson, Emerson’s Personal Recollections, p. 7.
“For any rough-…will be ready”: Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton, p. 63.
“You have made…to return here”: AL, quoted in W. M. Dickson, “Abraham Lincoln in Cincinnati,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 69 (June 1884), p. 62.
“the most powerful…his gift”: Miller, Lincoln’s Virtues, p. 425.
despite his initial contempt…respect and love Lincoln: Lewis Hutchison Stanton to unknown correspondent, January 4, 1930, quoted in the appendix to Gideon Townsend Stanton, ed., “Edwin M. Stanton: A Personal Portrait as revealed in letters addressed to his wife Ellen Hutchison during his voyage to and sojourn in San Francisco…and including letters covering the period 1854 to 1869,” undated, typed manuscript, EdwinM. Stanton Manuscript, Mss. 1648, Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collections, LSU Libraries, Baton Rouge, La. [hereafter Gideon Stanton, ed., “Edwin M. Stanton”]; Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, p. 382.
the “long armed Ape”: WHH to JWW, January 6, 1887, reel 10, Herndon-Weik Collection, DLC.
Stanton’s comfortable childhood…and other works of history: Wolcott, “Edwin M. Stanton,” esp. pp. 20–21, 24, 28, 30, 38, 39, 40, 66–67.
the “happiest hours of his life”: Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton, p. 37.
“regenerate the world”: Mary Lamson Stanton to EMS, December 13, 1843, quoted in Wolcott, “Edwin M. Stanton,” p. 108.
Mary Lamson and children: EMS, “Mary Lamson, Wife of Edwin M. Stanton”; Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton, pp. 30, 32, 36–37, 38.
“bright and cheery”: Wolcott, “Edwin M. Stanton,” p. 63.
Stanton looked upon…and Byron: EMS to Edwin L. Stanton, quoted in Wolcott, “Edwin M. Stanton,” p. 113.
“We years ago…cannot express”: EMS to Mary Lamson Stanton, December 16, 1842, EMS, “Mary Lamson, Wife of Edwin M. Stanton.”
deaths of Lucy and Mary: EMS, “Mary Lamson, Wife of Edwin M. Stanton”; Wolcott, “Edwin M. Stanton,” pp. 72, 99; Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton, pp. 38, 44.
“verged on insanity”: Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962), p. 35.
“She is my bride”…held that spring: Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton, p. 39.
“with lamp in hand…Where is Mary?”: Wolcott, “Edwin M. Stanton,” p. 100.
Stanton’s responsibilities…go of his sorrow: Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, pp. 35–36.
a letter of over a hundred pages: EMS, “Mary Lamson, Wife of Edwin M. Stanton.”
“tears obscuring his vision”: Gideon Stanton, ed., “Edwin M. Stanton.”
“anguish of heart”: EMS, “Mary Lamson, Wife of Edwin M. Stanton.”
“but time, care…for each other”: Ibid.
developed a high fever: Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, p. 40.
“He bled…few moments”: Alfred Taylor, quoted in Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton, p. 45.
His mother watched: Ibid.
“the blood spouted…ceiling”: Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, p. 41.
Neighbors were sent…watching over him: Alfred Taylor, quoted in Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton, p. 45.
“Where formerly…clasped behind”: Mrs. Davison Filson, quoted in ibid., p. 40.
Stanton’s change of personality in court: Ibid., p. 34.
“the most important”…He was greatly relieved: EMS to Ellen Hutchison, September 25, 1855, Stanton Papers, Donated Historical Materials, formerly Record Group 200, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C. [hereafter Stanton Papers, DNA] (quote); Dickson, “Abraham Lincoln in Cincinnati,” Harper’s (1884), p. 62.
Ellen Hutchison: See Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton, p. 66.
“radiant with beauty and intellect”: EMS to Ellen Hutchison, October 10, 1854, Stanton Papers, DNA.
in “agony”: EMS to Ellen Hutchison, October 28, 1854, Stanton Papers, DNA.
“the trouble…fresh blossoms”: EMS to Ellen Hutchison, October 10, 1854, Stanton Papers, DNA.
Ellen was vexed: EMS to Ellen Hutchison, May 21, 1855, and undated letter, Stanton Papers, DNA.
“his careless[ness]…feelings of all”: EMS to Ellen Hutchison, undated, Stanton Papers, DNA.
“there is so much…overlook”: EMS to Ellen Hutchison, May 21, 1855, Stanton Papers, DNA.
“blessed with…you condemn”: EMS to Ellen Hutchison, undated, Stanton Papers, DNA.
to marry Edwin on June 25, 1856: EMS to Ellen Hutchison, June 25, 1856, Stanton Papers, DNA.
Happier years followed: Gideon Stanton, ed., “Edwin M. Stanton.”
to Washington…a brick mansion: Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton, p. 79.
“Twenty-two…a monarch’s brow”: AL, “Fragment on Stephen A. Douglas,” [December 1856?], in CW, II, pp. 382–83.
“She had…ambition”: John T. Stuart interview, late June 1865, in HI, p. 63.
“I would rather…in the world”: MTL, quoted in Elizabeth Todd Edwards interview, 1865–1866, in HI, p. 444.
“a very little…does physically”: Helm, The True Story of Mary, p. 140.
“no equal in the United States”: MTL, quoted in ibid., p. 144.
“unladylike”: MTL to Mercy Ann Levering, December [15?], 1840, in Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, p. 21.
“the first bugle call…a new party”: Schurz, Reminiscences, Vol. II, p. 34.
upheaval complicated by the emergence of the Know Nothings: McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pp. 142–43; Eugene H. Roseboom, “Salmon P. Chase and the Know Nothings,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 25 (December 1938), pp. 335–50.
the Know Nothing Party…“popery”: Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861, pp. 240–52 (quote p. 242); McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 32.
“How can any one…Russia, for instance”: AL to Joshua F. Speed, August 24, 1855, in CW, II, p. 323.
Republican Party, comprised of…over three decades: Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, pp. 114–17, 123–24, 224–25; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861, pp. 247, 249; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 127.
Chase…unhindered by past loyalties: Riddle, “The Election of Salmon P. Chase,” Republic (1875), p. 183; Hendrick, Lincoln’s War Cabinet, p. 33.
Chase accomplished…statewide ticket: Niven, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 157–58, 171: Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, pp. 192–203.
Chase’s campaign for governor: SPC to James S. Pike, October 18, 1855, and SPC to CS, October 15, 1855, reel 10, Chase Papers; Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, pp. 200–01.
“on a hand car…another hand car”: SPC to KCS, September 30, 1855, reel 10, Chase Papers.
“The anxiety…breathe freely!”: CS to SPC, October 11, 1855, reel 10, Chase Papers.
Seward faced a more difficult challenge: Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, pp. 223–25.
lavish dinners…bishop John Hughes: Hugh Hastings letter, reprinted in Barnes, Memoir of Thurlow Weed, pp. 232–33.
Working without rest…in the Senate: Taylor, William Henry Seward, p. 96.
“I snatch…shattered bark”: WHS to TW, February 7, 1855, quoted in Seward, Seward at Washington…1846–1861, p. 245.
“I have never…was made known”: FAS to Augustus Seward, February 7, 1855, reel 115, Seward Papers.
liberated to join…in the state of New York: Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, pp. 224–27.
“I am so happy…. political pew”: CS to WHS, October 15, 1855, reel 49, Seward Papers.
Seward’s October speech: WHS, “The Advent of the Republican Party, Albany, October 12, 1855,” in The Works of William H. Seward, Vol. IV, ed. George E. Baker (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1884; New York: AMS Press, 1972), pp. 225–40 (quote p. 237).
organizing the various…Republican Party: Donald, Lincoln, pp. 189–91.
guerrilla war had broken out: Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861, pp. 199–215.
“engage in competition…in right”: WHS, remarks in “The Nebraska and Kansas Bill,” May 25, 1854, Appendix to the Congressional Globe, 33rd Cong., 1st sess., p. 769.
“When the North…eager foe”: Charleston Mercury, June 21, 1854, quoted in Craven, The Growth of Southern Nationalism, p. 204.
assault on Sumner by Preston Brooks: David Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War, collector’s edition (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960; Norwalk, Conn.: Easton Press, 1987), pp. 294–95; William E. Gienapp, “The Crime Against Sumner: The Caning of Charles Sumner and the Rise of the Republican Party,” Civil War History 25 (September 1979), pp. 218–45.
Sumner’s speech: CS, “Kansas Affairs. Speech of Hon. C. Sumner, of Massachusetts, in the Senate, May 19–20, 1856,” Appendix to the Congressional Globe, 34th Cong., 1st sess., pp. 529–44.
laced with literary and historical references: Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War, pp. 281–82.
“a chivalrous knight…humiliating offices”: CS, “Kansas Affairs,” Appendix to the Congressional Globe, 34th Cong., 1st sess., pp. 530–31.
advised him to remove the personal attacks: William H. Seward, Jr., “Youthful Recollections,” p. 13, folder 36, Box 120, William Henry Seward Papers, Department of Rare Books & Special Collections, University of Rochester Library [hereafter Seward Papers, NRU], Rochester, N.Y.
“the most un-American…or elsewhere”: Response by Lewis Cass to CS’s speech, May 20, 1856, Appendix the Congressional Globe, 34th Cong., 1st sess., p. 544.
Preston Brooks’s attack on Sumner: See Boston Pilot, May 31, 1856; NYT, May 23, 1856; Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War, pp. 294–97.
“You have libelled…come to punish you”: Boston Pilot, May 31, 1856.
“Knots of men…by the slave power”: Boston Daily Evening Transcript, May 29, 1856.
Mass public meetings: Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War, pp. 300–01.
“see the slave aggression…in Congress”: F. A. Sumner to CS, June 24, 1856, quoted in Gienapp, “The Crime Against Sumner,” CWH (1979), p. 230.
“but the knocking-down…Southern spirit”: NYTrib, May 24, 1856.
“proved a…Republican party”: Gienapp, “The Crime Against Sumner,” CWH (1979), p. 239.
Sumner hero in North, Brooks in South: Ibid., pp. 221, 222–23; Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War, pp. 297–99, 304–07.
“good in conception…in consequence”: Richmond Enquirer, June 3, 1856, quoted in Gienapp, “The Crime Against Sumner,” CWH (1979), p. 222.
presented Brooks…and walking stick: Columbia [S.C.] Carolinian, reprinted in Charleston Daily Courier, May 28, 1856.
“We are rejoiced…catch it next”: Richmond Whig, quoted in NYT, May 26, 1856.
“If thrashing is…wretch, Sumner”: Petersburg [Va.] Intelligencer, quoted in NYT, May 29, 1856.
“apparent that…Brooks-Sumner affair”: Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War, p. 309.
“all shades…and abolitionists”: Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, p. 165.
“fire and energy and force”: Herndon and Weik, Herndon’s Life of Lincoln, p. 313.
“That is the greatest…the presidency”: Jesse K. Dubois, quoted in Weik, The Real Lincoln, p. 257.
“Lost Speech”: Speech at Bloomington, Illinois, May 29, 1856, report in the Alton Weekly Courier, June 5, 1856, in CW, II, p. 341; Oates, With Malice Toward None, pp. 136–37.
By the late spring of 1856: Republican National Convention, One Hundred Years Ago: Proceedings of the First Republican Nominating Convention, Philadelphia, 1856 (n.p.: n.p., 1956); Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, pp. 334–45.
both Seward and Chase…the nomination: Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, pp. 174, 176; SPC to Hiram Barney, June 6, 1856, reel 11, Chase Papers.
gubernatorial election…nomination in 1856: Reinhard H. Luthin, “Salmon P. Chase’s Political Career Before the Civil War,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 29 (March 1943), p. 525; SPC to Kinsley S. Bingham, October 19, 1855, reel 10, Chase Papers.
meeting at Blair home: Smith, The Francis Preston Blair Family in Politics, Vol. I, pp. 323–24; Niven, Salmon P. Chase, p. 178; Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, pp. 250–51.
“approving…invitation”: WHS to TW, December 31, 1855, quoted in Seward, Seward at Washington…1846–1861, p. 264.
turned to potential candidates: Niven, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 178–79.
“if the unvarnished…people”: SPC to Edward Hamlin, June 12, 1856, reel 11, Chase Papers.
neglected to appoint a manager…failed to unite: Hiram Barney to SPC, June 21, 1856, reel 11, Chase Papers; entry for June 1856, SPC diary, 1845–1859, reel 1, Chase Papers, DLC; Luthin, “Salmon P. Chase’s Political Career Before the Civil War,” MVHR (1943), p. 526.
“I know that if…been accomplished”: Hiram Barney to SPC, June 21, 1856, reel 11, Chase Papers.
Seward had greater reason…Weed kept him from running: WHS to FAS, June 14 and 17, 1856, quoted in Seward, Seward at Washington…1846–1861, pp. 277–78; Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, pp. 174, 176–77; Macartney, Lincoln and His Cabinet, p. 95; Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, pp. 310, 339.
Lincoln was staying…“two steps at a time”: Whitney, Life on the Circuit with Lincoln, pp. 94–95 (quote p. 95).
110 votes for vice president: Republican National Convention, One Hundred Years Ago, p. 67.
“Davis and I…reckon it’s him”: Whitney, Life on the Circuit with Lincoln, p. 96.
Bates refused…Whig National Convention: Cain, Lincoln’s Attorney General, pp. 85, 86–88.
American Party…preserving the Union: Ibid., p. 82.
“I am neither…disordered territory”: EB before the Whig National Convention in Baltimore, July 1856, quoted in ibid., p. 88.
results of 1856 presidential election: Congressional Quarterly, Presidential Elections Since 1789, p. 181.
Dred Scott case: Paul Finkelman, Dred Scott v. Sandford: A Brief History with Documents. The Bedford Series in History and Culture (Boston and New York: Bedford Books, 1997); Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).
“an uncompromising…antislavery movement”: Finkelman, Dred Scott v. Sandford, p. 29.
“Bright skies…bland atmosphere”: Star, March 4, 1857.
Buchanan inaugural address: James Buchanan, “Inaugural Address, March 4, 1857,” in The Works of James Buchanan, Comprising His Speeches, State Papers, and Private Correspondence. Vol. X: 1856–1860, ed. John Bassett Moore (Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1910), p. 106.
“are not included…bound to respect”: Roger B. Taney, opinion quoted in Finkelman, Dred Scott v. Sandford, pp. 35–36.
did not stop even there…was not before it: Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861, pp. 276–79.
“become convinced…its introduction”: Justice Benjamin R. Curtis, quoted in ibid., p. 279 n24.
“one of the Court’s…wounds”: Opinion of Felix Frankfurter, in conversation with law clerk Richard N. Goodwin, as told to the author.
“often wrestled in the halls…justly won it”: Richmond Enquirer, March 10, 1857.
“the accredited interpreter…and confused”: Richmond Enquirer, March 13, 1857.
“Sheer blasphemy”: Congressman John F. Potter, quoted in Kenneth M. Stampp, America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 104.
“entitled to just…Washington bar-room”: NYTrib, March 7, 1857.
“an impartial judicial body”…would fail: Pike, “Decision of the Supreme Court,” March 8, 1857, from the NYTrib, reprinted in Pike, First Blows of the Civil War, pp. 368–69 (quote p. 368).
“Judge Taney…good, evil”: Frederick Douglass, “The Dred Scott Decision: Speech at New York, on the Occasion of the Anniversary of the American Abolition Society, May 11, 1857,” reprinted in Finkelman, Dred Scott v. Sandford, p. 174.
“has aroused”…reported to Sumner: FAS to CS, April 23, 1857, reel 15, Sumner Papers.
Dred Scott was sold…to slavery: Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861, p. 290.
Speaking in Springfield…“circumstances should permit”: AL, “Speech at Springfield, Illinois,” June 16, 1857, in CW, II, pp. 398–410 (quotes p. 403, 405, 406).
“The day of inauguration…English liberty”: WHS, “Kansas-Lecompton Constitution,” March 3, 1858, Senate, Congressional Globe, 35th Cong., 1st sess., p. 941.
reaction to Seward speech…access to the White House: Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, p. 190.
“have refused…to such a man”: Samuel Tyler, Memoir of Roger Brooke Taney (Baltimore, 1872; New York: Da Capo Press, 1970), p. 391.
Seward’s Rochester, New York, speech: WHS, “The Irrepressible Conflict, Rochester, October 25, 1858,” in Works of William H. Seward, Vol. IV, pp. 289–302 (quotes pp. 291, 292; italics added).
Frances Seward…stance of the South: FAS to CS, January 4, 1859, reel 17, Sumner Papers.
“that troubled…irrepressible?”: Kenneth M. Stampp, “The Irrepressible Conflict,” in Stampp, The Imperiled Union: Essays on the Background of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980; 1981), p. 191.
uproar in opposition papers: Atlas and Argus, Albany, N.Y., October 28, 1858.
“more repulsive…Rev. Dr. Parker”: NYH, October 28, 1858.
“never comprehended…words”: Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, p. 191.
“if heaven…do it again”: WHS, quoted in Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, p. 194.
conciliatory…with his adversaries: David M. Potter, Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1942), pp. 25–26.
“alarm and apprehension”: WHS to FAS, February 9, 1849, quoted in Seward, Seward at Washington…1846–1861, p. 98.
“This general impression…‘Night’s Dream’”: WHS to FAS, February 9, 1849, quoted in ibid., p. 98.
“Those who assailed…pinch of snuff”: Albany Evening Journal, May 19, 1890.
Seward’s extravagant dinner parties: Columbus [Ohio] Gazette, April 6, 1860 (quotes); Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, pp. 257–58.
a trip through Canada: Seward, Seward at Washington…1846–1861, pp. 301–22; Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, p. 183.
“voyage of discovery”: FPB to WHS, October 5, 1857, quoted in Seward, Seward at Washington…1846–1861, p. 324.
“very best traveling”…elegant meals: FPB to WHS, November 1, 1857, quoted in ibid., p. 326.
“At an age…of the nation”: Cincinnati Enquirer, August 6, 1899.
“a scientific knowledge…surpassed”: Peacock, Famous American Belles of the Nineteenth Century, p. 214.
“Her complexion…of her head”: Sara A. Pryor, Reminiscences of Peace and War. Revised and enlarged ed. (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1905), pp. 75–76.
Gothic mansion on Sixth Street: Niven, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 200, 201, 204; SPC to KCS, December 3, 4, 5, and 6, 1857, reel 11, Chase Papers.
“I feel I am…trust yours”: SPC to KCS, December 5, 1857, reel 11, Chase Papers.
“you have capacity and will do very well”: SPC to KCS, December 4, 1857, reel 11, Chase Papers.
role of Ohio’s first lady: Ross, Proud Kate, pp. 32–33, 36–37.
“I knew all…very early age”: “Kate Chase in 1893,” undated newspaper clipping from the Star, KCS vertical file, DCPL.
first dinner “in society…very beautiful”: Howells, Years of My Youth, pp. 154–55.
led to a tryst…end to the relationship: Columbus Special to the Chicago Times, reprinted in Cincinnati Enquirer, August 13, 1879.
“I find that…any other man”: SPC to Charles D. Cleveland, November 3, 1857, reel 11, Chase Papers.
met in Lecompton…applied for statehood: Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861, pp. 300, 306–07, 313–15, 318–20, 322–25.
now siding with the Republicans: Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861, pp. 316, 318, 320–21.
“My objection…a slave State”: Stephen A. Douglas’s speech, “Third Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Jonesboro, Illinois,” September 15, 1858, in CW, III, p. 115.
He cared not…voted up or down: AL on Stephen Douglas, in “A House Divided”: Speech at Springfield, Illinois, June 16, 1858, in CW, II, p. 463.
“was not the act…embody their will”: Stephen A. Douglas’s speech, “Third Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Jonesboro, Illinois,” September 15, 1858, in CW, III, p. 115.
“What can…freedom and justice”: WHS to [FAS?], December 10, 1857, quoted in Seward, Seward at Washington…1846–1861, p. 330.
Greeley called on Illinois Republicans: Fehrenbacher, Prelude to Greatness, p. 61.
Lincoln at once…destroyed the Republican Party: AL to Elihu B. Washburne, May 27, 1858, in CW, II, p. 455; AL to SPC, April 30, 1859, in CW, III, p. 378; Donald, Lincoln, pp. 204, 208.
“accosted by friends…to go under”: AL, “Fragment of a Speech,” [c. May 18, 1858], in CW, II, p. 448.
“What does…here in Illinois?”: AL to Lyman Trumbull, December 28, 1857, in ibid., p. 430.
“incapable of…pure republican position”: AL to Charles L. Wilson, June 1, 1858, in ibid., p. 457.
interference of the Eastern Republicans: Illinois Daily Journal, Springfield, Ill., June 16, 1858; Fehrenbacher, Prelude to Greatness, pp. 62–63.
“Abraham Lincoln…United States Senate”: Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, p. 179.
a statewide Republican convention…“Stephen A. Douglas”: Fehrenbacher, Prelude to Greatness, pp. 63, 48 (quote p. 48).
“A house divided…another Supreme Court decision”: AL, “A House Divided”: Speech at Springfield, Illinois, June 16, 1858, in CW, II, pp. 461, 465–67. “A House Divided” appears in the Bible in Matthew 12:25; Mark 3:24.
If “the point…talking about”: James M. McPherson, “How Lincoln Won the War with Metaphors,” Eighth Annual R. Gerald McMurtry Lecture, 1985, reprinted in James M. McPherson, Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 104.
“weight and authority…not promise to ever be”: AL, “A House Divided”: Speech at Springfield, Illinois, June 16, 1858, in CW, II, pp. 462–63, 467–68.
“What if Judge”…to extend slavery: AL’s reply, “First Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Ottawa, Illinois,” August 21, 1858, in CW, III, pp. 22, 20 (quote p. 22).
“planned to seize…nationalize slavery”: Cain, Lincoln’s Attorney General, p. 77.
Lincoln, the challenger, asked Douglas: The Lincoln-Douglas Debates: The First Complete, Unexpurgated Text, ed. Harold Holzer (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), pp. 2–6.
both men covered over 4,000 miles: Ibid., p. 20.
marching bands…picnics: Baringer, Lincoln’s Rise to Power, pp. 21–22, 24–25, 28, 30–31, 33–34, 37.
“all the devoted…for athletic contests”: Fehrenbacher, Prelude to Greatness, p. 15.
“the country people…lines in single combat”: Schurz, Reminiscences, Vol. II, pp. 92, 88.
“were the successive…of the nation”: AL’s speech, “Sixth Debate with Stephen A. Douglas, at Quincy, Illinois,” October 13, 1858, in CW, III, pp. 252–53.
“On the whole…extreme modest simplicity”: Schurz, Reminiscences, Vol. II, p. 92.
followed the same rules…Newspaper stenographers: The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, ed. Holzer, pp. 4, 9.
“No more striking…and staying power”: Schurz, Reminiscences, Vol. II, p. 94.
The highly partisan papers: See The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, ed. Holzer, pp. 7–8.
“when Mr. Lincoln…music in front”: Press and Tribune, Chicago, following Ottawa debate, quoted in The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, ed. Holzer, p. 85.
“excoriation of Lincoln…in shame”: Chicago Times, in ibid.
“both comparatively…Hit him again”: Stephen Douglas’s speech, “First Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Ottawa, Illinois,” August 21, 1858, in CW, III, pp. 5–6.
conceded that Douglas…“upon principle, alone”: AL, “Speech at Springfield, Illinois,” July 17, 1858, in CW, II, p. 506.
“The very notice…political physicians”: Stephen Douglas, quoted in NYTrib, included in AL’s reply, “Third Joint Debate at Jonesboro,” September 15, 1858, in The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, ed. Holzer, p. 173.
“Well, I know…if he can”: AL’s reply, “Third Joint Debate at Jonesboro,” September 15, 1858, in ibid., pp. 173, 175.
a small notebook…“pursuit of Happiness”: Ibid., p. 17. Quotation from paragraph two of the Declaration of Independence (1776).
“majestic interpretation…in other ages”: AL, “Speech at Lewistown, Illinois,” August 17, 1858, quoted in Press and Tribune, Chicago, August 21, 1858, in CW, II, p. 546.
“I care more…in Christendom”: Stephen Douglas’s reply, “Seventh and Last Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Alton, Illinois,” October 15, 1858, in CW, III, p. 322.
“the doctrine…a slave of another”: AL, “Speech at Peoria, Illinois,” October 16, 1854, in CW, II, pp. 265–66.
“The difference between…these views”: AL, “Speech at Edwardsville, Illinois,” September 11, 1858, in CW, III, p. 92.
set of Black Laws…on juries: Leon F. Litwack, North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790–1860 (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1961), pp. 93, 278.
“If you desire…Never, never”: Stephen Douglas’s speech, “First Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Ottawa, Illinois,” August 21, 1858, in CW, III, p. 9.
“the signers…that’s the truth”: Stephen A. Douglas’s speech, “Seventh and Last Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Alton, Illinois,” October 15, 1858, in ibid., p. 296.
“no purpose…the black races”: AL’s reply, “First Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Ottawa, Illinois,” August 21, 1858, in ibid., p. 16.
“of making voters…nor to intermarry”: AL’s speech, “Fourth Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Charleston, Illinois,” September 18, 1858, in ibid., p. 145.
“a physical difference…of every living man”: AL’s reply, “First Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Ottawa, Illinois,” August 21, 1858, in ibid., p. 16.
only unequivocal statement: Harry Jaffa, Crisis of the House Divided, pp. 382–84.
passing a special law…“whether free or slave”: Koerner, Memoirs of Gustave Koerner, Vol. II, p. 30.
“Seward did not…of the whites”: Van Deusen, William Henry Seward, p. 94.
“the two races…in other lands”: Blue, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 83, 84; SPC, quoted in ibid.
“The most dreadful…prejudice of the white”: de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. Mansfield and Winthrop, pp. 326, 329, 328.
“in the name of…to go?”: Henry Clay, quoted in Nevins, Ordeal of the Union. Vol. I: Fruits of Manifest Destiny, p. 515.
“My first impulse…native land”: AL, “Speech at Peoria, Illinois,” October 16, 1854, in CW, II, p. 255.
More than 3 million: Craven, The Growth of Southern Nationalism, p. 12.
“What then?…safely disregarded”: AL, quoting his 1854 Peoria speech in his reply, “First Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Ottawa, Illinois,” August 21, 1858, in CW, III, p. 15.
“With public sentiment…this American people”: AL’s reply, “First Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Ottawa, Illinois,” August 21, 1858, in ibid., pp. 27, 29.
“they did not mean…all colors everywhere”: AL, “Speech at Springfield, Illinois,” June 26, 1857, in CW, II, p. 406.
“penetrate the human soul”: AL’s reply, “First Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Ottawa, Illinois,” August 21, 1858, in CW, III, p. 29.
“all this quibbling…men are created equal”: AL, “Speech at Chicago, Illinois,” July 10, 1858, quoted by Stephen Douglas in his reply, “Sixth Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Quincy, Illinois,” October 13, 1858, in ibid., p. 263.
“practical recognition of our Equality”: Frederick Douglass, quoted in David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), p. 16.
“the first great man…the colored race”: Frederick Douglass, “Lincoln and the Colored Troops,” in Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Rice, p. 323.
“having strong sympathies…and so on”: AL’s reply, “Seventh and Last Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Alton, Illinois,” October 15, 1858, in CW, III, p. 300.
“whole town…human beings”: Eyewitness at Alton debate, quoted in The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, ed. Holzer, p. 322.
“More than a thousand…he ever made”: Koerner, Memoirs of Gustave Koerner, Vol. II, pp. 66–68.
The “real issue…same tyrannical principle”: AL’s reply, “Seventh and Last Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Alton, Illinois,” October 15, 1858, in CW, III, p. 315.
He drew up…“to be struggled for”: AL, “1858 Campaign Strategy,” [July? 1858], in CW, II, pp. 476–81 (quote p. 479).
“We are in…must be left undone”: AL to Gustave P. Koerner, July 25, 1858, in ibid., p. 524.
Chase came to Illinois: Niven, Salmon P. Chase, p. 210; Blue, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 118–19.
a gesture Lincoln would not forget: AL to SPC, April 30, 1859, in CW, III, p. 378; AL to Samuel Galloway, March 24, 1860, in CW, IV, p. 34.
a dreary day, November 2, 1858: Illinois State Journal, Springfield, Ill., November 3, 1858.
Lincoln anxiously awaited the returns: Baringer, Lincoln’s Rise to Power, p. 43; Oates, With Malice Toward None, p. 173.
“by the gerrymandering…Republican votes”: Koerner, Memoirs of Gustave Koerner, Vol. II, p. 68.
John Crittenden: Fehrenbacher, Prelude to Greatness, p. 118.
“Thousands of Whigs…influence of Crittenden”: WHH to Theodore Parker, November 8, 1858, quoted in Baringer, Lincoln’s Rise to Power, p. 49.
“The emotions of defeat…anything dishonorable”: AL to John J. Crittenden, November 4, 1858, in CW, III, pp. 335–36.
“I am glad…after I am gone”: AL to Anson G. Henry, November 19, 1858, in ibid., p. 339.
“must not be surrendered…hundred defeats”: AL to Henry Asbury, November 19, 1858, in ibid., p. 339.
“You will soon…have fun again”: AL to Charles H. Ray, November 20, 1858, in ibid., p. 342.