A. THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT, 1865
1. Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude
2. Completed the work of the Emancipation Proclamation
B. THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT, 1868
1. Made the former slaves citizens, thus invalidating the Dred Scott decision
2. Provided for equal protection of the laws for all citizens
3. Enforced congressional legislation guaranteeing civil rights to former slaves
C. THE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT, 1870
1. The amendment provided suffrage for Black males.
2. It stirred controversy among women's rights advocates.
3. Some women's rights supporters, including Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, and Frederick Douglass, supported the amendment.
4. Other women's rights supporters, led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, opposed the amendment. They advocated, without success, for a universal suffrage amendment.
A. CAUSES
1. Former Confederates were elected to Congress.
2. Black Codes were enacted in Southern states.
3. Race riots broke out in New Orleans and Memphis.
4. There were attempts in the South to undermine the Fourteenth Amendment.
B. PROGRAMS AND POLICIES
1. Military occupation of the South was permitted.
2. Punishment of Confederate leaders became policy.
3. Restrictions were placed on the power of President Andrew Johnson.
4. The House of Representatives impeached Johnson because he obstructed enforcement of the Reconstruction Acts.
C. ACHIEVEMENTS
1. Public school systems in the Southern states were improved.
2. African Americans were elected to the House and Senate.
A. FROM SLAVES TO SHARECROPPERS
1. The majority of freedmen entered sharecropping arrangements with their former masters.
2. Sharecropping led to a cycle of debt and depression for Southern tenant farmers.
3. The freedmen did not receive 40 acres and a mule.
B. BLACK CODES
1. The codes were passed by Southern state legislatures.
2. They were intended to place limits on the socioeconomic opportunities and freedoms open to Black people.
3. The codes forced Black Americans to work under conditions that closely resembled slavery.
A. THE ELECTION OF 1876
1. Samuel J. Tilden polled more popular votes than Rutherford B. Hayes.
2. Tilden won 184 of the 185 electoral votes needed for election.
3. There were 20 disputed votes in four states, 3 of which were in the South.
B. THE COMPROMISE OF 1877
1. The Democrats agreed that Hayes would take office.
2. The Republicans agreed to withdraw all federal troops from the South.
3. Hayes promised to appoint at least one Southerner to his cabinet.
4. The Republicans agreed to support internal improvements in the South.
5. The Republicans abandoned their commitment to racial equality. For example, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 guaranteed equal accommodations in public places and prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection. The law was not enforced.
6. The Compromise of 1877 ended Congressional Reconstruction.
A. THE 1883 CIVIL RIGHTS CASES
1. The cases weakened the protections given to African Americans under the Fourteenth Amendment.
2. Much of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was declared unconstitutional.
3. The cases declared that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibited only government violations of civil rights, not the denial of civil rights to individuals.
B. PLESSY v. FERGUSON, 1896
1. The case involved a dispute over the legality of segregated railroad cars in Louisiana.
2. It upheld segregation by approving "separate but equal" accommodations for African Americans.
3. It led to the establishment of separate school systems for African Americans.
4. The doctrine of "separate but equal" was reversed in 1954 by the landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.
TEST TIP
Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka are two of the most important Supreme Court cases in American history. APUSH test writers recognize their significance and have included at least one question about these cases on each of the released exams.
C. DISENFRANCHISING BLACK VOTERS
1. Literacy tests and poll taxes were used to deny African Americans the ballot.
2. The grandfather clause exempted from these requirements anyone whose forebear had voted in 1860. Needless to say, Black slaves had not voted at that time.
3. Electoral districts were gerrymandered to favor the Democratic Party.
A. ATLANTA COMPROMISE SPEECH, 1895
1. Booker T. Washington called on African Americans to seek economic opportunities rather than political rights.
2. Washington declared, "In all things purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress."
B. KEY POSITIONS
1. Washington supported Black economic self-help.
2. Washington supported accommodation to White society.
3. Washington supported vocational education.
4. Washington supported racial solidarity.
5. Washington opposed public political agitation.
VII. THE NEW SOUTH
A. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
1. Proponents of the New South supported building a more diversified Southern economy.
2. New South advocates championed the expansion of Southern industry.
B. POLITICAL REPRESSION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS
1. New South advocates supported the return of White conservatives to political power.
2. New South advocates supported the withdrawal of federal troops while ignoring the rise of the Ku Klux Klan and the increase in lynching.
3. African Americans who migrated to Kansas were known as Exodusters.