Introduction
1. International Workplace Group, “The IWG Global Workspace Survey,” March 2019, https://assets.regus.com/pdfs/iwg-workplace-survey/iwg-workplace-survey-2019.pdf.
2. Andrei Zimiles, “Four New Statistics That Prove That Telemedicine Isn’t Just a Pandemic Fad,” Medical Economics, July 8, 2020, https://www.medicaleconomics.com/view/four-new-statistics-that-prove-that-telemedicine-isn-t-just-a-pandemic-fad.
3. Tugba Sabanoglu, “Number of Digital Buyers in the United States from 2017 to 2024,” Statista, November 30, 2020, https://www.statista.com/statistics/273957/number-of-digital-buyers-in-the-united-states/; Shopify, “The Future of Ecommerce in 2021,” 2021, https://www.shopify.com/enterprise/the-future-of-ecommerce.
4. Alex Shashkevich, “Meeting Online Has Become the Most Popular Way U.S. Couples Connect, Stanford Sociologist Finds,” Stanford News, August 21, 2019, https://news.stanford.edu/2019/08/21/online-dating-popular-way-u-s-couples-meet/.
5. Katherine Timpf, “OKCupid Allowing Users to Identify as Five Sexual Orientations at Once,” National Review, November 18, 2014, https://www.nationalreview.com/2014/11/okcupid-allowing-users-identify-five-sexual-orientations-once-katherine-timpf/.
6. Doug Lederman, “Online Education Ascends,” Inside Higher Ed, November 7, 2018, https://www.insidehighered.com/digital-learning/article/2018/11/07/new-data-online-enrollments-grow-and-share-overall-enrollment.
7. YouTube Internal Data, Global, 2017, https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/marketing-strategies/video/learning-related-youtube-statistics/.
8. Roger Vincent, “That Canter’s Pastrami Takeout You Ordered Might Be Coming from a Ghost Kitchen,” Los Angeles Times, January 30, 2020, https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2020-01-30/that-canters-pastrami-takeout-you-ordered-might-be-coming-from-a-ghost-kitchen.
9. Miles Parks, “Exclusive: Seattle-Area Voters to Vote by Smartphone in 1st for U.S. Election,” NPR, January 22, 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/01/22/798126153/exclusive-seattle-area-voters-to-vote-by-smartphone-in-1st-for-u-s-elections.
10. Graham Kendall, “Apollo 11 Anniversary: Could an iPhone Fly Me to the Moon?” Independent, July 9, 2019, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/apollo-11-moon-landing-mobile-phones-smartphone-iphone-a8988351.html.
11. Nick Bilton, “Steve Jobs Was a Low-Tech Parent,” New York Times, September 10, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/11/fashion/steve-jobs-apple-was-a-low-tech-parent.html?_r=0.
Chapter 1
1. Flight Safety Australia, “178 Seconds to Live—VFR into IMC,” January 22, 2016, https://www.flightsafetyaustralia.com/2016/01/178-seconds-to-live-vfr-into-imc/.
2. Committee on Communications, “Children, Adolescents, and Advertising,” Pediatrics 118, no. 6 (2006): 2563–2569.
3. Lisa Guernsey, Screen Time, Kindle ed. (New York: Basic Books, 2012), 223.
4. Keith Wagstaff, “How Target Knew a High School Girl Was Pregnant before Her Parents Did,” Time, February 17, 2012, techland.time.com/2012/02/17/how-target-knew-a-high-school-girl-was-pregnant-before-her-parents/.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “E-Cigarette Ads and Youth,” https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/ecigarette-ads/index.html.
6. Guernsey, Screen Time, 225.
7. Naomi Kresge, Ilya Khrennikov, and David Ramli, “Period-Tracking Apps Are Monetizing Women’s Extremely Personal Data,” Bloomberg Businessweek, January 24, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-24/how-period-tracking-apps-are-monetizing-women-s-extremely-personal-data.
8. Zeynep Tufekci, “We’re Building a Dystopia Just to Make People Click on Ads,” TED Talk, September 2017, https://www.ted.com/talks/zeynep_tufekci_we_re_building_a_dystopia_just_to_make_people_click_on_ads.
9. Amanda Todd Legacy Society, “About Amanda, Amanda’s Story,” https://www.amandatoddlegacy.org/about-amanda.html.
10. Monisha Martins, “Predators Lurk Behind Computer Screens,” Maple Ridge-Pitt Meadows News, October 25, 2012, https://www.mapleridgenews.com/news/predators-lurk-behind-computer-screens/.
11. TheSomebodytoKnow, “My Story: Struggling, Bullying, Suicide, Self Harm,” YouTube video, September 7, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vOHXGNx-E7E.
12. Monica Anderson, “A Majority of Teens Have Experienced Some Form of Cyberbullying,” Pew Research Center, September 27, 2018, https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/09/27/a-majority-of-teens-have-experienced-some-form-of-cyberbullying/.
13. Young Minds, “Safety Net Report: Impact of Cyberbullying on Children’s Mental Health,” https://youngminds.org.uk/resources/policy-reports/cyberbullying-inquiry/; McAfee, “Teens’ Online Behavior Can Get Them in Trouble,” June 3, 2014, https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/consumer/family-safety/teens-and-screens/.
14. Jessica Guynn, “If You’ve Been Harassed Online, You’re Not Alone: More Than Half of Americans Say They’ve Experienced Hate,” USA Today, February 13, 2019, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2019/02/13/study-most-americans-have-been-targeted-hateful-speech-online/2846987002/; J. Clement, “Percentage of Teenagers in the United States Who Have Encountered Hate Speech on Social Media Platforms as of April 2018, by Type,” Statista, October 14, 2019, https://www.statista.com/statistics/945392/teenagers-who-encounter-hate-speech-online-social-media-usa/.
15. Becky Gardiner et al., “The Dark Side of Guardian Comments,” Guardian, April 12, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/apr/12/the-dark-side-of-guardian-comments.
16. Sherri Gordon, “How the Bullying Tactics Politicians Use Affect Kids,” Verywell Family, June 21, 2020, https://www.verywellfamily.com/5-bullying-tactics-politicians-use-and-how-it-impacts-kids-4080749.
17. Rebecca Webber, “The Comparison Trap,” Psychology Today, November 2017, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/201711/the-comparison-trap.
18. Seth Stephens-Davidowitz, “Don’t Let Facebook Make You Miserable,” New York Times, May 6, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/06/opinion/sunday/dont-let-facebook-make-you-miserable.html.
19. Jacqueline Nesi and Mitchell J. Prinstein, “Using Social Media for Social Comparison and Feedback-Seeking: Gender and Popularity Moderate Associations with Depressive Symptoms,” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 43, no. 8 (2015): 1427–1438.
20. Jasmine Garsd, “#Blessed: Is Everyone Happier Than You on Social Media?,” NPR, August 6, 2018, https://www.npr.org/2018/08/06/636016812/-blessed-is-everyone-happier-than-you-on-social-media.
21. Royal Society for Public Health, “#StatusofMind,” https://www.rsph.org.uk/our-work/campaigns/status-of-mind.html.
22. Samantha Cole, “The Ugly Truth Behind Pornhub’s ‘Year in Review’,” Vice, February 18, 2020, https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxez8y/pornhub-year-in-review-deepfake.
23. Fight the New Drug, “How Consuming Porn Can Lead to Violence,” August 23, 2017, https://fightthenewdrug.org/how-consuming-porn-can-lead-to-violence/; Revealing Reality,“Young People, Pornography, and Age-Verification,” BBFC report, https://www.revealingreality.co.uk/work/young-people-pornography-age-verification/.
24. Eli Saslow, “‘Nothing on This Page Is Real’: How Lies Become Truth in Online America,” Washington Post, November 17, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/nothing-on-this-page-is-real-how-lies-become-truth-in-online-america/2018/11/17/edd44cc8-e85a-11e8-bbdb-72fdbf9d4fed_story.html; Craig Silverman, Jane Lytvynenko, and Scott Pham, “These Are 50 of the Biggest Fake News Hits on Facebook in 2017,” BuzzFeed News, December 28, 2017, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/these-are-50-of-the-biggest-fake-news-hits-on-facebook-in#.xtG2LmjYnN.
25. BBC News, “Coronavirus: How a Misleading Map Went Global,” February 19, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51504512.
26. Knight Foundation, “Disinformation, ‘Fake News’ and Influence Campaigns on Twitter,” October 4, 2018, https://knightfoundation.org/reports/disinformation-fake-news-and-influence-campaigns-on-twitter/.
27. Amy Watson, “Share of Adults Who Believe Fake News Is a Major Problem in the United States in 2017, by Age,” Statista, December 12, 2019, https://www.statista.com/statistics/657061/fake-news-confusion-level-by-age/; Statista, “Fake News in Europe—Statistics and Facts,” June 5, 2020, https://www.statista.com/topics/5833/fake-news-in-europe/.
28. US House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, “Exposing Russia’s Effort to Sow Discord Online: The Internet Research Agency and Advertisements,” https://intelligence.house.gov/social-media-content/.
29. Franklin Foer, “Putin Is Well on His Way to Stealing the Next Election,” Atlantic, June 2020, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/06/putin-american-democracy/610570/.
30. Scott Shane and Vindu Goel, “Fake Russian Facebook Accounts Bought $100,000 in Political Ads,” New York Times, September 6, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/technology/facebook-russian-political-ads.html.
31. Philip N. Howard, Bharath Ganesh, and Dimitra Liotsiou, “The IRA, Social Media and Political Polarization in the United States, 2012-2018,” Oxford University, Computational Propaganda Research Project, https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2018/12/IRA-Report.pdf.
32. David Von Drehle, “Vladimir Putin’s Virus,” Washington Post, March 2, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/03/02/did-vladimir-putin-turn-america-itself/.
33. Jonathan Haidt and Tobias Rose-Stockwell, “The Dark Psychology of Social Networks,” Atlantic, December 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/12/social-media-democracy/600763/.
34. Scott Galloway, The Four: The Hidden DNA of Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google (New York: Random House, 2017).
35. McAfee, “The Economic Impact of Cybercrime—No Slowing Down,” accessed October 24, 2018.
36. James Bridle, “The Nightmare Videos of Children’s YouTube—and What’s Wrong with the Internet Today,” TED Talk, April 2018, https://www.ted.com/talks/james_bridle_the_nightmare_videos_of_children_s_youtube_and_what_s_wrong_with_the_internet_today?language=en.
Chapter 2
1. Ray Oldenburg, The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, Beauty Parlors, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts, and How They Get You Through the Day (New York: Paragon House, 1989).
2. D. L. Cooperrider and S. Srivastva, “Appreciative Inquiry in Organizational Life,” in Research in Organizational Change and Development, vol. 1, eds. R. W. Woodman and W. A. Pasmore (Stamford, CT: JAI Press, 1987), 129–169.
3. US Department of Education, National Education Technology Plan 2016, “Future Ready Learning: Reimaging the Role of Technology in Education,” https://tech.ed.gov/files/2015/12/NETP16.pdf.
4. Tim Omarzu, “Chattanooga STEM Students Control Microscote 1,800 Miles away from L.A.,” Chattanooga Times Free Press, May 15, 2015, https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/story/2015/may/15/stem-school-chattanoogastudents-control-micro/304383/.
Chapter 3
1. Angeline Lillard and Jennifer Peterson, “The Immediate Impact of Different Types of Television on Young Children’s Executive Function,” Pediatrics 128 (2011): 644–649.
2. American Academy of Pediatrics, news release, https://services.aap.org/en/news-room/news-releases/aap/2016/aap-announces-new-recommendations-for-media-use/.
3. US Department of Education, “Early Learning and Educational Technology Policy Brief,” October 2016, https://tech.ed.gov/files/2016/10/Early-Learning-Tech-Policy-Brief.pdf.
4. World Health Organization, “Guidelines on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Sleep,” https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/325147/WHO-NMH-PND-2019.4-eng.pdf.
5. US Department of Education, National Education Technology Plan 2016, “Future Ready Learning: Reimaging the Role of Technology in Education,” https://tech.ed.gov/files/2015/12/NETP16.pdf.
6. Thomas H. Davenport and John C. Beck, The Attention Economy: Understanding the New Currency of Business (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2002).
7. Shalini Paruthi et al., “Recommended Amount of Sleep for Pediatric Populations: A Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine,” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 12, no. 6 (2016): 785–786; Eric Suni, “How Much Sleep Do We Really Need?,” SleepFoundation.org, July 31, 2020, https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/how-much-sleep-do-we-really-need.
8. Katherine T. Baum et al., “Sleep Restriction Worsens Mood and Emotion Regulation in Adolescents,” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 55, no. 2 (2014): 180–190; Nicole Lovato and Michael Gradisar, “A Meta-Analysis and Model of the Relationship between Sleep and Depression in Adolescents: Recommendations for Future Research and Clinical Practice,” Sleep Medicines Review 18, no. 6 (2014): 521–529; Lauren Hale et al., “Youth Screen Media Habits and Sleep: Sleep-Friendly Screen-Behavior Recommendations for Clinicians, Educators, and Parents,” Child Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America 27, no. 2 (2018): 229–245.
9. A. M. Williamson and Anne-Marie Feyer, “Moderate Sleep Deprivation Produces Impairments in Cognitive and Motor Performance Equivalent to Legally Prescribed Levels of Alcohol Intoxication,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 57 (2000): 649–655; Lissette Calveiro, “Studies Show Sleep Deprivation Performance Is Similar to Being under the Influence of Alcohol,” HuffPost, March 31, 2016, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/studies-show-sleep-deprivation-performance-is-similar-to-being-under-the-influence-of-alcohol_b_9562992.
10. Angelina Maric et al., “Insufficient Sleep: Enhanced Risk-Seeking Relates to Low Local Sleep Intensity,” Annals of Neurology 82, no. 3 (2017): 409–418.
11. Health Sleep, “Sleep, Learning, and Memory,” http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/matters/benefits-of-sleep/learning-memory.
12. Hale et al., “Youth Screen Media Habits and Sleep.”
13. National Sleep Foundation, “Three Ways Gadgets Are Keeping You Awake,” https://www.sleep.org/ways-technology-affects-sleep/.
14. Sydney Johnson, “Almost a Third of Teenagers Sleep with Phones, Survey Finds,” EdSource, May 28, 2019, https://edsource.org/2019/almost-a-third-of-teenagers-sleep-with-their-phones-survey-finds/612995.
15. Rina Raphael, “Netflix CEO Reed Hastings: Sleep Is Our Competition,” Fast Company, November 6, 2017, https://www.fastcompany.com/40491939/netflix-ceo-reed-hastings-sleep-is-our-competition.
16. Natasha Frost, “Mark Zuckerberg Built Priscilla Chan a Screen-Free Bedside Alarm,” Quartz, April 28, 2019, https://qz.com/1606848/mark-zuckerberg-built-priscilla-chan-a-screen-free-bedside-alarm/.
17. Participatory Learning Leadership and Policy, “Rethinking Acceptable Use Policies to Enable Digital Learning: A Guide for School Districts,” revised March 2013, https://www.cosn.org/sites/default/files/pdf/Revised%20AUP%20March%202013_final.pdf.
18. Renton School District, “Responsible Use Policy,” https://www.rentonschools.us/learning-and-teaching/digital-learning/responsible-use-policy; Champlain Valley School District, “Technology Use Guidelines for Students,” https://docs.google.com/document/d/1A9jyIDk-LL7Ltk_2kThwutMgfNECQOtfttOhaECkn-c/edit.
19. Participatory Learning Leadership and Policy, “Rethinking Acceptable Use Policies to Enable Digital Learning: A Guide for School Districts.”
Chapter 4
1. Jacob Soll, “The Long and Brutal History of Fake News,” Politico Magazine, December 18, 2016, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/fake-news-history-long-violent-214535.
2. Angela Moon, “Two-Thirds of American Adults Get News from Social Media: Survey,” Reuters, September 8, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-internet-socialmedia/two-thirds-of-american-adults-get-news-from-social-media-survey-idUSKCN1BJ2A8.
3. Soroush Vosoughi, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral, “The Spread of False News Online,” Science 359, no. 6380 (2018): 1146–1151.
4. Craig Silverman, “This Analysis Shows How Viral Fake Election News Stories Outperformed Real News on Facebook,” BuzzFeed News, November 16, 2016, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook.
5. Sheera Frenkel, “Facebook to End News Feed Experiment in 6 Countries That Magnified Fake News,” New York Times, March 1, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/01/technology/facebook-end-news-feed-experiment-six-countries-that-magnified-fake-news.html.
6. D. J. Leu et al., “Defining Online Reading Comprehension: Using Think Aloud Verbal Protocols to Refine a Preliminary Model of Internet Reading Comprehension Processes” (Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL, April 9, 2007).
7. Jenny Anderson, “Only 9% of 15-Year-Olds Can Tell the Difference between Fact and Opinion,” Quartz, December 3, 2019, https://qz.com/1759474/only-9-percent-of-15-year-olds-can-distinguish-between-fact-and-opinion/.
8. Brooke Donald, “Stanford Researchers Find Students Have Trouble Judging the Credibility of Information Online,” Stanford Graduate School of Education, November 22, 2016, https://ed.stanford.edu/news/stanford-researchers-find-students-have-trouble-judging-credibility-information-online.
9. Dan Kopf, “Want to Save Democracy? Try Teaching Kids to Read Charts,” Quartz, January 6, 2019, https://qz.com/1307848/people-dont-understand-how-to-read-charts-fixing-it-starts-with-kids/.
10. Mihai Andrei, “Study Shows Wikipedia Accuracy Is 99.5%,” ZME Science, February 22, 2019, https://www.zmescience.com/science/study-wikipedia-25092014/.
11. Todd Rose, The End of Average: How We Succeed in a World That Values Sameness (New York: HarperOne, 2016).
Chapter 5
1. David DiSalvo, What Makes Your Brain Happy and Why You Should Do the Opposite (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus, 2011).
2. Robert Burton, On Being Certain: Believing You Are Right Even When You’re Not (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2009).
3. Project Implicit, https://implicit.harvard.edu/.
4. Zeynep Tufekci, “YouTube, the Great Radicalizer,” New York Times, March 10, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/10/opinion/sunday/youtube-politics-radical.html.
5. Sanah Jivani quotes from an interview with author, February 13, 2020.
6. Pew Research Center, “Teens, Kindness, and Cruelty on Social Network Sites,” November 9, 2011, https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2011/11/09/teens-kindness-and-cruelty-on-social-network-sites-2/.
7. Sharon Padgett and Charles E. Notar, “Bystanders Are the Key to Stopping Bullying,” Universal Journal of Educational Research 1, no. 2 (2013): 33–41.
8. Amanda Scherker, “When This Girl Was Bullied over Her Prom Dress, Her Entire Community Stood up for Her,” HuffPost, January 13, 2015, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/girl-prom-dress-bullied_n_6462806.
Chapter 6
1. Richard Paul Evans, The Spyglass: A Book About Faith (New York: Aladdin, 2014).
2. Jonah Engel Bromwich, “How the Parkland Students Got So Good at Social Media,” New York Times, March 7, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/07/us/parkland-students-social-media.html.
3. Joseph South, “Civic Engagement Goes Viral When Young Voices Turn to Social Media,” Medium, July 20, 2018, https://medium.com/office-of-citizen/civic-engagement-goes-viral-when-young-voices-turn-to-social-media-ea57ed0c5d65.
4. Simon Owens, “How Change.org Is Mastering the Science of Micro-Activism,” U.S. News and World Report, September 7, 2012, https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2012/09/07/how-changeorg-is-mastering-the-science-of-micro-activism.
5. School Retool, https://schoolretool.org/.
6. See “P1, Mrs. Jalland, and Ellie Elephant,” Twitter, https://twitter.com/ellieprimary1.
7. See “Teaching Global Citizenship Using Social Media and an Elephant—The Videos,” Microsoft Sway, https://sway.office.com/Rh3QGqWio3PHfZzJ.
8. Westquarter Primary, “Twin a Toilet,” YouTube video, December 5, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=6NvRljCkLSQ.
9. Stats from “Be My Eyes,” https://www.BeMyEyes.com.
10. National Human Trafficking Hotline, “The Victims,” https://humantraffickinghotline.org/what-human-trafficking/human-trafficking/victims.
11. TraffickCam, https://traffickcam.com/about.
12. Cancer Research UK, “Protein Folding Becomes Cancer Treatment Target,” Medical Xpress, December 3, 2013, https://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-12-protein-cancer-treatment.html.
13. Firas Khatib et al., “Crystal Structure of a Monomeric Retroviral Protease Solved by Protein Folding Game Players,” Nature Structural Molecular Biology 18, no 10. (2011): 1175–1177.
14. Turner and Graham quotes from an interview with the author, 2019.
15. Sue Shellenbarger, “The Secret Benefits of Retelling Family Stories,” Wall Street Journal, November 11, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-secret-benefits-of-retelling-family-stories-11573468201.
16. Robin Fivush, “Collective Stories in Families Teach Us about Ourselves,” Psychology Today, February 2, 2017, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-stories-our-lives/201702/collective-stories-in-families-teach-us-about-ourselves.
17. John Roach, “17-Year-Old Girl Builds Artificial ‘Brain’ to Detect Breast Cancer,” NBC News, July 24, 2012, https://www.nbcnews.com/technology/17-year-old-girl-builds-artificial-brain-detect-breast-cancer-908308.
18. Ipsita Basu, “Two Teenagers Developed an App That Links Volunteers and Non-Profit Organisations,” Economic Times, December 11, 2017, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/two-teenagers-developed-an-app-that-links-volunteers-and-non-profit-organisations/articleshow/62018585.cms.
19. Snow Day Calculator, https://www.snowdaycalculator.com/about.php?open=true&.
20. Code for America, “National Day of Civic Hacking 2019,” https://www.codeforamerica.org/events/national-day-of-civic-hacking-2019.
Chapter 7
1. Office of Nuclear Energy, “Advantages and Challenges of Nuclear Energy,” February 4, 20202, https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/advantages-and-challenges-nuclear-energy.
2. Nick Huss, “How Many Websites Are There Around the World (2020)?” Siteefy, November 20, 2020, https://www.millforbusiness.com/how-many-websites-are-there/.
3. Scott Galloway, The Four: The Hidden DNA of Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google (New York: Random House, 2017).
4. Anti-Defamation League, “Cyberbullying Warning Signs,” https://www.adl.org/resources/tools-and-strategies/cyberbullying-warning-signs.
Chapter 8
1. Flickr Community guidelines, https://www.flickr.com/help/guidelines/.
2. Jay Hathaway, “This Twitter Bot Tricks Angry Trolls into Arguing with It for Hours,” Daily Dot, February 28, 2020, https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/arguebot-twitter-bot-bait-jerks/.
3. Bobby Allyn, “Researchers: Nearly Half of Accounts Tweeting about Coronavirus Are Likely Bots,” NPR, May 20, 2020, https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/05/20/859814085/researchers-nearly-half-of-accounts-tweeting-about-coronavirus-are-likely-bots; Zoey Chong, “Up to 48 Million Twitter Accounts Are Bots, Study Says,” CNET, March 14, 2017, https://www.cnet.com/news/new-study-says-almost-15-percent-of-twitter-accounts-are-bots/.
4. Michael H. Keller, “The Flourishing Business of Fake YouTube Views,” New York Times, August 11, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/11/technology/youtube-fake-view-sellers.html.
5. Emily Stewart, “Facebook Has Taken Down Billions of Fake Accounts, But the Problem Is Still Getting Worse,” Vox, May 23, 2019, https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/5/23/18637596/facebook-fake-accounts-transparency-mark-zuckerberg-report.
6. Aarti Shahani, “Twitter Adds Warning Label for Offensive Political Tweets,” NPR, June 27, 2019, https://www.npr.org/2019/06/27/736668003/twitter-adds-warning-label-for-offensive-political-tweets.
7. Ryan Mac and John Paczkowski, “Apple Has Threatened to Ban Parler from the App Store,” BuzzFeed News, January 8, 2021, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ryanmac/apple-threatens-ban-parler.
8. Adam Satariano, “‘This Is a New Phase’: Europe Shifts Tactics to Limit Tech’s Power,” New York Times, July 30, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/30/technology/europe-new-phase-tech-amazon-apple-facebook-google.html.
9. Committee on Communications, “Children, Adolescents, and Advertising,” Pediatrics 118, no. 6 (2006): 2563–2569.
10. Wafa Ben-Hassine, “Government Policy for the Internet Must Be Rights-Based and User-Centred,” UN Chronicle, accessed January 14, 2021, https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/government-policy-internet-must-be-rights-based-and-user-centred.
11. Jaron Lanier and E. Glen Weyl, “A Blueprint for a Better Digital Society,” HBR.org, September 26, 2018, https://hbr.org/2018/09/a-blueprint-for-a-better-digital-society.
12. Calling Bullshit syllabus, see https://www.callingbullshit.org/syllabus.html.
13. Peter Kelley, “After Much Media Attention, UW Information School’s ‘Calling BS’ Class Begins,” UW News, March 28, 2017, https://www.washington.edu/news/2017/03/28/after-much-media-attention-uw-information-schools-calling-bs-class-begins/.
14. Rebecca Koenig, “Meet the Newest Liberal Art: Coding,” EdSurge, February 5, 2020, https://www.edsurge.com/news/2020-02-05-meet-the-newest-liberal-art-coding.
15. Congressional Research Service, “Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2020,” updated March 18, 2020, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R45715.pdf.
16. Providence Public Library, “Teen Squad,” https://www.provlib.org/education/teen-squad/.
Chapter 9
1. Emily Feng, “How China Is Using Facial Recognition Technology,” NPR, December 16, 2019, https://www.npr.org/2019/12/16/788597818/how-china-is-using-facial-recognition-technology.
2. Kashmir Hill, “Wrongfully Accused by an Algorithm,” New York Times, June 24, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/technology/facial-recognition-arrest.html.
3. Catherine Stupp, “Fraudsters Used AI to Mimic CEO’s Voice in Unusual Cybercrime Case,” Wall Street Journal, August 30, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/fraudsters-use-ai-to-mimic-ceos-voice-in-unusual-cybercrime-case-11567157402.
4. Jaron Lanier, “How We Need to Remake the Internet,” TED Talk, April 2018, https://www.ted.com/talks/jaron_lanier_how_we_need_to_remake_the_internet?language=en.