Chapter One
1. Gordon Home, Roman London, London, Benn, 1926, has a good account of the Roman gates of London.
2. John Stow, Survey of London, 1603 edn., Oxford, 1971, p. 35.
3. The term ‘Lord Mayor’ was not used before the sixteenth century; Edward III’s concession is recorded in Liber Albus, compiled by John Carpenter in 1419, 1861 edn., London, p. 357.
4. W.J. Loftie, History of London, London, Edward Stanford, 1884, vol. 1, p. 437.
5. John Stow, Survey of London, p. 36.
6. Ibid., p. 50.
7. Ibid., p. 36.
8. A. Marks, Tyburn Tree, London, Brown Langham, 1908, p. 104.
9. A. Griffith, Chronicles of Newgate, 1987 edn., London, Bracken Books, 1883, pp. 17–22.
10. These cases and those that follow are to be found in Memorials of London Life in the 13th 14th and 15th Centuries, ed. H.T. Riley, London, Longmans Green, 1868, pp. 229, 470, 562.
11. A. Babington, The English Bastille, London, Macdonald, 1971, pp. 26 et seq.
12. Sir Thomas Skyrme, History of the Justices of the Peace, Chichester, Barry Rose Publishers, 1991, vol. 1, p. 174.
13. See Chapter 6 for an account of Elizabeth Fry’s work.
14. Sir Thomas Skyrme, History of the Justices of the Peace, vol. 1, p. 174.
15. A. Babington, The English Bastille, p. 27.
16. John Stow, Survey of London, p. 191.
17. British Mercury, London, 1790, pp. 336–7.
18. Sir Thomas Skyrme, History of the Justices of the Peace, vol. 1, p. 173.
19. A. Griffith, Chronicles of Newgate, p. 24.
20. Sir Thomas Smith, De Republica Anglorum, London, 1583, Chapter 23.
21. A. Babington, The English Bastille, p. 30.
22. John Stow, Survey of London, p. 37.
23. R. Sharpe, Memorials of Newgate and the Old Bailey, London, Blades, 1907, p. 4.
24. Memorials of London Life in the 13th 14th and 15th Centuries, H.T. Riley, ed., p. 673.
25. The expression ‘Lord Mayor’ did not come into use until Tudor times, a century after Whittington.
26. Hard to translate into twenty-first century terms, but certainly the equivalent of a multi-millionaire.
27. John Stow, Survey of London, p. 35.
28. A. Babington, The English Bastille, p. 18.
29. Ibid., p. 23.
30. See Chapter 2 for an account of later sponging houses.
31. A. Babington, The English Bastille, p. 20.
32. Ibid., p. 6.
33. P. Ackroyd, London, the Biography, London, Vintage, 2001, p. 247.
34. John Stow, Survey of London, p. 351.
35. P. Ackroyd, London, the Biography, p. 248.
36. There are many editions of Foxe’s famous book; these extracts quoted are taken from a version available on the Internet at www.bible.crosswalk.com/Historey/Ad/FoxsBookofMartyrs
37. Yale edition of the complete works of More, Yale University Press, 1963, vol. 8, p. 21.
38. A. Griffith, Chronicles of Newgate, p. 45.
39. Luke Hutton, The Discovery of a London Monster Called the Black Dog of Newgate, London, 1612.
40. A. Griffith, Chronicles of Newgate, p. 41.
41. Ibid., p. 63.
42. Ibid., p. 67.
43. Ibid., p. 67.
44. Journal of the House of Commons, vol. 2, 1641, p. 394.
45. A. Griffith, Chronicles of Newgate, p. 123.
46. D. Lupton, London Carbonadoed, 1632, p. 70, Guildhall Library Ref. 2464ii.
Chapter Two
1. For an account of the New River Company see S. Halliday, Water: A Turbulent History, Stroud, Sutton Publishing, 2004.
2. Henry Chamberlain, History and Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster, London, 1770, p. 120; a similar account is found in William Maitland, FRS, History of London from its Foundation to the Present Time, London, 1775, p. 950.
3. Pennant’s Tour of London, 1805, Guildhall Library ref. SL 84.
4. A. Babington, The English Bastille, London, Macdonald, 1971, p. 56
5. B.L., London, An Accurate Description of Newgate, 1724, Guildhall Library no. A 8.7 no. 2.
6. Five new pence are worth one shilling; one new penny is worth 2.4 old pennies.
7. H. Chamberlain, History and Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster, London, 1770, p. 14.
8. B.L., London, An Accurate Description of Newgate, p. 12 et seq.
9. Ibid., p. iv.
10. Ibid., p. 21.
11. A. Babington, The English Bastille, p. 83.
12. C. De Saussure, A Foreign View of England 1725–30, London, Caliban Books, 1994, p. 189.
13. B.L., London, An Accurate Description of Newgate, pp. 35 and 45.
14. See pp. 189–90 below for a fuller account of Newgate as represented in Moll Flanders.
15. B.L. London, An Accurate Description of Newgate, p. 45.
16. P. Ackroyd, London, the Biography, London, Vintage, 2001, p. 250.
17. J. Cockburn, (ed.), Crime in England, 1550–1800, Princeton University Press, 1977, p. 250.
18. J. Cockburn (ed.), Crime in England, 1550–1800, contains an account of the Newgate routine.
19. History of the Press Yard, London, 1717, p. 4.
20. The Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 had formalised the subject’s right (established by writ since the fourteenth century) to be brought before a court to answer for alleged crimes, but it was suspended during emergencies such as the 1715 rebellion.
21. Misspelt ‘Goal’ in the original text; Phoenix Court, Newgate, survived as a street name.
22. History of the Press Yard, London, 1717, p. 5.
23. See Chapter 1, pp. 9–10, for an account of this gruesome process.
24. History of the Press Yard, London, 1717, p. 9.
25. Ibid., p. 53.
26. Ibid., p. 85.
27. Ibid., p. 122.
28. Ibid., p. 62.
29. A. Griffith, Chronicles of Newgate, 1987 edn., London, Bracken Books, 1883, p. 132.
30. B.L., London, An Accurate Description of Newgate, p. 56.
31. Ibid., p. 36.
32. A. Griffith, Chronicles of Newgate, p. 98.
33. W.E. Hooper, History of Newgate and the Old Bailey, London, Underwood Press, 1935, p. 48.
34. Ibid., p. 44.
35. M. Waller, 1700: Scenes from London Life, London, Hodder and Stoughton, 2000, p. 310.
36. B.L., London, An Accurate Description of Newgate, p. 36.
37. John Hall, Memoirs of the Right Villainous John Hall, London, 1708, p. 27.
38. W.E. Hooper, History of Newgate and the Old Bailey, p. 62.
39. Hall, Memoirs of the Right Villainous John Hall, p. 24.
40. Ibid., p. 30.
41. See pp. 62–3 for an account of this ritual.
42. Hall, Memoirs of the Right Villainous John Hall, p. 38.
43. Ibid., p. 5.
44. A. Griffith, Chronicles of Newgate, p. 96.
45. J. Cockburn (ed.), Crime in England, 1550–1800, p. 240.
46. A. Babington, The English Bastille, p. 66.
47. J. Cockburn, (ed.), Crime in England, 1550–1800, p. 241.
48. A. Griffith, Chronicles of Newgate, p. 102.
49. J. Cockburn (ed.), Crime in England, 1550–1800, p. 242.
50. Sir Thomas Skyrme, History of the Justices of the Peace, Chichester, Barry Rose Publishers, 1991, vol. 1, p. 175.
51. The Lord Mayor sat as a judge at the Old Bailey until the Supreme Court of Judicature Act, 1873.
52. A. Babington, The English Bastille, p. 60.
Chapter Three
1. Eirenarcha, or of the Office of the Justices of Peace, London, 1619, p. 60.
2. Eirenarcha, or of the Office of the Justices of Peace, London, 1619, pp. 204–5.
3. See Chapter 5 pp. 145–6 for this curious anomaly.
4. H. Dixon, London Prisons, London, Jackson & Walford, 1850, pp. 216–17.
5. The Times, editorial, 25 July 1872.
6. H. Potter, Hanging in Judgment: Religion and the Death Penalty in England, London, SCM Press, 1993, p. 10.
7. H. Potter, Hanging in Judgment: Religion and the Death Penalty in England, p. 13, gives an account of Paley’s views.
8. D. Taylor, Crime, Policing and Punishment in England, 1750–1914, London, Macmillan, 1998, p. 114.
9. Thomas Wontner, Old Bailey Experience, London, 1833, p. 59.
10. Ibid., p. 162 and p. 175.
11. See pp. 72–7 for an account of Sheppard’s exploits.
12. See Chapter 2 for an account of Batty Langley’s time in Newgate.
13. B.L., London, An Accurate Description of Newgate, 1724, p. 50 et seq.
14. John Hall, Memoirs of the Right Villainous John Hall, London, 1708, p. 38.
15. P. Linebaugh (ed.), Crime in England, 1550–1800, Princeton University Press, 1977, p. 236 et seq.
16. P. Linebaugh, The London Hanged: Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century, London, Allen Lane at the Penguin Press, 2003, p. xxi.
17. Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 12, pp. 140–1 gives an account of Lorraine’s career.
18. P. Linebaugh (ed.), Crime in England, 1550–1800, p. 250.
19. See Chapter 2 for Defoe’s experience of Newgate.
20. A Narrative of all the Robberies, Escapes etc. of John Sheppard … Written by Himself [or rather, written by D. Defoe], London, 1724, p. 14.
21. G. Howson, The Macaroni Parson, London, Hutchinson, 1973, p. 219.
22. T. Wontner, Old Bailey Experience, p. 167.
23. M. Waller, 1700: Scenes from London Life, London, Hodder and Stoughton, 2000, p. 322 et seq.
24. Crime in England, 1550–1800, P. Linebaugh (ed.), p. 252.
25. Ibid., p. 236.
26. Punch, June 1842, p. 240.
27. Boswell’s London Journal, a Visit to Tyburn and Newgate, 3 May 1762.
28. The money was bequeathed either by Robert Dow or Elizabeth Elliott according to different sources. See The Complete Newgate Calendar, ed. J. Rayer and G. Crook, Navarre Society Reprint, 1926.
29. B.L., London, An Accurate Description of Newgate, 1724, p. 48.
30. M. Waller, 1700: Scenes from London Life, p. 325 et seq. describes the procession.
31. H. Chamberlain, History and Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster, London, 1770, p. 14.
32. Hall, Memoirs of the Right Villainous John Hall, p. 38.
33. P. Ackroyd, London, the Biography, London, Vintage Publications, 2001, p. 293.
34. Hell Upon Earth or the Town in an Uproar, London, 1729, p. 42.
35. Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 17, p. 1169; this macabre element of his personality has been denied by some; see DNB entry.
36. See Chapter 2 for the example of William Paul.
37. Hell Upon Earth or the Town in an Uproar, p. 51.
38. A. Griffith, Chronicles of Newgate, 1987 edn., London, Bracken Books, 1883, p. 167.
39. J. Laurence, History of Capital Punishment, London, Sampson Low, 1932, p. 44.
40. See above p. 63 for this incident.
41. M. Waller, 1700: Scenes from London Life, p. 330.
42. The Complete Newgate Calendar, Navarre Society Reprint, 1926, vol. 3, p. 4.
43. Ibid., vol. 3, p. 40.
44. Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 11, p. 71, gives an account of Ketch’s career.
45. A. Babington, The English Bastille, London, Macdonald, 1971, p. 34.
46. See Chapter 4 for an account of the work of John and Henry Fielding at Bow Street Magistrates’ Court.
47. See Chapter 2 for an account of this room.
48. A form of tuberculosis also known as The King’s Evil since in some quarters the royal touch was also believed to cure it.
49. J. Villette, A Genuine Account of the Behaviour and Dying Words of William Dodd, LL.D., London, 1777, p. 23.
50. Ibid., p. 25
51. Guildhall pamphlet A 7.7 no. 54.
Chapter Four
1. See Chapter 1 for this early development of the Common Law.
2. C. Emsley, The English Police: A Political and Social History, London, Longman, 1996, p. 11.
3. C. de Saussure, A Foreign View of England, 1725-3.0, London, Caliban Books, 1994, p. 73.
4. G. Howson, Thief-taker General: The Rise and Fall of Jonathan Wild, London, Hutchinson, 1970, p. 4.
5. The Complete Newgate Calendar, Navarre Society Reprint, 1926, vol. 3, p. 15 et seq.
6. Howson, Thief-taker General, p. 36.
7. Ibid., p. 282.
8. D. Rumbelow, The Triple Tree, London, Harrap, 1982, p. 88.
9. The Complete Newgate Calendar, vol. 3, p. 29.
10. Ibid., vol. 3, p. 6.
11. D. Defoe, A Narrative of all the Robberies, Escapes etc. of John Sheppard, London, 1724, p. 14.
12. D. Nokes, Henry Fielding, Joseph Andrews, London, Penguin, 1987, contains an account of Fielding’s ancestry.
13. The Times Literary Supplement, 4 June 1931, p. 447, contains an account of the event.
14. William Blizard described this practice in Desultory Reflections on Police; with an Essay on the Means of Preventing Crimes and Amending Criminals, London, 1785, p. 16.
15. Possibly the origin of the expression ‘to drive a coach and horses through’; there are alternative claims; see Oxford English Dictionary.
16. The character Peachum in the drama is a barely disguised portrait of Wild.
17. London Magazine, 1734, p. 87.
18. London, 1709, pp. 15–16, British Library reference T.756 (2).
19. Minutes of Westminster Petty Sessions, 6 August 1719.
20. C.A. Beard, The Office of the Justice of the Peace in England, New York, Columbia University Press, 1904, p. 330, describes this episode.
21. T. Baston, Thoughts on Trade and Public Spirit, London, 1716, p. 127.
22. Gentleman’s Magazine, December 1769, p. 539.
23. D. Defoe, Charity Still a Christian Virtue, London, 1719.
24. Deveil, Memoirs of the Life and Times of Sir Thomas Deveil, Knight, One of his Majesty’s Justices of the Peace, London, 1748; British Library ref. 1201.c.21.
25. A. Babington, A House in Bow Street, Chichester, Barry Rose Publications, 1999, pp. 46 et seq., contains an account of De Veil’s life.
26. Ibid., p. 16, has an account of Mary Young’s exploits.
27. H. Fielding, An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers, London, 1757, p. 116.
28. D. Hay and F. Snyder, Policing and Prosecution in Britain, 1750–1850, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989, p. 335.
29. J. Boswell, Life of Johnson, Chapter 30.
30. Observations on the Office of Constable, Saunders Welch, London, 1754, BL shelfmark 1417.i.31.
31. The Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon, T. Keymer (ed.), London, Penguin, 1996, p. 15.
32. The edition quoted is that of the Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1988, ed. Malvin R. Zirker.
33. T. Barlow, The Justice of Peace: a Treatise Concerning the Power and Duty of that Magistrate, London, 1745, British Library reference 516.m.3.
34. The Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon, T. Keymer, (ed.), p. 14.
35. Ibid.
36. London, 1755, available in British Library ref. T.1086.(3).
37. See Chapter 2.
38. See Chapter 5 for an account of the attack upon Newgate.
39. P. Langford, A Polite and Commercial People; England, 1727–83, Oxford University Press, 1989, p. 161.
40. T.A. Critchley, A History of Police in England and Wales, London, Constable, 1978, pp. 36–7.
41. D. Taylor, Crime, Policing and Punishment in England, 1750–1914, London, Macmillan, 1998, p. 83.
Chapter Five
1. P. Ackroyd, London, the Biography, London, Vintage Publications, 2001, p. 482 et seq., describes the activities of the London mobs at this time.
2. Now Broadwick Street.
3. P. Linebaugh, The London Hanged: Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century, London, Allen Lane at the Penguin Press, 2003, pp. 336 et seq.
4. A Letter from Lord George Gordon in Newgate, London, 1792, British Library catalogue no. 8135.c.49.
5. The present author could find no acrostical word puzzle in the work.
6. B. Martin, John Henry Newman, His Life and Work, London, Continuum, 2000, pp. 92 and 96.
7. See p. 46 above.
8. Sir Stephen Theodore Janssen, A Letter to the Lord Mayor, London 1767, BL reference 1608/3254.
9. See panel on p. 47 for a brief account of the career of Stephen Hales.
10. Sir Stephen Theodore Janssen, A Letter to the Lord Mayor, p. 33.
11. See Chapter 6 for an account of Elizabeth Fry’s work in Newgate and elsewhere.
12. R. Blomfield, The Architect of Newgate, in Studies in Architecture, London, Macmillan, 1905.
13. R. Blomfield, Studies in Architecture, London, Macmillan, 1905, p. 74 et seq.
14. J. Boswell, Life of Johnson, London, Everyman, 1992, vol. 4, p. 188.
15. D. Taylor, Crime, Policing and Punishment in England, 1750–1914, London, MacMillan, 1998, pp. 136–7.
16. W. Hepworth Dixon, The London Prisons, London, Jackson & Walford, 1850, p. 193 and 196.
17. M. Cheney, Chronicles of the Damned, Yeovil, Marston House, 1993, p. 105.
18. Daily News, 23 February, 9, 13 and 16 March, contains the correspondence.
19. X. Baron, London 1066–1914, Literary Sources and Documents, London, 1997, vol. 2, pp. 394–5.
20. J. Bondeson, The London Monster; A Sanguinary Tale, London, Da Capo Press, 2002, p. 5.
21. See panel on p. 107 for an account of this bizarre episode.
22. See Chapter 3 for a discussion of this phenomenon.
23. History and Biography: Essays in Honour of Derek Beales, T. Blanning and D. Cannadine, (eds), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 91.
24. D. Taylor, Crime, Policing and Punishment in England, 1750–1914, pp. 131–3.
25. Hansard, 2nd series, vol. 17, p. 411, 1 May 1827.
26. Morning Chronicle, 9 June 1789.
27. W. Cobbett, Twelve Sermons, 1823, p. 154, British Library shelfmark 08408.e.61.
28. The Rambler, 20 April, 1751.
29. See for example Hansard 29 March, 1811, col. 625–6, Mr Frankland on the Dwelling House Robbery Bill.
30. See Chapter 3 for Boswell’s reactions to his Newgate visits.
31. The Hypochondriack, M. Bailey (ed.), California, Stanford University Press, 1928, vol. 2, p. 284; British Library no. 012272.dd.1.
32. B. Montagu, An Enquiry into the Aspersions upon the late Ordinary of Newgate, London, 1815, Appendix B in H. Potter, Hanging in Judgment: Religion and the Death Penalty in England, SCM Press, 1993, p. 16.
33. H. Potter, Hanging in Judgment: Religion and the Death Penalty in England, London, 1993, p. 69.
34. The Shrigley Abduction, Abby Ashby and Audrey Jones, Stroud, Sutton Publishing, 2004 gives an account of this extraordinary tale.
35. Parliamentary Debates (House of Lords) 3rd series, 15 May 1854, vol. 133, cols 306–11.
36. H. Potter, Hanging in Judgment: Religion and the Death Penalty in England, p. 111, discusses this tendency among clergymen.
37. The Groans of the Gallows or, the Past and Present Life of William Calcraft, the Living Hangman of Newgate, London, 1846, pp. 10 and 12; Guildhall pamphlet 1490.
38. Fraser’s Magazine, vol. 49, June 1864; James Stephen was the brother of Leslie Stephen and uncle of Virginia Woolf.
39. Pamphlet 1490.
40. H. Potter, Hanging in Judgment: Religion and the Death Penalty in England, p. 103.
41. J. Bondeson, The London Monster: A Sanguinary Tale, is the definitive source of this strange tale and the source of many of the facts that follow.
42. J. Bondeson, The London Monster: A Sanguinary Tale, pp. 31 and 39, show both of Angerstein’s posters.
43. Ibid., p. 47.
44. Ibid., p. 92 et seq., tells the sorry tale.
45. See Chapter 4 for an account of Mainwaring’s activities.
46. He may have changed his name to Henry Williams and continued to work as an artificial-flower maker; see J. Bondeson, The London Monster: A Sanguinary Tale, pp. 159–60.
Chapter Six
1. F.M. Wilson, Strange Island, London, Longmans, 1955, p. 135.
2. British Library, ref. X.203/2091.
3. J. Howard, The State of the Prisons, Abingdon, Professional Books, 1977, p. 151.
4. See Chapter 1 for an account of Blackstone’s career.
5. J. Howard, The State of the Prisons, introduction, p. ii.
6. A. Griffith, Chronicles of Newgate, 1987 edn., London, Bracken Books, 1883 pp. 368 and 374.
7. J. Smith, A Book for a Rainy Day, London, Methuen, 1905, pp. 177–80.
8. A. Griffith, Chronicles of Newgate, p. 396.
9. M. Letts, As the Foreigner Saw Us, London, Methuen, 1935, vol. 2, p. 272.
10. H. Pückler-Muskau, Tour in England in the Years 1825–6, London, Collins, 1987, vol. 4, p. 72.
11. D. Taylor, Crime, Policing and Punishment in England, 1750–1914, London, Macmillan, 1998, p. 83.
12. F. Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England, London, Macmillan, 1973 edn., pp. 144–5.
13. Journal of the Statistical Society, 1857, pp. 22–32.
14. T.F. Buxton, An Inquiry etc., London, 1818, pp. vii, 7, 48 et seq.
15. J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles and Morals of Legislation, London, 1823, Chapter 13.
16. J. Bentham, Panopticon, vol. 1, p. 28.
17. J. Bentham, Panopticon, postscript, part 2, 1791.
18. R. Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, Hamish Hamilton, 1987, pp. 454–5, describes Wilde’s ordeals in Newgate and Pentonville.
19. J. Greenwood, Three Years of Penal Servitude, London, 1874, British Library shelfmark 12356.e.35.
20. J. Clay, The Prison Chaplain: Memoirs of the Rev. John Clay, London, 1861.
21. A. Griffith, Chronicles of Newgate, pp. 402–12.
22. See p. 158 for an account of the life of Thomas Fowell Buxton
23. See Chapter 2 for an account of William Penn’s sojourn in Newgate.
24. Memoir of the Life of Elizabeth Fry, edited by her daughters Katherine and Rachel, London, 1848.
25. Now the site of a school.
26. Memoir of the Life of Elizabeth Fry, edited by her daughters Katherine and Rachel, p. 201.
27. W.E. Hooper, History of Newgate and the Old Bailey, London, Underwood Press, 1935, p. 124.
28. R. Dobash et al., The Imprisonment of Women, London, Blackwell, 1986, p. 45.
29. Memoir of the Life of Elizabeth Fry, edited by her daughters Katherine and Rachel, p. 257.
30. Sir Thomas Buxton, An Enquiry whether Crime and Misery are Produced or Prevented by our Present System of Prison Discipline, London, 1818, p. 124–6.
31. J. Kingsmill, Chapters on Prison and Prisoners, London, 1852, pp. 383–4.
32. A. Griffith, Chronicles of Newgate, p. 383.
33. E. Fry, Observations on the Visiting, Superintendance and Government of Female Prisoners, London, 1827, p. 23.
34. British Library shelfmark 1127c9 (4).
35. E. Fry, Observations on the Siting, Superintendence and Government of Female Prisoners, p. 50.
36. In 1910 Crosby Hall was moved from Bishopsgate to Chelsea where it stands in what was once the orchard of Sir Thomas More’s Chelsea home.
37. E. Fry, Observations on the Siting, Superintendance and Government of Female Prisoners, p. 61.
38. The Times, 18 June, 1846.
39. See p. 164 above for this reference.
40. Parliamentary Papers, 1895, vol. 56, contains the committee’s recommendations.
Chapter Seven
1. Oxford Companion to Literature, ed. Margaret Drabble, Oxford University Press, 6th edn., 2000, pp. 483 and 719.
2. See Chapter 3.
3. See Chapter 4 for an account of their exploits.
4. Chapters 33 and 36 respectively.
5. The title is credited to Sir Francis Burnand; British Library shelfmark 12331.aaa.10.
6. P. Ackroyd, London, the Biography, London, Vintage Publications, 2001, p. 279.
7. See Chapter 2.
8. See Chapter 4 for an account of the activities of these corrupt justices.
9. See Chapter 6 above for an account of this work.
10. See Chapter 3 for an account of her gruesome death.
11. S. Wise, The Italian Boy: Murder and Grave-Robbery in 1830s London, London, Cape, 2004, gives a full account of the episode.
12. See Chapter 5 for a description of this event.
13. London 1066–1914, Literary Sources and Documents, ed. X. Baron, Robertsbridge, Helm, 1997, vol. 2, pp. 394–5.
14. C. Dickens, Sketches by Boz, Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 201–14.
15. C. Dickens, American Notes, London, Hazell, Watson and Viney, 1842, ‘Philadelphia and its Solitary Prison’, chapter 7.
16. See Chapter 6.
17. P. Ackroyd, Dickens: Public Life and Private Passion, London, BBC Publications, 2002, p. 111.
18. C. Dickens, Great Expectations, Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 257.
19. See Chapter 6.
20. See C. Dickens, David Copperfield for a description of the visit, Chapter 61.
21. See Chapter 5.
22. Daily News, 28 February, 9, 13 and 16 March 1846.
23. The Times, 19 November 1849.
24. H. Potter, Hanging in Judgement, Religion and the Death Penalty in England, London, SCM Press, 1993, p. 78.
25. C. Dickens, Oliver Twist, London, Penguin, 1994, chapters 9, 10 and 18 describe Fagin’s attempts to corrupt Oliver.
26. C. Dickens, Oliver Twist, London, Penguin, 1994, p. 498.
27. See Chapter 5.
28. See Chapter 3. The references to the novel are from the Dent paperback, 1996, p. xxxiii (Preface), 448 (illustration of Barnaby in Newgate) and 572 et seq. (concluding chapters).
29. See Chapter 6.
30. Illustrated London News, 4 October 1902, pp. 486 and 497.
31. City Press, 7 February 1903.