Introduction
1. Richard G. Jones, “In Louisiana, a Tree, a Fight, and a Question of Justice,” New York Times, September 19, 2007.
2. Jason Whitlock, “Lessons from Jena, La.,” Kansas City Star, September 25, 2007.
3. Amy Waldman, “The Truth About Jena: Why America’s Black-and-White Narratives About Race Don’t Reflect Reality,” Atlantic, January/February 2008.
4. Craig Franklin, “Media Myths About the Jena 6: A Local Journalist Tells the Story You Haven’t Heard,” Christian Science Monitor, October 24, 2007.
5. Howard Witt, “Questions About Jena Case Funds,” Chicago Tribune, November 9, 2007.
6. Ibid.
7. Michelle Malkin, “Where Did All the Jena 6 Money Go?” November 12, 2007, http://michellemalkin.com/2007/11/12/where-did-all-the-jena-6-money-go/.
8. Erik Eckholm, “Plight Deepens for Black Men, Studies Warn,” New York Times, March 20, 2006.
9. Daniel H. Weinberg, “Evidence from Census 2000 About Earnings by Detailed Occupation for Men and Women,” Census 2000 Special Reports, May 2004.
10. Kevin M. Clermont and Stewart J. Schwab, “How Employment Discrimination Plaintiffs Fare in Federal Court,” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 1, no. 2 (July 2004), p. 432.
11. Ibid.
12. Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man, in two parts (New York: Vale, 1848).
1. Entitlement and Advantage
1. Jacques Steinberg, “Savage Stands by Autism Remarks,” New York Times, July 22, 2008.
2. Kelefa Sanneh, “Party of One: Michael Savage, Unexpurgated,” New Yorker, August 3, 2009, p. 53.
3. “The Diagnosis of Autism: An Expert Interview with Catherine Lord, PhD,” Medscape, July 11, 2005, http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/501469.
4. Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act, H.R. 1350 Sec. 614 (b) (6) (B).
5. Cecilia Kang, “Mothers Rally to Back Breast-Feeding Rights,” Washington Post, November 22, 2006, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/21/AR2006112101316.html.
6. Anne L. Wright and Richard J. Schanler, “The Resurgence of Breastfeeding at the End of the Second Millennium,” Journal of Nutrition 131 (2001), pp. 421–25S.
7. Hanna Rosin, “The Case Against Breast-Feeding,” Atlantic, April 2009.
8. National Women’s Health Information Center, “Pumping Breastmilk at Home or Work,” http://babyparenting.about.com/cs/pumping/a/pumping.htm.
9. Sophie C. Currier v. National Board of Medical Examiners, No. 07-J-434 (Mass. 2007).
10. Dahlia Lithwick, “Express Yourselves,” Slate, September 28, 2007, http://www.slate.com/id/2174934/pagenum/all/#p2.
11. MamaBear, “Breastfeeding Accommodations,” September 18, 2007, http://www.breastfeedingsymbol.org/2007/09/18/breastfeeding-accommodations/.
12. http://massachusettsmom.blogspot.com/2007/09/sophie-currier-part-2.html, accessed August 7, 2010.
13. Ibid.
14. Mark Kelman and Gillian Lester, Jumping the Queue (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), p. 47.
15. H. Rep. 101–485 (1990), pt. 2, p. 32.
16. Matthew S. Moore and Linda Levitan, For Hearing People Only, 3rd ed. (Rochester, N.Y.: Deaf Life Press, 2003); www.deafculture.com.
17. Brief for Petitioner at 9, Board of Education of City of New York v. Tom F., 552 U.S. 1 (2007).
18. Nanette Asimov, “Extra-Special Education at Public Expense,” San Francisco Chronicle, February 19, 2006, p. A1; Julie Rawe, “Who Pays for Special Ed,” Time, September 17, 2006, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1535854-1,00.html; Alison Leigh Cowan, “Amid Affluence, a Struggle over Special Education,” New York Times, April 24, 2005.
19. Brief of the Council of the Great City Schools and the National Association of State Directors of Special Education as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioner at 24, Board of Education of City of New York v. Tom F., 552 U.S. 1 (2007).
20. Brief for the National Disability Rights Network and the New York Lawyers for the Public Interest as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondents at 12, Board of Education of City of New York v. Tom F., 552 U.S. 1 (2007).
21. Amicus Curiae Brief of Autism Speaks in Support of Respondent at 14, Board of Education of City of New York v. Tom F., 552 U.S. 1 (2007).
22. Brief for the National Disability Rights Network and the New York Lawyers for the Public Interest as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondents at 14, Board of Education of City of New York v. Tom F., 552 U.S. 1 (2007).
23. Brief of the Council of the Great City Schools and the National Association of State Directors of Special Education as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioner at 20, Board of Education of City of New York v. Tom F., 552 U.S. 1 (2007).
24. Brief for the National Disability Rights Network and The New York Lawyers for the Public Interest as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondents at 12, Board of Education of City of New York v. Tom F., 552 U.S. 1 (2007).
25. Kelman and Lester, Jumping the Queue, p. 101.
26. Ibid., p. 99.
27. Dan Keating and V. Dion Haynes, “Special-Ed Tuition a Growing Drain on D.C.: Basic Needs Take a Hit to Cover Costs of Sending Kids to Private Schools,” Washington Post, June 5, 2006.
28. Marcus A. Winters and Jay P. Greene, “Debunking a Special Education Myth,” Education Next (Spring 2007), p. 70.
29. Kelman and Lester, Jumping the Queue, pp. 74–75.
30. Ibid., p. 75.
31. Brief of the Council of the Great City Schools and the National Association of State Directors of Special Education as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioner at 26, Board of Education of City of New York v. Tom F., 552 U.S. 1 (2007).
32. Sharon Otterman, “Class Sizes Rise, Mostly Due to Budget Cuts,” New York Times, December 1, 2009, p. A30.
33. Michael Montgomery, “Class Sizes Begin to Rise Again in California Schools,” California Report, November 19, 2009, http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R911190850/b.
34. Brief for Petitioner at 14, Board of Education of City of New York v. Tom F., 552 U.S. 1 (2007).
35. Paul Steinberg, “Attention Surplus? Re-examining a Disorder,” New York Times, March 7, 2006.
36. “Google’s I.P.O. Five Years Later,” DealBook, New York Times, August 19, 2009, http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/19/googles-ipo-5-years-later/.
37. Reid v. Google, 66 Cal. Rep. 3d 744 (Cal. App. 2007).
38. See U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Unemployment Rate by Sex, Race, and Age, 1947–1979,” Handbook of Labor Statistics 67 (1980).
39. Age Discrimination in Employment: Hearings on H.R. 3651, H.R. 3768, and H.R. 4221 Before the General Subcommittee on Labor of the House Committee on Education and Labor, 90th Congress 7 (1967) (statement of William D. Bechill, commissioner on aging), p. 154.
40. Michael Luo, “Longer Unemployment for Those 45 and Older,” New York Times, April 12, 2009.
41. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2010, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf; Luo, “Longer Unemployment for Those 45 and Older.”
42. Laura Nielsen, Robert Nelson, Ryon Lancaster, and Nicholas Pedriana, Contesting Workplace Discrimination in Court: Characteristics and Outcomes of Federal Employment Discrimination Litigation, 1987–2003 (American Bar Foundation, 2008), p. 6.
43. Age Discrimination, in Employment: Hearings, supra note 39 (Norman Sprague, director, Employment and Retirement Program, National Council on Aging), p. 69.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid., p. 155.
46. Samuel Issacharoff and Erica Worth Harris, “Is Age Discrimination Really Age Discrimination? The ADEA’s Unnatural Solution,” New York University Law Review 72 (1997), p. 830.
47. Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 81 Stat., sec. 12, p. 604.
48. Issacharoff and Harris, “Is Age Discrimination Really Age Discrimination?” p. 803.
49. Steven Greenhouse and Michael Barbaro, “Wal-Mart Memo Suggests Ways to Cut Employee Benefit Costs,” New York Times, October 26, 2005.
50. Hazen Paper Co. v. Biggins, 507 U.S. 604 (1993).
51. Issacharoff and Harris, “Is Age Discrimination Really Age Discrimination?” p. 803, citing Alan Auerbach and Laurence Kotlikoff, “The Impact of the Demographic Transition on Capital Formation,” in Demography and Retirement: The Twenty-first Century, ed. Anna M. Rappaport and Sylvester J. Schieber (Westport, Conn.; Praeger, 1993), p. 174.
52. Issacharoff and Harris, “Is Age Discrimination Really Age Discrimination?” pp. 815–16.
53. Ibid., p. 816.
54. New York State Bar Association, Special Committee on Age Discrimination in the Profession, Report and Recommendations on Mandatory Retirement Practices in the Profession (January 2007).
55. See EEOC v. Kelley, Drye & Warren, LLP, Civil Action 10-CV-0665; Anthony Lin, “Sidley Austin Settles Age Bias Suit; No Determination of Merits,” National Law Journal, October 8, 2007, http://www.law.com/jsp/llf/PubArticleLLF.jsp?id=1191834192615.
56. Lin, “Sidley Austin,” p. 819.
57. Paul Krugman, “Always Low Wages. Always,” New York Times, May 13, 2005.
58. Richard Posner, Aging and Old Age (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), p. 320.
59. Paul Brest, “In Defense of the Anti-discrimination Principle,” Harvard Law Review 90 (1976).
2. Discriminating Tastes
1. Michael Cohn v. Corinthian Colleges Inc., 169 Cal. App. 4th 523, 528 (2008).
2. Lauren Collins, “Hey, La-a-a-dies!” New Yorker, August 6, 2007.
3. Koire v. Metro Car Wash, 40 Cal. 3d 24 (1985).
4. Joanna Grossman, “The End of ‘Ladies’ Night’ in New Jersey,” FindLaw, June 14, 2004, http://writ.news.findlaw.com/scripts/printer_friendly.pl?page=/grossman/20040615.html.
5. “Denver Man Files Complaint to Bar ‘Ladies Night,’” 7 News, September 14, 2006, http://www.thedenverchannel.com/entertainment/9852164/detail.html; “‘Ladies Night’ Under Fire in Colorado,” 7 News, January 7, 2007, http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/10683429/detail.html.
6. Steve Friess, “A Las Vegas Gym Faces a ‘Ladies’ Night’ Bias Case,” New York Times, December 12, 2007.
7. Angelucci v. Century Supper Club, 41 Cal. 4th 160 (2007).
8. Charisse Jones, “Many Scoff at N.J. Ruling over ‘Ladies’ Nights,’” USA Today, June 4, 2004.
9. Carrie Lukas, “Last Call on Ladies’ Night: $5 Beers and Government Overreach,” National Review Online, June 4, 2004.
10. Jones, “Many Scoff at N.J. Ruling,” supra note 8.
11. Brittany Bacon, “‘Ladies’ Night’ Lawsuits on the Rocks?” July 25, 2007, http://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/story?id=3412561&page=1.
12. Lis Wiehl, “Constitutional Dilemma Surrounding Ladies’ Night,” Lis on Law, Fox News, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,292255,00.html.
13. Lukas, “Last Call on Ladies’ Night,” supra note 9.
14. Grossman, “End of ‘Ladies’ Night’ in New Jersey.”
15. Lukas, supra note 9.
16. Owen Fiss, “Groups and the Equal Protection Clause,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 5, no. 2 (1976).
17. Paul Brest, “In Defense of the Anti-discrimination Principle,” Harvard Law Review 90 (1976).
18. https://www.harrahsreno.com/casinos/harrahs-reno/casino-misc/nightlife-detail.html.
19. “Five Cocktail Servers Agree to Settlement,” Las Vegas Review-Journal, July 8, 2000, http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2000/Jul-08-Sat-2000/news/13928641.html.
20. Sharon Gerrie, “Servers Rail Against High Heels,” Las Vegas Review-Journal, June 16, 2001, http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2001/Jun-16-Sat-2001/business/16337479.html.
21. “Harrah’s Dress Rules Draw Protest,” Las Vegas Review-Journal, February 17, 2001, http://www.reviewjournal.com/cgi-bin/printable.cgi?/lvrj_home/2001/Feb-17-Sat-2001/business/15468450.html.
22. Jespersen v. Harrah’s Operating Company Inc., 444 F.3d 1104 (2005).
23. Craft v. Metromedia Inc., 766 F.2d 1205 (1985).
24. Hooters Employee Handbook, http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0915051hooters1.html.
25. Wilson v. Southwest Airlines, 517 F. Supp. 292, 294 (N.D. Tex. 1981).
26. “Hooters Settles Suit by Men Denied Jobs,” New York Times, October 1, 1997.
27. “Texas Man Settles Discrimination Lawsuit Against Hooters for Not Hiring Male Waiter,” April 21, 2009, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,517334,00.html.
28. Jespersen, supra note 22.
29. Campbell Gibson and Kay Jung, Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, for Large Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States, Population Division Working Paper 76 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005).
30. U.S. Census Bureau, State and County QuickFacts, New Haven, Connecticut, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/09/0952000.html.
31. Nicole Allan and Emily Bazelon, “The Ladder,” Slate, June 25, 2009, http://www.slate.com/id/2221250/entry/2221298/.
32. Ibid.
33. Melissa Bailey, “Latino Group Backs White Firefighters,” New Haven Independent, February 6, 2009.
34. Allen and Bazelon, supra note 32.
35. Paul Bass, “Kimmmm—BERRRRRR! Why the Mayor Needs to Ax the Rev.,” New Haven Advocate, June 13, 2002.
36. Alyssa Rosenberg, “To New Haven and Back Again,” Ta-Nehisi Coates, Atlantic.com, http://ta-nehisicoates.theatlantic.com/archives/2009/06/to_new_haven_and_back_again.php.
37. Ricci v. DeStefano, 557 U.S. (2009).
38. Ibid. at 19–20 (slip op.).
39. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “Rules for Ricci,” Atlantic, June 29, 2009, http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2009/06/scotus-rules-for-ricci/20285/.
40. John McWhorter, “Thinking About ‘Ricci’: When Black People Don’t Peform As Well on Standardized Test, What Should Be Done,” April 22, 2009, http://www.tnr.com/blog/john-mcwhorter/thinking-about-ricci-when-black-people-dont-perform-well-standardized.
41. Abigail Thernstrom and Stephen Thernstrom, “New Haven’s Racial Test: Merit Doesn’t Matter for City Firefighters” Wall Street Journal, April 21, 2009.
42. Allen and Bazelon, supra note 32.
43. Complaint for Damages and Injunctive Relief, Michael Briscoe v. City of New Haven, October 15, 2009.
44. Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996).
45. Michael Klarman, From Jim Crow to Civil Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 391.
46. Mary Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 29.
47. Patricia Williams, The Alchemy of Race and Rights (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991), 159.
48. Robert Post, Prejudicial Appearances: The Logic of American Antidiscrimination Law (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2001), p. 22.
49. Alexander Bickel, The Least Dangerous Branch: The Supreme Court at the Bar of Politics (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1962), pp. 16–17.
50. Jeffrey Toobin, “After Stevens,” New Yorker, March 22, 2010, p. 46.
3. The Unintended Consequences of the Law
1. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
2. Erica Frankenberg, Chungmei Lee, and Gary Orfield, A Multiracial Society with Segregated Schools: Are We Losing the Dream? Civil Rights Project, Harvard University, January 2003.
3. Derrick Bell, Silent Covenants (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 4.
4. Gary Orfield, Reviving the Goal of an Integrated Society: A Twenty-first Century Challenge, University of California, Civil Rights Project, January 2009, p. 13.
5. Herbert Wechsler, “Toward Neutral Principles of Constitutional Law,” Harvard Law Review 73 (1959–60).
6. Ibid., p. 34.
7. See generally Daryl Michael Scott, Contempt and Pity: Social Policy and the Image of the Damaged Black Psyche, 1880–1996 (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1997) p. 128.
8. Risa Goluboff, The Lost Promise of Civil Rights (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007), p. 244.
9. Ibid., pp. 154–56.
10. Turnstall v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen; Railway Mail Association v. Corsi; James v. Marinship Corp.
11. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
12. Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, 391 U.S. 430 (1968).
13. Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown II), 349 U.S. 294, 300–301 (1955).
14. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1 (1971).
15. Ibid.
16. Michael Klarman, From Jim Crow to Civil Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 326.
17. Ibid., pp. 389–401.
18. Ibid., p. 392.
19. J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (New York: Vintage, 1986); Henry Hampton and Steve Fayer, Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Bantam, 1990), pp. 601–5.
20. Derrick Bell, “Serving Two Masters,” Yale Law Journal 85 (1976), p. 483.
21. Daryl Michael Scott, Contempt and Pity: Social Policy and the Image of the Damaged Black Psyche, 1880–1996 (1997), p. 128.
22. Stuart Buck, Acting White: The Ironic Legacy of Desegregation (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2010), pp. 87, 89.
23. Bradley v. Milliken, 484 F.2d 215, 298 (6th Cir. 1973).
24. Swann, 243 F. Supp. 667, 668.
25. Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, 127 S. Ct. 2738, 2768.
26. Transcript of oral argument in Brown I, p. 7 (Robert L. Carter, December 9, 1952).
27. Parents at 35, quoting Metro Broadcasting, O’Connor dissenting.
28. Ibid. at 36, Thomas dissenting.
29. Brown, 347 U.S. at 494.
30. Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards, 760 F. Supp. 1486 (1991).
31. Susan Estrich, “Sex at Work,” Stanford Law Review 43 (1991), p. 820.
32. Laura B. Hoguet, “Seinfeld Goes to Work,” Hoguet Newman Regal and Kenney, LLP (1999), http://library.findlaw.com/1999/Jun/1/127781.html.
33. Gillian Flynn, “Love Contracts Help Fend Off Harassment Suits,” Workforce Management 78, no. 3 (March 1999), pp. 106–8, http://www.workforce.com/archive/feature/22/18/74/223281.php.
34. Janet Halley, “Sexuality Harassment,” in Left Legalism/Left Critique, Brown and Halley, eds. (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002), p. 82.
35. Phyllis Schlafly, “‘Yale Five’ Challenge College Coed Dorms,” Eagle Forum, August 26, 1998, http://www.eagleforum.org/column/1998/aug98/98-08-26.html.
36. Vicki Schultz, “The Sanitized Workplace,” Yale Law Journal 112 (2003), p. 2064.
4. Civil Rights Activism as Therapy
1. “Farrakhan Inspires and Infuriates at Once,” USA Today, February 16, 1996.
2. Eric Pooley, “To the Beat of His Drum: Like It or Not, Louis Farrakhan Is Once Again Forcing the Nation to Focus on Him and His Message,” Time, October 23, 1995, http://www.time.com/time/special/million/1023time.html.
3. “Who’s In and Who’s Out: Which Black Leaders Supported the March,” Time, October 13, 1995.
4. CNN, “Minister Farrakhan Challenges Black Men: Transcript from Minister Louis Farrakhan’s Remarks at the Million Man March,” October 17, 1995, http://www-cgi.cnn.com/US/9510/megamarch/10-16/transcript/index.html.
5. Eric Pooley, “To the Beat of His Drum.”
6. James Dobson et al., Seven Promises of a Promise Keeper (Colorado Springs: Focus on the Family, 1994), pp. 79–81.
7. “Myths and Facts About the Promise Keepers,” National Organization for Women, http://www.now.org/issues/right/promise/mythfact.html.
8. Alvin Klein, “‘Day of Absence’ Offers Fantasy on Prejudice,” New York Times, October 17, 1993, http://theater.nytimes.com/mem/theater/treview.html?res=9F0CE0D91F3AF934A25753C1A965958260.
9. “SFPD to End Critical Mass?” SF Gate, March 2, 2010, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/green/detail?entry_id=58252&o=7>a=commentslistpos#commentslistpos#ixzz0j3FzCuNh.
10. Cornel West, in “Tavis Smiley Presents, State of Black America,” C-SPAN, February 2008.
11. Scott Raab, “The Battle of Newark,” Esquire, July 16, 2008.
12. Gloria Steinem, “Women Are Never Front-Runners,” New York Times, January 8, 2008.
13. Katherine Q. Seelye and Julie Bosman, “Ferraro’s Obama Remarks Become Talk of the Campaign,” New York Times, March 12, 2008.
14. Toni Morrison, “Comment,” Talk of the Town, New Yorker, October 5, 1998.
15. “Andrew Young: Obama’s Time Will Come,” NPR, December 7, 2007, http://www.npt.org/blogs/newsandviews/2007/12/andrew_young_obamas_time_will.html.
16. Rachel L. Swarns, “‘African-American’ Becomes a Term for Debate,” New York Times, August 29, 2004.
17. Debra Dickerson, “Colorbind: Barack Obama Would Be the Great Black Hope in the Next Presidential Election—If He Were Actually Black,” Salon, January 22, 2007, http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/feature/2007/01/22/obama.
18. Sara Rimer and Karen W. Arenson, “Top Colleges Take More Blacks, but Which Ones?” New York Times, June 24, 2004.
19. John Ridley, “The Manifesto of Ascendancy for the Modern American Nigger,” Esquire, November 2006.
20. Nathan Glazer, Affirmative Discrimination: Ethnic Inequality and Public Policy (New York: Basic Books, 1975).
22. Nathan Glazer, “In Defense of Preference,” New Republic, April 6, 1998.
23. Chandran Kukathas, “Are There Any Cultural Rights?” Political Theory 20, no. 1 (1992), p. 105.
24. E. Franklin Frazier, Black Bourgeoisie (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1957).
5. Righting Rights
1. Harold Meyerson, “In Wal-Mart’s Image,” American Prospect, September 11, 2009, http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=in_walmarts_image.
2. Dan Frosch, “African Immigrants Accuse Wal-Mart of Discrimination,” New York Times, February 2, 2010.
3. Abigail Goldman, “Young to Quit Wal-Mart Group After Racial Remarks,” Los Angeles Times, August 18, 2006.
4. Meyerson, “In Wal-Mart’s Image,” supra note 1.
5. Reed Abelson, “6 Women Sue Wal-Mart, Charging Job and Promotion Bias,” New York Times, June 20, 2001.
6. Al Norman, “Wal-Mart Exposed for ‘Outdated and Sexist’ Hiring Practices,” Huffington Post, March 2, 2010, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/al-norman/wal-mart-exposed-for-outd_b_483334.html.
7. www.ipodnanosettlement.com/pdfs/AIN_Notice.pdf.
8. Hall v. Werthan Bag Corp., 251 F. Supp. 184 (M.D. Tenn. 1966). See also Jenkins v. United Gas Corp., 400 F.2d 28 (5th Cir. 1968); Bowe v. Colgate-Palmolive Co., 426 F.2d 711, 719 (7th Cir. 1969).
9. Abelson, “6 Women Sue Wal-Mart,” supra note 5.
10. Dukes v. Wal-Mart Inc., No. 04-16688, CV-01-02252-MJJ (9th circuit, 2008) at 16227.
11. Steven Malanga, “The Tort Plague Hits Wal-Mart: A Federal Judge Dignifies a Flimsy Claim,” City Journal, June 24, 2004.
12. Dukes, supra note 10, at 16251–52.
13. Malanga, “Tort Plague Hits Wal-Mart.”
14. Plaintiffs’ Third Amended Complaint, Dukes at 7.
15. Ibid.
16. Dukes, supra note 10, at 16242.
17. Mark Fischer, “Dukes v. Wal-Mart: A New Interpretation of the Class-Action Model,” 2007, http://works.bepress.com/mark_fischer/1.
18. Dukes, supra note 10, at 16258.
19. See Robert Belton, “A Comparative Review of Public and Private Enforcement of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,” Vanderbilt Law Review 31 (1978), p. 907.
20. Douglas Martin, “The Rise and Fall of the Class-Action Lawsuit,” New York Times, January 8, 1988, p. B7.
21. Baylie v. FRB, 476 F.3d 522 (7th Cir. 2007).
22. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S.———(2011), quoting J. Kozinski, 603 F. 3d at 652 (dissenting opinion).
23. Matthew Wald, “U.S. Limits Tarmac Waits for Passengers to 3 Hours,” New York Times, December 21, 2009.
24. Laura Nielsen, Robert Nelson, Ryon Lancaster, and Nicholas Pedriana, Contesting Workplace Discrimination in Court: Characteristics and Outcomes of Federal Employment Discrimination Litigation, 1987–2003 (American Bar Foundation, 2008), p. 6.
25. John Donohue and Peter Siegelman, “The Changing Nature of Employment Discrimination Litigation,” Stanford Law Review 43 (1991), pp. 1024–27.
26. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009/1790).
27. Brief for Amici Curiae: 65 Leading American Businesses in Grutter v. Bollinger, U.S. Supreme Court, 2003.
28. Mike Swift, “Tech Firms Fight to Keep Workforce Make-up Hidden,” San Jose Mercury News, February 15, 2010.
29. Mike Swift, “Blacks, Latinos, and Women Lose Ground at Silicon Valley Tech Companies,” San Jose Mercury News, February 13, 2010.
30. Paul Burstein, Discrimination, Jobs, and Politics: The Struggle for Equal Employment Opportunity in the United States Since the New Deal (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), pp. 27–28.
31. Swann, 243 F. Supp. 667, 668.
32. Justice Policy Institute, Pruning Prisons: How Cutting Corrections Can Save Money and Protect Public Safety (Washington, D.C., May 2009), p. 6.
33. Justice Policy Institute, Substance Abuse Treatment and Public Safety (Washington, D.C., January 2008), p. 1.
34. Cassia Spohn and Miriam DeLone, “When Does Race Matter? An Analysis of the Conditions Under Which Race Affects Sentence Severity,” Sociology of Crime, Law, and Deviance: Volume 2, ed. Jeffery T. Ulmer (Bingley, U.K.: Emerald Group, 2000).
35. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790).
36. Jeremy Bentham, Anarchical Fallacies: Being an Examination of the Declarations of Rights Issued During the French Revolution (1795, 1816).
37. Karl Marx, “On the Jewish Question,” in Marx: Early Writings: The Marx Library, 234 (1975).
38. See, e.g., Mark Tushnet, “An Essay on Rights,” 62 Texas Law Review 1363 (1984); Duncan Kennedy, A Critique of Adjudication (fin de siècle) (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), pp. 299–338.
39. See Palmer v. Thompson, 403 U.S. 217 (1971).