CHAPTER REVIEW

Rapid Review Guide

To achieve the perfect 5, you should be able to explain the following:

• Any plan to assimilate the Southern states back into the Union after the Civil War would have major difficulties; a problem was determining the appropriate post-war status of former supporters of the Confederacy.

• The plans for Reconstruction proposed by Abraham Lincoln, the Radical Republicans, and Andrew Jackson all varied dramatically.

• Radical Republicans instituted policies to improve the political and economic status of former slaves; this created great resentment in other segments of Southern society.

• The impeachment of Andrew Johnson went forward because of major disagreements over policy between Johnson and the Radical Republicans in Congress.

• The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments outlawed slavery, established the rights of blacks, and established the framework by which Southern states could rejoin the union.

• Profits made by carpetbaggers and scalawags further angered the traditional elements of Southern society; many in the South, including members of the Ku Klux Klan, felt great resentment towards the carpetbaggers and scalawags and towards the political and economic power now held by some Southern blacks.

• The Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the South; as Union troops left, blacks were again reduced to the status of second-class citizens.

Time Line

1865: Andrew Johnson institutes liberal Reconstruction plan

Whites in Southern legislatures pass Black Codes

Thirteenth Amendment ratified

1866: Civil Rights Act, Freedman’s Bureau Act approved by Congress (vetoed by Johnson)

Fourteenth Amendment passes Congress (fails to be ratified in Southern states)

Anti-black riots in New Orleans, Memphis

Republicans who favor Radical Reconstruction win congressional elections, in essence ending Johnson’s Reconstruction plan Ku Klux Klan founded

1867: Tenure of Office Act approved by Congress (Congress had to approve presidential appointments, dismissals)

Reconstruction Act approved by Congress (Southern states placed under military rule)

Constitutional conventions called by former Confederate states Johnson tries to remove Edwin Stanton as Secretary of War, leading to cries for his impeachment

1868: Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: Johnson impeached in the House of Representatives, not convicted in the Senate

Southern states return to Union under policies established by Radical Republicans

Final ratification of Fourteenth Amendment

Former Civil War general U.S. Grant elected president

1870: Fifteenth Amendment ratified

Many blacks elected in Southern state legislatures

1872: Former Confederates allowed to hold office U.S. Grant reelected

1876: Disputed presidential election between Tilden, Hayes

1877: Compromise of 1877 awards election to Hayes, ends Reconstruction in the South

Review Questions

1. Radical Republicans favored all of the following except

A. he continuation of the Freedman’s Bureau

B. the governing of the South by military generals

C. the impeachment of Andrew Johnson

D. the return of former Confederate leaders to positions of power in the South

E. the election of newly enfranchised blacks to positions in Southern state legislatures

(Correct Answer: D. All of the other choices were favored by Radical Republicans; the Reconstruction Act of 1867 placed the former Confederate states under military rule.)

2. The official reason for impeachment proceedings against Andrew Johnson was

A. he had violated the Tenure of Office Act

B. he had violated the Reconstruction Act

C. his Reconstruction policies were much too lenient to the South

D. he had failed to enforce the Army Act

E. he had failed to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1866

(Correct Answer: A. By attempting to remove Edwin Stanton as Secretary of War, many in Congress stated that Johnson had knowingly violated the Tenure of Office Act, thus violating provisions of the United States Constitution.)

3. Black Codes were instituted to

A. increase black participation in Southern politics during Reconstruction

B. increase the effectiveness of the Freedman’s Bureau

C. prevent blacks from having certain jobs

D. maintain slavery in some sections of the Deep South

E. allow blacks to move more freely in the South

(Correct Answer: C. Black Codes were adopted by Southern legislatures in 1866 and limited movement by blacks, prevented them from having certain jobs, and prohibited interracial marriage.)

4. Reconstruction ended as a result of the Compromise of 1877 because

A. a presidential mandate ordered that Reconstruction end

B. by the provisions of the compromise, the U.S. Army was removed from Southern states

C. the new president, Rutherford B. Hayes, was strongly against existing Reconstruction policy

D. many blacks were now in positions of power in the South, and Reconstruction policies were no longer needed

E. public opinion in the North no longer favored existing Reconstruction policies

(Correct Answer: B. After Hayes was given the presidency by the Compromise of 1877, the U.S. Army left control of the South to the South. Without the army present to enforce Reconstruction policies, these policies ended. Blacks were soon second-class citizens again.)

5. The Fifteenth Amendment

A. allowed Southern states to reenter the Union

B. outlawed slavery

C. stated that a person could not be denied the vote because of his color

D. said that former Confederate officials could not hold public office

E. stated that citizenship would be the same in all states

(Correct Answer: C. The Fifteenth Amendment stated that no American could be denied the right to vote “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”)