Notes

Abbreviations used in notes

AN	Archives Nationales, Paris
AGR	Archives Générales du Royaume, Brussels
AP	Annales Parlementaires (published record of parliamentary debates)
APP	Archives de la Préfecture de Police, Paris
BL	British Library
MAE	Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Paris
MD	series ‘Mémoirés et Documents’
MDA	series ‘Mémoires et Documents: Angleterre’
MDF	series ‘Mémoires et Documents: France’
ODNB	Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004)
OHBE	Oxford History of the British Empire 3 vols. (1998)
PRO	Public Record Office (National Archives), London
FO	Foreign Office series
RA	Royal Archives, Windsor Castle
SIPRI	Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

Introduction (pp. 1–3)

1 Semmel (2004), p. 9.

PART I: Struggle (p. 5)

1 Scott (2000), p. 7.

1: Britain Joins Europe (pp. 7–54)

1 Scott (2000), p. 461.

2 Hoppit (2000), p. 5.

3 Wolf (1968), p. 89.

4 Churchill (2002), vol. 2, p. 228.

5 Wolf (1968), p. 182.

6 Bennett (1997), p. 363.

7 Petitfils (1995), p. 330.

8 Scott (2000), p. 170.

9 Pincus (1995), p. 346.

10 Levillain (2004), p. 108.

11 Scott (2000), p. 65.

12 Petitfils (1995), p. 485.

13 Hoppit (2000), pp. 17–18.

14 Morrill (1991), pp. 79–81.

15 Israel (1991), p. 10.

16 Pincus (1995), p. 352.

17 Bély (1992), p. 283.

18 Israel (1991), p. 105.

19 ibid., p. 120.

20 ibid., p. 109; Troost (2005), p. 193.

21 Report by French agent Usson de Bonrepaus, 6 September 1688 [n.s.], in AN: AE B1 758. We owe this reference, and that in footnote 25, to Charles-Edouard Levillain.

22 Wolf (1968), p. 649.

23 Cénat (2005), pp. 104–5; Rose (1999), p. 115; see also Miller (1978), pp. 190–92.

24 Speck (2002), p. 70; Troost (2005) pp. 192–3.

25 Report of Sancey to governor-general, 3 September 1688 [n.s.] AGR T 100/409 fo 53.

26 Israel (1991), p. 108; Rodger (2004), p. 151.

27 Scott (2000), p. 217.

28 Israel (1991), p. 32.

29 Jackson (2005), p. 568.

30 Beddard (1991), p. 242.

31 Hoppit (2000), p. 33.

32 Morrill (1991), p. 98.

33 Rose (1999), p. 105.

34 Childs (1996), p. 210.

35 Lenman (1992), p. 23.

36 Rose (1999), p. 218.

37 An English officer, in Kishlansky (1996), p. 295.

38 For details, see Murtagh, in Caldicott et al. (1987).

39 Padfield (2000), ch. 6.

40 Wolf (1968), p. 459.

41 Lynn (1999), pp. 215–16; Rodger (2004), p. 147.

42 Cullen (2000).

43 Gwynn (1985), p. 68.

44 Rose (1999), p. 112.

45 Scott (2000), p. 474.

46 Padfield (2000), pp. 144–50; Rodger (2004), p. 150.

47 Dickson (1967), p. 28.

48 Wolf (1968), p. 487.

49 Petitfils (1995), p. 512.

50 Wolf (1968), p. 487.

51 Baxter (1966), p. 379.

52 Wolf (1966), p. 511.

53 Baxter (1966), p. 388.

54 Bély (1992), p. 397.

55 Voltaire (1966), vol. 1, p. 251.

56 ibid., p. 239.

57 Churchill (2002), p. 15.

58 McKay and Scott (1983), p. 138.

59 ibid., p. 149.

60 Bartlett and Jeffery (1996), p. 299.

61 Lenman (1992), p. 84.

62 MAE MDA, vol. 52, fos 38–9.

63 Black (2000), p. 89.

64 Antoine (1989), p. 357.

65 Lenman (1992), p. 14 – a lucid and pithy summary.

66 MAE MDA, vol. 53, fo 24.

67 ibid., vol. 77, fo 98.

68 ibid., vol. 78, fos 73–4 (dated 12 June 1745).

69 Dates are given according to the ‘old style’ Julian calendar, used in Britain until 1751, eleven days behind the ‘new style’ Gregorian calendar used in France.

70 Roberts (2002), p. 112.

71 For numbers and social composition, see McLynn (1998), pp. 18–28.

72 The arguments are summarized in a paper (September 1745) drawn up by the Duc de Noailles, the king’s closest adviser and a leading sceptic. MAE MDA, vol. 52, fos 38–49.

73 Black (2000b), p. 84.

74 Lenman (1992), p. 107.

75 Bongie (1977), p. 12.

76 McLynn (1998), p. 80.

77 31 December to 3 January ‘new style’. McLynn (1981), pp. 154–5.

78 Bongie (1977), p. 15.

79 Roberts (2002), p. 144.

80 Black (2000b), p. 183.

81 Roberts (2002), p. 168.

82 McLynn (1981), p. 235.

83 Dziembowski (1998), pp. 81–2, 464.

84 Interim report of the Life in the UK Advisory Group.

85 Brecher (1998), p. 9.

86 Fumaroli (2001), p. 53.

87 Black (1987), p. 3

88 Scott (2000), p. 487.

89 Black (1998), p. 126.

90 Ferguson (2001), p. 49.

91 See Bowen (1998), pp. 18–22.

92 A criticism of the cost of operations in the Seven Years War, quoted by Chesterfield (1932), vol. 2, p. 387.

93 Winch and O’Brien (2002), p. 263.

94 Capie in Prados de la Escosura (2004), p. 216.

95 J.R. Jones, in Hoffman and Norberg (1994), p. 89; Brewer (1990), pp. 90–91.

96 Martin Daunton in Winch and O’Brien (2002), p. 319.

97 Brewer (1990), p. 79; Lindert (2004), pp. 46–7.

98 O’Brien in OHBE, vol. 2, p. 66.

99 Dickson (1967), p. 51.

100 North and Weingast (1989), p. 824.

101 Middleton (1985), p. 153.

102 On John Law, see Lüthy (1959), vol. 1; and on the South Sea Bubble, Hoppit (2002) and Dickson (1967), ch. 5.

103 Dickson (1967), p. 198.

104 Neal, in Prados de la Escosura (2004), p. 185.

105 Dziembowski (1998), p. 265.

106 Lüthy (1959), vol. 1, p. 290. See also Crouzet (1999), pp. 105–19.

107 See summary by Bonney (1999), ch. 4.

108 Hoffman and Norberg (1994), p. 258.

109 ibid., pp. 273–4.

110 Antoine (1989), p. 493.

111 Jones (2002b); Lüthy (1959), vol. 2, p. 324; Chaussinand-Nogaret (1993).

112 Lüthy (1959), vol. 1, p. 415; vol. 2, pp. 468–521.

113 See Sonenscher (1997), pp. 64–103, 267–325

114 Kwass (2000), p. 255.

2: Thinking, Pleasing, Seeing (pp. 55–111)

1. Gunny (1979), p. 21.

2. Chesterfield (1932), vol. 1, p. 130.

3. Courtney (1975), p. 273.

4. Fumaroli (2001), p. 53.

5. Alexander Murdoch, in Fitzpatrick et al. (2004), p. 104.

6. Grente and Moureau (1995), p. 61. On eighteenth-century culture generally, see Pomeau (1991), Roche (1993), Brewer (1997), Ferrone and Roche (1999), Fumaroli (2001), Porter (2000), Blanning (2002), Fitzpatrick et al. (2004).

7 Mornet (1910), p. 460.

8 For statistics, Sahlins (2004), pp. 159, 172.

9 Jones (2002), p. 180.

10 Girard d’Albisson (1969), p. 65.

11 Kölving and Mervaud (1997), vol. 1, p. 80.

12 Acomb (1950), p. 27.

13 Dziembowski (1998), p. 355.

14 Pomeau (1979), p. 12.

15 ibid., p. 12.

16 Rousseau (1979), pp. 25, 32, 40.

17 Pomeau (1979), p. 11. See also Mervaud (1992) and Buruma (2000).

18 Fumaroli (2001), p. 22.

19 Fougeret de Montbrun (1757), p. 8.

20 Grieder (1985), p. 4.

21 Much of what follows in based on Shackleton (1961).

22 Courtney (1975), pp. 275–6. See also Dedieu (1909).

23 Sylvana Tomaselli, unpublished lecture quoted by kind permission of the author.

24 ibid.

25 Shackleton (1961), p. 301.

26 Courtney (1975), pp. 286–7.

27 Jones (2002), p. 173.

28 Ross (1995), p. 219. See also Mossner (1980).

29 Ross (1995), p. 217.

30 Smith (1991), vol. 1, p. 13; vol. 2, p. 180. See the subtle discussion in Rothschild (2001).

31 Nicolet (1982), pp. 479–80. On Smith’s early reception in France, see Whatmore (2000).

32 Jean-Pierre Langellier, in Le Monde (7 June 2005).

33 Le Blanc (1751), p. 50.

34 Chesterfield (1932), vol. 1, pp. 329–30.

35 Andrews (1783), p. 266.

36 This section owes much to Black (1999).

37 Newman (1997), p. 43; Roche (2001), pp. 15–17.

38 From Garrick’s play Bon Ton, 1775, in Eagles (2000), p. 49.

39 Tyson and Guppy (1932), p. 149.

40 Eagles (2000), p. 109.

41 La Combe (1784), p. 50.

42 McCarthy (1985), p. 150.

43 Grieder (1985), p. 40.

44 Grosley (1770), vol. 1, pp. 23, 85.

45 Mornet (1910), p. 460.

46 Le Blanc (1751), p. 16.

47 Dziembowski (1998), p. 23.

48 Gentleman’s Guide (n.d.), pp. 5, 39.

49 Thicknesse (1766), pp. 9, 44–5, 105; Gosse (1952).

50 Du Bocage (1770), vol. 1, pp. 1–2.

51 Smollett (1999), p. 4.

52 Grosley (1770), vol. 1, p. 19.

53 Walpole (1904), p. 421.

54 Black (1992), p. 98.

55 Pasquet (1920), p. 835.

56 Black (1992), p. 18.

57 ibid., pp. 185–6.

58 A Five Weeks’ Tour to Paris, Versailles, Marli & c (1754), p. 15; Gentleman’s Guide, p. 88.

59 Black (1992), p. 196.

60 Pasquet (1920), pp. 847–8.

61 Grosley (1770), vol. 1, p. 79.

62 Donald (1996), p. 121.

63 Grieder (1985), p. 109.

64 Chesterfield (1932), vol. 2, p. 87.

65 Thicknesse (1766), p. 9.

66 Dziembowski (1998), pp. 207–11.

67 Taylor (1985), p. 43; Harvey (2004), p. 140; Holmes (2001), p. 104.

68 Mennell (1985), p. 138.

69 La Combe (1784), p. 14.

70 Pasquet (1920), pp. 838–9.

71 Five Weeks’ Tour (1754), p. 25.

72 Chesterfield (1932), vol. 1, p. 103.

73 Radisich (1995), p. 411.

74 Chesterfield (1932), vol. 2, p. 198.

75 Tyson and Guppy (1932), pp. 103, 146, 232.

76 Klein (1997), pp. 362–82.

77 Taylor (2001), pp. 17, 41.

78 McIntyre (2000), p. 369.

79 Cranston (1997), pp. 164–71; Uglow (2002), p. 182.

80 Tyson and Guppy (1932), p. 7.

81 Chesterfield (1932), vol. 2, p. 100.

82 Black (1992), p. 60.

83 Chesterfield (1932), vol. 2, p. 106.

84 Black (1992), p. 206.

85 Harris (1998), pp. 225–30, 434–45, and passim.

86 Patterson (1960), p. 33; Harris (1998), pp. 249, 313, 600.

87 Harris (1998), pp. 441, 546–7, 550–51, 560.

88 La Rochefoucauld (1933), passim; Crouzet (1999), p. 115; Harris (1998), p. 547. See also Scarfe (1995), and Bombelles (1989), an officer and diplomat who came to sniff the air after the American war.

89 See Rothschild (2002), pp. 46–59.

90 Grieder (1985), p. 17.

91 Eagles (2000), pp. 63–5.

92 Grosley (1770), p. 165.

93 Grente and Moureau (1995), p. 62.

94 Mornet (1910), p. 461; Pemble (2005), pp. 77–8; on Sade, see Schama (1989), p. 391.

95 Porter (2000), p. 286.

96 Grieder (1985), pp. 74–5, 151–62.

97 Walpole (1904), pp. 422, 523.

98 Saint-Girons (1998).

99 ibid.

100 Plaisant and Parreaux (1977), p. 289.

101 Newman (1997), p. 125.

102 Girardin (1777), pp. 34–5.

103 Dulaure, Nouvelle Description des Environs de Paris (Paris 1786), in Taylor (2001), p. 99.

104 George IV and the Arts of France (1966), p. 5.

105 The Lady’s Magazine, Nov. 1787, in Ribeiro (1983), p. 116.

106 Chesterfield (1932), vol. 1, p. 330.

107 Grieder (1985), pp. 10, 25; Acomb (1950), p. 15.

108 Steele (1998), p. 32.

109 Buck (1979), p. 44; and see Sheriff, in Bermingham and Brewer (1997), pp. 473–5.

110 Boucher (1996), p. 299.

111 Steele (1998), p. 34.

112 Grieder (1985), p. 16.

113 Britsch (1926), pp. 376–8. See also Ward (1982).

114 Whether she was secretly the child of Genlis and Chartres, and the foundling story was an elaborate cover, still divides specialists. The 2004 ODNB (though not the 1884 DNB) thinks she was; recent French biographers of the d’Orléans – Lever (1996) and Antonetti (1994) – say emphatically not.

115 Mercier (1928), p. 135.

116 Rothschild (2002), p. 40.

117 Grieder (1985), pp. 20–21.

118 Mercier (1928), p. 74.

119 Newman (1997), p. 38. See also Rauser (2004).

120 Watkin (1984), p. 116.

121 Chesterfield (1932), vol. 1, p. 163.

122 Gury (1999), p. 1047.

123 Walpole (1904), p. 417.

124 Scott (1990), p. 52.

125 Clark (2000), p. 260.

126 Blanning (2002), p. 415.

127 Grieder (1985), p. 110.

128 McIntyre (1999), pp. 244–5; Dziembowski (1998), p. 55. See also Hedgecock (1911).

129 Foote (1783), vol. 1, The Englishman in Paris, pp. 13–14; The Englishman Returned from Paris, p. 22.

130 J.C. Villiers, A Tour through part of France (1789), in Maxwell (1932), p. 144.

131 Reddy (2001), p. 151.

132 Villiers (1789), in Maxwell (1932), p. 359.

133 Smollett (1981), p. 53.

134 Gentleman’s Guide (n.d), p. 33.

135 Black (1992), p. 196.

136 Garrick (1939), p. 10.

137 Shoemaker (2002), pp. 525–45.

138 Mennell (1985), p. 309.

139 John Andrews, An Account of the Character and Manners of the French; with occasional Observations on the English (London, 1770), in Donald (1996), p. 86.

140 Cardwell (2004), 78f.

141 Clairembault-Maurepas (1882), vol. 10, p. 23.

142 Mercier (1928), pp. 74–5.

143 La Rochefoucauld (1933), pp. 57–8.

144 Tyson and Guppy (1932), p. 99.

145 Mercier (1933), p. 213.

146 Fumaroli (2001), p. 190.

147 Fumaroli (2001), p. 181.

148 Chesterfield (1932), vol. 2, pp. 105, 146; Rousseau (1969), pp. 245, 515.

149 Chesterfield (1932), vol. 2, pp. 105, 145; Rousseau (1969), p. 391.

150 Uglow (2002), pp. 185–8, 190–91.

151 Monaco (1974), p. 4.

152 Le Tourneur, 1776 preface, in Genuist (1971), p. 20.

153 Pappas (1997), p. 69.

154 Monaco (1974), p. 9.

155 ibid., p. 73; Pappas (1997), p. 67.

156 Voltaire (1785), vol. 61, pp. 350–76.

157 Genuist (1971), p. 198.

158 Williams (1979), p. 321.

159 Pemble (2005), pp. 95–8.

3: The Sceptre of the World (pp. 112–53)

1 MAE MDA, vol. 52, fo 108.

2 Corbett (1907), vol. 1, p. 189.

3 MAE MDA, vol. 55, fo 74.

4 Crouzet (1999), p. 106.

5 Patrick O’Brien, in OHBE, vol. 2, p. 54; Crouzet (1999), p. 300.

6 Duffy (1987), pp. 385, 371.

7 For an excellent summary, see Bruce Lenman, in OHBE, vol. 2, pp. 151–68.

8 Black (1998), p. 181.

9 Bayly (2004), part I; see also Alavi (2002), esp. ch. 4.

10 Pluchon (1996), vol. 1, p. 246. On the general issues, see Scott (1992), Black (1998 and 2000), Brecher (1998) and the magisterial surveys by Bayly (2004) and Marshall (2005).

11 Duffy (1987), p. 6.

12 Duffy (1987), pp. 7, 12; Prados de la Escosura (2004), pp. 41–3.

13 Duffy (1987), p. 385.

14 Thomas (1997), p. 249; Duffy (1987), pp. 12–13.

15 Deerr (1949), vol. 1, pp. 240, 293.

16 Thomas (1997), p. 300.

17 ibid., pp. 303–4, 340.

18 MAE MDA, vol. 52, fo 234.

19 Das (1992), p. 7.

20 See Subramanian (1999), Manning (1996).

21 Llewelyn-Jones (1992).

22 Vigié (1993), p. 504.

23 Pluchon (1996), vol. 1, p. 191.

24 P.J. Marshall, in OHBE, vol. 2, p. 501.

25 Vigié (1993), p. 8.

26 Brecher (1998), pp. 18–19.

27 Anderson (2000), p. 29; Meyer, Tarrade and Rey-Goldzeiguer (1991), vol. 1, p. 146.

28 Anderson (2000), pp. 35–40.

29 MAE MDA, vol. 52, fos. 104–10.

30 Brecher (1998), p. 11.

31 MAE MDA, vol. 52, fo 109.

32 Brecher (1998), p. 60.

33 MAE MDA, vol. 52, fos 103–4.

34 Dziembowski (1998), p. 216.

35 Anderson (2000), p. 17; Meyer, Tarrade and Rey-Goldzeiguer (1991), vol. 1, pp. 145–9.

36 Bell (2001), p. 86.

37 Dziembowski (1998), p. 81.

38 Dull (2005), p. 31.

39 ‘Mémoire sur les partis à prendre dans les circonstances présentes’ (Aug. 1755), MAE MDA, vol. 52, fo 134.

40 Béranger and Meyer (1993), p. 278; Vergé-Franceschi (1996), pp. 122, 221; Meyer, Tarrade and Rey-Goldzeiguer (1991), vol. 1, p. 148.

41 Pocock (1999), vol. 1, p. 94.

42 Lenman (2001), p. 136.

43 Béranger and Meyer (1993), pp. 210–11; Pluchon (1996), vol. 1, p. 166. See also Plank (2001).

44 Dziembowski (1998), p. 81, Bell (2001), p. 87.

45 Dziembowski (1998), p. 85.

46 Ambassadorial instructions, quoted by Chaussinand-Nogaret (1998), p. 63.

47 Pluchon (1996), p. 248.

48 Anderson (2000), ch. 19.

49 Woodbridge (1995), p. 94.

50 Dziembowski (1998), pp. 100–101.

51 Middleton (1985), p. 41.

52 Voltaire (1992), p. 68.

53 Rodger (2004), p. 272; Rodger (1988), pp. 266–7.

54 Cardwell (2004), p. 78.

55 Colley (1992), pp. 87–98; Wilson (1995), pp. 185–93.

56 Van Kley (1984), pp 36, 39–40.

57 Woodbridge (1995), p. 48.

58 Van Kley (1984), p. 145.

59 Instructions to envoy to Prussia, quoted in Middleton (1985), p. 27.

60 Woodbridge (1995).

61 Dziembowski (1998), pp. 122–30.

62 Kwass (2000), pp. 156–92.

63 Van Kley (1984), p. 39.

64 Dziembowski (1998), pp. 499–504.

65 Walpole (1904), pp. 430–31.

66 Peters (1980), p. 104.

67 Earl Waldegrave, in Peters (1998), p. 73.

68 Peters (1998), p. 83.

69 Chaussinand-Nogaret (1998), p. 216.

70 ibid., p. 132.

71 ibid., p. 15.

72 Peters (1998), p. 246.

73 Chaussinand-Nogaret (1998), p. 129.

74 ibid.

75 Béranger and Mayer (1993), p. 243.

76 Lacour-Gayet (1902), p. 295; Dull (2005), p. 61.

77 Lacour-Gayet (1902), p. 307.

78 ibid., p. 312.

79 Waddington (1899), vol. 3, p. 346.

80 ibid., p. 348.

81 Lacour-Gayet (1902), p. 316.

82 Waddington (1899), vol. 3, p. 353.

83 Letter of 2 October 1758, in Lacour-Gayet (1902), p. 316.

84 Brumwell (2002), p. 51; Kennett (1967), p. xiv.

85 Middleton (1985), p. 116.

86 McIntyre (1999), p. 291.

87 Walpole (1904), p. 260.

88 Brumwell (2002), p. 271.

89 Anderson (2000), p. 375. See also Rogers (2004), pp. 239–59.

90 Kennett (1967), p. 57.

91 The profit from engraved reproductions totalled a huge £15,000 by 1790. Blanning (2002), p. 300.

92 Dull (2005), p. 161.

93 McLynn (2005), p. 370.

94 Padfield (2000), p. 212.

95 Lacour-Gayet (1902), p. 342.

96 Middleton (1985), p. 177.

97 Vincent (1993), p. 231.

98 Blanning (1977).

99 Black (1998), pp. 181–2; see also Middleton (1985), pp. 22, 183, 188, 208–21; Peters (1998), p. 116.

100 Dull (2005), pp. 199, 241.

101 MAE MD, Indes Orientales 1755–1797, vol. 13, ‘Observations sur l’article 10 des préliminaires de paix’, March 1763.

102 Robert Allen, in Prados de la Escosura (2004), p. 15.

103 Stanley Engerman, ibid., p. 280. See also Javier Esteban, ibid., pp. 59–60; and Jacob M. Price, OHBE, vol. 2, p. 99.

104 Anderson (2000), p. 507.

105 Glyn Williams, in OHBE, vol. 2, pp. 555–6.

106 Salmond (2003), p. 31.

107 ibid., p. 53.

108 Landes (2000), pp. 165, 176.

109 Robson (2004), p. 68.

110 Ormesson and Thomas (2002), p. 206.

111 Richard Drayton, in OHBE, vol. 2, p. 246; Whiteman (2003), pp. 28–41.

112 Chaunu (1982), p. 262.

113 Girardet (1986), pp. 158–61.

114 Genuist (1971), p. 16.

115 Boswell (1992), p. 188. The eighty Frenchmen ‘beat’ by Johnson were the members of the French Academy, authors of the official French dictionary.

116 Béranger and Meyer (1993), p. 73.

117 Crystal (2004), p. 433.

118 Statistics in Ferrone and Roche (1999), pp. 297–8.

119 Mercier (1928), p. 158.

120 Grosley (1772), vol. 1, p. 93; Semmel (2004), p. xiii.

121 Bellaigue (2003), p. 64.

122 Plaisant (1976), pp. 197, 211.

123 Grieder (1985), p. 29.

124 Bernard Saurin, L’Anglomane ou l’orpheline léguée (1772), in Répertoire (1818), vol. 7, p. 246.

125 Hardman and Price (1998), p. 89.

126 ‘Appeal to all the nations of Europe’ (1761), in Voltaire (1785), vol. 61, p. 368.

127 Cohen (1999), pp. 448–59.

128 Newman (1997), p. 114; Lancashire (2005), p. 33.

129 Rivarol (1998), pp. 8, 32, 36, 42, 46–51, 68–70, 76–86, 90–91.

130 Fumaroli (2001), p. 19.

131 Ostler (2005), p. 519.

4: The Revenger’s Tragedy (pp. 154–92)

1 Dziembowski (1998), p. 206.

2 ibid., p. 264.

3 ibid., p. 7.

4 Choiseul (1881), p. 172.

5 ibid., pp. 178, 253.

6 Conlin (2005), pp. 1251–88.

7 Dziembowski (1998), p. 283.

8 Farge (1994), p. 172.

9 L’Année littéraire, 1766, in Acomb (1950), p. 61.

10 Goudar, L’Espion chinois, in Acomb (1950), p. 61.

11 Choiseul (1881), p. 178.

12 Chaussinand-Nogaret (1998), p. 252.

13 ‘Mémoire sur l’Angleterre’, MAE MDA, vol. 52, fo 180.

14 Abarca (1970), p. 325; Patterson (1960), pp. 32–4.

15 Conlin (2005).

16 Belloy (1765), preface.

17 ibid., pp. 55–6. Interestingly, the copy in the Cambridge University Library was presented by Belloy to David Garrick in April 1765.

18 Choiseul (1881), pp. 252, 254. See also Scott (1990), pp. 74–9, 140–54.

19 Dull (2005), p. 248.

20 ‘Mémoire’ (1777), MAE MDA, vol. 52, fo 230.

21 Sorel (1969), p. 382.

22 Anderson (2000), p. 605.

23 Unpublished paper by Kirk Swinehart, which we are grateful for permission to cite, in anticipation of his forthcoming book, Molly’s War. See also Mintz (1999).

24 Holton (1999).

25 Conway (2000), p. 145.

26 Wilson (1995), p. 240.

27 Murphy (1982), p. 235.

28 Turgot (1913), vol. 5, pp. 405–6.

29 Poirier (1999), p. 315.

30 To Louis XVI, 1776, in Poirier (1999), p. 310.

31 Murphy (1982), p. 400.

32 Patterson (1960), p. 227.

33 Hardman and Price (1998), p. 237.

34 Poirier (1999), p. 309.

35 ibid., p. 304; Conlin (2005).

36 Poirier, p. 305.

37 ibid., p. 313.

38 Dull (1985), p. 62.

39 Vergé-Franceschi (1996), p. 154.

40 Clairambault-Maurepas (1882), vol. 10, p. 155.

41 Hardman and Price (1998), p. 48.

42 Murphy (1982), p. 260.

43 MAE MDA, vol. 52, fo 233.

44 Dull (1985), p. 99.

45 Acomb (1950), pp. 76–7.

46 Clairambault-Maurepas (1892), vol. 10, p. 155.

47 Schama (1989), p. 49.

48 Schama (1989), p. 25.

49 Kennett (1977), p. 51.

50 Rodger (2004), p. 335.

51 Conway (2000), pp. 321–2.

52 Patterson (1960), p. 42.

53 ‘Mémoire sur l’Angleterre’ (1773), in MAE MDA, vol. 52, fos 180–223.

54 Lacour-Gayet (1905), pp. 252–3.

55 Patterson (1960), p. 154.

56 Chateaubriand (1973), p. 55.

57 Foreman (1999), pp. 64–5.

58 Conway (2000), p. 89.

59 Patterson (1960), pp. 112, 117.

60 Manceron (1979), pp. 148, 155.

61 Conway (2000), pp. 22, 198–9.

62 Lacour-Gayet (1905), p. 232.

63 ibid., pp. 256, 274; Manceron (1979), p. 175.

64 Murphy (1982), p. 279.

65 Manceron (1979), p. 181.

66 Vergé-Franceschi (1996), p. 148; Murphy (1982), p. 245; Béranger and Meyer (1993), p. 316; Kennedy (1976), p. 111.

67 Bamford (1956), p. 210.

68 Dull (1985), p. 110 (totals for 1781).

69 Mackesy (1964), p. 382.

70 Blanning (2002), p. 339.

71 Rogers (1998), p. 152.

72 Clairambault-Maurepas (1882), vol. 11, p. 16.

73 Schama (1989), p. 47.

74 ibid., p. 44.

75 Moore (1994), p. 137. See also Schama (2005).

76 Ferling (2003), p. 224.

77 Dull (1985), pp. 109–10.

78 Kennett (1977), pp. 30, 52; Mackesy (1964), p. 350.

79 Kennett (1977), p. 56.

80 Mackesy (1964), p. 384; Hardman (1995), pp. 54–62.

81 Mackesy (1964), p. 385.

82 Kennett (1977), p. 91.

83 Grainger (2005), p. 176.

84 Mackesy (1964), p. 424.

85 Kennett (1977), p. 121; Harvey (2001), pp. 410–11.

86 Kennett (1977), p. 156.

87 Mayo (1938), pp. 213–14.

88 Manceron (1979), p. 514.

89 Mackesy (1964), p. 435.

90 Dull (1985), p. 120.

91 Kennett (1977), p. 160.

92 Dull (1985), p. 153.

93 Conway (2000), p. 202.

94 Mintz (1999), p. 173. See also Scott (1990), pp. 324–31.

95 Hulot (1994); Rodger (2004), p. 357.

96 Bruce Lenman, in OHBE, vol. 2, p. 166.

97 Mackesy (1964), pp. 383–4.

98 Wilson (1995), p. 435.

99 Béranger and Meyer (1993), p. 316.

100 Lüthy (1959), vol. 2, p. 592.

101 Esteban, in Prados de la Escosura (2004), p. 53.

102 Acomb (1950), p. 86.

103 Jarrett (1973), p. 34.

104 Statistics: Prados de la Escosura (2004); Hoffman and Norberg (1994); Murphy (1982), pp. 398–9; Conway (2000), pp. 236, 316, 352; Bowen (1998), pp. 19–20.

105 Whiteman (2003), pp. 22, 23 (our translation).

106 Browning (1909), vol. 1, p. 99.

107 Whiteman (2003), p. 29; Price (1995), p. 67.

108 Browning (1909), vol. 1, p. 134.

109 Talleyrand, quoted in Jones (2002), p. 343.

110 Hardman (1995), p. 153.

111 ibid., p. 244.

112 Ozanam (1969), p. 169.

113 Murphy (1998), pp. 73–7.

114 Chaussinand-Nogaret (1993), pp 9, 112–13.

115 Jones (2002), p. 382.

116 Egret (1977), p. 22.

117 Schama (1989), p. 267.

118 Whiteman (2003), pp. 37–9, 54; Price (1995b), pp. 895, 903.

119 Blanning (2002), p. 422.

120 Whiteman (2003), p. 63. See also Murphy (1998), pp. 94–5; Price (1995b), p. 904.

121 Blanning (2002), p. 421.

122 Hardman and Price (1998), p. 105.

123 Hopkin (2005), p. 1130.

124 Jarrett (1973), pp. 274–5.

125 Browning (1909), vol. 1, p. 148.

126 ibid., vol. 2, p. 243.

127 ibid., vol. 2, p. 259.

128 Black (2000), p. 267.

129 Samuel Boddington.

130 Godechot (1956), vol. 1, pp. 66–7; see also Wahnich (1997), pp. 282–3.

131 Browning (1909), vol. 2, p. 251.

132 Hampson (1998), p. 16; Jarrett (1973), p. 275.

133 Acomb (1950), p. 121.

134 Hammersley (2004); Acomb (1950), p. 121.

135 Baker (1990), pp. 277–8.

136 Jarrett (1973), p. 286.

137 Goulstone and Swanton (1989), p. 18.

5: Ideas and Bayonets (pp. 193–237)

1 Second ‘Letter on a Regicide Peace’, Macleod (1998), p. 13.

2 ‘French Revolution: as it appeared to enthusiasts at its commencement’ (1809).

3 Ehrman (2004), vol. 2, p. 4.

4 Hampson (1998), p. 47; Jarrett (1973), p. 279; Mori (2000), p. 188; Barker (2001), pp. 68–73.

5 Andrews (2003), pp. 6, 31, 33; Macleod (1998), p. 154.

6. Watson (1977), p. 49; Ehrman (2004), vol. 2, p. 47.

7 Garrett (1975), p. 131; Bentley (2001), pp. 186, 196; Andrews (2003), pp. 95–104; McCalman (1998).

8 Burke (2001), pp. 63–5.

9 Paine (1989), p. 59.

10 Beales (2005), p. 418.

11 Macleod (1998), p. 12.

12 AP, vol. 91, p. 38.

13 O’Gorman (1967), p. 66.

14 Burke (2001), p. 62. See also Welsh (1995).

15 Mehta (1999), p. 158.

16 Burke (2001), p. 291.

17 ibid., p. 328.

18 ibid., pp. 328, 339. See also Pocock (1985), p. 208.

19 Claeys (2000), p. 41.

20 Paine (1989), p. 141.

21 Ehrman (2004), vol. 2, p. 80.

22 Paine (1989), pp. 86, 120.

23 Rapport (2000), p. 691.

24 Frank O’Gorman, in Dickinson (1989), p. 29.

25 Dickinson (1985), p. 11–12.

26 The best analysis is Rose (1960).

27 Andrews (2003), p. 35.

28 Monod (1989), p. 194.

29 Garrett (1975), p. 139.

30 Ehrman (2004), vol. 2, p. 226.

31 Dickinson (1989), pp. 36, 103.

32 Christie (1984), p. 93.

33 Rothschild (2001), p. 233.

34 Hampson (1998), p. 137.

35 Linton (2001), p. 213.

36 Speech to National Convention, 17 Pluviôse Year II (5 February 1794), Robespierre (1967), vol. 10, pp. 352, 353, 357, 358, 359.

37 Rose (1911), p. 32.

38 Blanning (1986), p. 111.

39 Speech of 29 December 1791, Hardman (1999), p. 141.

40 Speaker in National Assembly, October 1791, Blanning (1986), p. 108 – the best general analysis of the coming of war, as Ehrman (2004) is of the British perspective.

41 Blanning (1986), p. 133, and Duffy, in Dickinson (1989), p. 128.

42 Blanning (1986), p. 134.

43 Ehrman (2004), vol. 2, p. 205; Blanning (1986), p. 139.

44 Lefebvre (1962), p. 264.

45 ibid., pp. 274–6.

46 Blanning (1986), p. 149.

47 Ehrman (2004), vol. 2, p. 239.

48 Pitt (n.d.), pp. 32–3.

49 Lefebvre (1962), p. 280.

50 Furet (1992), p. 104.

51 Guiomar (2004).

52 Hampson (1998), p. 94.

53 Ehrman (2004), vol. 2, p. 237.

54 Bertaud (1988), p. 120.

55 Wawro (2000), p. 3.

56 Lord Auckland, in Macleod (1998), p. 39.

57 Macleod (1998) gives an excellent summary of public opinion. See also Cookson (1997), and on poor relief, Lindert (2004), p. 47.

58 ‘Apperçu [sic] d’un plan de politique au dehors’, MAE MDF, vol. 651, fo 155. See also Rothschild (2002), Wahnich (1997) and Guiomar (2004).

59 Hampson (1998), p. 117.

60 Hammersley (2005).

61 ‘Situation politique de la République française . . . avril 1793’, MAE MDF, vol. 561, fo 33.

62 Speech to Convention, 17 November 1793, Hampson (1998), p. 130.

63 ‘Apperçu’, MAE MDF, vol. 651, fo 155.

64 MAE MDF, vol. 651, ‘Situation politique’, fos 27–8, 37.

65 ibid., fo 35.

66 ‘Apperçu’, ibid., fo 155; ‘Diplomatie de la République française’, ibid., fo 239.

67 Hampson (1998), p. 133.

68 Report of the Committee of Public Safety, 7 prairial, Year II [26 May 1794] AP, vol. 91, pp. 32–41.

69 Hampson (1998), p. 142; Wahnich (1997), p. 239.

70 Alger (1898), p. 673.

71 Carpenter (1999), p. 155.

72 Alger (1898), p. 673.

73 Rapport (2000), chs. 3 and 4.

74 Weiner (1960), pp. 59, 65–6.

75 ibid., p. 43.

76 Carpenter (1999), p. 54.

77 Chateaubriand (1973), p. 404.

78 Carpenter (1999), p. 111.

79 ibid., pp. 166 and 155.

80 Chateaubriand (1973), p. 404.

81 Macleod (1998), p. 19.

82 Pitt (n.d), p. 287.

83 Marianne Elliott, in Dickinson (1989), p. 83. See also Elliott (1982) passim.

84 Gough and Dickson (1990), p. 60.

85 Kevin Whelan, in Wilson (2004), pp. 222–3.

86 Bartlett and Jeffery (1996), p. 260.

87 Smyth (2000), p. 8.

88 Mitchell (1965), p. 20.

89 Mori (1997), p. 700, 704–5; Thrasher (1970), pp. 284–326.

90 Martin (1987), pp. 197–8, 230, 316; Forrest (2002), pp. 29, 160–61.

91 Gabory (1989), p. 1193.

92 ibid., p. 1230.

93 Jones (1950), p. 119; Quinault (1999), pp. 618–41.

94 Rodger (2004), pp. 442–53; Wells (1986), pp. 79–109.

95 Bartlett and Jeffery (1996), p. 270.

96 Simms (2003b), pp. 592, 595.

97 Tom Bartlett, in Smyth (2000), p. 78.

98 Martin (1987), pp. 315–16.

99 Smyth (2000), p. 16.

100 Eliott, in Dickinson (1989), p. 101.

101 Pitt (n.d.), p. 430.

102 Schama (1989), p. 207; Blanning (1983), pp. 318–20; Blanning (1996), pp. 160–63.

103 Mackesy (1984), p. 12.

104 ibid., pp. 37–8.

105 Sorel (1969), p. 362.

106 Bluche (1980), p. 24.

107 George Canning, quoted in Mackesy (1984), p. 43.

108 ibid., pp. 124–5, 132.

109 ibid., pp. 206–7.

110 ibid., p. 209.

111 Pitt (n.d.), pp. 430–33 (3 November 1801).

112 Emsley (1979), p. 96; Semmel (2004), pp. 26–9; Macleod (1998), p. 109.

113 Browning (1887), p. 12.

114 Grainger (2004), pp. 61–5, 93–9, 131–5; Keane (1995), pp. 441, 455, 493; Morieux (2006); Pilbeam (2003), pp. 65–6.

115 Haskell (1976), p. 27.

116 Buchanan (1824), vol. 1 passim; see also Reitlinger (1961), vol. 1, ch. 1; Ormesson and Thomas (2002), pp. 255–6.

117 Bourguet (2002), p. 102. See also Jasanoff (2005).

118 St Clair (1967), p. 58, from which the following section is derived.

119 ibid., pp. 96, 110.

6: Changing the Face of the World (pp. 238–93)

1 Furet (1992), p. 254.

2 Evans (1999), p. 74.

3 Herold (1955), p. 276.

4 Englund (2004), p. 279.

5 William Doyle, in TLS (6 March 1998), p. 15.

6 The best modern biography is Englund (2004). Indispensable for the international context is Schroeder (1994).

7 Sorel (1969), p. 343. See also Bluche (1980) and Martin (2000).

8 Grainger (2004), p. 8.

9 Dwyer (2002), p. 137.

10 Letter to brother, June 1793, Herold (1955), p. 67.

11 Conversation, 1805, in ibid., p. 243. On Napoleonic Europe, see Broers (2001).

12 The best military study is Chandler (1966).

13 Schroeder (1994), p. 446.

14 Herold (1955), p. 276.

15 Regenbogen (1998), p. 16.

16 Lovie and Palluel-Guillard (1972), p. 46.

17 Crouzet (1999), pp. 242–3.

18 Englund (2004), p. 254.

19 Schroeder (1994), p. 233.

20 Grainger (2004), p. 153.

21 Burrows (2000), pp. 114–26.

22 Grainger (2004), p. 173.

23 Semmel (2004), p. 30; Browning (1887), pp. 116–17; Grainger (2004), pp. 153, 159–60, 168.

24 Browning (1887), p. 116.

25 ibid., pp. 135–6, 263; Grainger (2004), p. 175.

26 Schroeder (1994), p. 229. See also Englund (2004), p. 262; Grainger (2004), pp. 191, 211.

27 Emsley (1979), p. 94.

28 Schroeder (1994), p. 230.

29 Regenbogen (1998), p. 115.

30 Ehrman (2004), vol. 3, p. 808.

31 Emsley (1979), p. 99.

32 Battesti (2004), passim; Humbert and Ponsonnet (2004), pp. 110–19; Rodger (2004), pp. 529–30.

33 Battesti (2004), p. 38.

34 To Villeneuve, 14 April; to Decrès, 20 June 1805. Napoleon (1858), vol. 10, pp. 398, 676.

35 Regenbogen (1998), p. 114.

36 We are grateful to Commodore John Harris, RN (retd), for his advice on this point.

37 Marshal Bernadotte, in Battesti (2004), p. 53.

38 Herold (1955), p. 192; Chandler (1966), p. 322.

39 Battesti (2004), p. 53.

40 Herold (1955), p. 191.

41 Colley (1992), p. 306; Emsley (1979), p. 112; Semmel (2004), pp. 39–40.

42 Cookson (1997), p. 66. See also Gee (2003).

43 Esdaile (1995), pp. 144–5.

44 Cookson (1997), pp. 95–6.

45 New words to a song by Purcell, which had long been one of several national anthems. Klingberg and Hustvedt (1944), p. 73

46 ‘Fellow Citizens . . . A Shopkeeper’ [June 1803], in Klingberg and Hustvedt (1944), p. 193. See also Semmel (2004), ch. 2.

47 Guiffan (2004), p. 100; Bertaud (2004), pp. 60–66; Battesti (2004), p. 75.

48 Colley (1992), p. 306.

49 For details, see Cookson (1997), Longmate (2001), McLynn (1987), Gee (2003).

50 Napoleon (1858), vol. 11, pp. 51–2.

51 Battesti (2004), pp. 180, 182–3, 187, 192.

52 Napoleon (1858), vol. 11, p. 142.

53 Saunders (1997), pp. 80–89

54 Sorel (1969), p. 367. For a superb biography of Pitt, see Ehrman (2004).

55 Rev. Sydney Smith, Ehrman (2004), vol. 3, pp. 847–8.

56 Longmate (2001), pp. 291–2.

57 Rodger (2004), p. 536.

58 4 August 1805, Napoleon (1858), vol. 11, p. 71.

59 Blanning (1996), p. 196.

60 Mackesy (1984), p. 13.

61 Lewis (1960), pp. 346–9; Béranger and Meyer (1993), pp. 282–3.

62 Rodger (2004), p. lxv.

63 Vergé-Franceschi (1996), p. 307.

64 Stone (1994), p. 10.

65 Rodger (1986), p. 343.

66 Daniel Baugh, in Prados de la Escosura (2004), p. 253.

67 Battesti (2004), p. 333.

68 Rodger (1986), p. 11.

69 Béranger and Meyer (1993), p. 387.

70 Albion (2000), p. 93.

71 Béranger and Meyer (1993), p. 313.

72 Bamford (1956), p. 208.

73 Albion (2000), p. 67.

74 Rodger (1986), pp. 83–4.

75 Rodger (2004), p. 345, and ch. 27 passim.

76 Dull (2005), p. 114; Bowen (1998), p. 17; Albion (2000), p. 86.

77 Kennedy (1976), p. 109.

78 Rodger (1986); Haudrère (1997), p. 81; Béranger and Meyer (1993), p. 332; Brioist (1997), p. 36.

79 Dull (2005), p. 113; Morriss (2000), p. 197.

80 Jean Meyer, in Johnson, Crouzet and Bédarida (1980), p. 150.

81 Vergé-Franceschi (1996), p. 132.

82 Antier (1991), pp. 244–5.

83 Rodger (1986), pp. 13, 208–9; and see Macdonald (2004), passim.

84 Rodger (1986), p. 136.

85 Meyer and Acerra (1994), p. 162.

86 Humbert and Ponsonnet (2004), pp. 128–9; Lewis (1960), pp. 361–70; Padfield (1973), p. 133.

87 We thank the military historian Dennis Showalter for this judgement.

88 Charlton (1966), p. 140.

89 He was quoting what must have been a well-known remark by the Prince de Condé. Guéry (1991) remarks that in fact ‘a Paris night’ produced only a few dozen babies.

90 Quimby (1957); Charlton (1966), pp. 136–43; Nosworthy (1995), pp. 103–16.

91 Guiomar (2004), p. 13.

92 Lynn (1989).

93 Blanning (1983), p. 106; Blanning (2003), p. 55; Esdaile (1995), p. 100.

94 Guéry (1991), pp. 299–300.

95 Tulard (1977), p. 208.

96 Duffy (1987), pp. 8–9, 379.

97 Anstey (1975), pp. 407–8.

98 The Lord Chancellor, in Colley (1992), p. 358.

99 Ferguson (1998), p. 91; Ferguson (2001), pp. 47–50.

100 Sherwig (1969), pp. 338, 350.

101 Tulard (1977), p. 206.

102 Schroeder (1994), p. 330.

103 Tulard (1977), p. 211.

104 The French economist J.-B. Say, in ibid., p. 375.

105 Rowe (2003), p. 201.

106 Sherwig (1969), pp. 328–9, 342, 354–5; Ferguson (1998), pp. 94–7; Esteban (2001), pp. 58–61; Rowe (2003), p. 216.

107 Sherwig (1969), p. xiv.

108 Sherwig (1969), pp. 4, 11, 350.

109 Webster (1921), pp. 1, 393.

110 Mitchell and Deane (1962), pp. 8–10, 388, 402–3.

111 Sherwig (1969), p. 344.

112 Estimates in Lewis (1962) and Bowen (1998), p. 41.

113 Jones (1950), pp. 125–6; Harvey (1981), p. 84.

114 Lewis (1962), pp. 231–6.

115 Charlton (1966), p. 597.

116 Esdaile (2002), p. 87.

117 Letter from Napoleon to Tsar Alexander, February 1808, Herold (1955), p. 196.

118 Guéry (1991), p. 301.

119 George Canning, 1807, in Schroeder (1994), p. 330.

120 Harvey (1981), p. 48.

121 Marshal Soult, in Gotteri (1991), p. 245.

122 Esdaile (2002), p. 153.

123 Gates (2002), p. 36.

124 Wheatley (1997), p. 24.

125 Blakiston (1829), vol. 2, pp. 300ff.

126 See e.g. Esdaile (2002), p. 206; Holmes (2001), pp. 373–6; Wheatley (1997), p. 33.

127 Wheatley (1997), p. 12.

128 Gates (2002), p. 219.

129 Esdaile (2002), p. 331.

130 Englund (2004), p. 517.

131 Muir (2001), pp. 208–9.

132 Michael Duffy, in Dickinson (1989), p. 137; Charlton (1966), pp. 834, 852–3.

133. Schroeder (1994), p. 448; Englund (2004), p. 383.

134 Schroeder (1994), p. 504 – a magisterial analysis.

135 Esdaile (2002), p. 456.

136 To Metternich, in Ellis (1997), p. 100.

137 Migliorini and Quatre Vieux (2002), pp. 199–201; Duloum (1970), pp. 106–7; Gotteri (1991), pp. 466–7.

138 Wheatley (1997), pp. 30–31.

139 Blakiston (1829), vol. 2, p. 338.

140 Mansel (1981), pp. 166–7.

141 Gotteri (1991), p. 467.

142 Weiner (1960), p. 195; Mansel (1981), p. 168; Emsley (1979), p. 167; Semmel (2004), p. 148; Wheatley (1997), p. 54.

143 Wheatley (1997), pp. 45, 46, 48, 50.

144 Information kindly provided by Mr Jack Douay, MBE, secretary of the Bordeaux branch of the British Legion.

145 Kennedy (1976), p. 123.

146 Semmel (2004), p. 164.

147 Hugo (1967), vol. 1, pp. 377–8.

148 Schroeder (1994), pp. 551–3.

149 Colley (1992), p. 191.

150 From a patriotic song of 1797 by Thomas Dibdin.

151 Largeaud (2000), vol. 2, p. 610.

152 Hugo (1967), vol. 1, pp. 373–4. The dread word was omitted by his English translator.

153 Largeaud (2000), vol. 1, pp. 255–6, vol. 2, 555–6.

154 Largeaud (2000), vol. 2, pp. 595–6.

PART I: Conclusions and Disagreements (pp. 294–302)

1 Guéry (1991), p. 301; Bertaud (1998), pp. 69–70; Esdaile (1995), pp. 300–301; Bowen (1998), pp. 16–17; Charle (1991), p. 16.

2 Meyer and Bromley, in Johnson, Bédarida and Crouzet (1980); and see Crouzet (1996), and Scott (1992).

3 See especially the pioneering and scholarly Dziembowski (1998) and the brilliant simplification by Colley (1992). Greenfeld (1992), Bell (2001) and Blanning (2002) are thought-provoking. Eagles (2000) balances Colley by emphasizing francophilia. Langford (2000) and Newman (1987) are useful but often unconvincing. For penetrating scepticism, see Clark (2000).

4 Furet (1992), p. 103.

5 Bertaud, Forrest and Jourdan (2004), p. 16.

6 Crouzet (1996), pp. 435–6.

7 ibid., p. 433.

8 Fumaroli (2001), pp. 45, 53.

9 Porter (2000), p. 3; Blanning (2002), pp. 385–7, 417.

10 Furet (1992), p. 130.

11 Villepin (2002), p. 583; Roberts (2001), p. 298.

12 Herold (1955), p. 243.

13 Schroeder (1994), p. 395

14 Las Cases (1968), vol. 2, p. 1208

15 Crouzet (1996), p. 450.

Interlude: The View from St Helena (pp. 303–6)

1 Ellis (1997), p. 196.

2 See Semmel (2004).

3 Herold (1955), p. xxxvii. See also Petiteau (1999), pp. 244–52.

4 Roberts (2001), p. 29; Herold (1955), p. 255; Las Cases (1968), vol. 1. p. 445.

5 Thiers (1972), p. 680.

6 Petiteau (1999), pp. 391–5.

7 Englund (2004), pp. 456–67.

8 Villepin (2002), pp. 572–3, 592–4.

PART II: Coexistence (p. 307)

1 Bodley (1898), vol. 1, pp. 59–61.

7: Plucking the Fruits of Peace (pp. 309–38)

1 Chateaubriand (1947), vol. 4, book 5, p. 15.

2 Guizot (1854), p. 310 (13th lecture).

3 Rosanvallon (1994), pp. 7–8.

4 Poumiès de La Siboutie (1911), p. 171.

5 Browne (1905), p. 122.

6 Léribault (1994), p. 7.

7 Browne (1905), p. 22.

8 Beal and Cornforth (1992).

9 Martin-Fugier (1990), p. 151.

10 Browne (1905), p. 67.

11 Hantraye (2005), pp. 19–20.

12 Longford (1969), vol. 2, pp. 16, 26, 42.

13 Hazareesingh (2004), p. 64.

14 Wheeler (1951), pp. 176–7.

15 Boigne (1971), vol. 1, p. 348.

16 Mansel (2001), pp. 92–6.

17 Antonetti (1994), p. 523.

18 Mansel (2001), pp. 58–9.

19 Darriulat (2001), p. 144.

20 Browne (1905), p. 84.

21 Duloum (1970), p. 136.

22 Hickman (2000), pp. 121, 123.

23 Dumas (2000), p. 142. The origin of chips is uncertain.

24 ‘Le bifteck et les frites’, in Barthes (1957).

25 Léribault (1994), p. 59.

26 ibid., p. 60.

27 Browne (1905), p. 105; Mansel (2001), p. 47; Fierro (1996), p. 1177.

28 Martin-Fugier (1990), pp. 332–40. See also Guillaume (1992), vol. 3, pp. 511–12.

29 Tucoo-Chala (1999), p. 26.

30 Duloum (1970), p. 120.

31 Tucoo-Chala (1999), p. 57.

32 Duloum (1970), p. 136.

33 Pyrénées Magazine (Juillet–Août 2004), p. 7.

34 Noon (2003), p. 13.

35 Boigne (1971), vol. 1, p. 373.

36 Gury (1999), pp. 591, 608, 617, 622.

37 Guizot (1850), p. 1.

38 ibid.

39 Arnold Scheffer, in Noon (2003), p. 21.

40 William Shakespeare, published 1864, in Hugo (1937), p. 195.

41 Berlioz, in Cairns (1989), p. 228.

42 ibid.

43 Hugo (1937), p. 250.

44 Hugo (1922), pp. 19, 20, 25, 32, 50.

45 ibid., pp. 714, 719, 726, 15, 20.

46 Pemble (2005), pp. 105–6.

47 Hugo (1937), p. 195.

48 Robb (1997), p. 337.

49 Gury (1999), p. 1079.

50 ibid., p. 939.

51 Asselain (1984), vol. 1, p. 136.

52 Katznelson and Zolberg (1986), p. 116; Rougerie (1971), p. 13.

53 Walton (1992), pp. 222–3.

54 Crouzet (1996), p. 448. This 100 million was later a fantasy of de Gaulle.

55 Landes (1969), pp. 288, 149.

56 Gury (1999), p. 82.

57 ibid., p. 111.

58 ibid., p. 92.

59 Gerbod (1995), pp. 26–7, 29–30.

60 Gury (1999), p. 111.

61 Gerbod (1995), pp. 32–3.

62 Darriulat (2001), p. 104.

63 Custine, in Gury (1999), p. 1051.

64 Hugo (1972), p. 294.

65 Gury (1999), p. 81.

66 ibid., pp. 788, 1021.

67 Pilbeam (1991), pp. 6–7.

68 Darriulat (2001), p. 53.

69 ibid., p. 58.

70 Beach (1964), p. 133.

71 Antonetti (1994), p. 356.

72 Guizot (1971), p. 356; Bullen (1974), p. 4.

73 Considérant (1840), p. 8; L’Atelier (socialist workers’ paper), May 1842.

74 Michelet (1946), p. 240.

75 Tudesq (1964), vol. 1, pp. 486–7.

76 Antonetti (1994), p. 816.

77 Guizot (1971), p. 344.

78 Bury and Tombs (1986), p. 67.

79 ibid., p. 72.

80 AP (1840–41), vol. 3, p. 195.

81 Letter to J.S. Mill, 6 February 1843, in Lawlor (1959), p. 90.

82 Knapp (2001), p. 98.

83 Bourne (1982), p. 613.

8: The War That Never Was (pp. 339–89)

1 Longmate (2001), p. 307.

2 Lawlor (1959), p. 74.

3 Antonetti (1994), p. 858.

4 ibid., p. 897.

5 Charles II and James II had of course been there as exiles.

6 Antonetti (1994), p. 858.

7 Hugo (1972), p. 292.

8 Guizot (1884), p. 227.

9 Bullen (1974), p. 38.

10 Saville (1987), p. 53.

11 Johnson (1963), p. 203.

12 Guizot (1884), p. 244.

13 Antonetti (1994), p. 821.

14 Johnson (1963), p. 308.

15 Knapp (2001), p. 100.

16 Letter of 4 November 1846, in Guizot (1884), pp. 244–5.

17 Pitts (2005).

18 Hamilton (1989), pp. 18–21.

19 Taylor (2000), pp. 146–80.

20 Antonetti (1994), pp. 904, 906.

21 Grenville (1976), p. 24.

22 ibid., p. 22.

23 Tudesq (1964), vol. 1, p. 546.

24 Jennings (1973), p. 48.

25 Saville (1987), p. 77.

26 Thompson (1984), p. 318.

27 26 February 1848, in Bullen (1974), p. 330.

28 Lamartine (1870), p. 277.

29 Jennings (1973), p. 50.

30 Lamartine (1870), pp. 278–85.

31 Jennings (1973), p. 19.

32 Saville (1987), p. 89.

33 Taylor (2000), pp. 173–5.

34 Saville (1987), p. 131.

35 Porter (1979), p. 64.

36 Constable Educational Series, 1860, in Baudemont (1980), p. 157.

37 See the valuable survey by Bensimon (2000).

38 Porter (1979), p. 56.

39 ibid., pp. 27–8.

40 Ledru-Rollin (1850).

41 Porter (1979), pp. 23–4; Robb (1997), p. 324.

42 Robb (1997), p. 330.

43 Beales (1961), p. 120.

44 Newsome (1998), p. 110.

45 Bonaparte (1839), pp. 143, 145.

46 Parry (2001), p. 152.

47 Goldfrank (1994), p. 178

48 Hibbert (1961), pp. 17, 18, 28, 45, 147, 274, 298–9.

49 Echard (1983), pp. 51, 63.

50 Packe (1957).

51 Porter (1979), pp. 192–4.

52 ibid., pp. 173–4.

53 Hamilton (1993), p. 84.

54 Beales (1961), pp. 20, 55.

55 Hamilton (1993), pp. 83–9, 275, 280, 285.

56 Beales (1961), p. 142.

57 Cunningham (1975), p. 70 and passim.

58 McPherson (1988), p. 384.

59 Lord Clarendon, in Beales (1961), p. 139.

60 Marsh (1999).

61 Marchand (1993), p. 156.

62 Delattre (1927), p. 170.

63 Jules Vallès, in Bernard (2001), p. 229.

64 Gibson (1999), p. 47. Our translation.

65 Oliver Twist (1994), p. 103.

66 Jules Janin, in Chevalier (1973), p. 67.

67 Ben-Israel (1968), p. 278.

68 Dickens (1965), vol. 9, pp. 258–9.

69 A Tale of Two Cities (1993), p. 95.

70 ibid., p. 403.

71 Furet (1992), p. 374.

72 Jules Michelet (1847), in Talmon (1960), p. 252.

73 Lees (1973).

74 Olsen (1986), p. 181.

75 Hancock (2003), p. 259.

76 ibid., p. 229.

77 Gaillard (1977), p. 38.

78 Veuillot (1867), p. v.

79 Marchand (1993), pp. 156–7.

80 Olsen (1986), p. 181.

81 Hancock (2003), p. 60.

82 Bernard (2001), p. 184.

83 Edmond About, in Fournier (2005), p. 45; Veuillot (1867), pp. vii, x.

84 Bremner (2005).

85 Hancock (2003), pp. 158–9, 182–3; Parry (2001), pp. 166–7.

86 Helen Taylor (daughter of J. S. Mill), in Watt (1999), p. 11.

87 Parry (2001), p. 166.

88 Christiansen (1994), p. 94.

89 Gibson (1995), p. 211.

90 Marly (1980), p. 209.

91 Simon (1995), p. 128.

92 Marly (1980), p. 52.

93 J.-D. Franoux, in Bonnaud (2004), pp. 175–80. See also Charles-Roux (2005).

94 Rounding (2003), p. 234.

95 Rounding (2003), p. 237. See also ODNB (2004).

96 Brettell and Lloyd (1980), p. 117.

97 Lochnan (2004), pp. 22, 33, 40–49, 181, 183.

98 Adler (2003), p. 8; Frankiss (2004), p. 472; Tillier (2004), p. 82.

99 Tillier (2004), p. 189; Wentworth (1984), pp. 88, 95–8, 122, 139.

100 Vallès (1951), p. 184.

101 Pakula (1996), p. 278.

102 Millman (1965), pp. 114–22, 199–207.

103 Pakula (1996), p. 271. See also Varouxakis (2002), pp. 152–63.

104 Ramm (1952), vol. 1, pp. 124, 135, 137.

105 Raymond (1921), p. 228.

106 Bury and Tombs (1986), p. 186.

107 Horne (1965), p. 165.

108 ‘Un Duel’ (1883), in Maupassant (1984), pp. 192–8.

109 Watt (1999), pp. 3–4.

110 Horne (1965), pp. 170–71.

111 Watt (1999), p. 10.

112 ibid., p. 13.

113 Horne (1965), pp. 241–2.

114 ibid., p. 163; Millman (1965), p. 216.

115 Horne (1965), p. 182.

116 Blount (1902), pp. 218–19; Horne (1965), pp. 167, 249.

117 Watt (1999), pp. 19, 26; Lenoir (2002), p. 55.

118 Macmillan’s Magazine, vol. 24 (May–October 1871), p. 386.

119 Watt (1999), pp. 14, 15, 29.

120 Lenoir (2001), p. 185.

121 ibid., pp. 189, 194.

122 Watt (1999), pp. 37, 39, 40.

123 Horne (1965), pp. 421–2.

124 Contemporary quotations, in La Commune photographiée (2000), p. 7. See also Fournier (2005), pp. 384–92.

125 We are grateful to Professor Florence Bourillon for this information.

126 Vallès (1951), p. 247.

127 Roberts (1973), pp. 15, 41.

128 Lenoir (2001), pp. 199–200.

129 Andrew (1986), p. 17.

130 Tillier (2004), p. 188.

131 Information kindly supplied by Pilotelle’s grandson, Mr A. E. Bohannan.

132 Martinez (1981), vol. 1, pp. 138–46, vol. 2, 340–74; Delfau (1971), pp. 70, 354; Horne (1965), p. 425; Robb (2000), pp. 208–9.

133 Robb (2000), pp. 184, 194.

134 Vallès (1951), pp. 2, 3, 7, 90–91, 164–8, 174–7, 184–5, 223, 250.

135 Mallet (1979), p. xviii. It remains freely open to the public in their house in Manchester Square, once the French embassy.

9: Decadence and Regeneration (pp. 390–442)

1 Pick (1989), p. 19.

2 Bouvard et Pécuchet (1991), pp. 411–12.

3 Burrow (2000), p. 95.

4 Belloc, in Carey (1992), p. 82.

5 Swart (1964), p. 124.

6 ‘Locksley Hall, Sixty Years After’.

7 Taine (12th edition, 1903), p. 394.

8 ibid., p. 26.

9 ibid., p. 135.

10 ibid., p. 139.

11 Pick (1989), pp. 41–2.

12 Bristow (1977), p. 82.

13 Charle (2001), pp. 185–6.

14 Moore (1972), p. 57.

15 Reynolds (2000), p. 333.

16 Moore’s valet, 1873, in Moore (1972), p. 235.

17 Corbin (1978), part III.

18 Ellmann (1988), p. 324; Rothenstein (1931), vol. 1, p. 238.

19 Moore (1972), p. 75.

20 Rothenstein (1931), vol. 1, p. 129; Weber (1986), p. 10.

21 Crossley and Small (1988), p. 7.

22 Du Maurier (1995), p. 165.

23 Ellmann (1988), p. 352.

24 Mr Bennett and Mrs Brown (1924).

25 Collini (1993), p. 369.

26 Lochnan (2004), pp. 52, 180, 181.

27 Sieburth (2005), p. 4; Aubert (2004), p. 117.

28 Huysmans (2001), pp. 237–48.

29 Ellmann (1988), p. 329.

30 L’Eclair (23 January 1901).

31 The accuracy of the reports in the French police file on the Prince, APP Ba 1064, seems to be confirmed, though of course discreetly, by his appointments diaries at Windsor, RA VIC/EVIID passim.

32 RA VIC/Add C7/1/21, February 1881: Dilke to Knollys. See also Bury (1982), pp. 196–7.

33 Goncourt (1956), vol. 3, p. 625.

34 APP Ba 1064. We are grateful to Hubertus Jahn for verification concerning the Russians.

35 ‘This Englishman’s a bore.’ Ellmann (1988), p. 328.

36 ibid., p. 360.

37 Much of this section is based, with the author’s kind permission, on Caie (2002).

38 The Channel/Le Détroit: A Weekly Résumé of Fact, Gossip and Fiction (25 June 1881). BL (Colindale) F Misc 2213.

39 Ellmann (1988), p. 352.

40 Gibson (1999), p. 46.

41 Caie (2002), pp. 59–60.

42 Frank Harris, in Bristow (1977), p. 202.

43 Caie (2002), p. 24.

44 ibid., p. 15.

45 Campos (1965), pp. 242–5.

46 Rothenstein (1931), vol. 1, p. 151.

47 Whiteley (2004), pp. 17–18.

48 RA VIC/EVIID/1908.

49 Goncourt (1956), vol. 3, p. 1142.

50 Hamerton (1876), p. 365.

51 Weber (1986), p. 263.

52 Leroy and Bertrand-Sabiani (1998), p. 168; Leclerc (1991), pp. 387–421.

53 Corbin (1978), pp. 460–64.

54 Marandon (1967), pp. 155–7.

55 Fortescue (1992), pp. 1, 59.

56 Digeon (1959), p. 79.

57 Demolins (1898), p. 93.

58 Andrew and Kanya-Forstner (1981), p. 27.

59 Navailles (1987).

60 Pitt (2000).

61 Demolins (1898), p. 104.

62 Galison (2004), pp. 144–51, 159.

63 Edmond Demolins, A quoi tient la supériorité des Anglo-Saxons? (1897); Emile Boutmy, Essai d’une psychologie politique du peuple anglais au XIXe siècle (1901); Max Leclerc, L’Education des classes moyennes et dirigeantes en Angleterre(1894).

64 Demolins (1898), p. 51.

65 Varouxakis (2002), p. 47.

66 Bauberot and Mathieu (2002), p. 22–3.

67 Millman (1965), p. 207.

68 MacMillan (2001), p. 63; Bell (1996), p. 50; Cogan (2003), p. 123.

69 Thatcher (1993), p. 552.

70 Cogan (2003), ch. 4; Clodong and Lamarque (2005), pp. 3–7; Chassaigne and Dockrill (2002), p. 159. We are grateful to Victoria Argyle for her comments.

71 Mayne et al. (2004), p. 263.

72 Weber (1991), p. 208.

73 Quoted by Dick Holt in his Sir Derek Birley Memorial Lecture, April 2003.

74 Dine (2001), p. 61.

75 Holt lecture, 2003.

76 Tucoo-Chala (1999), pp. 56, 177; Weber (1986), p. 220.

77 Dine (2001), p. 33.

78 Guillaume (1992), vol. 3, pp. 513–16; Dine (2001), pp. 25–7; Weber (1986), p. 221.

79 Buruma (2000), pp. 173–5.

80 Guillaume (1992), vol. 3, p. 515; Weber (1991), p. 205.

81 Holt (1981), pp. 143–4; Holt (1998), p. 291.

82 Holt (1981), p. 66; Weber (1986), p. 222; Lanfranchi and Wahl (1998), pp. 322–3.

83 Vigarello (1997), p. 472.

84 ibid., pp. 470, 471, 477.

85 Dine (2001), pp. 63, 80–82.

86 Dine (1998), p. 305.

87 Le Monde (2 August 2004).

88 Holt lecture, 2003. See also Labouchere et al. (1969), pp. 83–5.

89 Trubek (2000), p. 42.

90 Carey (1992), p. 80.

91 Spang (2000), p. 140.

92 Pitte (1991), p. 167; Aron (1973).

93 Ferguson (1998), p. 208.

94 ibid., p. 209.

95 Newnham-Davis and Bastard (1903), p. 11.

96 Spencer (2002), p. 229–30.

97 Mennell (1985).

98 Spencer (2002).

99 Andrew (1968), p. 113.

100 Spencer (2002), p. 299.

101 Pitte (1991), p. 175.

102 Taylor (2003), pp. 147–56.

103 Dumas (2000); see also Aron (1973), pp. 181–3.

104 James (1984), p. 112; Newnham-Davis and Bastard (1903), pp. 44, 49, 55, 69–70.

105 Pitte (1991), pp. 178ff.

106 Hamerton (1876), p. 243. For modern confirmation of this summary, see Weber (1976), ch. 9.

107 Mennell (1985), p. 329.

108 ibid., p. 176.

109 Aron (1973), p. 125.

110 Trubek (2000), p. 46.

111 Dumas (2000), p. 88.

112 Hamerton (1876), p. 245.

113 Tombs (1998), p. 500.

114 Brisson (2001), p. 9.

115 ibid., p. 32.

116 PRO FO 27 3320 696 (19 November 1897) and 698 (23 November).

117 RA VIC/Add A 4/48 (25 January 1898).

118 On British reactions, see Cornick (1996) and Tombs (1998).

119 PRO FO 27 3459 382 (‘Secret’), 14 August 1899.

120 Victoria (1930), vol. 3, p. 386; RA VIC/Add U 32/16 September 1899.

121 The original is in RA VIC/J 91/61; and see O’Brien (1901), pp. 314–25.

122 See e.g. socialist papers Justice (20 May and 16 September 1899) and Clarion (23 September).

123 Edwards (1898), p. 371

124 Edwards (1898), p. 362.

125 Smith (2001), p. 105.

126 ibid., pp. 110, 112.

127 Gaulle (1998), p. 4.

128 Langlade (1994), pp. 111, 115, 117, 119, 125, 128, 136, 137; Goncourt (1956), vol. 3, pp. 1118, 1136–7, 1216; Ellmann (1988), pp. 453, 466.

129 PRO FO 27 3393 100 (20 February 1898).

130 Vizetelly (1904), pp. 467–80.

131 Ellmann (1988), pp. 530, 540.

132 Wilson (2001), pp. 14, 22.

133 Iain R. Smith, in Lowry (2000), p. 26.

134 Speech in French parliament, Brisson (2001), p. 28.

135 Vaïsse (2004), p. 30.

136 Macnab (1975), p. 235.

137 ibid., p. 53.

138 ibid., passim.

139 Wilson (2001), p. 160.

140 Tracy (1998), pp. 2, 13.

141 Clarke (1992), pp. 53–4.

142 Andrew (1986), p. 35.

143 Tracy (1998), p. 80.

144 ibid., p. 271.

145 Brisson (2001), p. 97.

146 Andrew (1968), p. 116.

147 Hyam and Henshaw (2003), pp. 98–9.

148 Andrew (1968), p. 114.

149 ibid., p. 91.

150 ibid., p. 106.

151 First Lord of the Admiralty, Lord Selborne, in Wilson (2001), p. 161.

152 Kennedy (1976), p. 215.

153 Andrew (1968), p. 116.

154 Taylor (1971), p. 404.

155 MAE Papiers Delcassé: Angleterre II, vol. 14 (15 March 1903).

156 A senior French diplomat, in Andrew (1968), p. 195.

157 Cutting from Morning Post (7 May 1878), in RA.

158 APP Ba 1064.

159 APP Ba 112: daily reports to prefect of police (April–May 1903); see also Joly (1998), pp. 331–2.

160 RA PS/GV/Visits/France/1914/12; and X32/306.

161 APP Ba 112 (2 and 3 May 1903).

162 Cambon to Delcassé, 31 July 1903, MAE Grande-Bretagne (nouvelle série), vol. 14, fo 136.

163 Bodleian Library, Monson Papers, MS Eng. Hist. c. 595, fos 108–9.

164 RA PP/EVII/B2164.

165 MAE Grande-Bretagne (nouvelle série), vol. 14, fo 137.

166 RA VIC/W 44/49 (our translation from French original).

167 MAE Grande-Bretagne (nouvelle série), vol. 14.

168 Andrew and Vallet (2004), p. 23

169 Taylor (1971), p. 413

170 RA VIC/W 44/49.

PART II Conclusions and Disagreements (pp. 443–4)

1. Rendall (2004), p. 599.

Interlude: Perceptions (pp. 445–56)

1 ‘Dictionnaire des Idées reçues’, in Bouvard and Pécuchet.

2 John Keiger, in Mayne et al. (2004), p. 4.

3 For example, there was less illegitimacy in France, a more rural, hence controlled, society. On the other hand, French married couples generally had fewer children, but married earlier and had them sooner, and then practised contraception; British couples married later and spaced children out, probably by less-frequent sex. (We are grateful to Simon Szreter for this information.)

4 See discussion by Crouzet (1999).

5 Brisson (2001), p. 11.

6 School book, in Maingueneau (1979), p. 273.

7 Pemble (2005), p. 58.

8 Brisson (2001), p. 58.

9 Pemble (2005), p. 58.

10 Taine (1903), pp. 277–8.

11 Arnold (1960), vol. 9, p. 71.

12 Bellaigue (2003), p. 35.

13 Demolins (1898), p. 12, 51.

14 Taine (1903), p. 25.

15 Le Rire (23 November 1899).

16 Fortnightly Review, 1888, in Marandon (1967), p. 230.

17 Roudaut (2004), p. 230; Gibson (1999), pp. 51–2.

18 La Guerre fatale: France-Angleterre (1902–3), in Cornick (2004b).

19 Maingueneau (1979), p. 61.

20 Le Canard Enchaîné (13 July 2005), pp. 1, 8.

21 Tracy (1896), p. 7; Du Maurier (1998), p. 79.

22 Demolins (1898), p. 52.

23 L’Assiette au Beurre: ‘Les Anglais chez nous’ (3 January 1903).

24 Cornick (2004b).

25 Taine (1903), p. 25.

10: The War to End Wars (pp. 459–99)

1 Morris (1984), p. 52.

2 Hinsley (1977), p. 324.

3 Richard Cobb, in Evans and von Strandmann (1990).

4 Martyn Cornick, in Mayne et al. (2004), pp. 17–19.

5 Andrew and Vallet (2004), p. 23.

6 Terraine (1972), p. xix.

7 Taylor (1971), p. 480. Taylor’s italics.

8 Sir Arthur Nicholson, in Wilson (1996), p. 90.

9 Steiner (1977), p. 223.

10 Andrew and Vallet (2004), p. 30.

11 Ferguson (1998b), p. xxxix.

12 Wilson (1995), p. 177.

13 Bernstein (1986), p. 193; Steiner (1977), pp. 223, 231–3.

14 Wilson (1995), p. 189.

15 Keiger (1983), p. 116, 162.

16 Andrew and Vallet (2004), p. 31.

17 John Keiger in Mayne et al. (2004), p. 8.

18 e.g. Ferguson (1998b), pp. 460–62.

19 Macdonald (1989), p. 76.

20 Philpott (1996), pp. 7–8.

21 Strachan (2001), vol. 1, p. 206; Keegan (1998), p. 83; Macdonald (1989), p. 73; Lyautey (1940), p. 8.

22 Terraine (1972), pp. 7–8.

23 ibid., p. 4.

24 Strachan (2001), vol. 1, p. 200.

25 Philpott (1996), pp. 4–6.

26 Spears (1999), p. 106.

27 Macintyre (2001), p. 20.

28 Philpott (1996), p. 26.

29 Macintyre (2001), p. 12.

30 Keegan (1998), p. 118.

31 Spears (1999), pp. 417–18.

32 Isselin (1965), p. 192.

33 Strachan (2001), vol. 1, p. 278.

34 Stevenson (2004), p. 59.

35 Strachan (2001), vol. 1, p. 278; Farrar-Hockley (1970), p. 190; Herwig (1997), p. 119; J.-J. Arzalier, in Jauffret (1997), p. 400.

36 Neillands (1999), p. 133.

37 Greenhalgh (2005), p. 610.

38 Godfrey (1987); Serman and Bertaud (1998), p. 728; Horn (2002), p. 141.

39 Horn (2002), p. 118; Ogg (1947), p. 58.

40 Terraine (1972), pp. 7–8.

41 The recent pioneering work of Kenneth Craig Gibson marks a welcome change.

42 Cobb (1983), p. 45.

43 Fuller (1990), passim.

44 Gibson (2003), p. 180.

45 Holmes (2004), p. 354.

46 Graves (1960), p. 107.

47 Gibson (2003), p. 183.

48 Gibson (2001), p. 574, and (2003), p. 161; Orpen (1921), p. 57.

49 See Gibson (1998), (2001), (2003) and (2003b) passim.

50 Gibson (1998), p. 53.

51 Graves (1960), p. 140.

52 Bell (1996), p. 99.

53 Fuller (1990), p. 135.

54 The Outpost (trench newspaper), May 1917, in Fuller (1990), p. 136.

55 Orpen (1921), p. 41; John Glubb, in Keegan (1998), p. 336; Gibson (2001), pp. 545, 541.

56 Gibson (1998), p. 53.

57 Lewis (1936), p. 74; soldiers’ memoirs, in Gibson (2001), pp. 537, 539.

58 Graves (1960), p. 195.

59 Gibson (2001), p. 540.

60 ibid., p. 546.

61 Official report, in ibid., p. 569.

62 Rousseau (2003), p. 313.

63 Dorgelès, ‘Les Croix de bois’, in Rousseau (2003), p. 193.

64 Gibson (2001), pp. 560–61.

65 Grayzel (1999), pp. 126–7.

66 Gibson (2001), p. 564.

67 Dine (2001), p. 63.

68 Gibson (2001), pp. 573–7; Bell (1996), p. 99.

69 Cobb (1983), p. 46.

70 Spears (1999), pp. 519–24; McPhail (1999), pp. 27–30.

71 Macintyre (2001).

72 ibid., p. 191.

73 Spears (1999), pp. 523–4.

74 McPhail (1999), pp. 117–23.

75 Occleshaw (1989), p. 244; McPhail (1999), p. 153.

76 Hoehling (1958), pp. 88–91.

77 Darrow (2000), pp. 277–84.

78 Philpott (1996), p. 83.

79 Sir Henry Rawlinson, in Travers (1990), p. 135.

80 General Charles Mangin, in Sheffield (2001), p. xxii.

81 Philpott (1996), p. 94.

82 ibid., p. 94.

83 ibid., pp. 98, 103, 115.

84 Marder (1974), p. 1.

85 Stevenson (2004), p. 118.

86 Jauffret (1997), pp. 361–2.

87 Conference conclusion, Philpott (1996), p. 112.

88 ibid., p. 115.

89 Foley (2005), pp. 187–92; Herwig (1997), pp. 180–88; Ousby (2002), pp. 39–40; Keegan (1998), pp. 299–300.

90 Ousby (2002), p. 49.

91 ibid., pp. 65–6, 245.

92 Philpott (1996), p. 121, 124.

93 Gibson (1998), p. 63.

94 Ousby (2002), p. 231.

95 Horn (2002), p. 128.

96 Macdonald (1983), p. 65.

97 Keegan (1998), p. 318.

98 See Greenhalgh (1999); Philpott (2002); Prior and Wilson (2005), pp. 47–50.

99 Foley (2005); Prior and Wilson (2005).

100 William Philpott, in Mayne et al. (2004), p. 58.

101 Serman and Bertaud (1998), pp. 764–6. More were executed for other offences.

102 Travers (1990), p. 208; Occleshaw (1989) pp. 336–9.

103 Keegan (1998), p. 388.

104 Herwig (1997), pp. 287, 295–6, 312–25.

105 Occleshaw (1989), p. 372.

106 Gibson (1998), pp. 216–17.

107 Travers (1990), pp. 221–231.

108 Sheffield (2001), pp. 226–7.

109 Herwig (1997), p. 406.

110 On the relative fighting quality of English troops, see Holmes (2004), pp. 180–81.

111 Desagneaux (1975), pp. 56–8.

112 Gibson (1998), p. 217.

113 Sheffield (2001), p. 232.

114 Griffiths (1970), p. 71.

115 Herwig (1997), p. 410.

116 Ludendorff (n.d.), vol. 2, pp. 680, 684.

117 William Philpott, in Mayne et al. (2004), p. 60.

118 Jauffret (1997), p. 378.

119 Gibson (1998), p. 220; McPhail (1999), pp. 192, 199.

120 Hughes (1999), p. 56.

121 Statistics (1922), p. 757.

122 Stevenson (2004), pp. 476–81.

123 Holmes (2004), p. 614.

124 Becker et al. (1994), pp. 413–14, 419–24.

125 Philpott (1996), p. 161.

126 Jauffret (1997), p. 363.

127 Bell (1996), p. 96.

128 Adamthwaite (1995), p. 79; Graves (1960), p. 240.

11: Losing the Peace (pp. 500–538)

1 MacMillan (2001), p. 39.

2 Churchill (1948), vol. 1, p. 7.

3 Mantoux (1946), p. 3.

4 Adamthwaite (1995), p. 40.

5 MacMillan (2001), p. 39.

6 ibid., pp. 53–4, 156–8; Lentin (2001), p. 4.

7 MacMillan (2001), pp. 43, 447.

8 Hanks (2002), p. 56. See also Hanks, in Mayne et al. (2004).

9 Watson (1974), p. 388.

10 Guiomar (2004), p. 281.

11 Lentin (2001), pp. 50–54; MacMillan (2001), p. 205.

12 ‘Reply of the Allies and Associated Powers’, 16 June 1919, Mantoux (1946), p. 94.

13 Turner (1998), pp. 4–5; Marks (1998), p. 360; Horn (2002), pp. 120–24, 183.

14 Shuker (1976), p. 14.

15 Marks (1998), p. 351.

16. Harold Nicolson, in Lentin (2001), p. 74.

17 Lentin (2001), pp. 73–7; MacMillan (2001), p. 479.

18 Lentin (2001), p. 81.

19 Keynes (1971), pp. 169–70.

20 Coward (2002), p. 271.

21 Mantoux (1946), p. 6.

22 Keynes (1971), pp. 2, 26–8, 32, 90, 91, 92, 146.

23 Horn (2002), p. 119.

24 Keynes (1971), pp. 20–23.

25 Preface to French edition of Keynes, in Mantoux (1946), pp. 22–3.

26 Skidelsky (1983) vol. 2, p. xvii.

27 ibid., p. 4.

28 Keynes (1971), p. 170. See comments by Martel (1998), pp. 627–36.

29 Lentin (2001), p. 81.

30 Watson (1974), p. 361.

31 Lentin (2000), pp. 106–8.

32 Steiner (2005), p. 605.

33 Lentin (2001), pp. 60, 64; Guiomar (2004), p. 282.

34 Adamthwaite (1995), p. 74.

35 Keiger (1998), p. 41.

36 Adamthwaite (1995), p. 75.

37 MacMillan (2001), p. 404.

38 Alexander and Philpott (1998), p. 56; Andrew (1986), p. 296.

39 Turner (1998), p. 241.

40 ibid., p. 20.

41 Fischer (2003), passim; Cabanes (2003), pp. 86–95, 234–9; Kleine-Ahlbrandt (1995), p. 117.

42 Shuker (1976), p. 380; Jackson (2003), p. 67; Gombin (1970), pp. 49–50.

43 Shuker (1976), p. 388.

44 Cash and goods to the value of 21.5 billion gold marks. Marks (1998), p. 367.

45 Bell (1996), p. 150.

46 Shuker (1976), p. 392

47 Jackson (2003), p. 215; Steiner (2005), pp. 615–19

48 George Riddell, in Lentin (2001), p. 65.

49 Stevenson (1998), p. 24.

50 Shuker (1976), pp. 388, 393.

51 Bell (1996), p. 157.

52 Wilson (1994).

53 Wilson (1994), pp. 86, 89, 90.

54 Bell (1996), pp. 158–9.

55 ibid., p. 159.

56 Graves (1960), p. 240.

57 Sitwell (1949), pp. 151–2, 331.

58 House (1994), pp. 11–21.

59 Adamthwaite (1995), p. 78.

60 ibid., p. 79.

61 Chalon (2002), p. 13.

62 Rioux and Sirinelli (1998), p. 162.

63 Rearick (1997), p. 80.

64 Adamthwaite (1995), p. 77.

65 Balfour, in Shuker (1976), p. 388.

66 Bell (1996), p. 161; Adamthwaite (1995), p. 129; Cornick (1993), pp. 3–17.

67 Béraud (1935), pp. 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19.

68 Boucard (1926), pp. 17, 264–5, 269.

69 Cornick (1993), p. 12.

70 Chalon (2002), passim, on which by kind permission of the author this section is largely based.

71 Bell (1996), p. 175.

72 Col. H.R. Pownall, in Dockrill (2002), p. 95.

73 Adamthwaite (1995), p. 140.

74 Parker (2000), p. 14. For a general analysis of British policy, see Reynolds (1991).

75 Maier (1975), p. 579.

76 Keiger (1997), pp. 327–31; Frank (1994), p. 161.

77 Thomas (1996), p. 10.

78 Bell (1996), p. 178.

79 To House of Commons, 14 March 1933, in Carlton (2004), p. 170.

80 Parker (2000), p. 87. See Kershaw (1998), vol. 1, pp. 582–9.

81 Adamthwaite (1995), p. 203.

82 Doise and Vaïsse (1987), pp. 303–4.

83 Thomas (1996), p. 69.

84. Dutton (2001), p. 170; Mysyrowicz (1973), pp. 185, 195–7, 320; Weber (1995), p. 239.

85 Mysyrowicz (1973), p. 337.

86 Siegel (2004), passim.

87 Lacouture (1977), p. 251; Lansbury (1938), pp. 127–45. See also Shepherd (2002), pp. 325–7; Gombin (1970), p. 122.

88 Dockrill (2002), pp. 97–8; Dutton (2001), p. 164.

89 Thompson (1971), p. 27.

90 Mangold (2001), p. 147.

91 Bell (1996), p. 212; Stone (2000), p. 193.

92 Siegel (2004), p. 200.

93 Mangold (2001), p. 56.

94 Crémieux-Brilhac (1990), vol. 1, pp. 94–5.

95 Réau (1993), p. 268.

96 Sir Alexander Cadogan, permanent under-secretary, Cadogan (1971), pp. 72–3.

97 Dockrill (2002), p. 99.

98 Réau (1990), pp. 273–4.

99 ibid., p. 277.

100 ibid., pp. 278–9.

101 Kershaw (1998), vol. 2, p. 164.

102 ibid., vol. 2, 123.

103 Crémieux-Brilhac (1990), vol 1, p. 95.

104 Weber (1962), pp. 394, 426.

105 Hermann Goering, in Kershaw (1998), vol. 2, p. 122.

106 Siegel (2004), p. 200.

107 Lacouture (1990), vol. 1, p. 154.

108 Bulletin Socialiste (September 1938), in Gombin (1970), p. 246.

109 Channon (1967), p. 194; Dutton (2001), p. 132.

110 Channon (1967), p. 177.

111 Frank (1994), p. 88; Jackson (2003), p. 149; Parker (2000), p. 223.

112 Watt (2001), pp. 99–108, 164.

113 Nicolson (1980), p. 145.

114 Watt (2001), p. 185.

115 Adamthwaite (1995), p. 221.

116 Channon (1967), p. 209.

117 Memorandum, 1935, in Dutton (2001), p. 201.

118 November 1939, in Gates (1981), p. 61.

12: Finest Hours, Darkest Years (pp. 539–96)

1 Conversation with American ambassador, in Jackson (2003), p. 70.

2 May (2000), p. 306.

3 Alanbrooke (2001), p. 43.

4 Crémieux-Brilhac (1990), vol. 2, pp. 400–401; Jersak (2000), pp. 566–7.

5 See Alexander and Philpott (1998), pp. 72–6.

6 This is the argument of Imlay (2003).

7 Gamelin, in Bloch (1949), p. 74n.

8 Ironside (1962), p. 172. See also Alexander and Philpott (1998).

9 Harman (1980), p. 70.

10 Gates (1981), p. 74.

11 Mysyrowicz (1973), pp. 43, 49, 155–6.

12 Alanbrooke (2001), pp. 26, 37.

13 ibid., p. 7; Lyautey (1940), p. 14.

14 Bloch (1949), pp. 69–70; Johnson (1972), p. 145; Crémieux-Brilhac (1990), vol. 2, p. 508.

15 Barsley (1946), p. 3.

16 Alanbrooke (2001), pp. 4, 7–8, 13, 18, 20, 35.

17 Johnson (1972), p. 145; Ironside (1962), pp. 231–2.

18 Letter of 6 February 1940, in Rocolle (1990), vol. 1, pp. 282–3.

19 Jackson (2003), pp. 201–6; Gates (1981), pp. 21–5; Crémieux-Brilhac (1990), vol. 1, p. 61; Frank (1994), p. 251.

20 Alanbrooke (2001), p. 18.

21 Ironside (1962), p. 313.

22 Gaulle (1998), p. 65.

23 May (2000), pp. 402–4.

24 Jersak (2000), p. 568.

25 Jackson (2003), p. 164.

26 Diary (1941), p. 13; Rocolle (1990), vol. 2, pp. 83–5; Richards (1974), p. 120; Crémieux-Brilhac (1990), vol. 2, pp. 657–9.

27 Diary (1941), p. 10.

28 May (2000), p. 432.

29 Jersak (2000), p. 568.

30 Richey (1980), p. 106. See also Richards (1974), pp. 125–7.

31 Diary (1941), p. 18; Ironside (1962), p. 307; Gates (1981), pp. 74–9, 125.

32 Churchill (1948), vol. 2, pp. 38–9, 42; Gates (1981), p. 124.

33 Reynolds (2004), pp. 166–7.

34 Churchill (1948), vol. 2, pp. 41–2; Gates (1981), pp. 77–9.

35 Churchill (1948), vol. 2, p. 46; Réau (1993), p. 425; Gates (1981), pp. 125–6.

36 Paul Baudoin, in Gates (1981), p. 134.

37 Jersak (2000), p. 568.

38 Diary (1941), p. 26; Ironside (1962), p. 321.

39 Bloch (1949), p. 75.

40 Dalton (1986), pp. 27–8.

41 Rocolle (1990), vol. 2, p. 224.

42 Lukacs (1976), p. 407.

43 Spears (1954), vol. 2, p. 24.

44 Alanbrooke (2001), pp. 67–8.

45 Bloch (1949), p. 71.

46 Rocolle (1990), vol. 2, p. 224.

47 Crémieux-Brilhac (1990), vol. 2, pp. 631–2.

48 Harman (1990), p. 228.

49 Bloch (1949), pp. 20–21.

50 Numbers from Harman (1990), passim. There are differing estimates, depending mainly on whether one includes the mainly British non-combatants evacuated earlier.

51 Magenheimer (1998), p. 25.

52 Clare Booth Luce, in Gates (1981), p. 133.

53 Spears (1954), vol. 2, p. 24.

54 Crémieux-Brilhac (1990), vol. 2, p. 641.

55 Crémieux-Brilhac (1990), vol. 2, pp. 337–45, 668; Gates (1981), pp. 118–19, 161; Richards (1974), p. 150.

56 Spears (1954), vol. 2, p. 76.

57 Lukacs (1976), p. 406.

58 Spears (1954), vol. 2, p. 188.

59 Churchill (1948), vol. 2, pp. 159–60; Gates (1981), pp. 191–2.

60 Alanbrooke (2002), p. 84.

61 Gates (1981), p. 219.

62 Lacouture (1990), vol. 1, p. 202.

63 Johnson (1972), p. 154; Dalton (1940), p. 154; Mayne et al. (2004), pp. 99–100; Gates (1981), pp. 227–33, 517–18; Delpla (2000), pp. 515–16; Frank (1994), pp. 260–61. For the full text, Churchill (1948), vol. 2, pp. 183–4.

64 Crémieux-Brilhac (1990), vol. 2, pp. 696–8; Jackson (2003), p. 179; Scheck (2005), pp. 325–44.

65 Jackson (2003), pp. 179–80; Horne (1979), p. 650.

66 Full text in English, Gaulle (1998), pp. 83–4.

67 Delpla (2000), p. 505.

68 Atkin (2003), p. 98.

69 Lasterle (2000), pp. 71–91; Marder (1974), ch. 5; Brown (2004).

70 We are grateful to Jean de Préneuf, of the Service Historique de la Marine, for this information.

71 Marder (1974), p. 277.

72 Lacouture (1984), vol. 1, p. 402.

73 Marder (1974), p. 222; Bell (1974), pp. 142–3.

74 Churchill (1948), vol. 2, p. 206; Gates (1981), pp. 258–61, 352–68, 555–63.

75 Ironside (1962), p. 355 (6 June 1940).

76 Dalton (1986), p. 48.

77 Frank (1994), pp. 91–3. See also Imlay (2003), p. 363.

78 Lukacs (1976), pp. 417–19.

79 Robert Vansittart, 6 September 1940, in Jersak (2000), p. 578.

80 Gaulle (1998), p. 88.

81 Churchill (1989), p. 646.

82 Gaulle (1998), p. 104.

83 ibid., p. 3; Churchill (1948), vol. 2, p. 291.

84 Churchill (1948), vol. 1, pp. 526–7; Gaulle (1998), p. 84.

85 Lacouture (1990), vol. 1, p. 154.

86 ibid., vol. 1, p. 191.

87 Delpla (2000), p. 450.

88 Maurice Druon, in Mayne et al. (2004), p. 102.

89 Stenton (2000), p. 123.

90 Roy Jenkins, in Mayne et al. (2004), p. 93.

91 Cooper (1953), p. 341; Briggs (1970), vol. 3, p. 230.

92 Adamthwaite (1995), p. 120.

93 Parker (2000), pp. 31–4, 43, 157.

94 Gaulle (1998), p. 92.

95 Kersaudy (1981), pp. 34–5.

96 Lady Spears, in Lacouture (1990), vol. 1, p. 265.

97 Egremont (1997), p. 203.

98 Crémieux-Brilhac (1996), p. 161.

99 Larcan (2003), p. 490.

100 Crémieux-Brilhac (1996), p. 65.

101 Atkin (2003), p. 66.

102 Roderick Kedward, in Mayne et al. (2004), p. 132.

103 Imlay (2003), p. 16.

104 ‘The French Press since the Armistice,’ Foreign Research and Press Service, 20 January 1941. Cambridge University Library Official Publications Room.

105 Cornick (2000), p. 80.

106 Lukacs (1976), p. 408; Cornick (2000), p. 69.

107 Frank (1993), p. 315.

108 Foreign Office minute, 6 July 1940, Stenton (2000), p. 127.

109 Crémieux-Brilhac (1996), pp. 87–8, 91–2; Atkin (2003), p. 84.

110 Egremont (1997), p. 209.

111 Jean Oberlé in Le Populaire, 4–5 November 1944.

112 Letter to the authors from Jacques Herry, who, aged eighteen, sailed to Falmouth in a fishing boat to volunteer.

113 Atkin (2003), pp. 158, 259.

114 Torrès (2000), pp. 182, 220.

115 Letter from Jacques Herry.

116 Crémieux-Brilhac (1996), pp. 72–5; Gaulle (1998), p. 102.

117 Churchill (1948), vol. 2, p. 437.

118 Atkin (2003), pp. 257–8.

119 Stenton (2000), p. 163.

120 ibid., p. 173.

121 De Gaulle to Major Morton, October 1941, in Young de la Marck (2003), p. 26.

122 Stenton (2000), p. 198; Crémieux-Brilhac (1996), p. 305.

123 Lacouture (1990), vol. 1, p. 368; Crémieux-Brilhac (1996), p. 414.

124 Cadogan (1971), p. 494.

125 Lacouture (1990), vol. 1, p. 404.

126 Stenton (2000), p. 219.

127 Jackson (2003), p. 241.

128 Frank (1995), p. 471.

129 Stenton (2000), p. 170.

130 ibid., p. 181.

131 Frank (1994), p. 256.

132 Police report, November 1940, kindly communicated to us by Professor Annette Becker.

133 Ottis (2001), p. 45.

134 ibid., pp. 41, 160.

135 Neave (1969), passim; Foot (2004), pp. 87–94; Ottis (2001), pp. 22, 44–6.

136 Roderick Kedward, in Mayne et al. (2004), pp. 124–5; Foot (1978), pp. 239–45.

137 See Tombs (2002).

138 Cornick (1994), p. 319.

139 Buckmaster (1952), pp. 67–8.

140 Briggs (1970), vol. 3, p. 251.

141 ibid., p. 255; Pariser Zeitung, in Foreign Research and Press Service report, 18 May 1942; Stenton (2000), p. 161; Cornick (2000), p. 77.

142 Cornick (1994), p. 322.

143 Noblett (1996), p. 23; see also ‘A Complete Index of Allied Airborne Leaflets and Magazines’, Cambridge University Library Official Publications Room.

144 Témoignage Chrétien, 23 February 1945.

145 Works on the Resistance and its London links are legion. For concise summaries, see Foot (1978), and Kedward, in Mayne et al. (2004). The standard French works are Crémieux-Brilhac (1975), and (1996). On SOE, the main work remains Foot, first published in 1966, now in a new edition (2004). See also the recently published official ‘secret history’ by Mackenzie (2000).

146 Young de la Marck (2003), p. 22.

147 Foot (2004), pp. 41–58, 222, 322.

148 ‘A useful racket’, TLS (27 April 2001).

149 Foot, entries on Szabo and Atkins in ODNB (2004); Binney (2002), passim.

150 Foot (1978), p. 39.

151 Mackenzie (2000), p. 289.

152 Foreign Office policy statement, 1942, Mackenzie (2000), p. 265.

153 Passy (1947), vol. 2, p. 167.

154 Marks (1999), pp. 390–96.

155 Frank (1994), pp. 258–9, 270.

156 Foot (2004), p. 388.

157 ibid., p. 217.

158 Young de la Marck (2003); Buton (2004), pp. 85–6, 93–5; Crémieux-Brilhac (1996), pp. 778–82

159 Foot (2004), pp. 421–4.

160 See his recently published memoir, Hue (2004).

161 Alanbrooke (2001), p. 554; Kersaudy, (1981), p. 346.

162 Gaulle (1998), p. 557. The official British record is less poetic, see Kersaudy (1981), p. 343.

163 Keegan (1983), p. 188.

164 Foot (2004), pp. 386–7.

165 Lacouture (1990), vol. 1, p. 575.

166 Mackenzie (2000), pp. 584, 598.

167 Castetbon (2004), p. 168.

168 Muggeridge (1973), vol. 2, pp. 210–15; Carrington (1988), pp. 53–5.

169 Carrington (1988), p. 57.

170 Instructions 1944 (2005); Footit (2004), pp. 24–6, 45, 63.

171 Cobb (1998), p. 28.

172 Kersaudy (1981), p. 369; Cooper (1953), p. 341; Gaulle (1998), p. 723; Nicolson (1967), p. 412.

173 Résistance, 5 September 1944 and 2 January 1945.

174 Frank (1994), p. 244.

175 Libération, 5 April 2004.

Interlude : The French and Shakespeare (pp. 600–601)

1 Pemble (2005), p.133.

2 ibid., p. 119.

3 ibid., p. 141.

4 Léon Daudet, in ibid., p. 63.

5 Pemble (2005), p. 155.

6 ibid., p. 163.

7 Morse (2002), pp. 4–5.

8 ibid.; Pemble (2005), pp. 69, 92.

PART IV: Revival (p. 603)

1 Peyrefitte (1994), vol. 2, p. 311.

2 Thody (1995), pp. 27–8.

13: Losing Empires, Seeking Roles (pp. 605–36)

1 Diary entry, Horne (1988), vol. 2, p. 319.

2 Peyrefitte (1994), vol. 1, pp. 153–4.

3 Mangold (2001), p. 55.

4 Speech to European Research Institute, Birmingham, 23 November 2001.

5 Milward (2002), p. 3.

6 Greenwood (2000), p. 259.

7 Cooper (1953), p. 377.

8 Frank (1994), p. 271.

9 ibid., p. 260.

10 John Young, in Sharp and Stone (2000), p. 268.

11 Réau (2001), pp. 77–8.

12 Passerini (1999), p. 218.

13 Cole (1941), pp. 102–3.

14 See the brilliant summary by Judt (1997), and for detail Milward (1992) and (2002).

15 Gillingham (2003), pp. 25, 27, 496.

16 Gillingham (2003), p. 27. See also Greenwood (2000), and Milward (1992), chs. 3, 5 and 6.

17 Milward (2002), p. 44.

18 ibid., p. 71.

19 Milward (1992), p. 210.

20 Milward (2002), pp. 200, 203.

21 David Dutton, in Mayne et al. (2004), pp. 136–8.

22 Milward (2002), p. 258.

23 Vaïsse (1989), p. 137.

24 Permanent Under-Secretary of Foreign Office, in Kyle (1989), p. 123; Kunz (1989), p. 220.

25 Kyle (1989), p. 114.

26 ibid., p. 128.

27 Kunz (1989), p. 225.

28 Kunz (1989), 228.

29 Pineau (1976), p. 177.

30 Vaïsse (1989), p. 335.

31 Kyle (1989), p. 130.

32 Fry (1989), p. 312.

33 Milward (2002), p. 260.

34 ibid., p. 475.

35 Diary entry, Horne (1988), vol. 2, p. 319.

36 Milward (2002), pp. 306–8.

37 Mierzejewski (2004), pp. 158–9.

38 Milward (2002), p. 288.

39 Gaulle (1970), pp. 196, 204.

40 Schaad (2002), pp. 70–77.

41 Milward (2002), p. 291.

42 Gillingham (2003), pp. 37, 76.

43 Milward (2002), pp. 317–18, 330, 345, 348, 444–8.

44 ibid., p. 60.

45 ibid., p. 327.

46 Gaulle (1970), p. 236; Peyrefitte (1994), vol. 1, pp. 368, 370–71.

47 Lacouture (1990), vol. 2, pp. 355–7. A careful analysis of de Gaulle’s position is in Milward (2002), pp. 463–83. His popularization of the term ‘Anglo-Saxon’ was pointed out by Colin Jones in an unpublished paper given in 2005 at CRASSH, Cambridge.

48 Horne (1988), vol. 2, pp. 314–19, 429–32; Lacouture (1990), vol. 2, p. 357.

49 Horne (1988), vol. 2, p. 428.

50 Milward (2002), pp. 416–20.

51 Full text, Lacouture (1984), vol. 3, p. 337.

52 Milward (2002), pp. 474–5; Gaulle (1970), pp. 185, 186, 215; Peyrefitte (1994), vol. 1, p. 61; see also Horne (1988), vol. 2, pp. 314–19.

53 Gaulle (1970), pp. 203, 236; Peyrefitte (1994), vol. 1, p. 63.

54 Horne (1988), vol. 2, p. 446; Peyrefitte (1994), vol. 1, p. 348.

55 Peyrefitte (1994), vol. 1, p. 348.

56 ibid., p. 303.

57 ibid., p. 367.

58 Horne (1988), vol. 2, p. 319; and see Peyrefitte (1994), vol. 1, pp. 62–3.

59 Larcan (2003), p. 670.

60 Wilson in 1965, in Parr. We are most grateful to Dr Helen Parr for kindly allowing us a preview of her book Britain’s Policy towards the European Community: Harold Wilson and Britain’s World Role, 1964–1967 (London: Routledge, 2005) on which this section, including quotations not otherwise attributed, is based.

61 Vion (2002), p. 219.

62 British record of January 1967 talks, in Parr (2005).

63 O’Neill (2000), p. 11.

64 In Parr (2005).

65 Denman (1996), p. 233.

66 ibid., pp. 231–2.

67 O’Neill (2000), p. 355; dispatch 1964, in Parr (2005).

68 O’Neill (2000), pp. 39, 40, 355, 358–9.

69 Bernstein (2004), p. 243.

70 Henderson (1987), p. 143.

71 Bonnaud (2004), pp. 220–21.

72 Michel Debré, in Gildea (1994), p. 82.

73 Lemonnier (2004), pp. 196–202.

74 Daninos (1954), pp. 91, 97.

75 Lemonnier (2004), p. 214.

76 Interview in Daily Telegraph (10 May 2003); and see Simmons (2001), and Le Monde (19 July 2005), p. 16.

77 Vion (2002), p. 273.

14: Ever Closer Disunion (pp. 637–96)

1 Thatcher (1993), p. 536.

2 Gillingham (2003), p. 240.

3 For a semi-official reiteration of these themes, see ‘Building a Political Europe’ (2004), a report commissioned by the European Commission from a committee chaired by a former French finance minister, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, pp. 31–5.

4 Anne Marie Le Gloannac, in Gillingham (2003), p. 343.

5 L’Express (17 May 2004), p. 34.

6 Card and Freeman (2002), pp. 20, 70.

7 Gillingham (2003), p. 143.

8 Smith (2004), ch. 2.

9 Keiger (2001), p. 27.

10 Freedman (2005), vol. 2, p. 531.

11 Nott (2002), p. 305.

12 Favier and Martin-Rolland (1990), vol. 1, pp. 382–5; Nott (2002), p. 305; Freedman (2005), vol. 2, pp. 71, 281.

13 Edwards (1984), p. 307.

14 Bell (1997), p. 249.

15 Favier and Martin-Rolland (1990), vol. 1, p. 385.

16 ibid., p. 364, quoting former ministers Claude Cheysson and Michel Jobert.

17 ibid., p. 370.

18 Gillingham (2003), p. 231; Reynolds (1991), p. 267; James (2003), pp. 368–9.

19 Delors (2004), p. 255.

20 Gillingham (2003), p. 136, 146.

21 ibid., pp. 307, 310–11.

22 See e.g. Thatcher (1993), pp. 548–9, 553.

23 Delors (2004), p. 237.

24 Gillingham (2003), p. 160.

25 Interview in Le Nouvel Observateur (20–26 March 1997), p. 26.

26 Speech in Stockholm, 1988, in Ross (1995), p. 43.

27 Gillingham (2003), p. 261. See also Shore (2000), passim.

28 Ross (1995), p. 36.

29 Denman (1996), p. 281.

30 Ross (1995), pp. 34, 229.

31 Quoted in an unpublished paper by John Keiger, cited by kind permission of the author.

32 Ross (1995), p. 29.

33 ibid., p. 45.

34 Campbell (2000), vol. 2, p. 619.

35 Interview in Le Nouvel Observateur (20–26 March 1997), p. 25.

36 Le Monde (30 October 1994); Ross (1995), pp. 232–4.

37 Strauss-Kahn (2004). See also Shore (2000), pp. 21–9, 58–61.

38 ‘Lettre de Matignon’, July 1992.

39 Details in Gillingham (2003), pp. 288–9.

40 See e.g. Le Canard Enchaîné (9 July 1997), Le Monde (29 November 2000).

41 Le Monde diplomatique (April 2001), p. 1.

42 See e.g. Le Nouvel Observateur (7–13 June 2001).

43 Financial Times (14 June 2004), p. 19.

44 Frits Bolkestein, paper given at ELDR seminar at European Parliament, 8 January 2004; Patrick Minford, unpublished lecture, June 2004, cited by kind permission of the author.

45 British Council lecture, July 2004.

46 Interview in Le Monde (5 April 2005), p. 16.

47 A poll showed that 40 per cent in Britain supported enlargement, only 26 per cent in France – the lowest in Europe. Gillingham (2003), p. 416.

48 Broadcast ‘débat avec les jeunes’, 14 April 2004.

49 The Economist (10 July 2004).

50 Gillingham (2003), p. 403.

51 ‘Tony Blair, l’européen?’, Le Monde (30 April 2004), p. 16.

52 The Spectator (19 August 2000), p. 13.

53 Bell (2004), p. 246.

54 We are grateful to Senator Joëlle Garriaud-Maylam for this figure.

55 Garriaud-Maylam, in Mayne et al. (2004), p. 271.

56 ibid., pp. 271–2; L’Express (14 October 1999), pp. 34–8 and (31 January 2002), pp. 126–8; Le Monde (21 May 1997).

57 Lemoinne (1867), vol. 2, p. 1053.

58 Bell (2004), p. 246.

59 Bavarez (2003), pp. 46, 82–3; Smith (2004), pp. 178–9.

60 Kremer (2004), p. 87.

61 The Spectator (19 August 2000), pp. 12–13.

62 L’Express (31 January 2002), p. 127.

63 Garriaud-Maylam, in Mayne et al. (2004), p. 273.

64 Le Point (30 July 1999).

65 We are grateful to the châtelain of Moncla, John O’Beirne Ranelagh, for some of these insights, and for general comments on this chapter.

66 France (May–June 2003).

67 Le Point (30 July 1999), pp. 46–8; Aldridge (1992), pp. 98–100; L’Express (19 July 2004); Roudaut (2004), p. 247; Gillian Tindall, in Mayne et al. (2004), p. 276; The Spectator (16 October 2004), p. 57.

68 Bonnaud (2004), p. 218. See also Navailles (1987).

69 Bonnaud (2004), p. 239.

70 See Ardagh, Crouzet and Delouch (1996).

71 Special thanks to Simon Prince for his guidance in this section.

72 Guardian (8 October 1999).

73 Evans (2004), pp. 42–5.

74 Sadler (1992), pp. 67–79.

75 Campos (1992) and (1999); Libération/Guardian, 5 April 2004 – a telephone poll of 1,005 people.

76 Campos (1999), p. 42.

77 Libération/Guardian poll, 5 April 2004.

78 Campos (1999), pp. 50–52.

79 Libération/Guardian poll, 5 April 2004.

80 Vion (2002), p. 219.

81 Keiger (2001), p. 21.

82 Keiger (2001), p. 224; see also Thody (1995), passim.

83 Thody (1995), p. 63.

84 The Institut des Sciences Politiques and the École des Hautes Études Commerciales.

85 The Economist (25 October 1997), p. 68.

86 Figures for 2003 unless otherwise stated. Sources unless otherwise stated: OECD in Figures (2004); OECD Main Economic Indicators (2004); The Economist (19 June 2004); Pocket World in Figures 2004 (Economist and Profile Books, 2003);The World in 2004 (London: Economist, 2003); OECD International Direct Investment Database.

87 Categories in which each country has an export surplus with the other. Isabelle Lescent-Giles, in Bonnaud (2004), pp. 248–9.

88 US Dept of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics.

89 Le Monde (30 June 2005), p. 17.

90 World Economic Forum ranking.

91 Shanghai Jiao Tong University study, 2004.

92 L’Express (3 January 2002), p. 53.

93 UK Home Office Crime Statistics.

94 International Road Federation Statistics.

95 Le Monde (3 January 2005), p. 1.

96 Sources: A.T. Kearney (report on foreign direct investment, October 2004); HM Treasury paper ‘UK and EU Trade’, pp. 21–3; G. Brown, Mansion House speech, 22 June 2005.

97 Speech of 23 June 2005.

98 OECD International Direct Investment Database.

99 The Economist (9 July 2005), pp. 12–13, 25; The World in 2006 (The Economist, 2005), pp. 106–8.

100 Letter from finance minister Nicholas Sarkozy to Michel Camdessus (honorary governor of the Banque de France) and Camdessus report ‘Vers une nouvelle croissance pour la France’, 19 October 2004.

101 Report by Ernst and Young, in Le Monde (30 June 2005), p. 17.

102 Kagan (2004).

103 Transatlantic Trends 2004 (German Marshall Fund), pp. 8, 18.

104 Keiger (2001), p. 76.

105 Simms (2003), p. 111.

106 See Simms (2003), on which much of this section is based.

107 Simms (2003), pp. 264–6.

108 August 1992, Hurd (2003), p. 455.

109 Simms (2003), p. 35.

110 Dallaire (2004), p. 515.

111 Hurd (2003), p. 471.

112 Simms (2003), pp. 50, 325.

113 ibid., p. 111.

114 Robin Cook to Foreign Affairs Select Committee, 21 November 2000; Cogan (2003), p. 143.

115 For a concise summary, see Stockholm International Peace Research Institute [SIPRI] Yearbook (2004), pp. 322–3.

116 Sources: SIPRI Yearbooks, 2003 and 2004; Ministry of Defence/Ministère de la Défense nationale, ‘Une commémoration statistique de l’entente cordiale’ (2004); Jane’s World Armies (2003); Jane’s World Air Forces (2004).

117 In US dollars, at constant 2000 prices and market exchange rate.

118 The Economist (7 August 2004), p. 36.

119 SIPRI Yearbook (2004), pp. 456–7.

120 Jane’s World Armies, issue 14, December 2003, p. 264.

121 Zbigniev Brzezinski, in Le Monde (15 July 2004), p. 2.

122 Polly Toynbee, Guardian (16 July 2004), p. 27.

123 Simms (2003), pp. 111, 113.

124 Keiger (2005); Cogan (2003).

125 Kampfner (2003), p. ix.

126 21 April 1997, in Kampfner (2003), p. 3.

127 Comprehensive Report of the Special Adviser to the DCI on Iraq’s WMD (2004), p. 31.

128 ibid., p. 56.

129 L’Express (13 February 2003), p. 85.

130 ibid., p. 88.

131 Styan (2004), p. 377.

132 Comprehensive Report, p. 111; Styan (2004), p. 378.

133 Ashdown (2001), p. 127.

134 ibid., p. 163; Comprehensive Report, p. 56.

135 Kampfner (2003); Stothard (2003), p. 13.

136 We owe this suggestion to John Ranelagh, presently preparing a biography of Blair. See also Hoggett (2005), p. 418.

137 Butler (2004) para. 610

138 Kampfner (2003), p. 245.

139 Keiger (2001), p. 221.

140 Kampfner (2003), p. 204; Styan (2004), p. 381.

141 Cogan (2003), p. 206.

142 See review of Villepin’s book on Napoleon by Bell (2003).

143 Bavarez (2003), p. 57.

144 Cogan (2003), pp. 209–10.

145 Styan (2004), p. 384.

146 Naughtie (2005), p. 143; Kampfner (2003), p. 267.

147 Lord Goldsmith’s secret advice to the prime minister, 7 March 2003, para. 31.

148 Kampfner (2003), pp. 286–8; Stothard (2003), pp. 14, 28, 41–2; Roudaut (2004), p. 39.

149 e.g. ‘Blair est-il fou?’ Marianne (24–30 July 2004), pp. 34–5.

150 Bavarez (2003), pp. 43, 61.

151 Sunday Times (23 November 2003), p. 25.

152 Sunday Times (23 November 2003), p. 25; Jane’s World Armies, issue 14, December 2003, p. 262.

153 Geoff Hoon, defence secretary, in Daily Telegraph (15 July 2004), p. 3.

154 Part of a wealth of information on Franco-British celebrations kindly sent to us by Patrice Porcheron of the Mairie de Paris.

155 Clodong and Lamarque (2005), pp. 17–19.

156 Private remarks reported in Le Canard Enchaîné (15 June 2005), p. 2.

157 Jean-Pierre Langellier, in Le Monde (7 June 2005).

158 Peter Oborne, in The Spectator (25 June 2005).

159 A French diplomat, in Cogan (2003), p. 89.

160 R. Tombs, in TLS (19 January 1996), p. 7.

161 The Economist (25 September 2004).

162 Le Figaro (25 March 2005), p. 11.

163 Poll and commentary in L’Express (14 March 2005), p. 43; Le Canard Enchaîné (23 March 2005), p. 1.

164 Le Monde (21 July 2004), p. 14.

165 L’Homme Européen (Paris, Plon, 2005), in TLS (3 June 2005), p. 24.

166 Le Canard Enchaîné (15 June 2005), p. 2.

167 Le Monde (20 April 2005), p. 1.

168 Goux and Maurin (2005), pp. 16–17.

169 J.-P. Langellier, in Le Monde (7 June 2005).

170 Speech at the Mansion House, 22 June 2005.

171 ‘Déclaration aux Français’, 31 May 2005.

172 Le Canard Enchaîné (15 June 2005), p. 2.

173 Shore (2000), p. 207.

174 Le Monde (6 June 2005).

PART IV: Conclusions and Disagreements (pp. 697–8)

1 Speech of 23 November 2001.

Picking Up the Threads (pp. 699–706)

1 Guiomar (2004), p. 21.

2 e.g. Young (1998); Roudaut (2004).

3 Bell (1996), p. 1.

4 In both countries, there has been an enormous volume of academic and journalistic cogitation on these perceived crises of national identity. In Britain, the predominant line has been to endorse and welcome the decline of Britishness. In France it has been to regret and attempt to revive Frenchness. In both countries, much of this writing has been oddly introspective, as if identities develop in isolation from the outside world. An egregious example is Nora (1984). For a powerful antidote, see Pocock (2005).

5 For a magisterial account of these, and other aspects of Europe’s recent history, see Judt (2005).

6 Pocock (2005), p. 21.

7 HM Treasury, ‘UK and EU trade’ (2004), pp. 17–18, 23; The World in 2006 (The Economist, 2005), p.34; Mitchell and Deane (1962), pp. 311, 316–22; French government paper ‘France in the World’ (10 January 2005).

8 Kremer (2004); Lescent-Giles, in Bonnaud (2004), pp. 255–9.

9 See the important study by Roger (2002).

10 Anthony Wedgwood Benn, in Reynolds (1991), p. 232.